অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া aswiki https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter মাধ্যম বিশেষ বাৰ্তা সদস্য সদস্য বাৰ্তা ৱিকিপিডিয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া বাৰ্তা চিত্ৰ চিত্ৰ বাৰ্তা মিডিয়াৱিকি মিডিয়াৱিকি আলোচনা সাঁচ সাঁচ বাৰ্তা সহায় সহায় বাৰ্তা শ্ৰেণী শ্ৰেণী বাৰ্তা ৱিকিচ'ৰা ৱিকিচ'ৰা আলোচনা MOS MOS talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1030 604424 603581 2026-05-04T15:59:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name ={{PAGENAME}} <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --> |official_name = |other_name = |native_name = मुंबई<!-- if different from the English name --> |nickname = |settlement_type = মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ ৰাজধানী <!-- e.g. Town, Village, City, etc.--> |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = যতো ধৰ্মস্ততো জয় <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = ওপৰৰ পৰা ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত: কফ পেৰেডৰ স্কাইলাইন, ৰাজাবাই ক্লক টাৱাৰ, [[তাজমহল হোটেল]], [[নাৰীমন পইণ্ট]] আৰু [[গেটৱে অফ ইণ্ডিয়া]] |image_flag = | map_alt = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline. | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | latd = 18 | latm = 58 | lats = 30 | latNS = N | longd = 72 | longm = 49 | longs = 33 | longEW = E | coordinates_display = inline,title <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = দেশ |subdivision_name = {{IND}} |subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য |subdivision_name1 = [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] |subdivision_type2 = বিভাগ |subdivision_name2 = কোঙ্কণ বিভাগ |subdivision_type3 = জিলা |subdivision_name3 = [[মুম্বাই জিলা]],<br /> [[মুম্বাই উপনগৰ জিলা]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = |p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = পৌৰসংস্থা |leader_title = মেয়ৰ |leader_name = শ্ৰদ্ধা যাদৱ |leader_title1 = পৌৰ কমিছনাৰ <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = সুবোদ কুমাৰ |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial<!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 603 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 14 |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = ২০১১ |population_footnotes =<ref name=2011city>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=CI>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/maharastra/stmt-1.xls |title= Ranking of districts of Maharashtra by population size 2011 |publisher=CensusIndia.gov.in |accessdate=25 April 2011}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 12478447 |population_density_km2 = 20694 |population_density_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = ভাৰতীয় সময় |utc_offset = +৫.৩০ |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coor_type = <!-- can be used to specify what the coordinates refer to --> |latd=18 |latm=58 |lats=30|latNS=N |longd=72 |longm=49 |longs=33|longEW=E <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = পিন<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = ৪০০ xxx |area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|এৰিয়া সংকেত]] |area_code = ৯১২২-XXXX XXXX |website =[http://mcgm.gov.in mcgm.gov.in] |footnotes = }} '''মুম্বাই''' (পূৰ্বতে '''বম্বে''' বা '''বোম্বাই''', {{lang-mr|मुंबई}}. {{Audio|Mumbai_pronunciation.ogg|[ˈmʊm.bəi]}}) [[ভাৰত]]ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী। মুম্বাই প্ৰায় ১ কোটি ৪০ লাখ মানুহৰ বাসস্থান<ref name=WG>{{cite web |url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan |title=World: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population (2009) |publisher=[[Gazetteer#Worldwide|World Gazetteer]] |accessdate=2009-04-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422052050/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan |archivedate=2009-04-22 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। মুম্বাইক ভাৰতৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু বুলি কোৱা হয়, কাৰণ [[ভাৰতীয় ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংক]] আৰু বম্বে ষ্টক এক্সচেঞ্জকে আদি কৰি বহু অৰ্থনৈতিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় কাৰ্যালয় এই নগৰত অৱস্থিত। তদুপৰি [[বলিউদ|ভাৰতৰ বোলছবি উদ্যোগো]] ইয়াতেই অৱস্থিত। নৱী মুম্বাই আৰু থানে সহ মুম্বাই মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চল বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চলসমূহৰ অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |title=Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2007 (thousands) 1950-2025 (India) |publisher=Department of Economic and Social Affairs ([[United Nations]]) |accessdate=2009-06-09 |archivedate=2009-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223005931/http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিম উপকূলত অৱস্থিত মুম্বাই এক স্বাভাৱিক সমুদ্ৰবন্দৰো। ২০০৯ চনৰ তথ্য অনুযায়ী, এই চহৰ [[আলফা বিশ্ব নগৰী]] {{enwiki|Alpha world city}} হিচাপে ঘোষিত<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html |access-date=2012-09-14 |archivedate=2010-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222031432/http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। যি [[বোম্বাইৰ সপ্তদ্বীপ|সাতোটা দ্বীপক]] কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আধুনিক মুম্বাই মহানগৰী গঢ়ি উঠিছে, সুদূৰ অতীতত সেই সাতোটা দ্বীপ আছিল মৎস্যজীবী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বসতি। ইতিহাসৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায়ত এই দ্বীপবোৰ নানান দেশীয় ৰাজ্য আৰু সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনস্থ আছিল। অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দীৰ মধ্যভাগত মুম্বাই এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাণিজ্য নগৰী হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে। ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীত এই চহৰৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু শিক্ষাসংক্ৰান্তত প্ৰভুত উন্নতি সাধন হয়। বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ প্ৰথমৰ পৰাই বোম্বাই [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|ভাৰতীয় স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামৰ]] এক উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘাটিত পৰিণত হৈছিল। ১৯৪৭ চনত ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা অৰ্জনৰ পাছত বোম্বাই চহৰ তদানীন্তন বোম্বাই ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯৬০ চনত সংযুক্ত মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ আন্দোলনৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত নতুন ৰাজ্য [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] গঠিত হোৱাত বোম্বাই উক্ত ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীত পৰিণত হয়। ১৯৯৫ চনত চহৰৰ নাম পৰিবৰ্তিত কৰি মুম্বাই ৰখা হয়। এই নামটো কলি জনগোষ্ঠী {{enwiki|Koli people}} সকলৰ আৰাধ্য দেৱী - [[মুম্বাদেৱী]] {{enwiki|Mumbadevi}}ৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html |title=Bombay: History of a City |publisher=[[British Library]] |accessdate=2008-11-08 |archivedate=2013-06-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625131303/http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> মুম্বাই ভাৰতৰ বাণিজ্য আৰু বিনোদনৰ অন্যতম কেন্দ্ৰ। দেশৰ ৫ শতাংশ [[মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন]] (''GDP'') এই চহৰৰ পৰাই উৎপাদিত হয়।<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web |url=http://mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |accessdate=2008-07-18 |archivedate=2010-07-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723020643/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বাদেও [[ভাৰতৰ অৰ্থনীতি|ভাৰতীয় অৰ্থনীতিৰ]] ২৫ শতাংশ শিল্প উৎপাদন, ৪০ শতাংশ সমুদ্ৰবাণিজ্য আৰু ৭০ শতাংশ পুঁজিৰ লেনদেন মুম্বাইতেই সাধিত হয়।<ref name=imgshack>{{cite web |url=http://img214.imageshack.us/img214/2299/dscn7619ql4.jpg |title=Navi Mumbai International Airport |publisher=[[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) |format=[[JPEG|JPG]] |accessdate=2008-07-18 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120709020456/http://img214.imageshack.us/img214/2299/dscn7619ql4.jpg |archivedate=2012-07-09 |deadurl=no }}</ref> [[ভাৰতীয় ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংক]], [[বোম্বাই ষ্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ]], [[ভাৰতৰ জাতীয় ষ্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ]] ইত্যাদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৰ্থিক সংস্থা আৰু বিভিন্ন [[ভাৰতীয় কোম্পানীৰ তালিকা|ভাৰতীয় কোম্পানী]] আৰু [[বহুজাতিক সংস্থা|বহুজাতিক সংস্থাৰ]] প্ৰধান কাৰ্যালয় এই চহৰতেই অৱস্থিত। [[বলিউড]] নামেৰে পৰিচিত ভাৰতৰ [[হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] আৰু দূৰদৰ্শন শিল্পকেন্দ্ৰটোও এই চহৰত অবস্থিত। মুম্বাইৰ ব্যৱসায়গত সুযোগসুবিধা আৰু ইয়াৰ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ উচ্চ মানে সমগ্ৰ দেশৰ মানুহকে আকৃষ্ট কৰে। দেশৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা মানুহ আহি এই চহৰত বসবাস আৰম্ভ কৰে। ফলত মুম্বাই বৰ্তমানে ভাৰতৰ নানা সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতি|ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ]] মহামিলনভূমিত পৰিণত হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == ''মুম্বাই'' শব্দটোৰ প্ৰচলন হয় স্থানীয় অশিক্ষিত মাৰাঠীসকলৰ উচ্চাৰণবিকৃতিৰ পৰা। তেখেতসকলে [[মাৰাঠী ভাষা|মাৰাঠী ভাষাত]] ''বোম্বাই'' শব্দটো উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Chittar|1973|p=6}}</ref> ''বোম্বাই'' শব্দটোৰ উদ্ভব হয় খ্ৰীষ্টিয় ষোড়শ শতাব্দীত এই অঞ্চলত [[পৰ্তুগীজ জাতি|পৰ্তুগীজসকলৰ]] আগমনৰ পাছত। তেখেতসকলে এই অঞ্চলক বিভিন্ন নামেৰে অভিহিত কৰিছিল। এই নামসমূহৰ মাজৰ পৰা ''বোম্বাইম'' (''Bombaim'') শব্দটোৱে লেখ্য আকাৰত প্ৰচলন লাভ কৰে। [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষাত]] শব্দটো আজিও প্ৰচলিত।<ref name="ety"/> সপ্তদশ শতাব্দীত [[ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য|ব্ৰিটিছসকলে]] এই অঞ্চলৰ অধিকাৰ অৰ্জন কৰে। ধৰা হয়, চহৰৰ ''বোম্বাই'' নামটো পৰ্তুগীজ ''বোম্বাইম'' শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজীকৃত ৰূপ।<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=6|Ref=bom}}</ref> এই চহৰৰ [[মাৰাঠী ভাষা|মাৰাঠী]] আৰু [[গুজৰাটী ভাষা|গুজৰাটী]]ভাষীসকলৰ কাষত ''মুম্বাই'' বা ''মম্বাই'' আৰু [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]] আৰু [[উৰ্দু]]ভাষীসকলৰ কাষত ''বম্বাই'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত। কেতিয়াবা কেতিয়াবা এই চহৰক আৰু পুৰণা ''ককমুচী'' বা ''গলজুঙ্কজা'' নামেৰেও অভিহিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Harvnb|Patel|Masselos|2003|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=130}}</ref> ১৯৯৫ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰত [[শিবসেনাই]] মাৰাঠী উচ্চাৰণ অনুসৰি চহৰৰ নাম পৰিবৰ্তন কৰি ৰাখে ''মুম্বাই''।<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=1}}</ref> [[হিন্দু জাতীয়তাবাদ|হিন্দু জাতীয়তাবাদী]] দল শিবসেনাই এই নাম পৰিবৰ্তনক লৈ দৃঢ় পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰি মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত জয়লাভ কৰেছিল। ইয়াৰ পাছত মুম্বাইৰ দেখাকদেখি দেশৰ অনেক চহৰেই ইংৰাজী নাম পৰিবৰ্তন কৰি স্থানীয় উচ্চাৰণ অনুযায়ী নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। যদিও চহৰত বসবাসকাৰী অনেকেই এতিয়াও এই চহৰক ''বোম্বাই'' নামেৰেই অভিহিত কৰে। তদুপৰি ভাৰতৰ অন্যান্য অনেক অঞ্চতো ''বোম্বাই'' নামটিৰ প্ৰচলন আছে।<ref name="mummaharashtra1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html|title=Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra|publisher=[[Fodor's]]|accessdate=2009-08-24|archivedate=2009-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119201349/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Mumbai Taj.JPG|thumb|left|[[তাজমহল পেলেচ এণ্ড টাৱাৰ]] হোটেলত [[মাৰাঠী ভাষা|মাৰাঠী ভাষাত]] লেখা "মুম্বাই" নামলিপি|alt=A white board with black letters. Dome of a hotel in the background]] চহৰৰ প্ৰথাগত ইংৰাজী নাম ''বোম্বাই'' শব্দটো যে আচলতে পৰ্তুগীজ শব্দৰ পৰা অহা তাৰ এটা বহু প্ৰচলিত ব্যাখ্যা আছে। এই ব্যাখ্যা অনুযায়ী, পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষাত শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ ''ভাল উপসাগৰ''। ''ভাল'' শব্দৰ পৰ্তুগীজ প্ৰতিশব্দ ''bom'' (পুংলিঙ্গ) আৰু ইংৰাজী ''bay'' শব্দটোৰ ওচৰাওচৰি পৰ্তুগীজ প্ৰতিশব্দ ''baía'' (স্ত্ৰীলিং, পুৰণা বানানত ''bahia'')। তদুপৰি সাধাৰণভাবে পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষাত ''ভাল উপসাগৰ'' শব্দটোৰ প্ৰতিশব্দ হিচাপে ''bom bahia'' শব্দটো ব্যাকৰণগতভাবে ভুল। সঠিক শব্দটো হ’ল ''boa bahia''। যদিও ষোড়শ শতাব্দীৰ পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষাত "সৰু উপসাগৰ" অৰ্থত ''baim'' শব্দটোৰ প্ৰচলন অসম্ভব নাছিল।<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=7}}</ref> পৰ্তুগীজ পণ্ডিত জোচে পেদ্ৰো মাকাদোৱে তেখেতৰ ''Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa'' (Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology) গ্ৰন্থত "Bom Bahia" নামতত্ত্বটো খাৰিজ কৰিছে। তেখেতৰ মতে, পৰ্তুগীজ নথিপত্ৰত এই অঞ্চলত এখন উপসাগৰৰ উল্লেখ আছিল। সেই উল্লেখৰ পৰাই ইংৰাজসকলে ধৰি লয় যে ''bahia'' বা "bay" শব্দটো পৰ্তুগীজ নামৰে এটা অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ। এইভাবেই পৰ্তুগীজ নামৰ পৰা ইংৰাজী Bombay শব্দটোৰ প্ৰচলন হয়।<ref>{{Harvnb|Machado|1984|pp=265–266}}</ref> ১৫০৭ চনত মিৰাদ-ই-আহমেদি গ্ৰন্থত এই অঞ্চলটোক ''মানবাই'' নামেৰে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=3}}</ref> ১৫০৮ চনত গ্যাসপাৰ কোৰিয়া নামৰ এক পৰ্তুগীজ লেখকে তেখেতৰ ''Lendas da Índia'' ("Legends of India") গ্ৰন্থত এই চহৰক ''Bombaim'' নামেৰে উল্লেখ কৰে। তেঁৱেই প্ৰথম পৰ্তুগীজ লেখক যাৰ ৰচনাত এই শব্দটোৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="et6yh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102&dq=mombayn++Bombay+Portuguese&lr=#v=onepage&q=mombayn%20%20Bombay%20Portuguese&f=false 102]}}</ref> ১৫১৬ চনত পৰ্তুগীজ আবিষ্কাৰক [[দুয়াৰ্তে বাৰবোসাই]] অলপ জটিল আকাৰত এই অঞ্চলৰ নাম ''Tana-Maiambu'' বা ''Benamajambu'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰে। ''Tana'' পাৰ্শ্বৱৰ্তী [[থানে]] চহৰৰ নাম। ''Maiambu'' নামটো সম্ভ:বত মুম্বা নামৰ এক হিন্দু দেৱীৰ নামৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ; তেখেতৰ নামেৰেই মাৰাঠীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ নামকৰণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=2}}</ref> ষোড়শ আৰু সপ্তদশ শতাব্দীত এই চহৰৰ অন্যান্য যি নামসমূহ নথিভুক্ত হৈছিল সেইবোৰ হ’ল: ''Mombayn'' (১৫২৫), ''Bombay'' (১৫৩৮), ''Bombain'' (১৫৫২), ''Bombaym'' (১৫৫২), ''Monbaym'' (১৫৫৪), ''Mombaim'' (১৫৬৩), ''Mombaym'' (১৬৪৪), ''Bambaye'' (১৬৬৬), ''Bombaiim'' (১৬৬৬), ''Bombeye'' (১৬৭৬), ও ''Boon Bay'' (১৬৯০).<ref name="ety">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103&dq=mombayn++Bombay+Portuguese&lr=#v=onepage&q=mombayn%20%20Bombay%20Portuguese&f=false 103]}}</ref><ref name="etyh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104&dq=mombayn++Bombay+Portuguese&lr=#v=onepage&q=mombayn%20%20Bombay%20Portuguese&f=false 104]}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == {{Main|মুম্বাইৰ ইতিহাস}} {{seealso|মুম্বাইত সংঘটিত ঘটনাৱলীৰ কালপঞ্জী}} [[চিত্ৰ:Kanheri-stupa1.jpg|thumb|upright|right| প্ৰাচীনকালত [[কানহেৰি গুহা]] আছিল পশ্চিম ভাৰতৰ বৌদ্ধধৰ্মৰ এটা কেন্দ্ৰ|alt=A white Buddhist stupa]] বৰ্তমানৰ মুম্বাই অঞ্চলটো অতীতত [[বোম্বাইৰ সপ্তদ্বীপ|সাতোটা দ্বীপবিশিষ্ট]] এটা দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আছিল। এই সাতোটা দ্বীপৰ নাম [[বোম্বাই দ্বীপ]], [[পাৰেল]], [[মাজাগাঁও]], [[মাহিম]], [[কোলাবা]], [[বৰলি]] আৰু [[ওল্ড ওম্যান’চ আইল্যাণ্ড]] (আন এক নাম ''লিটল কোলাবা'')।<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqui|2006|p=1}}</ref> ১৯৩৯ চনত পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক টডে উত্তৰ মুম্বাইৰ [[কাণ্ডিবলি|কাণ্ডিবলিৰ]] উপকূলবৰ্তী অঞ্চলত খননকাৰ্য চলায় কিছু [[প্লেইষ্টোচিনৰ]] নিদৰ্শন আবিষ্কাৰ কৰে। তাৰ পৰাই জনা যায় [[দক্ষিণ এচিয় প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ]] পৰাই এই অঞ্চলত জনবসতিৰ অস্তিত্ব আছিল।<ref>{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=25}}</ref> তথাপি এই অঞ্চলত প্ৰথম কেতিয়া জনবসতি স্থাপিত হৈছিল তাক জনা নাযায়। সম্ভবত দুই হাজাৰ বছৰ বা তাৰো আগেয়ে মৎস্যজীবী [[কোলি]] সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=5|Ref=bom}}</ref> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় শতাব্দীত [[মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্য|মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ]] দক্ষিণলৈ প্ৰসাৰৰ সময়ত এই অঞ্চল উক্ত সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। [[মগধ|মগধৰ]] [[বৌদ্ধ]] মৌৰ্যসম্ৰাট [[মহামতি অশোক]] এই অঞ্চলৰো শাসনকৰ্তা আছিল।<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=5}}</ref>খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় শতাব্দীৰ মধ্যভাগতেই [[বোৰিবলি|বোৰিবলিৰ]] [[কানহেৰি গুহা]] খোদিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_kanhericaves.asp|title=Kanheri Caves|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI)|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> এই গুহা আছিল প্ৰাচীনকালত পশ্চিম ভাৰতত বৌদ্ধধৰ্মৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ।<ref>{{harvnb|Kumari|1990|p=37}}</ref> ১৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত গ্ৰীক ভূগোলবিদ [[টলেমি|টলেমিৰ]] ৰচনাত এই অঞ্চলটো ''হেপটানেচিয়া'' (''Heptanesia''; [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক]]: সপ্তদ্বীপখণ্ড) নামেৰে উল্লিখিত হৈছে।<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=8}}</ref> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব দ্বিতীয় শতাব্দীৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টিয় নবম শতাব্দীৰ মাজত এই দ্বীপসমূহ যি সকল [[দেশীয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত মুম্বাইৰ ইতিহাস|দেশীয় ৰাজ্য আৰু সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ]] অধিকাৰভুক্ত হৈছিল, সেইবোৰ হ’ল: [[সাতবাহন]], [[পশ্চিম ক্ষত্ৰপ]], [[আভীৰ]], [[বাকাটক]], [[কলচুৰি]], কোঙ্কণ মৌৰ্য, [[চালুক্য ৰাজবংশ|চালুক্য]] আৰু [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰকূট ৰাজবংশ|ৰাষ্ট্ৰকূট]]।<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|pp=127–150|Ref=bom}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পাছত ৮১০ৰ পৰা ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ পৰ্যন্ত এই অঞ্চল শাসন কৰে [[চিলহৰ ৰাজবংশই]]।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=79}}</ref> এই যুগত নিৰ্মিত চহৰৰ কেইটামান প্ৰাচীন স্থাপত্য নিদৰ্শন হল [[যোগেশ্বৰী গুহা]] (৫২০-২৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf|title=The Slum and the Sacred Cave|page=5|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|accessdate=2008-10-12|publisher=Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory ([[Columbia University]])}}</ref> [[এলিফেণ্টা গুহা]] (ষষ্ঠ-সপ্তম শতাব্দী),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp|title=World Heritage Sites&nbsp;— Elephanta Caves|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> [[বলকেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]] (দশম শতাব্দী),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117|title=The Legends of Walkeshwar |last=Dwivedi|first=Sharada|date=2007-09-26|work=Mumbai Newsline|publisher=[[Express Group]]|accessdate=2009-01-31}}</ref> আৰু [[বনগঙ্গা দিঘি]] (দ্বাদশ শতাব্দী)।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318|title=What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank?|last=Agarwal|first=Lekha|date=2007-06-02|work=Mumbai Newsline|publisher=[[Express Group]]|accessdate=2009-01-31}}</ref> দ্বাদশ অথবা ত্ৰয়োদশ শতাব্দীত [[ৰাজা ভীমদেবে]] এই অঞ্চলত তেখেতৰ ৰাজ্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। তেখেতৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল ''মাহিকাবতী'' (অধুনা [[মাহিম]])।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=51}}</ref> ভীমদেবে গুজৰাটৰ [[সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ (অঞ্চল)|সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ পৰা মাহিকাবতীত য’লৈ [[পাথাৰে প্ৰভু]] সম্প্ৰদায়ক এই অঞ্চললৈ লৈ আনে। এই সম্প্ৰদায়েই চহৰৰ প্ৰাচীনতম অধিবাসীসকলৰ অন্যতম।<ref name="prabhu">{{harvnb|Maharashtra|2004|p=1703|Ref=prabhu}}</ref> ১৩৪৮ চনত গুজৰাটৰ মুছলমান শাসকসকলে এই অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=14}}</ref> পাছত ১৩৯১ৰ পৰা ১৫৩৪ চন পৰ্যন্ত এই অঞ্চল [[গুজৰাট চুলতানি|গুজৰাট চুলতানিৰ]] অধীনত থাকে। চুলতানৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত এই অঞ্চলত অনেক মচজিদ নিৰ্মিত হৈছিল। এইবোৰৰ মাজত উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল ১৪৩১ চনত মুছলমান সন্ত [[হাজি আলি|হাজি আলিৰ]] সম্মানত নিৰ্মিত মাহিমৰ [[হাজি আলি দৰগা]]।<ref>{{harvnb|Khalidi|2006|p=24}}</ref> ১৪২৯ৰ পৰা ১৪৩১ চন পৰ্যন্ত এই দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ অধিকাৰক লৈ গুজৰাট চুলতানী আৰু দাক্ষিণাত্যৰ [[বাহমনি চুলতানি|বাহমনি চুলতানীৰ]] মাজত বিবাদ আছিল।<ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=193|Ref=misra}}</ref><ref name="mis">{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=222|Ref=misra}}</ref> ১৪৯৩ চনত বাহমনি শাসক [[বাহাদুৰ খান গিলানিয়ে]] এই দ্বীপসমূহ জয় কৰাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে অভিযান চলাইছিল। কিন্তু তেওঁ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=16}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Hajiali.jpg|thumb|left| ১৪৩১ চনত নিৰ্মিত [[হাজি আলি দৰগা]]; এই সময়ত মুম্বাই [[গুজৰাট চুলতানি|গুজৰাট চুলতানিৰ]] অন্তৰ্গত আছিল |alt=A white building with one minaret on an island seen at sunset]] ১৫২৬ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত [[মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ষোড়শ শতাব্দীৰ মধ্যভাগৰ পৰা [[ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ|ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ]] প্ৰধান শক্তিলৈ পৰিণত হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html|title=Mughal Empire |publisher=Department of Social Sciences ([[University of California]])|accessdate=2009-05-22}}</ref> [[মোগল সম্ৰাট]] [[হুমায়ুন|হুমায়ুনৰ]] ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান ক্ষমতাত ভীত হৈ গুজৰাট চুলতানিৰ [[১৬৬৮ চনৰ ২৭ মাৰ্চৰ ৰাজকীয় চনদ]] অনুসৰি, ১৬৬৮ চনত বাৰ্ষিক ১০ পাউণ্ডৰ বিনিময়ত [[ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীক]] এই দ্বীপসমূহ লিজত দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=20}}</ref> ১৬৬১ চনত এই অঞ্চলৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ১০,০০০; এই জনসংখ্যা ১৬৭৫ চনত বাঢ়ি গৈ হয় ৬০,০০০।<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=410}}</ref> ১৬৭২ চনৰ অক্টোবৰত মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ [[সিদ্দি]] নৌপ্ৰধান [[ইয়াকুত খানে]],<ref name="y72">{{harvnb|Yimene|2004|p=94|Ref=yakg}}</ref> ১৬৭৩ চনৰ ২০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী [[ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীৰ]] গভৰ্নৰ-জেনেৰেল [[ৰিকলফ ভন গিয়নে]],<ref>{{cite paper|url=http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf|title=Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth|last=Ganley|first=Colin C.|year=2007|page=13|publisher=[[New institutional economics|International Society for New Institutional Economics]] (ISNIE)|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 113 [[Kilobyte|KB]]|accessdate=2008-11-06|archivedate=2008-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175635/http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰু ১৬৭৩ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰ [[সিদ্দি]] নৌপ্ৰধান [[সিদ্দি সম্বল|সম্বলে]]<ref name="y72"/> এই দ্বীপসমূহ আক্ৰমণ কৰে। ১৬৮৭ চনত ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীৰ সদৰ [[চুৰাট]]ৰ পৰা বোম্বাইলৈ তুলি অনা হয়। ইয়াৰ পাছতেই এই চহৰ [[বোম্বাই প্ৰেচিডেন্সি|বোম্বাই প্ৰেচিডেন্সিৰ]] সদৰত পৰিণত হয়।<ref>{{Harvnb|Carsten|1961|p=427}}</ref> এই স্থানান্তৰণৰ পাছত ভাৰতত কোম্পানীৰ সকলো সংস্থাৰ প্ৰধান কাৰ্যালয়েই বোম্বাইলৈ তুলি অনা হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=179}}</ref> ১৬৮৯-৯০ চনত নাগাদে আৰু এবাৰ ইয়াকুত খানে এই দ্বীপসমূহত আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="iexpress">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106|title=Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces&nbsp;– 313 years ago|last= Nandgaonkar|first=Satish|date=2003-03-22|work=[[Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Express Group]]|accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref> ''[[পেছোৱা]]'' [[প্ৰথম বাজী ৰাও|প্ৰথম বাজী ৰাওৰ]] অধীনত [[মাৰাঠা সাম্ৰাজ্য|মাৰাঠীসকলে]] ১৭৩৭ চনত [[স্যালস্যাট দ্বীপ|চেলচেট]] আৰু ১৭৩৯ চনত [[ভাচাই]] দখল কৰাত বোম্বাই অঞ্চলত পৰ্তুগীজৰ উপস্থিতিৰ পৰিসমাপ্তি ঘটে।<ref>{{harvnb|History of Midieval India|p=126|Ref=maratha}}</ref> অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দীৰ মধ্যভাগৰ পৰাই বোম্বাইয়ে এক প্ৰধান বাণিজ্য নগৰী ৰূপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই সময়ত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা মানুহ এই অঞ্চললৈ আহি বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=32}}</ref> পাছত ১৭৭৪ চনৰ ২৮ ডিচেম্বৰত ব্ৰিটিছসকলে চেলচেট দখল কৰি লয়। [[চুৰাটৰ চুক্তি|চুৰাটৰ চুক্তিৰ]] (১৭৭৫) পাছত চেলচেট আৰু ভাচাইৰ ওপৰত ব্ৰিটিছসকল আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে অধিকাৰ অৰ্জন কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত [[প্ৰথম ইঙ্গ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধ]] সূচিত হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Fortescue|2008|p=145}}</ref> ১৭৭৬ চনত [[পুৰন্দৰৰ চুক্তি (১৭৭৬)|পুৰন্দৰৰ চুক্তিৰ]] মাধ্যমেৰে ব্ৰিটিছসকলে চেলচেট ৰক্ষা কৰাত সক্ষম হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=56}}</ref> পাছত ১৭৮২ চনৰ [[চালবাইৰ চুক্তি]] সাক্ষৰৰ মাধ্যমেৰে প্ৰথম ইঙ্গ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধৰ মীমাংসা হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=63}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg|thumb|right|[[বোম্বাই হাৰবাৰ|বোম্বাই হাৰবাৰত]] জাহাজৰ সমাগম (১৭৩১ খ্ৰী.); অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দীৰ মধ্যভাগৰ পৰা বোম্বাইয়ে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাণিজ্য নগৰী ৰূপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে। ]] ১৭৮২ চনৰ পাছৰ পৰা চহৰৰ সাতোটা দ্বীপক সুসংবদ্ধ একক অঞ্চলত পৰিণত কৰাৰ বাবে এটা বৃহদাকাৰ গণপুৰ্ত প্ৰকল্প গৃহীত হয়। [[হৰ্নবি ভেলাৰ্ড]] নামৰ এই প্ৰকল্পৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় ১৭৮৪ চনত।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=28}}</ref> ১৮১৭ চনত [[মাউণ্টষ্টুয়াৰ্ট এলফিনষ্টোন|মাউণ্টষ্টুয়াৰ্ট এলফিনষ্টোনৰ]] নেতৃত্বত ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীয়ে [[কিৰকীৰ যুদ্ধ|কিৰকীৰ যুদ্ধত]] শেষ মাৰাঠা ''পেছোৱা'' [[দ্বিতীয় বাজি ৰাও|দ্বিতীয় বাজি ৰাওক]] পৰাজিত কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|pp=80–82}}</ref> এই পৰাজয়ৰ লগে লগে সমগ্ৰ দাক্ষিণাত্যত ব্ৰিটিছৰ আধিপত্য স্থাপিত হয়। সমগ্ৰ দক্ষিণ ভাৰত ইয়াৰ পাছতেই বোম্বাই প্ৰেচিডেন্সিৰ অধিভুক্ত হৈছিল। অন্যহাতে দাক্ষিণাত্যত ব্ৰিটিছৰ সাফল্যই বোম্বাইক সকলো প্ৰকাৰ দেশীয় শক্তিৰ আক্ৰমণৰ হাতৰ পৰা মুক্তি দিয়ে।<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=233|Ref=bom}}</ref> ১৮৪৫ চনৰ মাজত হৰ্নবি ভেলাৰ্ড প্ৰকল্পৰ কল্যাণত বোম্বাইৰ সাতোটা দ্বীপ একক ভূখণ্ডত পৰিণত হয়।<ref name="mumfact"/> ১৮৫৩ চনৰ ১৬ এপ্ৰিলত বোম্বাই আৰু পাৰ্শ্বৱৰ্তী চহৰ [[থানে|থানেৰ]] মাজত ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম যাত্ৰীবাহী ৰেল পৰিসেৱা আৰম্ভ হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=127}}</ref> [[আমেৰিকাৰ গৃহযুদ্ধ|আমেৰিকাৰ গৃহযুদ্ধৰ]] (১৮৬১-৬৫) সময়ত বোম্বাই বিশ্বৰ প্ৰধান ক’পাৰ্চ বাণিজ্য বজাৰত পৰিণত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰৰ ব্যাপক অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নতি সাধন হয় আৰু তাৰ ফলত চহৰৰ গুৰুত্বও বহুলাংশে বৃদ্ধি পায়।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=343}}</ref> ১৮৬৯ চনত [[চুৱেজ খাল]] উদ্বোধনৰ পাছত বোম্বাই [[আৰব সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰৰ]] বৃহত্তম সমুদ্ৰবন্দৰত পৰিণত হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=88}}</ref> ১৮৯৬ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত চহৰত [[বোম্বাই প্লেগ মহামাৰী|বিউবনিক প্লেগ মহামাৰীৰ]] প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাব ঘটাত প্ৰতি সপ্তাহে ১,৯০০ লোকৰ মৃত্যু হবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=74}}</ref> এই সময়ত প্ৰায় ৮৫০,০০০ লোকে বোম্বাই এৰি পলায়ন কৰে। ইয়াৰ বস্ত্ৰবয়ন শিল্পও ভীষণভাবে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্থ হয়।<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45|title=Rat Trap|issue=6|journal=Time out (Mumbai)|publisher=[[Time Out]]|date=2008-11-14|accessdate=2008-11-19|archivedate=2010-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বোম্বাই প্ৰেচিডেন্সিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে এই চহৰ [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|ভাৰতীয় স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ]] বিভিন্ন ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী। এইবোৰৰ মাজত বিশেষভাবে উল্লেখযোগ্য ১৯৪২ চনৰ [[ভাৰত চোৰো আন্দোলন]] আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনৰ [[ভাৰতীয় নৌবিদ্ৰোহ]]।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=345}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=293}}</ref> ১৯৪৭ চনত স্বাধীনতা অৰ্জনৰ পাছৰ পৰাই বোম্বাই প্ৰেচিডেন্সিৰ অঞ্চলসমূহ [[বোম্বাই ৰাজ্য]] নামেৰে ভাৰতৰ অন্তৰ্গত হয়। একাধিক দেশীয় ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্তিৰ ফলত বোম্বাই ৰাজ্যৰ আয়তন বৃদ্ধি পায়।<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত [[মুম্বাই উপনগৰ জিলা|বোম্বাই উপনগৰ জিলা]] আৰু [[মুম্বাই জিলা|বোম্বাই নগৰীক]] একত্ৰিত কৰে [[বৃহন্মুম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থা|বৃহত্তৰ বোম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থা]] গঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm|title=Administration|accessdate=2008-11-06|publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]]}}</ref> বৃহত্তৰ বোম্বাই ৰাজস্ব জিলা আৰু বৃহত্তৰ বোম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থাৰ ভৌগোলিক সীমা এই সময়ত একেই আছিল। ১৯৯০ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত বৃহত্তৰ বোম্বাই জিলাক দ্বি-খণ্ডিত কৰি মুম্বাই জিলা আৰু মুম্বাই উপনগৰ জিলা গঠিত হয়। যদিও এই দুই জিলা একেই পৌৰসংস্থাৰ অধিভুক্ত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm|title=Profile|publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]]}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[সংযুক্ত মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ সমিতি|সংযুক্ত মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ আন্দোলনৰ]] ছহিদৰ স্মৃতিত নিৰ্মিত ''[[হুতাত্মা চক]]'' স্মাৰক (পাছলৈ বাম [[ফ্লোৰা ফাউণ্টেন]]) |alt=A stone statue of torch-bearers as seen at night. A fountain with a white base is in the background]] ১৯৫৫ চনৰ এক [[লোকসভা]] আলোচনাত [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছে]] মুম্বাই চহৰক লৈ এক স্বশাসিত নগৰৰাজ্য স্থাপনৰ দাবী জনায়।<ref>{{cite web|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm|title=The battle for Bombay|date=2003-04-13|accessdate=2008-11-12|work=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=2021-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225203858/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৫৬ চনত [[ৰাজ্য পুনৰ্গঠন আইন|ৰাজ্য পুনৰ্গঠন]] কমিশ্বনে বোম্বাই চহৰক ৰাজধানী কৰি দ্বিভাষিক [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]-[[গুজৰাট]] ৰাজ্য গঠনৰ চুপাৰিছ কৰে। [[বোম্বাই চিটিজেন্‌চ কমিটি]] নামৰ নেতৃস্থানীয় [[গুজৰাটী জাতি|গুজৰাটী]] শিল্পপতিসকলৰ এটা সংস্থাই বোম্বাইৰ স্বশাসনৰ পক্ষে মতপ্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref>{{Harvnb|Guha|2007|pp=197–8}}</ref> ১৯৫৭ চনৰ নিৰ্বাচনত [[সংযুক্ত মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ সমিতি]] এ সকলো প্ৰস্তাবৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰে। তেওঁলোকে বোম্বাইক মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ৰাজধানী ঘোষণা কৰাৰ দাবী জনায়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_samyuktaShow.php|title=Samyukta Maharashtra|accessdate=2008-11-12|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]}}</ref> ইয়াকে লৈ আন্দোলন আৰম্ভ হয়। [[ফ্লোৰা ফাইণ্টেন|ফ্লোৰা ফাউণ্টেনোত]] এটা প্ৰতিবাদ সমাবেশত পুলিচৰ গুলি চালনাত ১০৫ জনৰ মৃত্যু হয়। ইয়াৰ পাছত ১৯৬০ চনৰ ১ মেত ভাষাৰ ভিত্তিত বোম্বাই ৰাজ্যক দ্বি-বিভক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/|title=Sons of soil: born, reborn|date=2008-02-06|work=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai)]]}} Retrieved on 2008-11-12.</ref> বোম্বাই ৰাজ্যৰ [[গুজৰাটী ভাষা|গুজৰাটী]]-ভাষী অঞ্চলসমূহক লৈ গঠিত হয় গুজৰাট ৰাজ্য।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php|title=Gujarat|accessdate=2008-01-16|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> অৱশিষ্ট বোম্বাই ৰাজ্যৰ [[মাৰাঠী ভাষা|মাৰাঠী]]-ভাষী অঞ্চল, [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ আৰু বেৰাৰ]] ৰাজ্যৰ আঠখন জিলা, [[হায়দৰাবাদ ৰাজ্য|হায়দৰাবাদ ৰাজ্যৰ]] পাঁচখন জিলা আৰু উভয় ৰাজ্যৰ মধ্যবৰ্তীৰ অসংখ্য সৰু সৰু দেশীয় ৰাজ্যক লৈ গঠিত হয় মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ ৰাজ্য। বোম্বাইক এই ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী ঘোষনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |title=Maharashtra|accessdate=2008-01-16|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> সংযুক্ত মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ আন্দোলনৰ স্মৰণত ফ্লোৰা ফাউণ্টেনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হয় ''[[হুতাত্মা চক]]'' (ছহিদৰ চক); নিৰ্মিত হয় এটা ছহিদস্তম্ভও।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|title=BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs|first=Geeta|last=Desai|accessdate=2008-11-16|date=2008-05-13|publisher=''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''|archivedate=2011-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|deadurl=yes}}</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী দশকত বোম্বাই চহৰৰ ব্যাপক উন্নতি সাধন হয়। ১৯৬০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষৰ ফালে সমুদ্ৰোত্থিত ভূভাগ [[নাৰীমন পইণ্ট]] আৰু [[কফ পেৰেড|কফ পেৰেডৰ]] বিকাশ ঘটোৱা হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=306}}</ref> ১৯৭৫ চনৰ ২৬ জানুৱাৰীত [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ চৰকাৰে]] [[মুম্বাইমহানগৰীয় অঞ্চল|বোম্বাই মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চলৰ]] সুসংহত পৰিকল্পনা আৰু উন্নয়নৰ লক্ষ্যৰে [[মুম্বাই মেট্ৰোপলিটান ৰিজিঅ’ন ডেভেলপমেণ্ট অথৰিটি|বোম্বাই মেট্ৰোপলিটান ৰিজঅন ডেভেলপমেণ্ট অথৰিটি]] (বিএমআৰডিএ) নামৰ এটা সৰ্বোচ্চ ক্ষমতাসম্পন্ন সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm|title=About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)|accessdate=2008-11-13|publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]|archivedate=2009-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৭৯ চনৰ অগষ্ট মাহত [[চিটি অ্যাণ্ড ইণ্ডাষ্ট্ৰিয়াল ডেভেলপমেণ্ট কৰ্পোৰেছন]] (চিআইডিচিও) [[থানে]] আৰু [[ৰায়গড জেলা|ৰায়গডৰ]] সীমাত বোম্বাই চহৰৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ চাপ কমাবলৈ [[নবি মুম্বাই|নিউ বোম্বাই]] নামৰ এক উপনগৰী স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmmconline.com/english/aboutUs/about_history_Show.php|title=About Navi Mumbai (History)|accessdate=2008-11-13|publisher=[[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]] (NMMC)|archivedate=2008-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918095134/http://www.nmmconline.com/english/aboutUs/about_history_Show.php|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[মুম্বাই হাৰবাৰ|বোম্বাই হাৰবাৰৰ]] চাপ কমাবলৈ ১৯৮৯ চনৰ ২৬ মেত [[নব সেবা|নব সেবাত]] [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহেৰু বন্দৰত]] কমিছন গঠন কৰা হয়। মুম্বাইৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বন্দৰ হিচাপে ব্যবহৃত এই বন্দৰে বৰ্তমান ভাৰতৰ কণ্টেনাৰাইজড কাৰ্গোৰ ৫৫-৬০ শতাংশ বহন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm|title=Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)|accessdate=2008-11-13|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House|archivedate=2008-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226073604/http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> অতীতৰ বোম্বাই এখন শান্তিপূৰ্ণ চহৰ হলেও বিগত দুই বছৰত চহৰত সন্ত্ৰাসৰ ঘটনা বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ১৯৯২-৯৩ চনত [[অযোধ্যা|অযোধ্যাত]] [[বাবৰি মচজিদ]] ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ পাছত চহৰত [[বোম্বাই দাঙ্গা|হিন্দু-মুচলন্তৰ দাঙ্গা]] বৃদ্ধি পায়। এই দাঙ্গাত এক হাজাৰৰো বেছি লোক নিহত হয়।<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2014/stories/20030718002704100.htm|title=Mumbai: A decade after riots|journal=Frontline|first=Naunidhi|last=Kaur|accessdate=2008-11-13|volume=20|issue=14|date=July 05–18, 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=2008-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222015843/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2014/stories/20030718002704100.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ১২ মাৰ্চত ইচলামী সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আৰু [[মুম্বাই অন্ধকাৰ জগৎ|বোম্বাই অন্ধকাৰ জগতৰ]] সংযোগস্থল চহৰৰ প্ৰধান প্ৰধান দৰ্শনীয় স্থানসমূহত [[১৯৯৩ বোম্বাই বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ|১৩টা পৰস্পৰ সম্পৰ্কযুক্ত বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ]] ঘটনা ঘটে। এই বিস্ফোৰণত ২৫৭ জনৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু ৭০০ জনৰো বেছি লোক আহত হয়।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm|title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs|accessdate=2008-11-12|date=1993-03-12|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনত চহৰৰ [[মুম্বাই চহৰতলি ৰেল|যাত্ৰীবাহী ট্ৰেনসমূহত]] [[১১ জুলাই ২০০৭ মুম্বাইত ট্ৰেনত বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ|সাতোটা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটোৱা হয় য’ত ২০৯ জনৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু ৭০০ জনেৰো বেছি লোক আহত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=2006-09-30 |work=BBC News |accessdate=2008-08-13}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত সশস্ত্ৰ উগ্ৰপন্থীসকলৰ [[২৬ নৱেম্বৰ ২০০৮ মুম্বাই জঙ্গিহানা|দহটা পৰস্পৰ সংযুক্ত আক্ৰমণত]] ১৭৩ জনৰ মৃত্যু হয়, ৩০৮ জন আহত হয়, একাধিক ঐতিহাসিক স্থান আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ হোটেল ভীষণভাবে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্থ হয়।<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=45446|publisher= Press Information Bureau (Government of India)|date=2008-12-11|title=HM announces measures to enhance security |accessdate=2008-12-14}}</ref> বৰ্তমানে মুম্বাই ভাৰতৰ বাণিজ্যিক ৰাজধানী আৰু বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ।<ref name="Mumbai global"/> কেইবা দশক ধৰি দেশৰ প্ৰধান প্ৰধান অৰ্থনৈতিক সংস্থাসমূহৰ প্ৰধান কাৰ্যালয় এই চহৰত অবস্থিত। এই কাৰণে ইয়াৰ পৰিকাঠামোৰ উন্নয়ন আৰু ব্যক্তিগত বিনিয়োগৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো বিশেষ উন্নতি সাধিত হৈছে।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Annapurna|title=Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=34|issue=16/17|pages=969–978|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4407880 |accessdate=2009-07-08|doi=10.2307/4407880|year=1999|doi_brokendate=2009-09-20}}</ref> এইভাবে প্ৰাচীন মৎস্যজীবী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বসতি আৰু ঔপনিবেশিক যুগৰ বাণিজ্য নগৰীৰ পৰা মুম্বাই আজি পৰিণত হৈছে [[দক্ষিণ এছিয়া|দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ]] বৃহত্তম চহৰ আৰু বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বাপেক্ষা বৰ্ণময় চলচ্চিত্ৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ পাদপীঠত।<ref>{{harvnb|Brunn|Williams|Zeigler|2003|pages=353–354|Ref=bru}}</ref> == ভূগোল == {{Main|মুম্বাইৰ ভূগোল}} [[চিত্ৰ:Bombay 72.86065E 19.07915N.jpg|thumb|উপগ্ৰহচিত্ৰত মুম্বাই]] [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[পশ্চিম ভাৰত|পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰশাসিত অঞ্চল|ৰাজ্য]] [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰত]] {{Coord|19.0|N|73.0|E|}} অক্ষ-দ্ৰাঘিমাংশত মুম্বাই চহৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Mumbai.html|title=Mumbai, India Page|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> এই চহৰ [[মুম্বাই জিলা]] আৰু [[মুম্বাই উপনগৰ জিলা]] নামেৰে মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ দুটি পৃথক ৰাজস্ব জিলাক লৈ গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Suburban|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] (Mahrashtra State Centre)|url=http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf|accessdate=2009-15-31|format=[[PDF]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813081012/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf|archivedate=2011-08-13|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মূল চহৰাঞ্চলক ''দ্বীপচহৰ'' বা ''আইল্যাণ্ড চিটি'' নামেৰেও অভিহিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |title=MMRDA Projects |accessdate=2007-12-06 |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |archivedate=2009-02-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ মুঠ আয়তন ৬০৩.৪ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ।<ref>{{cite web|title=Area and Density – Metropolitan Cities|url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF|format=PDF, 111 [[Kilobyte|KB]]|publisher=Ministry of Urban Development ([[Government of India]])|page=33|accessdate=2008-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410000104/http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF|archivedate=2009-04-10|deadurl=yes}}</ref> এৰ ৪৩৭.৭১ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ অঞ্চলটৰ মাজত দ্বীপচহৰৰ আয়তন ৬৭.৭৯ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ আৰু উপনগৰ জিলাৰ আয়তন ৩৭০ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ। এই দুই অঞ্চল [[বৃহন্মুম্বাইপৌৰসংস্থা|বৃহন্মুম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থাৰ]] (বিএমচ)ৰ এক্তিয়াৰভুক্ত। অৱশিষ্ট অঞ্চল প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰক, মুম্বাই বন্দৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষ, পৰমাণু শক্তি কমিছন আৰু বোৰবলি জাতীয় উদ্যানৰ এক্তিয়াৰভুক্ত, যিটো বিএমচি-ৰ এক্তিয়াৰৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিম উপকূলৰ [[কোঙ্কণ]] অঞ্চলত [[উলহাচ নদী|উলহাচ নদীৰ]] মোহনাত [[সাষ্টী দ্বীপ|সাষ্টী দ্বীপত]] মুম্বাই অৱস্থিত। সাষ্টী দ্বীপৰ কিয়দংশ আকৌ [[থানে জিলা|থানে জিলাৰ]] অন্তৰ্গত।<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ পশ্চিমাংশ [[আৰব সাগৰৰ]] দ্বাৰা বেষ্টিত।<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> চহৰৰ অনেক অঞ্চলেই সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা সামান্য উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত। চহৰৰ উচ্চতা মোটামুটি ১০ পৰা ১৫ মিটাৰৰ মাজত;<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|p=218}}</ref> গড় উচ্চতা ১৪ মিটাৰ।<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web|publisher=Weatherbase|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer=|title=Mumbai, India|accessdate=2008-03-19|archivedate=2006-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316121943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer=|deadurl=yes}}</ref> উত্তৰ মুম্বাই (সাষ্টী) অঞ্চলটো<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> পৰ্বতময়। সাষ্টীত [[পোবাই]]-[[কানহেৰি]] পৰ্বতশ্ৰেণীৰ ৪৫০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত চহৰৰ উচ্চতম স্থানটো অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html|title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashta State|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|last1=Srinivasu|first1=T.|last2=Pardeshi|first2=Satish|accessdate=2009-08-26|archivedate=2009-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[সঞ্জয় গান্ধী জাতীয় উদ্যান]] (বোৰিবলি জাতীয় উদ্যানৰ) কিছুঅংশ মুম্বাই উপনগৰ জিলাত, কিছুঅংশ থানে জিলাত অৱস্থিত। এই উদ্যানৰ আয়তন ১০৩.০৯ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ।<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref> [[ভাস্তা জলাধাৰৰ]] বাহিৰে আৰু যি ছটা প্ৰধান হ্ৰদৰ পৰা চহৰৰ পানী সৰবৰাহ কৰা হয় সেইবোৰ হ’ল [[বিহাৰ হ্ৰদ|বিহাৰ]], [[মধ্য বৈতৰ্ণ হ্ৰদ|নিম্ন বৈতৰ্ণ]], উচ্চ বৈতৰ্ণ, [[তুলসী হ্ৰদ|তুলসী]], তানসা আৰু [[পগ্ৰন্থ হ্ৰদ]]।<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai Water Sector Initiatives|url=http://darpg.nic.in/arpg-website/Conference/Pune/water%20supply%20initiatives.ppt|format=PPT|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances ([[Government of India]])|page=6|accessdate=2008-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410234437/http://darpg.nic.in/arpg-website/Conference/Pune/water%20supply%20initiatives.ppt|archivedate=2009-04-10|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তুলসী আৰু বিহাৰ হ্ৰদ চহৰৰ সীমাৰ মাজতই বোৰিবলি জাতীয় উদ্যান অৱস্থিত।<ref name="wt">{{cite journal|title=Encroaching on a lifeline|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|3=volume 20|4=issue 04|date=February 15–28, 2003|first=Lyla|last=Bavadam|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2004/stories/20030228002609200.htm|publisher=''[[The Hindu]]''|accessdate=2008-04-28|archivedate=2008-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218114307/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2004/stories/20030228002609200.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> পোবাই হ্ৰদটোও চহৰৰ সীমাৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত; তথাপি এই হ্ৰদৰ পানী কেবলমাত্ৰ কৃষি আৰু শিল্পকাৰখানাৰ প্ৰয়োজনহে ব্যবহৃত হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt|format=PPT, 1.6 [[Megabyte|MB]]|title=Salient Features of Powai Lake|publisher=Department of Environment ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|accessdate=2009-04-29|archivedate=2011-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt|deadurl=yes}}</ref> উদ্যানৰ মাজত তিনিখন সৰু নদীৰ উৎসস্থল অবস্থিত। এইবোৰ হ’ল [[দহিচৰ নদী|দহিচৰ]], [[পইচৰ নদী|পইচৰ বা পইচৰ]] আৰু [[ওছিয়াৰা নদী|ওহিয়াৰা বা ওছিয়াৰা]]। বৰ্তমানে দুষিত [[মিঠি নদী|মিঠি নদীৰ]] উৎস তুলসী হ্ৰদ; এই নদীয়ে বিহাৰ আৰু পোবাই হ্ৰদৰ অতিৰিক্ত পানী ধাৰণ কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> চহৰৰ উপকূলভাগত অসংখ্য [[খাল (জোৱাৰ)|খাল]] অৱস্থিত। এইবোৰ পশ্চিমলৈ [[থানে খালৰ] পৰা পূৰ্বলৈ মধ মাৰ্ভে পৰ্যন্ত প্ৰসাৰিত।<ref>{{cite news|title=Security web for city coastline |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Security_web_for_city_coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms|date=2008-12-13|last=Sen|first=Somit|publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''|accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> সাষ্টী দ্বীপৰ পূৰ্ব উপকূলভাগত এটা জৈববৈচিত্ৰ্যৰে সমৃদ্ধ বৃহৎ [[ম্যানগ্ৰোভ]] [[জলাভূমি]] অৱস্থিত। অন্যদিশে পশ্চিমৰ উপকূলভাগ বালিময় আৰু শিলাময়।<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref> সমুদ্ৰৰ নিচেই কাষত হোৱাৰ কাৰণে মুম্বাই চহৰ অঞ্চলৰ মাটি প্ৰধানত বেলে প্ৰকৃতিৰ। উপনগৰ অঞ্চলৰ মাটি অৱশ্যে পলসুৱা আৰু সাৰুৱা প্ৰকৃতিৰ।<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ ভূগৰ্ভস্থ শিলাস্তৰ কলা দাক্ষিণাত্য বেচল্ট প্ৰকৃতিৰ। ইয়াৰ এচিডিক আৰু [[মৌলিক (ৰসায়ন)|মৌলিক]] উপাদানসমূহ পৰৱৰ্তী [[ক্ৰিটোচিয়াচৰ]] পৰা আদি [[ইয়োচিন]] যুগীয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> মুম্বাই এক [[ভূমিকম্পবিদ্যা|ভূমিকম্পপ্ৰবণ অঞ্চলত]] অৱস্থিত; চহৰৰ নিকটবৰ্তী এলেকাত ২৩টা চ্যুতিৰেখাৰ উপস্থিতি পৰিলক্ষিত হয়।<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kanth|first1=S. T. G. Raghu|last2=Iyenagar|first2=R. N.|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |journal=[[Current Science]]|volume = 91|title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City|date=2006-12-10|issue = 11|page=1486|publisher=Current Science Association|accessdate=2009-09-03|quote=This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the '''twenty-three''' known faults that exist around the city.}}</ref> অঞ্চলটোক [[ভাৰতৰ ভূমিকম্পপ্ৰবণ অঞ্চল|ভূমিকম্পপ্ৰবণ ক্ষেত্ৰ ৩ অঞ্চলত]] বৰ্গভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|title=Seismic Zoning Map|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> ৰ অৰ্থ ৰিখটাৰ স্কেলত ৬.৫ মাত্ৰাৰ ভূমিকম্প ইয়াত স্বাভাবিক।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]) |accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> == জলবায়ু == {{Main|মুম্বাইৰ জলবায়ু}} [[চিত্ৰ:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg|thumb|left|মুম্বাইৰ গড় তাপমাত্ৰা আৰু বৃষ্টিপাত|alt=The average temperature ranges between 23°C in January to 30°C in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about 600 mm in July, falling back more gradually.]] মুম্বাইৰ জলবায়ু [[ক্ৰান্তীয় জলবায়ু|ক্ৰান্তীয় প্ৰকৃতিৰ]]। [[কোপেন জলবায়ু বৰ্গীকৰণ]] অনুযায়ী এই জলবায়ু [[ক্ৰান্তীয় সাভানা জলবায়ু|ক্ৰান্তীয় আৰ্দ্ৰ আৰু শুষ্ক প্ৰকৃতিৰ]]। ইয়াত সাত মাহ শুষ্ক আৱাহাৱা বিৰাজ কৰে আৰু জুলাই মাহত প্ৰচুৰ বৃষ্টিপাত হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহ পৰ্যন্ত শীতকালত আৰু মাৰ্চৰ পৰা জুন মাহ পৰ্যন্ত গ্ৰীষ্মকাল বিৰাজ কৰে। জুনৰ পৰা চেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষ ভাগ পৰ্যন্ত দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম মৌচুমী বায়ুৰ প্ৰভাৱত ইয়াত প্ৰচুৰ বৃষ্টিপাত হয়। অক্টোবৰ-নৱেম্বৰ মাহত ইয়াত বিৰাজ কৰে শৰৎকাল।<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref> মে মাহত এই অঞ্চলত প্ৰাকবৰ্ষা বৃষ্টিপাত দেখা যায়। আকৌ অক্টোবৰ-নৱেম্বৰ মাহত উত্তৰ-পূৰ্ব মৌচুমী বায়ুৰ প্ৰভাৱতো কিছু বৃষ্টিপাত সংঘটিত হয়। ১৯৫৪ চনত মুম্বাইত সৰ্বোচ্চ বাৰ্ষিক বৃষ্টিপাত নথিভুক্ত হৈছিল ৩৪৫২ মিলিমিটাৰ।<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনৰ ২৬ জুলাইত চহৰত একেদিনাই বৃষ্টিপাত হয় ৯৪৪ মিলিমিটাৰ। এইয়াই মুম্বাইৰ এদিনৰ [[২০০৫ মুম্বাই বৰষুণ|সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃষ্টিপাতৰ]] ৰেকৰ্ড।<ref>{{cite news | last= Kishwar| first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |publisher=''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' (DNA) |location=Mumbai |date=2006-07-03 |accessdate=2009-06-15}}</ref> চহৰৰ গড় মুঠ বাৰ্ষিক বৃষ্টিপাতৰ পৰিমাণ দ্বীপচহৰত ২১৪৬.৬ মিলিমিটাৰ আৰু উপনগৰ অঞ্চলত ২৪৫৭ মিলিমিটাৰ।<ref name="clra"/> মুম্বাইৰ গড় বাৰ্ষিক তাপমাত্ৰা ২৭.২° চেণ্টিগ্ৰেড আৰু গড় বাৰ্ষিক বৃষ্টিপাতৰ পৰিমাণ ২১৬.৭ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ।<ref>{{harvnb|Rohli|Vega|2007|p=267}}</ref> দ্বীপচহৰৰ বাৰ্ষিক সৰ্বোচ্চ আৰু সৰ্বনিম্ন তাপমাত্ৰা যথাক্ৰমে ৩১.২° চেণ্টিগ্ৰেড আৰু ২৩.৭°চেণ্টিগ্ৰেড। উপনগৰ অঞ্চলত দৈনিক সাধাৰণ সৰ্বোচ্চ তাপমাত্ৰা ২৯.১° চেণ্টিগ্ৰেডৰ পৰা ৩৩.৩° চেণ্টিগ্ৰেডৰ মাজত থাকে; অন্যহাতে দৈনিক সাধাৰণ সৰ্বনিম্ন তাপমাত্ৰা থাকে ১৬.৩° চেণ্টিগ্ৰেডৰ পৰা ২৬.২° চেণ্টিগ্ৰেডৰ ভিতৰত।<ref name="clra"/> ১৯৮২ চনৰ ২৮ মাৰ্চত চহৰৰ তাপমাত্ৰা আছিল ৪০.২° চেণ্টিগ্ৰেড; এইটো চহৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ তাপমাত্ৰাৰ ৰেকৰ্ড।<ref>{{harvnb|WMO bulletin|2000|loc=p. 346, "Bombay recorded a maximum temperature of 40.2&nbsp;°C on 28 March 1982, the highest since 1955."|Ref=wmo}}</ref> অন্যহাতে ১৯৬২ চনৰ ২৭ জানুৱাৰীত চহৰৰ তাপমাত্ৰা আছিল ৭.৪° চেণ্টিগ্ৰেড; এইটো চহৰৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন তাপমাত্ৰাৰ ৰেকৰ্ড।<ref>{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2770007.cms | title = Mumbai still cold at 8.6 degree C | publisher = ''[[The Times of India]]'' | date = 2008-02-09 | accessdate = 2009-04-26}}</ref> {{-}} {{Mumbai weatherbox}} == অৰ্থনীতি == {{Main|মুম্বাইৰ অৰ্থনীতি}} [[চিত্ৰ:Bombay Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|upright|[[মুম্বাই ষ্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ]] এছিয়াৰ প্ৰাচীনতম ষ্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ|alt=A skyscraper with curved walls and glass panes. A round building and a tree seen on its right side]] মুম্বাই ভাৰতৰ বৃহত্তম চহৰ আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক ৰাজধানী। দেশৰ সামগ্ৰিক [[জিডিপি|জিডিপিৰ]] ৫ শতাংশ উৎপাদিত হয় এই চহৰতে।<ref name="mmrda muip gdp"/><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm | title = Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course! | last=Thomas |first=T. | publisher = [[Rediff]] | date = 2007-04-27 | accessdate = 2009-05-31 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেও মুম্বাই ভাৰতৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থনৈতিক কেন্দ্ৰও। দেশৰ সামগ্ৰিক কাৰখানা শ্ৰমিক নিয়োগৰ ১০ শতাংশ, শিল্পোৎপাদনৰ ২৫ শতাংশ, [[আয়কৰ]] সংগ্ৰহৰ ৩৩ শতাংশ, [[বহিঃশুল্ক|বহিঃশুল্কৰ]] ৬০ শতাংশ, কেন্দ্ৰীয় [[অন্তঃশুল্ক|অন্তঃশুল্কৰ]] ২০ শতাংশ [[বৈদেশিক বাণিজ্য|বৈদেশিক বাণিজ্যৰ]] ৪০ শতাংশ আৰু ৪ হাজাৰ কোটি টাকা [[কৰ্পোৰেট কৰ|কৰ্পোৰেট কৰৰ]] উৎস হল মুম্বাই।<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ জিডিপি ২০০,৪৮৩ কোটি টকা<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636/|title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest|accessdate=2009-09-05|date=2008-01-29|publisher=''[[The Financial Express]]''}}</ref> আৰু জনেপ্ৰতি আয় ১২৮,০০০ টকা।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Research |first=Demand Curve {{!}} Indicus Analytics |date=2009-08-03 |title=India needs cities network for easy rural-urban shift |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/MZVXMC045fNfaw6XM9zHQP/India-needs-cities-network-for-easy-ruralurban-shift.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ জনেপ্ৰতি আয় ভাৰতৰ জাতীয় গড়ৰ জনেপ্ৰতি আয়ৰ তিন গুণ।<ref name="mumfact">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html |title=Maharashtra&nbsp;— trivia |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ অসংখ্য শিল্পগোষ্ঠী ([[লাৰচেন অ্যাণ্ড টব্ৰো]], [[ভাৰতীয় ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংক]], [[ভাৰতীয় ষ্টেট বেংক]], [[ভাৰতীয় জীৱন বিমা নিগম]], [[টাটা গোষ্ঠী]], [[গোদৰেজ গোষ্ঠী]], [[ৰিলায়েন্স ইণ্ডাষ্ট্ৰিজ]] সহ)<ref name="Mumbai global"/> আৰু পাঁচটা [[ফৰচুন গ্লোবাল ৫০০]] কোম্পানিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰ্যালয় মুম্বাইত অবস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web | title=Fortune Global 500 | url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/countries/India.html | work= Fortune| publisher=CNN | date=2008-07-21 | accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> এই অঞ্চলত অনেক বিদেশী বেংক আৰু বাণিজ্যিক সংস্থাৰ শাখাও আছে।<ref name="Mumbai global"/> এইবোৰৰ মাজত বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য কেন্দ্ৰ বিশেষভাবে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtcmumbai.org/ |title= Welcome To World Trade Centre, Mumbai |accessdate= 2008-02-14 |publisher=WTC Mumbai}}</ref> ১৯৭০-ৰ দশক পৰ্যন্ত মুম্বাইৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সমৃদ্ধিৰ পশ্চাতত আছিল বস্ত্ৰবয়ন শিল্প আৰু বৈদেশিক বাণিজ্য। কিন্তু তাৰ পাছৰ পৰা ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং, হিৰা-পলিছ, স্বাস্থ্য পৰিসেৱা আৰু তথ্যপ্ৰযুক্তি শিল্পৰ অভাবনীয় বিকাশৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰভুত উন্নতি ঘটে।<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=52}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত, গ্লোবালাইজেছন এণ্ড ওৱৰ্ল্ড চিটিজ ষ্টাডি গ্ৰুপ (জিএডব্লিউচি)য়ে তেওঁলোকৰ [[বিশ্ব নগৰী]] বৰ্গীকৰণৰ তৃতীয় বৰ্গৰ "আলফা বিশ্ব নগৰী"ৰ ৰূপত মুম্বাইক ঘোষণা কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2008|work=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC)|publisher=[[Loughborough University]]|accessdate=2009-05-07|archivedate=2016-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Mumbai Skyline1.jpg|thumb|left|200px| ভাৰতৰ ৩০ কোটি মধ্যবিত্ত জনসংখ্যাৰ বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰ ৫ শতাংশ।<ref>{{harvnb|Keillor|2007|p=83}}</ref> এই ছবিত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে মুম্বাইৰ এটা বসতি অঞ্চল। ]] কেন্দ্ৰীয় আৰু মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ ৰাজ্যৰ চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰীসকল চহৰৰ মূল কৰ্মীশক্তি। অনিপূণ আৰু অৰ্ধনিপূণ স্বনিযুক্তৰ সংখ্যাও মুম্বাইত প্ৰচুৰ। এওঁলোক মূলত হকাৰ, টেক্সি ড্ৰাইভাৰ, মেকানিক আৰু অন্যান্য [[ব্লু কলাৰ]] কামত নিযুক্ত। চহৰৰ বন্দৰ আৰু জাহাজনিৰ্মাণ শিল্প সুবিখ্যাত। [[মুম্বাই বন্দৰ]] ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম প্ৰাচীন আৰু সৰ্বাধিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |title= Indian Ports Association, Operational Details |accessdate= 2009-04-16 |publisher=Indian Ports Association}}</ref> মাজত মুম্বাইৰ [[ধাৰাবি|ধাৰাবিত]] এটা ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান পুনৰ্নবীকৰণ শিল্প বিদ্যমান। ইয়াত চহৰৰ অন্যান্য অংশৰ পৰা সংগৃহীত বৰ্জ্য পদাৰ্থৰ পুনৰ্নবীকৰণ কৰা হয়। জিলাত প্ৰায় ১৫,০০০ চিঙ্গল-ৰুমৰ কাৰখানা আছে।<ref name="gua">{{cite news |first=Dan |last= McDougall|title=Waste not, want not in the £700m slum |work=[[The Observer]] |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |date=2007-03-04 |accessdate=2009-04-29|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধান টেলিভিশ্বন আৰু চেটেলাইট নেটৱৰ্ক আৰু দেশৰ প্ৰধান কেইবাটাও প্ৰকাশন সংস্থাৰ প্ৰধান কাৰ্যালয়ো মুম্বাইত অৱস্থিত। মুম্বাইতে অৱস্থিত [[বলিউড]] নামৰ হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰ শিল্পকেন্দ্ৰটো ভাৰতৰ বৃহত্তম আৰু বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰস্তুতকাৰক।<ref>{{Harvnb|Wasko|2003|p=185}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Jha|2005|p=1970}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ অন্যান্য অংশৰ দৰে মুম্বাইয়ো ১৯৯১ চনৰ [[ভাৰতত অৰ্থনৈতিক উদাৰীকৰণ|অৰ্থনৈতিক উদাৰীকৰণৰ]] সুফল ভোগ কৰিছে। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা চহৰৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক ব্যবস্থাত ব্যাপক উন্নতি সাধন হয়। ২০০০-ৰ দশকত মুম্বাইই তথ্যপ্ৰযুক্তি, বৈদেশিক বাণিজ্য, পৰিসেৱা আৰু আউটচৰ্চিং-ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ব্যাপক উন্নতি লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Kelsey|2008|p=208}}</ref> [[বিশ্বব্যাপী বাণিজ্যকেন্দ্ৰ সূচী]] ২০০৮-ত মুম্বাইই ৪৮তম স্থান অধিকাৰ কৰে।<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web | url = http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf | title = Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 | publisher = [[MasterCard]] | format = PDF | page = 21 | accessdate = 2009-04-28}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত ''[[ফ’ৰ্বচ]]'' আলোচনীৰ "টপ টেন চিটিজ ফৰ বিলিয়নাৰচ"ৰ তালিকাত সপ্তম<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 | publisher = ''[[Forbes]]'' | title = In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires | accessdate = 2009-04-28}}</ref> আৰু এই সকলো বিলিয়নাৰসকলৰ গড় সম্পত্তিৰ হিচাব অনুযায়ী প্ৰথম স্থান দখল কৰে।<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html | title = Cities Of The Billionaires | last=Vorasarun|first= Chaniga | publisher = ''[[Forbes]]'' | date = 2008-04-30 | accessdate = 2009-04-28}}</ref> == নগৰ প্ৰশাসন == [[চিত্ৰ:Bombay - The High Court from afar (2006).jpg|thumb|right|[[বোম্বাই হাইকোৰ্ট]]; [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], [[গোৱা]], [[দমন আৰু দিউ]], আৰু [[দাদৰা আৰু নগৰ হাভেলি]] এই হাইকোৰ্টৰ এক্তিয়াৰভুক্ত|alt=A brown building with a central tower and sloping roofs surrounded by trees. A grassy ground and a coconut tree are in front of it.]] {{Main|বৃহন্মুম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থা}} দক্ষিণে [[কোলাবা]]ৰ পৰা উত্তৰে [[মুলুন্দ]], [[মানখুৰ্দ]] আৰু [[দহিচৰ]] পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত মুম্বাইৰ প্ৰশাসনিক দায়িত্ব [[বৃহন্মুম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থা|বৃহন্মুম্বাইপৌৰসংস্থাৰ]] (বিএমচি; পূৰ্বনাম বোম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থা) হাতত ন্যস্ত।<ref name="mloc"/> চহৰৰ নাগৰিক পৰিসেৱা আৰু পৰিকাঠামোগত পৰিসেৱাৰ দায়িত্বও বিএমচি-ৰ হাতত ন্যস্ত। পৌৰসংস্থাৰ কাউন্সিলাৰসকলে আঢ়ৈ বছৰৰ ব্যৱধানত এজন মেয়ৰক নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে। [[মুম্বাইৰ মিউনিচিপ্যাল কমিছনাৰ|মিউনিচিপ্যাল কমিছনাৰ]] পৌৰসংস্থাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহী আধিকাৰী আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক শাখাৰ প্ৰধান। যাৱতীয় প্ৰশাসনিক ক্ষমতা তেখেতৰ হাততেই ন্যস্ত। এওঁ [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ চৰকাৰ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়োজিত এজন [[ইণ্ডিয়ান এডমিনিষ্ট্ৰেটিভ চাৰ্ভিচ|আইএএচ]] স্তৰীয় আধিকাৰী। পৌৰসংস্থা চহৰৰ স্থানীয় স্বায়ত্ত্বশাসন সংস্থা। এই সংস্থা চহৰৰ প্ৰশাসনিক নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ দায়িত্বপ্ৰাপ্ত হলেও, এই নীতিসমূহ কাৰ্যকৰি কৰাৰ যাৱতীয় ক্ষমতা মিউনিচিপ্যাল কমিশছনাৰৰ হাততহে ন্যস্ত। ৰাজ্যৰ আইন অনুযায়ী নিৰ্দিষ্ট বাবে এই কমিছনাৰ নিযুক্তি সময়ে সময়ে কৰা হয়। উক্ত আইন আৰু পৌৰসংস্থা অথবা ষ্টেণ্ডিং কমিটিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিৰ দ্বাৰা কমিছনাৰৰ ক্ষমতাও বিধিবদ্ধ কৰা আছে।<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html|title=Commissioner System|}}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ দুই ৰাজস্ব জিলাই এজন কৈ [[জিলা কালেকটৰ|জিলা কালেকটৰৰ]] অধীনস্থ।<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/generaladmin.html#1 General Administration (Introduction)]|Ref=bom}}</ref> এই কালেকটৰসকল সম্পত্তি প্ৰবন্ধন, [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ|ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ]] হৈ ৰাজস্ব আদায় আৰু চহৰত অনুষ্ঠিত জাতীয় নিৰ্বাচনৰ তত্ত্বাবধানৰ দায়িত্বপ্ৰাপ্ত।<ref>http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/generaladmin.html#6 Collector</ref> [[মুম্বাই পুলিচ|মুম্বাই পুলিচৰ]] প্ৰধান [[মুম্বাইৰ পুলিচ কমিছনাৰ|পুলিচ কমিছনাৰ]] এজন [[ইণ্ডিয়ান পুলিচ চাৰ্ভিচ|আইপিএচ]] স্তৰীয় আধিকাৰী। মুম্বাইৰ পুলিচ ৰাজ্য স্বৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰকৰ অধীনস্থ।<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|p=2|Ref=mp}}</ref> মুম্বাই সাতটা পুলিচ ক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু সোতৰটা ট্ৰেফিক পুলিচ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিভক্ত।<ref name="trf"/> প্ৰত্যেক ক্ষেত্ৰৰ দায়িত্বত থাকে এজন কৈ ডেপুটি পুলিচ কমিছনাৰ।<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|pp=7–8|Ref=mp}}</ref> মুম্বাই ট্ৰেফিক পুলিচ মুম্বাই পুলিচৰ অধীনস্থ এটা অৰ্ধ-স্বশাসিত সংস্থা। [[মুম্বাই দমকল পৰিসেৱা]] এজন মুখ্য দমকল আধিকাৰী, চাৰিজন উপমুখ্য দমকল আধিকাৰী আৰু ছজন বিভাগীয় আধিকাৰীৰ নেতৃত্বাধীন।<ref name="trf"/> [[বোম্বাই হাইকোৰ্ট]] মুম্বাইত অৱস্থিত। মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু [[গোৱা]] ৰাজ্য আৰু [[কেন্দ্ৰশাসিত অঞ্চল]] [[দমন আৰু দিউ]] আৰু [[দাদৰা আৰু নগৰ হাভেলি]] এই হাইকোৰ্টৰ এক্তিয়াৰভুক্ত।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |title=About Bombay High Court |accessdate=2008-01-27 |publisher=[[Bombay High Court]]}}</ref> ইয়াৰ বাদেও দেৱানী বিচাৰৰ বাবে একাধিক সৰু আদালত আৰু ফৌজদাৰী অপৰাধৰ বিচাৰেৰ বাবে একাধিক দায়ৰা আদালতো আছে।<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/law.html#5 Judiciary]|Ref=bom}}</ref> মুম্বাইত সন্ত্ৰাসৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ আৰু সংগঠনৰ বিচাৰৰ বাবে এক বিশেষ টাডা (টেৰোৰিজম এণ্ড ডিচৰাপটিভ অ্যাকটিভিটজ) আদালত আছে।<ref>{{harvnb|Fuller|Bénéï|2001|p=47}}</ref> == ৰাজনীতি == [[চিত্ৰ:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|left|250px|বোম্বাইত [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ|ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছৰ]] প্ৰথম অধিবেশন (২৮–৩১ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৮৮৫)|alt=Men in traditional Indian dresses posing for a photograph]] মুম্বাই [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ|ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছৰ]] জন্মস্থান আৰু অতীতৰ এক শক্তিশালী ঘাঁটি।<ref>{{harvnb|100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|loc=p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event."|Ref=cng}}</ref> ১৮৮৫ চনৰ ২৮-৩১ ডিচেম্বৰত বোম্বাই চহৰতেই জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছৰ প্ৰথম অধিবেশন অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122906471500.htm|title=Congress foundation day celebrated|date=2006-12-29|accessdate=2008-11-12|publisher=''[[The Hindu]]''|archivedate=2008-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308055955/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122906471500.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কংগ্ৰেছৰ প্ৰথম পঞ্চাশ বছৰত মুঠ ছবাৰ ইয়াতেই কংগ্ৰেছৰ অধিবেশন আয়োজিত হৈছিল। বিংশ শতাব্দীতো বোম্বাই সেয়ে [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|ভাৰতীয় স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামৰ]] এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=215}}</ref> ১৯৬০-ৰ দশকত বোম্বাইত আঞ্চলিকতাবাদী ৰাজনৈতিক শক্তিৰ উত্থান ঘটে। ১৯৬৬ চনৰ ১৯ জুনত [[শিবসেনা]] দলটি প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হয়। এই দলে মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ স্থানীয় অধিবাসী [[মাৰাঠী জাতি|মাৰাঠীসকলৰ]] অধিকাৰৰ সপক্ষে মতপ্ৰকাশ কৰে<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1311115,prtpage-1.cms|title=Sena fate: From roar to meow|accessdate=2008-11-12|date=2005-11-29|publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''}}</ref> আৰু মুম্বাই পৰা [[উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয়]] আৰু [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয়]] অভিবাসীৰ বলপূৰ্বক বিতাড়িত কৰাৰ অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-02-13|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/13/stories/2008021354841200.htm|accessdate=2008-04-04|publisher=''[[The Hindu]]''|title=Maharashtra government ‘soft’ on Raj Thackeray’s outfit, says BJP|archivedate=2008-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424090911/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/13/stories/2008021354841200.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> স্বাধীনতাৰ পাছৰ পৰা ১৯৮০-ৰ দশকৰ মধ্যভাগ পৰ্যন্ত চহৰৰ ৰাজনীতিত কংগ্ৰেছৰ একাধিপত্য টিকি আছিল। ১৯৮৫ চনত বোম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থা নিৰ্বাচনত শিবসেনাই জয়লাভ কৰাত এই একাধিপত্য ব্যাহত হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|Phadnis|pp=86–87}}</ref> ১৯৮৯ চনত [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা দল]] আৰু শিবসেনাই একেলগে নিৰ্বাচনত অবতীৰ্ণ হৈ কংগ্ৰেছক পৰাজিত কৰি মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ বিধানসভাত ক্ষমতা দখল কৰে। ১৯৯৯ চনত [[জাতীয়তাবাদী কংগ্ৰেছ পাৰ্টি]] (এনচিপিয়ে) কংগ্ৰেছৰ একতা ভাঙি ওলায় আহে। পাছত এই দলে কংগ্ৰেছৰ লগত জোট বান্ধি [[গণতান্ত্ৰিক ফ্ৰণ্ট]] গঠন কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Rana|2006|pp=315–316}}</ref> বৰ্তমানে [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ নবনিৰ্মাণ সেনা]] (এমএনএচ), [[সমাজবাদী পাৰ্টি]] (এচপি), [[বহুজন সমাজ পাৰ্টি]] (বিএসপি) প্ৰভৃতি দল আৰু একাধিক নিৰ্দলীয় প্ৰাৰ্থীয়েও মুম্বাইত নিৰ্বাচনত অবতীৰ্ণ হয়।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?659150|date=2009-04-29|publisher=''[[Outlook (magazine)|Outlook]]''|title=Stage Set for Third Phase Polls in Maharashtra|accessdate=2009-07-06|archivedate=2010-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205151107/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?659150|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মুম্বাই ছটা [[লোকসভা]] (সংসদীয়) কেন্দ্ৰক লৈ গঠিত। এইবোৰ হ’ল: [[মুম্বাই উত্তৰ লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ|মুম্বাই উত্তৰ]], [[মুম্বাই উত্তৰ পশ্চিম লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ|মুম্বাই উত্তৰ পশ্চিম]], [[মুম্বাই উত্তৰ পূৰ্ব লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ|মুম্বাই উত্তৰ পূৰ্ব]], [[মুম্বাই উত্তৰ মধ্য লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ|মুম্বাই উত্তৰ মধ্য]], [[মুম্বাইদক্ষিণ মধ্য লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ|মুম্বাই দক্ষিণ মধ্য]] আৰু [[মুম্বাই দক্ষিণ লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ]]।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf|title=List Of Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=PDF|page=7|accessdate=2009-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410011640/http://eci.nic.in/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf|archivedate=2009-04-10|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[ভাৰতৰ সাধাৰণ নিৰ্বাচন, ২০০৯|২০০৯ চনৰ সাধাৰণ নিৰ্বাচনত]] এই কেন্দ্ৰসমূহৰ মাজত পাঁচটাতে কংগ্ৰেছ আৰু এটাত এনচিপিয়ে জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=2&contentid=200905162009051615521355720c4812d|date=2009-05-16|publisher=''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''|title=Congress wins five seats in Mumbai, NCP wins the sixth seat|accessdate=2009-07-06|archivedate=2011-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816042528/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=2&contentid=200905162009051615521355720c4812d|deadurl=yes}}</ref> অন্যহাতে মুম্বাইত মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ বিধানসভাৰ ৩৬টা কেন্দ্ৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title= List of ACs and PCs|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref> ২০০৯ চনৰ ৰাজ্য বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত এই কেন্দ্ৰসমূহৰ মাজত ১৭টাত কংগ্ৰেছ, ৬টাত এমএনএচ, ৫টাত বিজেপি, ৪টাত শিবসেনা আৰু এটাত এচপিয়ে জয়লাভ কৰে। [https://web.archive.org/web/20091122084331/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf][http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?668230] [http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?668219] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118075341/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?668219 |date=2010-01-18 }}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/oct/16kbkmaha.htm|title=Maharashtra 2004 poll outcome|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=2004-10-16|accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref> বৃহন্মুম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থাৰ কৰ্পোৰেটসকল প্ৰতি পাঁচ বছৰৰ ব্যৱধানত নিৰ্বাচিত হয়।<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=6|Ref=mumact}}</ref> এই পৌৰসংস্থা [[মুম্বাইৰ প্ৰশাসনিক বিভাগ|২৪টা মিউনিচিপ্যাল ওৱাৰ্ডৰ]] ২২৭ জন নিৰ্বাচিত জনপ্ৰতিনিধি, পৌৰপ্ৰশাসনৰ বিশেষ জ্ঞান আৰু অভিজ্ঞতাসম্পন্ন পাঁচ জন মনোনীত কাউন্সিলৰ আৰু এজন [[মুম্বাইৰ মেয়ৰ|মেয়ৰক]] লৈ গঠিত। মুম্বাইৰ মেয়ৰ পদটো প্ৰধানত: নামসৰ্বস্ব।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation|publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC)|title=Corporation|accessdate=2009-06-15|archivedate=2009-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232803/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice|publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC)|title=Mayor - the First Citizen of Mumbai|accessdate=2009-05-12|quote=As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world|archivedate=2008-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202555/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=3|Ref=mumact}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰ পৌৰনিৰ্বাচনত ২২৭খন আসনৰ মাজত শিবসেনা-বিজেপি জোটে ১১১খন আসন সহ ক্ষমতা দখল কৰে। অন্যহাতে কংগ্ৰেছ-এনচিপি জোটে পায় ৮৫খন আসন।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/02poll.htm|title=Sena's hat-trick in BMC; Congress suffers setback|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=2007-02-03|accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ মেয়ৰ, ডেপুটি মেয়ৰ আৰু মিউনিচিপ্যাল কমিছনাৰৰ কাৰ্যকালৰ মিয়াদ আঢ়ৈ বছৰ।<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=27|Ref=mumact}}</ref> == পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থা == <!--{{Multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |image1=Bombay4.jpg |caption1=[[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] system carries more than 6.99 million commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger densities of any urban railway system in the world. |image2=BEST-Mumbai-Brtsnewaug08.jpg |caption2=A [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]]Starbus. BEST buses carry a total of 4.5&nbsp;million passengers daily.|alt=A red bus on a road. Blue letters are seen on its side |image3=PremierPadminiTaxi DavidWilmot.jpg |caption3=The black and yellow Premier Padmini Taxis are iconic of Mumbai. |image4=Tonga Marine drive Mumbai.jpg |caption4=Tonga seen at night in the [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] road |image5=Worli skyline with BSWL.jpg |caption5=The [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] that connects central Mumbai with its western suburbs |image6=Mumbai Train Station.jpg |caption6=The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], formerly known as Victoria Terminus, is the headquarters of the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] and a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].|alt=A brown building with clock towers, domes and pyramidal tops. Also a busiest railway station in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-impressive-railway-stations/20111013.htm |title=India's impressive railway stations|publisher=Rediff.com |date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=6 May 2012}}</ref> A wide street in front of it |image7=Mumbai Airport.jpg |caption7=[[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] is currently India's busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic.<ref name="thaindian.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/mumbai-airports-traffic-control-tower-design-bags-award_100221024.html |title=Mumbai airport's traffic control tower design bags award |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=21 July 2009 |accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref> |image8=Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg |caption8=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]] is the busiest port in India }}--> === জনপৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থা === মুম্বাইৰ জন পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ অন্তৰ্গত পৰিবহণ মাধ্যমবোৰ হ’ল [[মুম্বাই পাতালবাহী ৰেল]], [[বৃহন্মুম্বাই ইলেকট্ৰিক চাপ্লাই এণ্ড ট্ৰান্সপোৰ্ট]] (বিইএচটি) বাচ, [[টেক্সি]], [[অ’ট ৰিস্কা]] আৰু [[ফেৰী]]। ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাব অনুযায়ী, পাতালবাহী ৰেল আৰু বিইএচটি বাচ পৰিসেৱাৰ মাধ্যমেৰে চহৰৰ ৮৮ শতাংশ যাত্ৰীয়ে পৰিবহণ কৰে।<ref name="bus44">{{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc|format=DOC|publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA)|title=Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai|accessdate=2009-08-28|archivedate=2013-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192943/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কলা আৰু হালধীয়া মিটাৰযুক্ত টেক্সি পৰিসেৱা সমগ্ৰ চহৰতেই পোৱা যায়। উল্লেখ্য, টেক্সিৰে মুম্বাইৰ সকলোতে প্ৰবেশ কৰিব পাৰিলেও, অ’ট ৰিস্কা চলাচলৰ অনুমতি কেবলমাত্ৰ চহৰৰ উপনগৰ অঞ্চলতহে আছে।<ref name="autaxi">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422|title=What's Mumbai without the black beetles?|date=2005-08-24|publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)|last=Ghose|first=Anindita |accessdate=2009-08-29|quote=In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai.}}</ref> আইনানুসৰি, মুম্বাইৰ টেক্সি আৰু অ’ট ৰিস্কাই [[ঘন প্ৰাকৃতিক গেচ্‌]]ক ইন্ধন হিচাপে ব্যবহাৰ কৰিব লাগে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/631726.cms|title=Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage|date=2004-04-22|publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref> এই দুই পৰিসেৱা চহৰৰ সুলভ আৰু কম খৰচৰ যাত্ৰী পৰিসেৱা।<ref name="autaxi"/> ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাব অনুযায়ী, মুম্বাই চহৰত মুঠ যানবাহনৰ সংখ্যা ১৫,৩০০,০০০।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7334628.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Mumbai attempts 'no honking' day|first=Karishma |last=Vaswani|date=2008-04-07|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref> আকৌ ২০০৫ চনৰ এক হিচাব অনুযায়ী, চহৰত কলা আৰু হালধীয়া টেক্সিৰ সংখ্যা ৫৬,৪৫৯ আৰু অ’ট ৰিস্কাৰ সংখ্যা ১,০২,২২৪।<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|p=2–9|Ref=exe}}</ref> নবি মুম্বাইৰ এনএমএমটিয়ে মুম্বাইত [[ভলভো]] বাচ চলায়। এই বাচসমূহ নবি মুম্বাইৰ পৰা বান্দ্ৰা, দিনদোশি আৰু বোৰিবলি পৰ্যন্ত চলাচল কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.mumbaipluses.com/newbombayplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=1&contentid=2010010320100104153958574e148ffd8&sectxslt=&comments=true |access-date=2012-09-14 |archivedate=2011-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162522/http://www.mumbaipluses.com/newbombayplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=1&contentid=2010010320100104153958574e148ffd8&sectxslt=&comments=true |deadurl=yes }}</ref> === স্থলপথ === [[চিত্ৰ:Best cbd wad.jpg|thumb|আধুনিক [[বৃহন্মুম্বাই বৈদ্যুতিক সৰবৰাহ আৰু পৰিবহণ|বিইএচটি]] বাচ (ষ্টাৰবাচ)। বিইএচটিৰ বাচসমূহত দৈনিক মুঠ ৪,৫০০,০০০ যাত্ৰীয়ে পৰিবহণ কৰে। |alt=A red bus on a road. Blue letters are seen on its side]] ভাৰতৰ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথ (ভাৰত)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথ ব্যৱস্থাৰ]] [[৩ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথ (ভাৰত)|৩ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথ]], [[৪ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথ (ভাৰত)|৪ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথ]] আৰু [[৮ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথ (ভাৰত)|৮ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথ]]এ মুম্বাইক দেশৰ অন্যান্য অংশৰ লগত যুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf|title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 62.2 [[Kilobyte|KB]]|accessdate=2008-07-04|publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)|archivedate=2009-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[মুম্বাই-পুনে এক্সপ্ৰেচ]] ভাৰতত নিৰ্মিত প্ৰথম [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় এক্সপ্ৰেচ (ভাৰত)|এক্সপ্ৰেচ]]।<ref>{{cite news|last=Dalal|first=Sucheta|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000401/ina01059.html |title=India's first international-class expressway is just a month away|publisher=''[[The Indian Express]]''|date=2000-04-01|accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref> ইয়াৰ বাদেও [[মুম্বাই-ভদোদৰা এক্সপ্ৰেচ]] বৰ্তমানে নিৰ্মাণাধীন।<ref>{{cite news |title=NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway |url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/03/06231146/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr.html |last1=Kumar |first1=K.P. Narayana|last2=Chandran |first2=Rahul |date=2008-03-06 |publisher=''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' |accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref> [[মাহিম কজৱে]] আৰু সদ্যনিৰ্মিত [[ৰাজীব গান্ধী সমুদ্ৰসেতুৱে]] দ্বীপচহৰৰ লগত পশ্চিম উপনগৰৰ সংযোগ ৰক্ষা কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msrdc.org/projects/bandra_worli.aspx|title=MSRDC - Project - Bandra Worli Sea Link|publisher=[[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC) |accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref> চহৰৰ তিনিটা প্ৰধান ৰাস্তা হল [[চিয়ন, মুম্বাই|চিয়ন]]ৰ পৰা [[থানে]] পৰ্যন্ত প্ৰসাৰিত [[ইষ্টাৰ্ন এক্সপ্ৰেচ হাইওৱে]], চিয়নৰ পৰা [[পানভেল]] পৰ্যন্ত প্ৰসাৰিত [[চিয়ন পানভেল এক্সপ্ৰেচ]] আৰু [[বান্দ্ৰাৰ]] পৰা [[বোৰিবলি]] পৰ্যন্ত প্ৰসাৰিত [[ওয়েষ্টাৰ্ন এক্সপ্ৰেচ হাইওৱে]]।<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.10 Transport and Communication Network|Ref=plan}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপ অনুযায়ী, মুম্বাইৰ বাচ পৰিসেৱাই প্ৰতিদিনে পঁচপন্ন লক্ষ যাত্ৰী বহন কৰে।<ref name="bus44"/> চহৰৰ সকলো অঞ্চলত আৰু [[নবি মুম্বাই]], [[মীৰা-ভায়ান্দৰ]] আৰু [[থানে]] অঞ্চলতো বিইএচটি-ৰ পাবলিক বাচ পৰিসেৱা সুলভ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp|title=Organisational Setup|publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST)|accessdate=2009-06-14|archivedate=2009-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604204123/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কম দূৰত্বৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে যাত্ৰীসকলে বাচৰ ব্যৱহাৰেই বেছিকৈ কৰে। যদিও বেছিদূৰত্বৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ট্ৰেন বেছি সস্তা।<ref>{{harvnb|Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world|1993|p=[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C&pg=PA49&dq=public+transport+mumbai++Mumbai+Suburban+Railway+best+taxi&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false 49]|Ref=UNB}}</ref> বিইএচটিয়ে মুঠ ৪,০১৩খন বাচ চলায়।<ref name="bestfleet"/> এইবোৰৰ মাজত চিচিটিভি কেমেৰা লগোৱা থাকে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.screens.tv/article/11738/Mumbai_bus_network_tops_1000,_gets_new_look.html |access-date=2012-09-14 |archivedate=2010-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610093032/http://www.screens.tv/article/11738/Mumbai_bus_network_tops_1000%2C_gets_new_look.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এই বাচবোৰে ৩৯০টা ৰুটেৰে<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_botright.asp|title=Bus Transport Profile|publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST)|accessdate=2009-08-28|archivedate=2002-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628154146/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_botright.asp|deadurl=yes}}</ref> দৈনিক ৪৫ লক্ষ যাত্ৰীৰ পৰিবহণ কৰে।<ref name="bus44"/> এই বাচসমূহৰ মাজত আছে চিঙ্গল-ডেকাৰ, ডাবল-ডেকাৰ, ভেষ্টিবিউল, লো-ফ্লোৰ, প্ৰতিবন্ধী-সহায়ক, বাতানুকূল আৰু [[ইউৰো থ্ৰি]] মানসম্মত [[ঘন প্ৰাকৃতিক গেচ]] চালিত বাচ।<ref name="bestfleet">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |title=Composition of Bus Fleet |accessdate=2006-10-12 |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) |archivedate=2006-07-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003152/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ ৰাজ্য পথ পৰিবহণ সংস্থা]] (এমএচআৰটিচি)ৰ বাচবোৰ আন্তঃনগৰীয় পৰিবহণৰ কামত ব্যবহৃত হয়। এই বাচসমূহে মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অন্যান্য চহৰৰ লগত মুম্বাইৰ যোগাযোগ ৰক্ষা কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3322572.cms |last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan|title=MSRTC to make long distance travel easier |publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''|date=2008-08-04|accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/32792301.cms |title=MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip|publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''|date=2002-12-29 |accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref> মুম্বাই দৰ্শন নামৰ এটা পৰ্যটক বাচ পৰিসেৱাই পৰ্যটকক [[মুম্বাইৰ দৰ্শনীয় স্থানসমূহৰ তালিকা|মুম্বাইৰ দৰ্শনীয় স্থানবোৰ]] ঘূৰি দেখুওৱাত সহায় কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm|title=Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots|last=Seth|first=Urvashi|publisher=''[[MiD DAY]]''|date=2009-03-31|accessdate=2009-06-14}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> মুম্বাই বিআৰটিএচ (বাচ ৰ‌্যাপিড ট্ৰানজিট চিষ্টেম)ৰ লেনবোৰ সমগ্ৰ মুম্বাইৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে পৰিকল্পিত হৈছে। ২০০৯ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহ অবধি এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাতটা ৰুটত বাচ চলাচল আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref name="routetalpdf">{{cite web|url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf|title=Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System|format=[[PDF]]|publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST)|page=5|accessdate=2009-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110203942/http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf|archivedate=2007-01-10|deadurl=yes}}</ref> চহৰৰ ৮৮ শতাংশ যাত্ৰীয়ে জন পৰিবহণ মাধ্যমবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলেও মুম্বাইত [[যানজঁট]] এতিয়াও এক অন্যতম জটিল সমস্যা।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html|last=Khanna|first=Gaurav|date=|accessdate=2009-08-28|title=7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro|publisher=''[[Businessworld]]''|quote=Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport.|archivedate=2009-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মুম্বাই আজিও বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বাধিক যানজঁটবহুল চহৰসমূহৰ অন্যতম।<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|loc=p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991-2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has catagorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."|Ref=exe}}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ যানজঁটৰ অন্যতম কাৰণ হল হকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা ৰাস্তা বেদখল আৰু য’তে-ত’তে গাড়ী পাৰ্কিং সমস্যা। এমএমআৰডিএই পথচাৰীসকলৰ সহজ আৰু নিৰাপদ ব্যবহাৰৰ বাবে [[মুম্বাই স্কাইওৱে]]ৰ প্ৰকল্প গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। [[মুম্বাই পাতালবাহী ৰেল]] ষ্টেচনৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থানৰ পৰা যিবোৰ স্থানলৈ মানুহৰ অহৰহ গন্তব্য সেই সকলো স্থান পৰ্যন্ত এই স্কাইওৱে তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=mmrda-skywalk>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/skywalk.htm |access-date=2012-09-14 |archivedate=2009-03-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314125705/http://mmrdamumbai.org/skywalk.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> === ৰেলপথ === [[চিত্ৰ:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Victoria Terminus).jpg|thumb|right|[[ছত্ৰপতি শিবাজী টাৰ্মিনাচ]] (পূৰ্বনাম ভিক্টোৰিয়া টাৰ্মিনাচ), [[মধ্য ৰেল|মধ্য ৰেলৰ]] প্ৰধান কাৰ্যালয় আৰু এটা [[ইউনেস্কো]] [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান|বিশ্বঐতিহ্য]] |alt=A brown building with clock towers, domes and pyramidal tops. A wide street in front of it]] মুম্বাই [[ভাৰতীয় ৰেল|ভাৰতীয় ৰেলৰ]] দুটা জ’ন বা অঞ্চলৰ সদৰ দপ্তৰ: [[মধ্য ৰেল]] আৰু [[পশ্চিম ৰেল]]। মধ্য ৰেলৰ সদৰ [[ছত্ৰপতি শিবাজী টাৰ্মিনাচ]] আৰু পশ্চিম ৰেলৰ সদৰ [[চাৰ্চগেট]]।<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|p=2–14|Ref=exe}}</ref>চহৰৰ পৰিবহণ ব্যবস্থাৰ মেৰুদণ্ড হ’ল [[মুম্বাই পাতালবাহী ৰেল]]। মধ্য, পশ্চিম আৰু [[হাৰবাৰ লাইন (মধ্য ৰেল)|হাৰবাৰ লাইন]] নামে তিনিটা নেটওৱৰ্কক লৈ গঠিত এই ৰেল ব্যবস্থা চহৰৰ উত্তৰ-দক্ষিণ পৰ্য্যন্ত প্ৰসাৰিত।<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html|publisher= Press Information Bureau (Government of India)|date=|title=Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai|last=Kumar|first=Akshey|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰ এক হিচাব অনুসৰি, মুম্বাই পাতালবাহী ৰেল নেটৱৰ্কে প্ৰতিদিনে ৬৩ লক্ষ যাত্ৰী পৰিবহণ কৰে ,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |title=Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway |accessdate=2008-07-07 |publisher=Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation |archivedate=2008-06-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> যিটো ভাৰতীয় ৰেলৰ দৈনিক যাত্ৰীৰ পৰিবহণ ক্ষমতাৰ আধা সংখ্যাৰো বেছি। ব্যস্ত সময়ত এই ট্ৰেনবোৰত জনসমাগম বহুত বেছি হয়। এখন নটা-ডবা সন্নিবিষ্ট ট্ৰেনৰ যাত্ৰীধাৰণ ক্ষমতা লিখিতভাবে ১,৭০০ হলেও, ট্ৰেনসমূহে ব্যস্ত সময়ত ৪,৫০০ যাত্ৰী বহন কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Environment and urbanization|2002|p=[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&pg=PA160&dq=over+congestion+suburban+rail+mumbai#v=onepage&q=over%20congestion%20suburban%20rail%20mumbai&f=false 160]|Ref=n450}}</ref> ভূগৰ্ভস্থ আৰু উৰণীয়াসেতুৰ পথেৰে দ্ৰুত পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে [[মুম্বাই মেট্ৰো]] বৰ্তমানে নিৰ্মাণাধীন।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_metro_rail.htm|title=Mumbai Metro Rail Project|publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA)|accessdate=2009-06-14|archivedate=2009-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708175027/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_metro_rail.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> নিৰ্মাণাধীণ আন এক প্ৰকল্প [[মুম্বাই মনোৰেল]] জাকোব চাৰ্কোলৰ পৰা ওৱদালা পৰ্যন্ত আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ কথা আছে।<ref name=times>{{citenews|title=Mumbai monorail to run in two years|publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''|date=2007-09-27|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2413046.cms|accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref> [[ভাৰতীয় ৰেলে]] মুম্বাইৰ লগত ভাৰতৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ সুসংযোগ ৰক্ষা কৰিছে। বেছি-দূৰত্বৰ ট্ৰেনবোৰ [[ছত্ৰপতি শিবাজী টাৰ্মিনাচ]], [[দাদৰ]] ষ্টেচন, [[লোকমান্য তিলক টাৰ্মিনাচ]], [[মুম্বাই চেণ্ট্ৰেল]] ষ্টেচন, [[বান্দ্ৰা|বান্দ্ৰা টাৰ্মিনাচ]] আৰু [[আন্ধেৰি]]ৰ পৰা এৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |format=PDF|title=Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities|publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)]]|page=14|accessdate=2009-08-28|quote=The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal.}}</ref> === আকাশপথ === [[চিত্ৰ:Mumbai Airport.jpg|thumb|[[ছত্ৰপতি শিবাজী আন্তৰ্জাতিক বিমানবন্দৰ]], ভাৰতৰ ব্যস্ততম বিমানবন্দৰ<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/aug/25slid8.htm |title=India's 10 longest runways |date=2008-08-25 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |work=Rediff News |accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref>|alt=A hall with curved ceiling inside an airport. Indicators, blue screens and counters on the left side]] [[ছত্ৰপতি শিবাজী আন্তৰ্জাতিক বিমানবন্দৰ]] মুম্বাইৰ প্ৰধান তথা দেশৰ ব্যস্ততম বিমানবন্দৰ।<ref name="autogenerated2" /> ২০০৭ চনৰ এক হিচাব অনুযায়ী, এই বিমানবন্দৰত ২ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ যাত্ৰীয়ে চলাচল কৰে। ২০০৬ চনত এই বিমানবন্দৰৰ আধুনিকীকৰণৰ এক পৰিকল্পনা গৃহীত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত ২০১০ চনত এই কাম শেষ হোৱাত এই বিমানবন্দৰত ৪ কোটি যাত্ৰী ধাৰণ কৰাত সক্ষম হয়।<ref name=csia-mp>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.csia.in/masterplan.asp |access-date=2012-09-14 |archivedate=2010-03-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328180405/http://www.csia.in/masterplan.asp |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[জুহু বিমানঘাটী]] ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম বিমানবন্দৰ। বৰ্তমান ই এটা ফ্লাইং ক্লাব আৰু হেলিপোৰ্টৰ কাম কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm|title=MIAL eyes Juhu airport|publisher=''[[MiD DAY]]''|date=2007-06-07|accessdate=2009-06-14}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> কোপৰা-[[পানভেল]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰস্তাবিত [[নবি মুম্বাই আন্তৰ্জাতিক বিমানবন্দৰ]]টোৱে ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ পাৰপত্ৰ পাইছে। ই বৰ্তমান বিমানবন্দৰৰ যাত্ৰীৰ চাপ কমোৱাত সহায় কৰিব।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121901370700.htm|title=Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year|work=[[Business Line]]|publisher=''[[The Hindu]]''|date=2006-12-19 |accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref> === সমুদ্ৰপথ === মুম্বাইৰ দুটা প্ৰধান বন্দৰ হল: [[মুম্বাই বন্দৰ]] আৰু [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহেৰু বন্দৰ]]।<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|p=2–12|Ref=exe}}</ref> মুম্বাই বন্দৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ। এই বন্দৰত অনেক ওৱেট আৰু ড্ৰাই ডকৰ সুবিধা বিদ্যমান।<ref>{{harvnb|Chittar|1973|loc=p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."}}</ref> ১৯৮৯ চনৰ ২৬ মেত কমিছন কৃত জৱাহৰলাল নেহেৰু বন্দৰ ভাৰতৰ ব্যস্ততম বন্দৰ।<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html|publisher= Press Information Bureau (Government of India)|title=Laudable Achievement of JNPT|date=2003-01-07|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref> দেশৰ মুঠ পণ্যবাহী জাহাজৰ ৫৫-৬০ শতাংশ এই বন্দৰেৰে যাতায়াত কৰে।<ref name="pt">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=site:jnport.com+55-60%25&btnG=Search&meta=&aq=f&oq= |title=Our Mission |publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]] |accessdate=2009-08-27}}</ref> মুম্বাই [[ভাৰতীয় নৌবাহিনী|ভাৰতীয় নৌবাহিনীৰ]] এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বেচ্‌ আৰু [[পশ্চিম নৌ কম্যাণ্ড|পশ্চিম নৌ কম্যাণ্ডৰ]] সদৰ দপ্তৰ।<ref name="mloc"/> [[মাজাগাঁও|মাজাগাঁৱৰ]] [[ফেৰী হোয়াৰ্ফ]]ৰ পৰা চহৰৰ নিকটবৰ্তী দ্বীপসমূহত ফেৰী পৰিসেৱাও আৰম্ভ হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291|title=Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push|last=Sonawane|first=Rakshit|date=2007-05-13|accessdate=2009-08-27|publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]]''|quote=While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports.}}</ref> == নাগৰিক পৰিসেৱা == [[চিত্ৰ:Bombay Municipal Corporation.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[বৃহন্মুম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থা]] প্ৰধান কাৰ্যালয়|alt=A brown building with three domes and a triangular facade. A tree and a bus on either side of it]] ঔপনিবেশিক শাসনকালত মুম্বাইৰ জলৰ একমাত্ৰ উৎস আছিল জলাশয়সমূহ। অনেক অঞ্চলৰ নামকৰণো হৈছে এই জলাশয়সমূহৰ নামানুসাৰে। [[বৃহন্মুম্বাইপৌৰসংস্থা]]ই বৰ্তমানে ছটা হ্ৰদৰ পৰা মুম্বাইত পেয় জল সৰবৰাহ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980521/14150784.html |title=BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water |publisher=''[[The Indian Express]]'' |work=Express News Service |date=1998-05-21 |accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |title=It will be years before Mumbai surmounts its water crisis |last=Sawant |first=Sanjay |publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)'' |date=2007-03-23 |accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> ৰ বেছিৰভাগ অংশই আহে তুলসী আৰু বিহাৰ হ্ৰদৰ পৰা।<ref name="wt"/> তানসা লেকে পশ্চিম উপনগৰ, দ্বীপচহৰৰ বন্দৰ অঞ্চল আৰু পশ্চিম ৰেলক পানী সৰবৰাহ কৰে।<ref name="tansa">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2247432,prtpage-1.cms |title=Tansa water mains to be replaced |publisher=''[[The Times of India]]'' |date=2007-08-01 |accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> [[ভাণ্ডুপ|ভাণ্ডুপত]] পানীৰ সংশোধনাগাৰ আছে।<ref name="tansa"/> ই এছিয়াৰ বৃহত্তম পানী সংশোধনাগাৰ।<ref>{{cite news |last=Wajihuddin |first=Mohammed |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |title=Make way for Mulund, Mumbai’s newest hotspot |work=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |date=2003-05-04 |accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম ভূগৰ্ভস্থ জল সুৰঙ্গপথটি বৰ্তমানে মুম্বাইতে নিৰ্মীয়মান।<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-02-20 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1151960 | title=Country's first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai |accessdate=2008-02-21 |publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)''}}</ref> চহৰত প্ৰতিদিনে সৰবৰাহকৃত ৩৫০০ মিলিয়ন লিটাৰ পানীৰ মাজত ৭০০ মিলিয়ন লিটাৰ পানীয়েই পানীচুৰি, অবৈধ সংযোগ অথবা ছিদ্ৰপথেৰে বহিৰ্গমনৰ কাৰণে নষ্ট হৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite news | last =Express News Service | title =Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft | publisher = Yahoo India News | date =October 22, 2009 | url =http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20091022/804/tnl-now-a-toll-free-helpline-to-check-wa.html | accessdate =2009-10-22 }}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ দৈনিক কঠিন বৰ্জ্যেৰ পৰিমাণ ৭,৮০০ মেট্ৰিক টন; ইয়াৰ মাজত ৪০ মেট্ৰিক টন প্লাষ্টিক বৰ্জ্য।<ref>{{cite news |last=Nevin |first=John |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |title=Plastic ban: 1 lakh to be jobless |publisher=[[Rediff]] |date=2005-08-27 |accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> এই বিপুল পৰিমাণ বৰ্জ্য উত্তৰপশ্চিমে [[গোৰাই]], উত্তৰপূৰ্বে [[মুলুন্দ]] আৰু পূৰ্বে [[দেওনাৰ]] বৰ্জ্যভূমিত পেলাই দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |title=How BMC cleans up the city |publisher=''[[MiD DAY]]'' |date=2002-08-26 |accessdate=2009-06-13 |archivedate=2011-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617114756/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[বান্দ্ৰা]] অৰু [[বৰলী|বৰলীৰ]] পয়ঃপ্ৰণালী ব্যবস্থা দুটা পৃথক সামুদ্ৰিক নলাৰ মাধ্যমেৰে নিষ্কাশিত হয়। বান্দ্ৰা আৰু বৰলীৰ নলাদুটাৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য যথাক্ৰমে ৩.৪ কিলোমিটাৰ আৰু ৩.৭ কিলোমিটাৰ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/external/default/main?pagePK=64027221&piPK=64027220&theSitePK=295584&menuPK=295621&Projectid=P010480|title=Bombay Sewage Disposal|publisher=The World Bank Group|accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref> [[বৃহন্মুম্বাই ইলেকট্ৰিক চাপ্লাই এণ্ড ট্ৰান্সপোৰ্ট]] (বিইএচটি) দ্বীপচহৰত বিদ্যুৎ সৰবৰাহৰ দায়িত্বত আছে। অন্যহাতে উপনগৰ অঞ্চলত এই দায়িত্ব পালন কৰে [[ৰিলায়েন্স এনাৰ্জি]], [[টাটা পাৱাৰ]] আৰু [[মহাবিতৰণ]] (মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ ৰাজ্য বিদ্যুৎ বণ্টন কোম্পানি লিমিটেড)।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Mumbai/Stay_in_island_city_do_biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |last= Dasgupta |first=Devraj |title=Stay in island city, do biz |publisher=''[[The Times of India]]'' |date=2007-04-26 |accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> মুম্বাইত উৎপাদন ক্ষমতাতকৈ চহৰৰ বিদ্যুতৰ চাহিদা দ্ৰুত গতিত বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ntpc-to-give-mumbai-350-mw-electricity-tariff-may-go-up/181350/ |title=NTPC to give Mumbai 350 mw; electricity tariff may go up |work=[[The Financial Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |date=2006-10-21 |accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ বৃহত্তম টেলিফোন পৰিসেৱা প্ৰদাতা চৰকাৰী সংস্থা [[এমটিএনএল]]। ২০০০ চন পৰ্য্যন্ত এই সংস্থাই ফিক্সড লাইন, চেলুলাৰ ফোন আৰু মোবাইল [[ওৱাৰলেচ লোকেল লুপ]] লাইনত একচেটিয়া ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|2008|p=143|Ref=in08}}</ref> চেলুলাৰ ফোন ইয়াত ব্যাপক হাৰত ব্যবহৃত হয়। এই ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰধান পৰিসেৱা প্ৰদানকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহ হ’ল [[ভোডাফোন এচাৰ]], [[এয়াৰটেল]], এমটিএনএল, [[বিপিএল গোষ্ঠী]], [[ৰিলায়েন্স কমিউনিকেছন]], [[আইডিয়া চেলুলাৰ]] আৰু [[টাটা ইণ্ডিকম]]। চহৰত [[জিএচএম]] আৰু [[চিডিএমএ]] উভয় পৰিসেৱাতেই সুলভ।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Somayaji |first1=Chitra |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Shailendra |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |title=Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India, Vies With Bharti |publisher=[[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg]] |date=2009-06-13 |accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> এমটিএনএল আৰু এয়াৰটেলে চহৰত [[ব্ৰডবেণ্ড ইণ্টাৰনেট]] পৰিসেৱাও প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/triband/voip/faq.html|title=MTNL Launches IPTV Services On Broadband|work=[[MTNL]] TriBand, Mumbai|accessdate=2009-05-13|archivedate=2009-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410082249/http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/triband/voip/faq.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airtel.in/wps/wcm/connect/airtel.in/Airtel.In/Home/ForYou/Broadband+Internet/|title=Broadband &Internet|publisher=[[Airtel]]|accessdate=2009-05-13}}</ref> == জনপৰিসংখ্যা == {{See also|মুম্বাইৰ বৃদ্ধি|মুম্বাই পৰিসংখ্যা}} {{IndiaCensusPop |title= জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি |1971= 5970575 |1981= 8243405 |1991= 9925891 |2001= 11914398 |footnote=<center>Source:[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]]<ref>{{harvnb|Population and Employement profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|p=6|Ref=pemmr}}</ref><br />Data is based on <br />[[Government of India]] Census.</center> }} [[চিত্ৰ:Bombay24a.jpg|thumb|left|নিশাৰ মুম্বাই ডাউনটাউন]] [[চিত্ৰ:Dharavi Slum in Mumbai.jpg|right|thumb|[[ধাৰাবি]] বস্তিৰ এটা ৰাস্তা, এইটো এছিয়াৰ বৃহত্তম বস্তি|alt=People walking on a narrow street. Shops and a stall are seen nearby.]] ২০০১ চনৰ গণনা অনুসৰি, মুম্বাইৰ জনসংখ্যা ১১,৯১৪,৩৯৮।<ref>{{harvnb|Population and Employement profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|p=13|Ref=pemmr}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনৰ ওৱৰ্ল্ড গেজেটিয়াৰৰ প্ৰাককলন অনুসৰি এই চহৰৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৩,৬৬২,৮৮৫<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|title=India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|accessdate=2008-01-31|publisher=[[World gazetteer|World Gazetteer]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307150641/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|archivedate=2008-03-07|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰু [[মুম্বাই মহানগৰীয় এলেকা|মুম্বাই মহানগৰীয় এলেকাৰ]] জনসংখ্যা ২১,৩৪৭,৪১২।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a|title=India: metropolitan areas|accessdate=2008-01-17|publisher=[[World gazetteer|World Gazetteer]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118124357/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a|archivedate=2008-01-18|deadurl=yes}}</ref> এই চহৰৰ জনঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰত ২২,০০০ জন। ২০০১ চনৰ গণনা অনুযায়ী, বৃহত্তৰ মুম্বাই অৰ্থাৎ বৃহন্মুম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থাৰ এক্তিয়াৰভুক্ত এলেকাত সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ ৭৭.৪৫ শতাংশ<ref name=mmrddata>{{harvnb|Population and Employement profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|p=12|Ref=pemmr}}</ref> যিটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গড় অৰ্থাৎ ৬৪.৮ শতাংশতকৈ বেছি।<ref>{{cite web | title= Number of Literates & Literacy Rate| url= http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/literates1.aspx| work= Census Data 2001: India at a Glance| publisher= Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | date= | accessdate=2009-04-26}}</ref> লিঙ্গানুপাত প্ৰতি ১০০০ পুৰুষৰ বিপৰীতে দ্বীপচহৰত ৭৭৪ গৰাকী, উপনগৰত ৮২৬ গৰাকী আৰু সামগ্ৰিকভাবে ৮১১ গৰাকী নাৰী।<ref name=mmrddata/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় লিঙ্গানুপাত প্ৰতি ১০০০ পুৰুষৰ বিপৰীতে ৯৩৩ গৰাকী নাৰীৰ তুলনাত অৱশ্যে মুম্বাইৰ লিঙ্গানুপাতৰ পৰিসংখ্যা নিম্নমানৰ<ref>{{cite web | title= Sex Ratio| url= http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/fsex.aspx| work= Census Data 2001: India at a Glance| publisher= Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | date= | accessdate=2009-04-26}}</ref> এই নিম্ন লিঙ্গানুপাতৰ কাৰণ এই যে, চহৰত অধিকসংখ্যক পুৰুষে কামৰ সন্ধানত আহি বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/843036.cms|title=Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city|date=2004-09-08|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত মুম্বাই চহৰৰ অপৰাধৰ হাৰ ৫.৪ শতাংশ বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰৰ হিচাব অনুযায়ী, দোষী সাব্যস্তকৰণৰ হাৰ সমগ্ৰ দেশৰ মাজত মুম্বাইতেই সবাতোকৈ কম। এই চহৰৰ সাধাৰণ অপৰাধবোৰ হ’ল হত্যা, হত্যাৰ চেষ্টা, অপৰাধমূলক গণহত্যা, পণপ্ৰথা জনিত কাৰণত মৃত্যু, অপহৰণ, ধৰ্ষণ, অগ্নিসংযোগ আৰু ডকাইতি।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmahacid.com%2Fcid%2FPreface.pdf |title=11th annual report Crime in Maharashtra 2008:Criminal Investigation Department, Pune |publisher=Docs.google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> মুম্বাই চহৰৰ প্ৰধান ধৰ্মাবলম্বী গোষ্ঠীসমূহ হ’ল [[হিন্দু]] (৬৭.৩৯%), [[মুচলন্ত]] (১৮.৫৬%), [[বৌদ্ধ]] (৫.২২%), [[জৈন]] (৩.৯৯%), [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] (৩.২২%) আৰু [[শিখ]] (০.৫৮%); [[পাৰচী]] আৰু [[ইহুদী]] জনসংখ্যাৰ অৱশিষ্টাংশ।<ref>{{cite web | title = Census GIS Household | work = Census of India | publisher = Office of the Registrar General | url = http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm | accessdate = 2008-12-09 | archivedate = 2016-07-02 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160702090246/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm | deadurl = yes }}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ ভাষাগত জনপৰিসংখ্যা নিম্নৰূপৰ: [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়]] (৬০%), [[গুজৰাটী]] (১৯%), আৰু অৱশিষ্টাংশ ভাৰতৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ পৰা অহা।<ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=99}}: "Maharashtrians now comprise 60 percent of the city's residents; 19 percent are Gujarati, and the rest are Muslim, North Indian, Sindhi, South Indian, Christian, Sikh, Parsi, and everybody else."</ref> মুম্বাইৰ সবাতোকৈ পুৰণা মুচলন্ত সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ হ’ল [[দাউদি বোহৰা]], [[খোজা]] আৰু [[কোঙ্কণি মুচলন্ত]]।<ref>{{harvnb|Bates|2003|p=266}}</ref> স্থানীয় খ্ৰীষ্টানসকলৰ মাজত উল্লেখযোগ্য [[পূৰ্ব ভাৰতীয় (জাতিগোষ্ঠী)|পূৰ্ব ভাৰতীয় কেথেলিকসকল]]; ষোড়শ শতাব্দীতে পৰ্তুগীসকলে এওঁলোকক ধৰ্মান্তৰিত কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=5}}</ref> চহৰত এটা সৰু [[বনি ইজৰায়েল|বনি ইজৰায়েলী]] [[ইহুদী]] সম্প্ৰদায়েও বাস কৰে; তেখেতসকল সম্ভবত ১৬০০ বছৰ আগেয়ে [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]] বা [[ইয়েমেন]] অঞ্চলৰ পৰা ভাৰতলৈ আহি বসতি স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Strizower|1971|p=15}}</ref> পাৰ্‌চীসকল আহিছিল [[পাৰস্য]]ৰ পৰা। মুম্বাইত বৰ্তমান প্ৰায় ৮০,০০০ পাৰ্‌চীৰ বাস।<ref>"[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ The world's successful diasporas]". Managementtoday.co.uk.</ref> মুম্বাইৰ অধিবাসীসকলে নিজকে ''[[মুম্বাইকৰ]]'' বা ''মুম্বাইট'' বা ''বম্বেইট'' নামেৰে অভিহিত কৰে। মুম্বাই ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধান বহুভাষিক চহৰ। ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহৰ মাজত ১৬টা ভাষা এই চহৰত কথিত হয়। চৰকাৰী ভাষা [[মাৰাঠী]]; অন্যান্য ভাষাসমূহ হ’ল [[হিন্দী]], [[গুজৰাটী ভাষা|গুজৰাটী]] আৰু ইংৰাজী।<ref>{{harvnb|Pai|2005|p=1804}}</ref> উন্নয়নশীল দেশসমূহৰ দ্ৰুত বৰ্ধমান চহৰবোৰত যি যি সমস্যা দেখা যায়, তাৰ বেছিভাগেই মুম্বাইত বিদ্যমান। ব্যাপক দাৰিদ্ৰ্য আৰু বেকাৰত্ব, অনুন্নত স্বাস্থ্যব্যৱস্থা, অনুন্নত জীৱনযাত্ৰা আৰু শিক্ষাৰ মান এই চহৰৰ মূল সমস্যা। বসবাসৰ সুবন্দোবস্ত থকা সত্ত্বেও মুম্বাইবাসীসকলে অনেক সময়তেই কৰ্মস্থলৰ পৰা দূৰ জনাকীৰ্ণ আৰু তুলনামূলকভাবে ব্যয়বহুল আবাসত বাস কৰে। এই কাৰণে জন পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাধ্যমবোৰত সদায়ে প্ৰচুৰ ভীৰ থাকে আৰু যানজঁট নিত্যনৈমিত্তিক বিষয় হৈ উঠে। কোনো কোনোৱে বাচ অথবা ট্ৰেন ষ্টেচনৰ কাষতে বসবাস কৰে। যদিও উপনগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ দক্ষিণলৈ প্ৰধান বাণিজ্য কেন্দ্ৰত গৈ পাবলৈ অনেক সময় লাগি যায়।<ref>{{harvnb|Datta|Jones|1999|loc=Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159}}</ref> এছিয়াৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম [[বস্তি]] [[ধাৰাবি]]<ref>{{cite web| last=Jacobson| first=Marc| title=Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City| url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text| work=[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]]| publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]| month=May| year=2007| accessdate=2009-04-28| archivedate=2008-06-27| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627140242/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text| deadurl=yes}}</ref> মধ্য মুম্বাইত অৱস্থিত; ইয়াত বসবাস কৰে প্ৰায় ৮০০,০০০ মানুহ।<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|2006|p=31}}</ref> ১৯৯১-২০০১ দশকত মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ বাহিৰৰ পৰা অহা মুম্বাইত অভিনিবেশকাৰীৰ সংখ্যা আছিল ১,১২০,০০০ জন; যিটোৱে মুম্বাইৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ লগত আৰু ৫৪.৮ শতাংশ যোগ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |page=2 |title=Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005-06 |accessdate=2008-02-13 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508220227/http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |archivedate=2006-05-08 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত মুম্বাইৰ অপৰাধৰ হাৰ ([[ভাৰতীয় দণ্ডবিধি|ভাৰতীয় দণ্ডবিধিৰ]] ধাৰাত নথিভুক্ত) ১০০,০০০ জন ১৬২.৯৩<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-17 |title=Theft is Mumbai's biggest crime |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5823304.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> যিটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গড়ৰ (১৭৫.১) তুলনাত সামান্য কম হলেও ভাৰতৰ দহ লক্ষাধিক জনসংখ্যাযুক্ত চহৰসমূহৰ গড় হাৰৰ (৩১২.৩) তুলনাত অনেক কম।<ref name=crimerate>{{cite web|title=Crime in India-2007 |url= http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/home.htm|format= PDF|accessdate=2009-04-25|page=2|year= 2007 |last1=National Crime Records Bureau|publisher= Ministry of Home Affairs ([[Government of India]]) |chapter=Crimes in Mega Cities|chapterurl=http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP2.pdf }}</ref> চহৰৰ প্ৰধান আৰু প্ৰাচীনতম সংশোধনাগাৰটি হল [[আৰ্থাৰ ৰোড জেল]]।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/once-again-arthur-road-jail-prepares-for-mo/412831/|title=Once again, Arthur Road Jail prepares for mother of all trials|date=2009-01-20|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি == {{Main|মুম্বাই সংস্কৃতি}} [[চিত্ৰ:SUCHA0386.JPG|thumb|[[বোম্বাই এছিয়াটিক চ’চাইটি]], চহৰৰ প্ৰাচীনতম সাধাৰণ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰসমূহৰ অন্যতম|alt=A white building with a triangular facade and wide stairs]] == জনমাধ্যম == [[চিত্ৰ:Bolywood.jpg|thumb|[[বলিউড]] মুম্বাইত অৱস্থিত]] মুম্বাইৰ পৰা একাধিক সংবাদপত্ৰ প্ৰকাশিত হয়; ইয়াত একাধিক টেলিভিশ্বন আৰু ৰেডিঅ’ ষ্টেশন আৰু অৱস্থিত। মুম্বাইৰ জনপ্ৰিয় ইংৰাজী দৈনিক আলোচনীসমূহ হ’ল ''[[টাইমচ অফ ইণ্ডিয়া]]'', ''[[মিড ডে]]'', ''[[হিন্দুস্তান টাইমচ]]'', ''[[ডি এন এ – ডেইলি নিউজ এণ্ড এনালাইচিচ|ডি এন এ]]''আৰু ''[[ইণ্ডিয়ান এক্সপ্ৰেচ]]''। জনপ্ৰিয় মাৰাঠী সংবাদপত্ৰৰ হ’ল ''নবকাল'', ''[[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ টাইমচ]]'', ''[[লোকসত্তা (সংবাদপত্ৰ)|লোকসত্তা]]'', ''[[লোকমত]]'' আৰু ''[[সকাল]]''। ইয়াৰ বাদেও অন্যান্য ভাৰতীয় ভাষাতো সংবাদপত্ৰ প্ৰকাশ হয় |ref>{{cite web |first1=Shuchi|last1=Bansal|last2=Mathai |first2=Palakunnathu G. |url=http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//money/2005/apr/06spec1.htm |title=Mumbai's media Mahabharat |date=2005-04-06 |accessdate=2009-05-14 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> এছিয়াৰ প্ৰাচীনতম সংবাদপত্ৰ ''[[বোম্বাই সমাচাৰ]]'' ১৮২২ চনৰ পৰা মুম্বাই চহৰত একেলেঠাৰিয়ে প্ৰকাশ হৈ আহিছে।<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |title=Learn with newspapers |date=2004-10-16 |accessdate=2009-05-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archivedate=2011-07-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714003002/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ১৮৩২ চনত বালশাস্ত্ৰী জাম্ভেকৰে মুম্বাইতেই প্ৰথম ''বোম্বাই দৰ্পণ'' নামে এখন মাৰাঠী সংবাদপত্ৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/br/2002/02/05/stories/2002020500040500.htm |title=Privatising emancipation (A Book Review) |first=Veena |last=Naregal |work=Language, Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=2002-02-05 |accessdate=2007-12-24 |archivedate=2007-12-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211071349/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/br/2002/02/05/stories/2002020500040500.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == শিক্ষাব্যৱস্থা == {{See also|মুম্বাইৰ কলেজসমূহৰ তালিকা}} [[চিত্ৰ:University of Bombay2.jpg|thumb|left|[[ৰাজাবাই ক্লক টাওৱাৰ]], [[মুম্বাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]|alt=A clock tower amid trees and a playground]] মুম্বাইৰ বিদ্যালয়সমূহ হয় "মিউনিচিপ্যাল স্কুল" (বৃহন্মুম্বাই পৌৰসংস্থা পৰিচালিত) অথবা প্ৰাইভেট স্কুল (অছি অথবা ব্যক্তিগত উদ্যোগত পৰিচালিত)। প্ৰাইভেট স্কুলসমূহে কোনো কোনো ক্ষেত্ৰত চৰকাৰী সাহায্য লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm|date=2006-09-24|title=City has 43 one-teacher schools|work=[[MiD DAY]]|publisher=MiD-Day Infomedia|accessdate=2009-06-09|archivedate=2011-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617114840/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বিদ্যালয়সমূহৰ অনুমোদন কৰে [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ ৰাজ্য মাধ্যমিক আৰু উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা পৰিষদে]] (এমএচবিএচএইচএসই) অথবা সৰ্বভাৰতীয় [[কাউন্সিল ফৰ ইণ্ডিয়ান স্কুল চাৰ্টিফিকেট একজামিনেছন]] (চিআইএচচিই), [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা পৰিষদ]] (চিবিএসই) বা [[জাতীয় মুক্ত বিদ্যালয় সংস্থা]] (এনআইওএচ)।<ref>{{cite news|last=Mukherji|first=Anahita|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4346890.cms |date=2009-04-02|title=Education board tells schools to get state recognition |publisher=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> সাধাৰণত মাৰাঠী আৰু ইংৰাজী মাধ্যমত শিক্ষা দান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1516877.cms|date=2006-05-05 |title=Now, schools can teach in 2 languages|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> চৰকাৰী স্কুলসমূহত সুযোগ সুবিধা কম পোৱা গ’লেও দৰিদ্ৰ শিক্ষাৰ্থীসকলৰ বাবে এই স্কুলসমূহেই একমাত্ৰ ভৰসা।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/13kak.htm|title=Saving India through Its Schools|first=Subhash|last=Kak|work=Rediff News |publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=2004-07-13|accessdate=2009-05-13}}</ref> [[১০+২+৩ পৰিকল্পনা|১০+২+৩/৪ পৰিকল্পনাৰ]] অধীনত ছাত্ৰছাত্ৰীসকলে দহ বছৰৰ বিদ্যালয় শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি দুই বছৰৰ বাবে [[জুনিয়ৰ কলেজ|জুনিয়ৰ কলেজত]] ভৰ্তি হয়। তাত তেওঁলোকে কলা, বাণিজ্য অথবা বিজ্ঞান বিভাগৰ মাজৰ পৰা যি কোনো এটাক নিৰ্বাচন কৰি লয়।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |date=2008-06-19 |title=Are you cut out for Arts, Science or Commerce? |work=Rediff News |publisher=[[Rediff]] |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পাছত তেওঁলোকে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ক্ষেত্ৰত সাধাৰণ ডিগ্ৰী পাঠক্ৰমত ভৰ্তি হয়, অথবা আইন, ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং বা মেডিচিনৰ যি কোনো এটা পেছাদাৰ ডিগ্ৰী পাঠক্ৰমত ভৰ্তি হয়।<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Archana |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/718303.cms |date=2004-06-04 |title=When it comes to courses, MU dishes up a big buffet |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> চহৰৰ অধিকাংশ কলেজেই [[মুম্বাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ দ্বাৰা অনুমোদিত। এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্নাতক ছাত্ৰৰ সংখ্যাৰ বিচাৰত বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/History.html |title=History |publisher=[[University of Mumbai]] |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref>মুম্বাইত অৱস্থিত [[আইআইটি বোম্বাই|ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ টেকন’লজি (বোম্বাই)]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1070723 |date=2006-12-22 |title=IIT flights return home |publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)'' |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> [[বীৰমাতা জিজাবাই টেকন’লজিকেল ইনষ্টিটিউট]] (ভিজেআইটি),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |title=About the Institute |publisher=[[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI), |accessdate=2009-06-09 |archivedate=2009-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518121006/http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[ইউনিভাচিটি ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ কেমিকেল টেকন’লজি]] (ইউআইচিটি),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |date=2008-06-11 |title=Admission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |accessdate=2009-06-09 |archivedate=2011-12-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174721/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ভাৰতৰ অগ্ৰণী ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং আৰু কাৰিকৰী শিক্ষাপ্ৰতিষ্ঠান। [[এচএনডিটি ইউমেনচ ইউনিভাইটি]] ইত্যাদি মুম্বাইৰ অন্যান্য স্ব-শাসিত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7 |title=About University |publisher=[[SNDT Women's University]] |accessdate=2009-06-09 |archivedate=2009-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013235515/http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বাদেও [[নেছনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ ইণ্ডাষ্ট্ৰিয়াল ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং]] (এনআইটিআইই), [[যমুনালাল বাজাজ ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ মেনেজমেণ্ট ষ্টাডিজ]] (জেবিআইএমএচ), [[এচ পি জৈন ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ মেনেজমেণ্ট এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ]] আৰু একাধিক মেনেজমেণ্ট শিক্ষাপ্ৰতিষ্ঠান মুম্বাইত অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite news |last=Bansal |first=Rashmi |url=http://www.hkcollege.ac.in |url=http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |date=2004-11-08 |title=Is the 'IIM' brand invincible? |work=Rediff News |publisher=[[Rediff]] |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> দেশৰ প্ৰাচীনতম আইন আৰু কমাৰ্চ কলেজ যথাক্ৰমে [[গভৰ্নমেণ্ট ল’ কলেজ]] আৰু [[চিডেনহ্যাম কলেজ]] মুম্বাইতেই অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |title=Sydenham College: Our Profile |publisher=[[Sydenham College]] |accessdate=2009-04-26 |archivedate=2009-06-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625015836/http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |title=About The Government Law College |publisher=[[Government Law College]] |accessdate=2009-04-26 |archivedate=2009-06-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622081119/http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |deadurl=yes }}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ প্ৰাচীনতম শিল্পকলা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটি হল [[চাৰ জে. জে. স্কুল অফ আৰ্ট]]।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/24305727.cms |title=JJ School seeks help from new friends|date=2002-10-06|first=Nina|last=Martyris|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2009-05-13}}</ref> মুম্বাইৰ দুটি বিশিষ্ট গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হ’ল [[টাটা ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ ফাণ্ডামেণ্টাল ৰিচাৰ্চ]] (টিআইএফআৰ) আৰু [[ভাবা পৰমাণু গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰ]] (বিএআৰচি)।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1065998 |date=2006-11-24 |title=University ties up with renowned institutes |publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)'' |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> বিএআৰচিয়ে [[ট্ৰম্বে|ট্ৰম্বেত]] [[চাইৰাচ]] নামৰ এটা ৪০ মেগাৱাটৰ নিউক্লিয়াৰ ৰিচাৰ্চ ৰিএক্টৰ চলায়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html|title=CIRUS reactor|publisher=[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC)|accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref> == ক্ৰীড়া == [[চিত্ৰ:Brabourne.jpg|thumb|[[ব্ৰেব'ৰ্ন ষ্টেডিয়াম]], দেশৰ প্ৰাচীনতম [[টেষ্ট ক্ৰিকেট মেচ্ছ্‌ৰ তালিকা|ক্ৰিকেট ষ্টেডিয়ামসমূহৰ]] অন্যতম |alt=A grassy ground with skyscrapers behind it]] [[ক্ৰিকেট]] এই চহৰৰ সবাতোকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় খেল। খেলাৰ মেচ‌ৰ অভাৱত সদায়ে এই খেলাক [[ব্যাকইয়াৰ্ড ক্ৰিকেট|সংক্ষেপিত ৰূপত]] খেলা হয়; যিটো সাধাৰণতে গলি ক্ৰিকেট নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেট নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ব'ৰ্ড বা [[ব'ৰ্ড অফ কণ্ট্ৰোল ফৰ ক্ৰিকেট ইন ইণ্ডিয়া]] (বিচিচিআই)<ref>{{cite web |title=About BCCI |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) |url=http://www.bcci.tv/about-bcci.html |accessdate=2009-05-16 |archivedate=2009-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207202946/http://www.bcci.tv/about-bcci.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> আৰু [[ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ]]ৰ (আইপিএল)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |title=I-T Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV &#124; InvestmentKit.com Articles |publisher=Investmentkit.com |date=2010-04-15 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |archivedate=2012-12-08 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121208175436/http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref>মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় মুম্বাইতেই অৱস্থিত। [[ৰঞ্জি ট্ৰফী]]ত চহৰৰ প্ৰতিনিধি দল [[মুম্বাই ক্ৰিকেট দলে]] ৪০ বাৰ খিতাপ অৰ্জন কৰিছে, যিটো কোনো একক দলৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সৰ্বাধিক সংখ্যা।<ref>{{cite news |last=Makarand |first=Waingankar |title=Attacking pattern of play has delivered |date=2009-01-18 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/18/stories/2009011856451500.htm |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> [[ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ]]ত এই চহৰৰ প্ৰতিনিধি দল হৈছে [[মুম্বাই ইণ্ডিয়ানছ্]]। চহৰৰ দুখন আন্তৰ্জাতিক ক্ৰিকেট ষ্টেডিয়াম হ'ল [[ৱাংখেড়ে ষ্টেডিয়াম]] আৰু [[ব্ৰেব'ৰ্ন ষ্টেডিয়াম]]।<ref>{{cite news |last=Seth |first=Ramesh |title=Brabourne&nbsp;— the stadium with a difference |date=2006-12-01 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/12/01/stories/2006120100150200.htm |accessdate=2009-06-08 |archivedate=2008-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421010655/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/12/01/stories/2006120100150200.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> চহৰৰ বিশিষ্ট ক্ৰিকেটাৰসকলৰ মাজত উল্লেখযোগ্য হ’ল [[শচীন তেণ্ডুলকাৰ]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Sanjeev |title=Tendulkar serves it up |date=2002-11-05 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/south_asia/2404371.stm |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> আৰু [[সুনীল গাভাস্কাৰ]]।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Murali |first=Kanta |year=2002 |month=August-September |title=Gavaskar: India's Greatest Crickter |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=19 |issue=18 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1918/19180820.htm |accessdate=2009-04-25 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |archivedate=2009-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123212136/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1918/19180820.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[এচ’চিয়েছন ফুটবল|ফুটবল]] এই চহৰৰ অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় খেল। চহৰৰ বহু ব্যক্তি [[ফিফা বিশ্বকাপ]] আৰু ইংলিছ প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগৰ দৰ্শক।<ref>{{cite news |last=Bubna |first=Shriya |title=Forget cricket, soccer's new media favourite |date=2006-07-07 |work=Rediff News |publisher=[[Rediff]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> দেশৰ বৃহত্তম পেছাদাৰী ফুটবল লীগ [[ইণ্ডিয়ান চুপাৰ লীগ]]ৰ দল হৈছে [[মুম্বাই চিটি এফ চি]]। আনহাতে অন্যতম শীৰ্ষ পেছাদাৰী ফুটবল প্ৰতিযোগিতা [[আই-লীগ|আই-লীগত]] মুম্বাইৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে [[কেংক্ৰে এফ চি]]য়ে<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making|title=Kenkre FC’s I-League dreams: 21 years in the making|website=freepressjournal.in|access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref>। মুম্বাইৰ পূৰ্বৰ আই-লীগৰ দল সমূহ হৈছে [[মুম্বাই ফুটবল ক্লাব]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Football Club launched |date=2007-06-28 |work=Rediff News |publisher=[[Rediff]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/28foot.htm |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> [[মাহিন্দ্ৰা ইউনাইটেড]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Amitabha Das |title=Mahindra United in summit clash |date=2003-07-07 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/07/stories/2003080705022100.htm |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> আৰু [[এয়াৰ ইণ্ডিয়া (ফুটবল ক্লাব)|এয়াৰ ইণ্ডিয়া]]।<ref>{{cite news |title=I-League: Mahindra United to face Mumbai FC |date=2008-10-10 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200810101668.htm |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref> ক্ৰিকেটৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধিৰ লগে লগে [[ফিল্ড হকী|ফিল্ড হকীৰ]] জনপ্ৰিয়তা অৱশ্যে কমি গৈছে। [[ৱৰ্ল্ড ছিৰিজ হকী|ৱৰ্ল্ড ছিৰিজ হকী]] (ডব্লিউএচএইচ) আৰু [[হকী ইণ্ডিয়া লীগ]] (এইচ আই এল)ত অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী মুম্বাইৰ দল দুটা হ’ল [[মুম্বাই মেৰীণছ]] আৰু [[মুম্বাই মেজিচিয়ানছ]]। প্ৰতি ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত [[মহালক্ষ্মী ৰেচক’ৰ্চ|মহালক্ষ্মী ৰেচক’ৰ্চত]] [[ডাৰবি (ঘোঁৰাদৌৰ)|ডাৰবি]] ৰেচৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। মুম্বাইৰ [[ৰয়েল ওয়েষ্টাৰ্ন ইণ্ডিয়ান টাৰ্ফ ক্লাব|টাৰ্ফ ক্লাবত]] ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত [[ইউনাইটেড ব্ৰিউয়াৰিচ গ্ৰুপ|মেকডুৱেলৰ]] ডাৰবিও অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |last=Pal |first=Abir |title=Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby |date=2007-01-17 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1233374.cms |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> সাম্প্ৰতিক বছৰসমূহত [[ফৰমুলা ওৱান]] ৰেচিং-ৰ কামতো জনগণৰ আগ্ৰহ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref>{{cite news |last=Pinto |first=Ashwin |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/mar/marmam27.htm |title=ESS plans marketing blitz around F1 |date=2005-03-05 |accessdate= 2009-04-26 |publisher=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত [[ফ’ৰ্চ ইণ্ডিয়া]] এফ ওৱান টিম কাৰৰ উদ্বোধন হয় মুম্বাইত।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motorSportsNews/idUKL2521523620080125 |title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai |date=2008-01-25 |accessdate=2008-01-27 |publisher=Reuters UK |work=Thomson Reuters |archivedate=2008-01-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129132715/http://uk.reuters.com/article/motorSportsNews/idUKL2521523620080125 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০০৪ চনৰ মাৰ্চত মুম্গ্ৰন্থে গ্ৰ্যাণ্ড প্ৰিস্ক [[এফ ওৱান পাৱাৰবোট ৰেচিং|এফ ওৱান পাৱাৰবোট ওৱৰ্ল্ড চ্যাম্পিয়নশ্বিপত]] অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=68125 |title=Formula 1 powerboating swooshes into Mumbai, tourism hope for city |last=Jore |first=Dharmendra |date=2004-11-14 |accessdate=2009-05-14 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |work=Mumbai Newsline}}</ref> ২০০৪ চনত ভাৰতীয় জনগণৰ মাজত খেলাধূলাৰ আগ্ৰহ বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে বাৰ্ষিক [[মুম্বাই মাৰাথন|মুম্বাই মাৰাথনৰ]] সূচনা ঘটোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-12-18|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/160916.html|title=Mumbai marathon draws all defending champions|accessdate=2009-05-28|work=The Earth Times|archivedate=2012-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902025544/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/160916.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০৬ ও ২০০৭ চনত [[কিংফিছাৰ্চ এয়াৰলাইনচ টেনিচ ওপেন]] নামেৰে [[এচ’চিয়েছন অফ টেনিচ প্ৰফেছনালচ|এটিপি ওৱৰ্ল্ড ট্যুৰৰ]] এক [[ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল ছিৰিজ টুৰ্নামেণ্ট]] আয়োজিত হয় মুম্বাইত।<ref>{{cite news|work=CBS Sports|title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit|url=http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314|date=2008-05-20|accessdate=2009-05-28|archivedate=2012-09-18|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120918093423/http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{reflist|3}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{commonscat|Mumbai|মুম্বাই}} * {{Wikivoyage|Mumbai}} * [http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ Official site of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028225646/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |date=2017-10-28 }} * [http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Official City Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |date=2009-03-10 }} {{ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ}} {{ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহৰ ৰাজধানী}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ নগৰ মহানগৰ]] 7wnd6ionzjlqg1qeclralw8drhlti53 0 3333 604550 521160 2026-05-05T08:39:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{অনুবাদ}} এইখন '''সাৰ্বভৌম ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ তালিকা'''ত বিশ্বৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক আভাস দিয়া হৈছে আৰু ইয়াৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্বৰ অৱস্থা আৰু স্বীকৃতিৰ তথ্য দিয়া হৈছে। তালিকাখনত ২০৬ টা প্ৰৱেশ পত্ৰ আছে। ৰাজ্যসমূহক দুটা সুকীয়া পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে: # ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ স্তম্ভৰ ভিতৰৰ সদস্য সংখ্যাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক দুটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰে: ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ১৯৩খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু এখন পৰ্যবেক্ষক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ,<ref name="unms">{{cite web|title=United Nations Member States|url=http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=30 August 2010|date=3 July 2006}}</ref> আৰু আন ১২খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব বিবাদ স্তম্ভত ৰাজ্যসমূহক দুটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে: ১৬খন ৰাজ্য যাৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব বিবাদ আৰু ১৯০খন অন্যান্য ৰাজ্য এই ধৰণৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰাটো এটা কঠিন আৰু বিতৰ্কিত প্ৰক্ৰিয়া হ’ব পাৰে, কিয়নো ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মাপকাঠী সম্পৰ্কে জাতি সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সকলো সদস্যৰ বাবে বাধ্যতামূলক কোনো সংজ্ঞা নাই। এই তালিকাৰ বিষয়বস্তু নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা মাপকাঠীৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্যৰ বাবে অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি তলৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্তিৰ বাবে মাপকাঠী অংশ চাওক। ''[[#Criteria for inclusion|criteria for inclusion]]'' ==দেশসমূহৰ তালিকা== {| class="sortable wikitable" border="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:white; text-align:left; font-size'':95%; border-collapse'':collapse; border'':0 solid #aaa;" |- !width=35%|চমু আৰু পৰিচিত নাম ! style="width:12.5%;"|Membership within the [[UN System]] {{#tag:ref|This column indicates whether or not a state is a member of the [[United Nations]].<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml Press Release ORG/1469] (3 July 2006), retrieved 28 February 2011)</ref> It also indicates which non-member states participate in the [[United Nations System]] through membership in the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] or one of the [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agencies of the United Nations]]. All United Nations members belong to at least one specialized agency and are parties to the statute of the [[International Court of Justice]].|group="Note"}} ! style="width:12.5%;"|Sovereignty dispute {{#tag:ref|This column indicates whether or not a state is the subject of a major sovereignty dispute. Only states whose entire sovereignty is disputed by another state are listed. Minor territorial disputes are detailed in the ''Further information..'' column.|group="Note"}} !class="unsortable"|Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty {{#tag:ref|Information is included on: * the extent to which a state's sovereignty is recognised internationally. More information can be found at [[List of states with limited recognition]], * membership in the [[European Union]],<ref name=EU group="Note"/> where applicable, * any [[Dependent territory#Summary by country|overseas dependencies]], if applicable, which are generally not part of the territory of the sovereign state, * [[Federation|federal structure]] of the state, where applicable. More information can be found at [[Federated state]], * any [[List of autonomous areas by country|autonomous areas]] inside the territory of the sovereign state, * any situations where one person is the Head of State of more than one state, * any major [[List of territorial disputes|territorial disputes]], * any [[Government in exile|governments in exile]] recognised by at least one state.|group="Note"}} |- style="background:Darkgrey;" |align=center|<span style="display:none">A AAA</span> |<span style="display:none">A AAA</span> |<span style="display:none">A AAA</span> | |- style="background:Lightgrey;" class="sortbottom" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>↓ [[Member states of the United Nations|ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ]] or [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer states]] ↓ |<span style="display:none">A AAA</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> | |- |valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Abkhazia → [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Afghanistan"></span>'''{{flag|Afghanistan}}'''&nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Afghanistan |<span style="display:none">A</span> [[Member states of the United Nations|ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ]] |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Albania"></span>'''{{flag|Albania}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Albania |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Algeria"></span>'''{{flag|Algeria}}'''&nbsp;– People's Democratic Republic of Algeria |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Andorra"></span>'''{{flag|Andorra}}'''&nbsp;– Principality of Andorra |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Andorra is a [[Diarchy|co-principality]] in which the office of head of state is jointly held ''ex officio'' by the [[President of France|French president]] and the bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell|Urgell]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |title=Andorra country profile |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> who himself is appointed by the [[Holy See|Vatican]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Angola"></span>'''{{flag|Angola}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Angola |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Antigua and Barbuda"></span>'''{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Antigua and Barbuda is a [[Commonwealth realm]]<ref name=realm group="Note">Commonwealth realms are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] in which the head of state is Queen [[Elizabeth II]]. The realms are sovereign states; see [[Commonwealth realm#Relationship of the realms|Relationship of the realms]].</ref> with 1 autonomous region, [[Barbuda]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note">For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy, see the [[List of autonomous areas by country]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Government of Antigua and Barbuda | title = Chapter 44: The Barbuda Local Government Act | work = Laws of Antigua and Barbuda | url = http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf | accessdate = 2010-11-10 | archivedate = 2011-07-06 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071022/http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf | deadurl = yes }}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Argentina"></span>'''{{flag|Argentina}}'''&nbsp;– Argentine Republic<ref group="Note">The Argentine Constitution (Art. 35) recognises the following denominations for Argentina: "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation"; furthermore, it establishes the usage of "Argentine Nation" for purposes of legislation.</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Argentina is a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Argentina|23 provinces and 1 autonomous city]]. Argentina claims sovereignty over the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]], which are administered by the [[#United Kingdom|United Kingdom]].<ref name=dis>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |title=Disputes - International |publisher=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=8 November 2011 |archivedate=14 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Argentina claims [[Argentine Antarctica]] as part of its national territory, officially a department of the province of [[Tierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands]], which overlaps with the claims of the UK and Chile.<ref name=ANT group="Note">The continent of [[Antarctica]], including its outlying islands south of 60°S, are held in abeyance under the terms of the [[Antarctic Treaty System]]. Under this treaty, territorial claims in this region are neither recognised nor disputed. Claimant countries are Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom, with all those save Argentina and Chile mutually recognising each others claims.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Government of the United States, Congress, Office of Technology Assessment|title=Polar prospects: a minerals treaty for Antarctica|page=43|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|year=1989|isbn=978-1-4289-2232-7}} "Mutual recognition of claims has been limited to Australia, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom ... Chile and Argentina do not recognize each other's claims ..."</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Armenia"></span>'''{{flag|Armenia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Armenia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ | style="background:LightCoral;"|Not recognised by [[#Pakistan|Pakistan]]<ref>[http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf Pakistan Worldview - Report 21 - Visit to Azerbaijan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219074354/http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf |date=2009-02-19 }} Senate of Pakistan&nbsp;— Senate foreign relations committee, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country"] 13 September 2006 [14:03] - Today.Az</ref></span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Australia"></span>'''{{flag|Australia}}'''&nbsp;– Commonwealth of Australia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Australia is a [[Commonwealth realm]]<ref name=realm group="Note"/> and a [[federation]] of [[States and territories of Australia|6 states and 10 territories]]. The external territories of Australia are: * {{noflag|[[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]}} * {{noflag|[[Australian Antarctic Territory]]}}<ref name=ANT group="Note"/> * {{flag|Christmas Island}} * {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} * {{noflag|[[Coral Sea Islands Territory]]}} * {{noflag|[[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]}} * {{flag|Norfolk Island}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Austria"></span>'''{{flag|Austria}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Austria |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.{{#tag:ref|The member states of the [[European Union]] have transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, which is an example of [[supranationalism]]. The EU has 27 member states.<ref>[http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/index_en.htm Europa], retrieved 28 February 2011</ref>|name=EU|group="Note"}} Austria is a [[federation]] of [[States of Austria|9 states]] (Bundesländer). |- |valign=top|<span id="Azerbaijan"></span>'''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Azerbaijan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Azerbaijan contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Nakhchivan]] and [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] (''Dağlıq Qarabağ'').<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> In Nagorno-Karabakh, [[#Nagorno-Karabakh|a de facto state]] has been established. |- |valign=top|<span id="Bahamas"></span>'''{{flag|Bahamas}}'''&nbsp;– Commonwealth of The Bahamas |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}The Bahamas is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Bahrain"></span>'''{{flag|Bahrain}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Bahrain |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Bangladesh"></span>'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}'''&nbsp;– People's Republic of Bangladesh |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Barbados"></span>'''{{flag|Barbados}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Barbados is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Belarus"></span>'''{{flag|Belarus}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Belarus |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Belgium"></span>'''{{flag|Belgium}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Belgium |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> Belgium is a [[federation]] divided into [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium|linguistic communities and regions]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Belize"></span>'''{{flag|Belize}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Belize is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Benin"></span>'''{{flag|Benin}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Benin<ref group="Note">Formerly referred to as [[Dahomey]], its official name until 1975.</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Bhutan"></span>'''{{flag|Bhutan}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Bhutan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Bolivia"></span>'''{{flag|Bolivia}}'''&nbsp;– Plurinational State of Bolivia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Bosnia and Herzegovina"></span>'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Bosnia and Herzegovina is a federation of 2 constituent units: the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and the [[Republika Srpska]].<ref group="Note">For more information about the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina, see [[Dayton Agreement]] and the text of [http://www.ohr.int/dpa/default.asp?content_id=380 The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604163946/http://www.ohr.int/dpa/default.asp?content_id=380 |date=2015-06-04 }} (14 December 1995). Office of the High Representative. Retrieved 28 February 2011.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Botswana"></span>'''{{flag|Botswana}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Botswana |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Brazil"></span>'''{{flag|Brazil}}'''&nbsp;– Federative Republic of Brazil |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Brazil is a [[federation]] of [[States of Brazil|26 states and 1 federal district]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Brunei"></span>'''{{flag|Brunei}}'''&nbsp;– State of Brunei, Abode of Peace |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Brunei claims sovereignty over part of the [[Spratly Islands]].<ref name=Spratly group="Note">The sovereignty over the [[Spratly Islands]] is disputed by [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Republic of China]], [[Vietnam]], and in part by Brunei, [[#Malaysia|Malaysia]], and the [[#Philippines|Philippines]]. Except for Brunei, each of these countries occupies part of the islands (see [[List of territorial disputes]]).</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Bulgaria"></span>'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Bulgaria |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Burkina Faso"></span>'''{{flag|Burkina Faso}}'''<ref group="Note">Also known as Burkina; formerly referred to as Upper Volta, its official name until 1984.</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Burma"></span>'''{{flag|Burma}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of the Union of Myanmar<ref group="Note">Burma's official short form name as used by the United Nations is "Myanmar". The government changed the state's official name in English from "Union of Myanmar" to "Republic of the Union of Myanmar" in October 2010.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Myanmar gets new flag, official name, anthem|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE69K2HM20101021|publisher=Reuters|date=21 October 2010|accessdate=22 October 2010|archivedate=27 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427194356/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE69K2HM20101021|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Burundi"></span>'''{{flag|Burundi}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Burundi |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Cambodia"></span>'''{{flag|Cambodia}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Cambodia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Cameroon"></span>'''{{flag|Cameroon}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Cameroon |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Canada"></span>'''{{flag|Canada}}'''<ref group="Note">The legal name for Canada is the sole word; an officially sanctioned, though disused, name is Dominion of Canada (which includes its legal title); see: [[Name of Canada]], [[Dominion]].</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Canada is a [[Commonwealth realm]]<ref name=realm group="Note"/> and a [[Canadian federalism|federation]] of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces and 3 territories]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Cape Verde"></span>'''{{flag|Cape Verde}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Cape Verde |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Central African Republic"></span>'''{{flag|Central African Republic}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Chad"></span>'''{{flag|Chad}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Chad |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Chile"></span>'''{{flag|Chile}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Chile |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}[[Easter Island]] and the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] are "special territories" of Chile in the [[Valparaíso Region]]. Chile claims [[Antártica|part of Antarctica]] as a commune in its [[Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region]]. Its claim overlaps with those of the UK and Argentina.<ref name=ANT group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="China"></span>'''{{flag|China}}'''&nbsp;– People's Republic of China<ref name="ChinaTaiwan" group="Note">The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) is commonly referred to as "China", while the [[Republic of China]] (ROC) is commonly referred to as "Taiwan". The ROC is also occasionally known diplomatically as [[Chinese Taipei]], along with [[Chinese Taipei#Other references to the Republic of China|other names]].</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|ROC}} {{extent}}The People's Republic of China (PRC) contains five autonomous regions, [[Guangxi]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Ningxia]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> Additionally, it has sovereignty over the [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Special Administrative Regions]] of: * {{flag|Hong Kong}} * {{flag|Macau}} It also claims: * [[Taiwan]] and associated islands, [[Quemoy]], [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]], the [[Pratas Islands|Pratas]] and [[Itu Aba Island|Itu Aba]], which are governed by the [[Republic of China]] (which claims sovereignty over the whole of China);<ref name="TAI2" group="Note"/> * The [[Paracel Islands]] (disputed);<ref name=Paracel group="Note">The Chinese sovereignty over the [[Paracel Islands]] is disputed by [[Vietnam]] and the [[Republic of China]] (see [[List of territorial disputes]]);</ref> * The [[Spratly Islands]] (disputed);<ref name=Spratly group="Note"/> * [[South Tibet]] (governed by [[#India|India]] as part of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]). [[Aksai Chin]], controlled by the PRC, is claimed by India as a part of [[Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=Kashmir group="Note"/> The PRC is not recognised by [[Foreign relations of the Republic of China|22]] UN member states and the [[Holy See]], which instead recognise the ROC.<ref group="Note">See also [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China]] and [[Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]].</ref> |- | valign=top|China, Republic of (Taiwan) → [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Colombia"></span>'''{{flag|Colombia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Colombia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Comoros"></span>'''{{flag|Comoros}}'''&nbsp;– Union of the Comoros |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Comoros is a [[federation]] of [[Politics of Comoros#Autonomous islands|3 islands]], and claims [[Mayotte]], currently part of France, as a fourth.<ref name=federal group="Note">More information on more or less [[federation|federal]] structures can be found at a [[Federation#Modern 'federations'|List of federations]].</ref><ref>Constitution of Comoros, Art. 1.</ref> Comoros also disputes French sovereignty over [[Banc du Geyser]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Congo, Democratic Republic of the"></span>'''{{flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}''' (Congo-Kinshasa)<ref group="Note">Abbreviated as DRC, and also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Formerly referred to as [[Zaire]], its official name from 1971 to 1997.</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Congo, Republic of the"></span>'''{{flag|Congo, Republic of the}}''' (Congo-Brazzaville) |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Cook Islands → [[#Cook Islands|Cook Islands]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Costa Rica"></span>'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Costa Rica |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Côte d'Ivoire"></span>'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Croatia"></span>'''{{flag|Croatia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Croatia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Cuba"></span>'''{{flag|Cuba}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Cuba |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Cyprus"></span>'''{{flag|Cyprus}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Cyprus |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ | style="background:LightCoral;"|Not recognised by [[#Turkey|Turkey]] and [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]] {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note"/> The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]. See [[Foreign relations of Cyprus]] and [[Cyprus dispute]]. [[Turkey]] refers to the Republic of Cyprus government as "The Greek Cypriot Administration of South Cyprus".<ref>See[http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=255&l=2 Republic of Turkey Ministry for European Union Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926163208/http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=255&l=2 |date=2015-09-26 }} Retrieved June 12, 2012''.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Czech Republic"></span>'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}'''<ref group="Note">A simpler official short-form name has been encouraged by the Czech government: the English variant '''Czechia''' remains uncommon, but variants in Czech (''Česko'') and some other languages are more popular. See [[Name of the Czech Republic]]</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- | valign=top|Democratic Republic of the Congo → [[#Congo, Democratic Republic of the|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]] |<span style="display:none">UN member state</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Denmark"></span>'''{{flag|Denmark}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Denmark |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> The [[Danish Realm]] also includes two self-governing territories: * {{flag|Faroe Islands}} ''(Føroyar/Færøerne)'' * {{flag|Greenland}} ''(Kalaallit Nunaat/Grønland)'' |- |valign=top|<span id="Djibouti"></span>'''{{flag|Djibouti}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Djibouti |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Dominica"></span>'''{{flag|Dominica}}'''&nbsp;– Commonwealth of Dominica |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Dominican Republic"></span>'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="East Timor"></span>'''{{flag|East Timor}}'''&nbsp;– Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste<ref group="Note">The government of East Timor uses "Timor-Leste" as the English translation.</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Ecuador"></span>'''{{flag|Ecuador}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Ecuador |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Egypt"></span>'''{{flag|Egypt}}'''&nbsp;– Arab Republic of Egypt |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="El Salvador"></span>'''{{flag|El Salvador}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of El Salvador |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Equatorial Guinea"></span>'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Equatorial Guinea |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Eritrea"></span>'''{{flag|Eritrea}}'''&nbsp;– State of Eritrea |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Estonia"></span>'''{{flag|Estonia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Estonia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Ethiopia"></span>'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}'''&nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Ethiopia is a [[federation]] of [[Regions of Ethiopia|9 regions and 2 chartered cities]]. <!--The European Union is not a sovereign state and should not be included--> |- |valign=top|<span id="Fiji"></span>'''{{flag|Fiji}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Fiji |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Fiji contains 1 autonomous region, [[Rotuma]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/><ref>{{Cite book | title = Laws of Fiji | place = Suva, Fiji | publisher = Government of Fiji | year = 1927 | volume = | edition = 1978 | chapter = Rotuma Act | chapterurl = http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html | accessdate = 2010-07-10 | archivedate = 2005-04-19 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050419112327/http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Government of Fiji, Office of the Prime Minister | title = Chapter 122: Rotuma Act | work = Laws of Fiji | publisher = University of the South Pacific | year = 1978 | url = http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/ | accessdate = 2010-11-10 | archivedate = 2011-03-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110301163146/http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/ | deadurl = yes }}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Finland"></span>'''{{flag|Finland}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Finland |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> * {{flag|Åland}} is a neutral and demilitarised autonomous region of Finland.<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/><ref group="Note">[[Åland Islands|Åland]] was demilitarised by the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1856, which was later affirmed by the [[League of Nations]] in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="France"></span>'''{{flag|France}}'''&nbsp;– French Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> French overseas regions/departments ([[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]] and [[Réunion]]) are full, integral parts of France. The French Republic also includes the overseas territories of: * {{noflag|[[Clipperton Island]]}} * {{flag|French Polynesia}} * {{flag|New Caledonia}} * {{noflag|[[Saint-Barthélemy]]}} * {{noflag|[[Saint Martin]]}} * {{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}} * {{noflag|[[Wallis and Futuna]]}} * {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} (includes the Antarctic claim of [[Adélie Land]]).<ref name=ANT group="Note"/> [[Clipperton Island]] is a possession of the government. French sovereignty over [[Banc du Geyser]], [[Bassas da India]], [[Europa Island]], [[Glorioso Islands]], [[Juan de Nova Island]], Mayotte, and [[Tromelin Island]] is disputed in part by [[#Madagascar|Madagascar]], [[#Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[#Seychelles|Seychelles]] and the [[#Comoros|Comoros]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Gabon"></span>'''{{flag|Gabon}}'''&nbsp;– Gabonese Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Gambia"></span><span style="display:none">Gambia</span> '''{{flag|The Gambia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of The Gambia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Georgia"></span>'''{{flag|Georgia}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Georgia contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Adjara]] and [[Abkhazia]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> In [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] and [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]], de facto states have been formed. |- |valign=top|<span id="Germany"></span>'''{{flag|Germany}}'''&nbsp;– Federal Republic of Germany |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> Germany is a [[federation]] of [[States of Germany|16 federated states]] (Länder). |- |valign=top|<span id="Ghana"></span>'''{{flag|Ghana}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Ghana |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Greece"></span>'''{{flag|Greece}}'''&nbsp;– Hellenic Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> [[Mount Athos]] is an autonomous part of Greece that is jointly governed by the multinational "Holy Community" on the mountain and a civil governor appointed by the Greek government.<ref>Constitution of Greece, Art. 105.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Grenada"></span>'''{{flag|Grenada}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Grenada is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Guatemala"></span>'''{{flag|Guatemala}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Guatemala |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Guinea"></span>'''{{flag|Guinea}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Guinea |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Guinea-Bissau"></span>'''{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Guinea-Bissau |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Guyana"></span>'''{{flag|Guyana}}'''&nbsp;– Co-operative Republic of Guyana |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}All land west of the [[Essequibo River]] is claimed by [[#Venezuela|Venezuela]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Haiti"></span>'''{{flag|Haiti}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Haiti |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- | valign=top|Holy See → [[#Vatican City|Vatican City]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Honduras"></span>'''{{flag|Honduras}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Honduras |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Hungary"></span>'''{{flag|Hungary}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Iceland"></span>'''{{flag|Iceland}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Iceland |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="India"></span>'''{{flag|India}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of India |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}India is a [[federation]] of [[States and territories of India|28 states and 7 union territories]]. Indian sovereignty over [[Arunachal Pradesh]] is disputed by the [[#China|People's Republic of China]].<ref name=dis /> India claims sovereignty over the whole of [[Kashmir]], but administers only part of it as the federated state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=Kashmir group="Note">Sovereignty over [[Kashmir]] is disputed between [[#India|India]] and [[#Pakistan|Pakistan]]; smaller parts are disputed by the [[#China|People's Republic of China]] and the [[#Taiwan|Republic of China]]. Kashmir is divided between India, Pakistan and the PRC. See the [[List of territorial disputes]].</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Indonesia"></span>'''{{flag|Indonesia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Indonesia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Indonesia has 3 provinces with official special autonomy status: [[Aceh|Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam]], [[Papua (province)|Papua]], and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Iran"></span>'''{{flag|Iran}}'''&nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Iran |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Iraq"></span>'''{{flag|Iraq}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Iraq |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Iraq is a [[federation]]<ref name=federal group="Note" /><ref>Source: [http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf Iraqi constitution]</ref> of [[Governorates of Iraq|18 governorates]], 3 of which make up the autonomous [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Ireland"></span>'''{{flag|Ireland}}'''<ref group="Note">The Irish state is often referred to as the ''Republic of Ireland'' (its official ''description'' but not its ''name''). Sometimes this is done to distinguish the state from the [[Ireland|island of Ireland]] as a whole. However, sometimes it is done for [[Names of the Irish state|political reasons and is contentious]].</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> The Constitution of Ireland [[Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|asserts]] the aspiration towards creating a [[United Ireland]] by peaceful means.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ie/reports/ConstitutionofIreland.pdf |title=Constitution of Ireland – Burnreacht na hÉireann |publisher=Government of Ireland |accessdate=8 November 2011 |quote=Article 3: It is the firm will of the Irish Nation...to unite all the people who share the territory of the island of Ireland...recognising that a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means}}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Israel"></span>'''{{flag|Israel}}'''&nbsp;– State of Israel |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ | style="background:LightCoral;"|Not recognized by 33 states {{extent}}[[Israel]] annexed [[East Jerusalem]], and occupies the [[Golan Heights]]<ref name="golanocc">Occupied territory: * "Israeli-occupied Golan Heights" (Central Intelligence Agency. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA339&dq=%22OCCUPIED+GOLAN%22&hl=en&ei=T2BVTJuyLsH48AbYwM3kBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=%22OCCUPIED%20GOLAN%22&f=false CIA World Factbook 2010], Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009. pg. 339. ISBN 1-60239-727-9.) * "...the United States considers the Golan Heights to be occupied territory subject to negotiation and Israeli withdrawal..." ("[http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/9570.pdf title=CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Israeli-United States Relations]", Congressional Research Service, April 5, 2002. pg. 5. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * "Occupied Golan Heights" ([https://archive.today/20120801065012/www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/israel-occupied Travel advice: Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories], UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * "In the ICRC's view, the Golan is an occupied territory." ([http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/israel-golan-311207?OpenDocument&style=custo_print ICRC activities in the occupied Golan during 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215201012/https://www.icrc.org/en?OpenDocument=&style=custo_print |date=2021-02-15 }}, International Committee of the Red Cross, April 24, 2008.) * "...occupied Syrian Golan Heights..." ([http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/peace02.htm The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604091304/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/peace02.htm |date=2009-06-04 }}, ''www.al-bab.com''. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * In 2008, a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly voted by 161–1 in favour of a motion on the "occupied Syrian Golan" that reaffirmed support for UN Resolution 497. ([http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10794.doc.htm General Assembly adopts broad range of texts, 26 in all, on recommendation of its fourth Committee, including on decolonization, information, Palestine refugees], United Nations, December 5, 2008.)</ref> and parts of the [[West Bank]]. These areas are not internationally-recognised as being part of Israel.<ref name=dis /> Israel no longer has a permanent military presence in the [[Gaza Strip]], following its [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|unilateral disengagement]], but is still considered the occupying power under international law.<ref>{{cite web | last = Gold | first = Dore | coauthors = Institute for Contemporary Affairs | title = Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws | work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 5, No. 3 | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | date = 26 August 2005 | url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archivedate = 2010-06-21 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Bell | first = Abraham | title = International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense | work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29 | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | date = 28 January 2008 | url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archivedate = 2010-06-21 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release | title = Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference | publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel | date = 22 January 2008 | url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Salih | first = Zak M. | title = Panelists Disagree Over Gaza’s Occupation Status | publisher = University of Virginia School of Law | date = 17 November 2005 | url = http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archivedate = 2016-03-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm | deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation | publisher = Human Rights Watch | date = 29 October 2004 | url = http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref> Israel is not recognised as a state by [[International recognition of Israel|32]] UN members (including most Arab states) and by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|SADR]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Italy"></span>'''{{flag|Italy}}'''&nbsp;– Italian Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> Italy has 5 autonomous regions, [[Aosta Valley]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] and [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- | valign=top|Ivory Coast → [[#Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Jamaica"></span>'''{{flag|Jamaica}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Jamaica is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Japan"></span>'''{{flag|Japan}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Japan [[Kuril Islands dispute|disputes]] [[#Russia|Russian]] administration of the South [[Kuril Islands]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Jordan"></span>'''{{flag|Jordan}}'''&nbsp;– Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kazakhstan"></span>'''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Kazakhstan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kenya"></span>'''{{flag|Kenya}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Kenya |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kiribati"></span>'''{{flag|Kiribati}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Kiribati |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Korea North"></span>'''{{flag|Korea, North}}'''&nbsp;– Democratic People's Republic of Korea |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|SKOREA}} {{extent}}North Korea is not recognised by two UN members: [[#Japan|Japan]] and South Korea.<ref name="koreas" group="Note">Both North Korea and South Korea claim to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]]. See also [[Foreign relations of North Korea]] and [[Foreign relations of South Korea]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html | title = Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Korea South"></span>'''{{flag|Korea, South}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Korea |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|NKOREA}} {{extent}}South Korea contains 1 autonomous region, [[Jeju-do]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Keun Min|title=Greetings|publisher=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|accessdate = 2010-11-10}}</ref> South Korea is not recognised by one UN member: North Korea.<ref name="koreas" group="Note"/> |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Kosovo → [[#Kosovo|Kosovo]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kuwait"></span>'''{{flag|Kuwait}}'''&nbsp;– State of Kuwait |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kyrgyzstan"></span>'''{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}'''&nbsp;– Kyrgyz Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Laos"></span>'''{{flag|Laos}}'''&nbsp;– Lao People's Democratic Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Latvia"></span>'''{{flag|Latvia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Latvia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Lebanon"></span>'''{{flag|Lebanon}}'''&nbsp;– Lebanese Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Lesotho"></span>'''{{flag|Lesotho}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Lesotho |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Liberia"></span>'''{{flag|Liberia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Liberia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Libya"></span>'''{{flag|Libya}}'''&nbsp;– Libyan Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}The [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|former government]] of [[Muammar Gaddafi]], which claims to be the sole legitimate representative of the Libyan people, still has some international recognition (see [[Foreign relations of the National Transitional Council]] and [[Foreign relations of Libya under Gaddafi]]). |- |valign=top|<span id="Liechtenstein"></span>'''{{flag|Liechtenstein}}'''&nbsp;– Principality of Liechtenstein |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Lithuania"></span>'''{{flag|Lithuania}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Lithuania |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Luxembourg"></span>'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}'''&nbsp;– Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Macedonia"></span>'''{{flag|Macedonia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Macedonia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Because of the [[Macedonia naming dispute]], the country is referred to by the UN and a number of states and international organizations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". |- |valign=top|<span id="Madagascar"></span>'''{{flag|Madagascar}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Madagascar |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Madagascar claims the French territories of [[Banc du Geyser]], [[Juan de Nova Island]], and the [[Glorioso Islands]].<ref name=dis/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Malawi"></span>'''{{flag|Malawi}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Malawi |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Malaysia"></span>'''{{flag|Malaysia}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Malaysia is a [[federation]] of [[States of Malaysia|13 states and 3 federal territories]]. Malaysia claims part of the [[Spratly Islands]].<ref name=Spratly group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Maldives"></span>'''{{flag|Maldives}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Maldives |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Mali"></span>'''{{flag|Mali}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Mali |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Malta"></span>'''{{flag|Malta}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Malta |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Marshall Islands"></span>'''{{flag|Marshall Islands}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of the Marshall Islands |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Mauritania"></span>'''{{flag|Mauritania}}'''&nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Mauritania |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Mauritius"></span>'''{{flag|Mauritius}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Mauritius |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Mauritius has an autonomous island, [[Rodrigues]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> Mauritius claims the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] and the French island of [[Tromelin Island|Tromelin]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Mexico"></span>'''{{flag|Mexico}}'''&nbsp;– United Mexican States |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Mexico is a [[federation]] of [[Political divisions of Mexico|31 states and 1 federal district]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Micronesia"></span>'''{{flag|Micronesia, Federated States of}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. The Federated States of Micronesia is a [[federation]] of 4 states. |- |valign=top|<span id="Moldova"></span>'''{{flag|Moldova}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Moldova |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Moldova has the autonomous regions of [[Gagauzia]] and [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]], the latter of which has established a de facto state. |- |valign=top|<span id="Monaco"></span>'''{{flag|Monaco}}'''&nbsp;– Principality of Monaco |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Mongolia"></span>'''{{flag|Mongolia}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Montenegro"></span>'''{{flag|Montenegro}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Morocco"></span>'''{{flag|Morocco}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Morocco |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Morocco claims sovereignty over [[Western Sahara]] and controls most of it, which is disputed by the [[#SADR|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]. Morocco disputes [[#Spain|Spanish]] sovereignty over [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] and the "[[Plazas de soberanía]]".<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Mozambique"></span>'''{{flag|Mozambique}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Mozambique |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- | valign=top|Myanmar → [[#Burma|Burma]] |<span style="display:none">UN member state</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Nagorno-Karabakh → [[#Nagorno-Karabakh|Nagorno-Karabakh]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Namibia"></span>'''{{flag|Namibia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Namibia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Nauru"></span>'''{{flag|Nauru}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Nauru |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Nepal"></span>'''{{flag|Nepal}}'''&nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Nepal is a [[federation]] composed of [[Zones of Nepal|14 zones]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Netherlands"></span>'''{{flagcountry|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}'''<!--Link to state instead of country-->&nbsp;– Kingdom of the Netherlands <!-- Note that the Netherlands is not the sovereign state, the Kingdom is—see [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#The distinction between the Netherlands and "the Kingdom"]]. --> |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of four constituent countries: * {{flag|Netherlands}} * {{flag|Aruba}} * {{flag|Curaçao}} * {{flag|Sint Maarten}} The monarch and her ministers form the government of the kingdom as well as the government of the country the Netherlands. Following the dissolution of the [[Netherlands Antilles]] in 2010, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have become constituent countries, which, alongside Aruba, enjoy considerable autonomy. The other three islands ([[Bonaire]], [[Saba]], [[Sint Eustatius]]) became [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] of the Netherlands. The designation "Netherlands" can refer to either one of the Kingdom's constituent countries or to the short name for the Kingdom (e.g., in international organizations). The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law applies only to parts within Europe. |- |valign=top|<span id="New Zealand"></span>'''{{flag|New Zealand}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}New Zealand is a [[Commonwealth realm]]<ref name=realm group="Note"/> and has responsibilities for (but has no sovereignty over) two freely [[associated state]]s: * {{flag|Cook Islands}} * {{flag|Niue}} The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with 31 and 6 UN members respectively.<ref>{{cite web | author = Federal Foreign Office of Germany | title = Beziehungen zu Deutschland | publisher = Government of Germany | date = November 2009 | url = http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html | accessdate = 2010-07-16}} For more information, see [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = China Internet Information Centre | title = Full text of joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Niue | publisher = Xinhua News Agency | date = 13 December 2007 | url = http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/235447.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations | title = Foreign Affairs | publisher = United Nations | url = http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref> They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN,<ref name="untreaty1">{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |access-date=2012-08-21 |archivedate=2004-07-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723045746/http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> and are members of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]. New Zealand has the dependent territories of: * {{noflag|[[Ross Dependency]]}}<ref name=ANT group="Note"/> * {{flag|Tokelau}} The Tokelauan government claims sovereignty over [[Swains Island]], part of [[American Samoa]], a territory of the United States.<ref>{{cite web | author = Radio New Zealand International | title = American Samoa governor ready to resist Tokelau’s claim to Swains Island | publisher = Radio New Zealand Ltd | date = 26 March 2007 | url = http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=31024 | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref> New Zealand does not recognize the Tokelauan claim.<ref>{{cite web | author = Government of New Zealand | coauthors = Government of Tokelau | title = Draft Constitution of Tokelau&nbsp;– English | publisher = New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade | date = 8 October 2007 | url = http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Pacific/Tokelau/Tokelau-Constitution-(English).php | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Nicaragua"></span>'''{{flag|Nicaragua}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Nicaragua |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> Claims the San Andrés archipelago, currently part of Colombian territorial waters {{extent}}Nicaragua contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur|Atlántico Sur]] and [[Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte|Atlántico Norte]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Niger"></span>'''{{flag|Niger}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Niger |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Nigeria"></span>'''{{flag|Nigeria}}'''&nbsp;– Federal Republic of Nigeria |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Nigeria is a [[federation]] of [[States of Nigeria|36 states and 1 federal territory]]. |- |valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Niue → [[#Niue|Niue]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> {{extent}} |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Northern Cyprus → [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- | valign=top|North Korea → [[#Korea North|Korea, Democratic People's Republic of]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Norway"></span>'''{{flag|Norway}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Norway |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}[[Svalbard]] is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the [[Svalbard Treaty]]. [[Bouvet Island]] is a dependent territory of Norway. Norway also claims [[Peter I Island]] and [[Queen Maud Land]] as dependent territories of Norway.<ref name=ANT group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Oman"></span>'''{{flag|Oman}}'''&nbsp;– Sultanate of Oman |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Pakistan"></span>'''{{flag|Pakistan}}'''&nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Pakistan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Pakistan is a [[federation]] of [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|4 provinces, 1 capital territory, and tribal regions]]. Pakistan disputes [[#India|Indian]] sovereignty over [[Kashmir]]. It exercises control over [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|some areas]], but does not explicitly claim any part of it,<ref>Constitution of Pakistan, Art. 1.</ref><ref>{{Cite news | author = Aslam, Tasnim | title = 'Pakistan Does Not Claim Kashmir As An Integral Part...' | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374 | newspaper = Outlook India | publisher = The Outlook Group | date = 11 December 2006 | accessdate = }}</ref> instead regarding it as a disputed territory.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Williams | first = Kristen P. | title = Despite nationalist conflicts: theory and practice of maintaining world peace | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 2001 | pages = 154–155 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=OYmurpH3ahsC | isbn = 978-0-275-96934-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Pruthi | first = R.K. | title = An Encyclopaedic Survey Of Global Terrorism In 21St Century | publisher = Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. | year = 2001 | pages = 120–121 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=C3yDkKDbZ3YC | isbn = 978-81-261-1091-9 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The portions that it controls are divided into two polities, administered separately from Pakistan proper:<ref name=Kashmir group="Note"/> * {{flag|Azad Kashmir}} * {{noflag|[[Gilgit–Baltistan]]}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Palau"></span>'''{{flag|Palau}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Palau |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Palestine → [[#Palestine|Palestine]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Panama"></span>'''{{flag|Panama}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Panama |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Papua New Guinea"></span>'''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}'''&nbsp;– Independent State of Papua New Guinea |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Papua New Guinea is a [[Commonwealth realm]]<ref name=realm group="Note"/> with 1 autonomous region, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Paraguay"></span>'''{{flag|Paraguay}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Paraguay |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Peru"></span>'''{{flag|Peru}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Peru |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Philippines"></span>'''{{flag|Philippines}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of the Philippines |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}The Philippines contains two autonomous regions, the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]]<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> and the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_220_1987.html | title = EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 220 July 15, 1987 | accessdate = 2011-07-29}}</ref> The Philippines administers [[Scarborough Shoal]] and some of the [[Spratly Islands]],<ref name=Spratly group="Note"/> and claims sovereignty over the [[Macclesfield Bank]] and [[Sabah]], which is part of [[#Malaysia|Malaysia]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Poland"></span>'''{{flag|Poland}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Poland |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Portugal"></span>'''{{flag|Portugal}}'''&nbsp;– Portuguese Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> Portugal contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> Portugal does not recognize [[#Spain|Spanish]] sovereignty over [[Olivenza]] and [[Táliga]].<ref name=dis /> |- | valign=top|Pridnestrovie → [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Qatar"></span>'''{{flag|Qatar}}'''&nbsp;– State of Qatar |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- | valign=top|Republic of the Congo → [[#Congo, Republic of the|Congo, Republic of the]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Romania"></span>'''{{flag|Romania}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Russia"></span>'''{{flag|Russia}}'''&nbsp;– Russian Federation |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Russia is officially a [[federation]] of 83&nbsp;[[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics.<ref name=autonomous group="Note" /> Sovereignty over the South [[Kuril Islands]] [[Kuril Islands dispute|is disputed]] by [[#Japan|Japan]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Rwanda"></span>'''{{flag|Rwanda}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Rwanda |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic → [[#SADR|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Saint Kitts and Nevis"></span>'''{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}'''&nbsp;– Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Saint Kitts and Nevis is a [[Commonwealth realm]]<ref name=realm group="Note"/> and is a [[federation]]<ref name=federal group="Note"/> of [[Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis|14 parishes]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Saint Lucia"></span>'''{{flag|Saint Lucia}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Saint Lucia is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"></span>'''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Samoa"></span>'''{{flag|Samoa}}'''&nbsp;– Independent State of Samoa |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="San Marino"></span>'''{{flag|San Marino}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of San Marino |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="São Tomé and Príncipe"></span>'''{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}'''&nbsp;– Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}São Tomé and Príncipe contains 1 autonomous province, [[Príncipe]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Saudi Arabia"></span>'''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} <!--Sealand is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--> <!--Scotland is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--> |- |valign=top|<span id="Senegal"></span>'''{{flag|Senegal}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Senegal |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Serbia"></span>'''{{flag|Serbia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Serbia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Serbia contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Vojvodina]] and [[Kosovo and Metohija]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> Most of the latter is under the de facto control of the [[#Kosovo|Republic of Kosovo]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Seychelles"></span>'''{{flag|Seychelles}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Seychelles |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Seychelles claims the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Sierra Leone"></span>'''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Sierra Leone |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Singapore"></span>'''{{flag|Singapore}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Singapore |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Slovakia"></span>'''{{flag|Slovakia}}'''&nbsp;– Slovak Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Slovenia"></span>'''{{flag|Slovenia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Slovenia |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Solomon Islands"></span>'''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}The Solomon Islands is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Somalia"></span>'''{{flag|Somalia}}'''&nbsp;– Somali Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Somalia is presently divided with its [[Transitional Federal Government|official government]] (TFG) controlling only part of the country. [[Puntland]] and [[Galmudug]] have declared themselves as autonomous regions of Somalia (a claim that the TFG does not recognise),<ref>{{Cite book | last = Weller | first = Marc | coauthors = Nobbs, Katherine | title = Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 2010 | location = Philadelphia, United States | page = | url = http://books.google.com/?id=ru-DIWuuObEC | isbn = 978-0-8122-4230-0}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=March 2011}} while [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]] has formed an unrecognised de facto state. |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Somaliland → [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="South Africa"></span>'''{{flag|South Africa}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of South Africa |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- | valign=top|South Korea → [[#Korea South|Korea, Republic of]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>South Ossetia → [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="South Sudan"></span>'''{{flag|South Sudan}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of South Sudan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}South Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of South Sudan|10 states]]. Disputes [[Abyei]] with the [[#Sudan|Republic of the Sudan]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Spain"></span>'''{{flag|Spain}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Spain |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> Spain is divided into [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities and cities]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> Sovereignty over [[Ceuta]], [[Isla de Alborán]], [[Perejil Island|Isla Perejil]], [[Islas Chafarinas]], [[Melilla]] and [[Peñón de Alhucemas]] is disputed by [[#Morocco|Morocco]]. Sovereignty over [[Olivenza]] and [[Táliga]] is disputed by [[#Portugal|Portugal]]. Spain [[Disputed status of Gibraltar|calls for sovereignty]] over Gibraltar.<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Sri Lanka"></span>'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}'''&nbsp;– Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Formerly known as [[Ceylon]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Sudan"></span>'''{{flag|Sudan}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of the Sudan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of Sudan|17 states]]. Disputes [[Abyei]] and [[Kafia Kingi]] with [[#South Sudan|South Sudan]]. |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Sudan, South → [[#South Sudan|South Sudan]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Suriname"></span>'''{{flag|Suriname}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Suriname |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Swaziland"></span>'''{{flag|Swaziland}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Swaziland |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Sweden"></span>'''{{flag|Sweden}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Sweden |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Switzerland"></span>'''{{flag|Switzerland}}'''&nbsp;– Swiss Confederation |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Switzerland is a [[federation]] of [[Cantons of Switzerland|26 cantons]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Syria"></span>'''{{flag|Syria}}'''&nbsp;– Syrian Arab Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}[[#Israel|Israel]] occupies the [[Golan Heights]].<ref name="golanocc"/> |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Taiwan (Republic of China) → [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Tajikistan"></span>'''{{flag|Tajikistan}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Tajikistan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Tajikistan contains 1 autonomous region, [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Tanzania"></span>'''{{flag|Tanzania}}'''&nbsp;– United Republic of Tanzania |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Tanzania contains 1 autonomous region, [[Zanzibar]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Thailand"></span>'''{{flag|Thailand}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Thailand |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- | valign=top|Timor-Leste → [[#East Timor|East Timor]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Togo"></span>'''{{flag|Togo}}'''&nbsp;– Togolese Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Tonga"></span>'''{{flag|Tonga}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Tonga |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Transnistria → [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]] |<span style="display:none">ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ</span> |<span style="display:none">নাই</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Trinidad and Tobago"></span>'''{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Trinidad and Tobago contains 1 autonomous region, [[Tobago]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Tunisia"></span>'''{{flag|Tunisia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Tunisia |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Turkey"></span>'''{{flag|Turkey}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Turkey |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Turkmenistan"></span>'''{{flag|Turkmenistan}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Tuvalu"></span>'''{{flag|Tuvalu}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Tuvalu is a [[Commonwealth realm]].<ref name=realm group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Uganda"></span>'''{{flag|Uganda}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Uganda |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Ukraine"></span>'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Ukraine contains 1 autonomous region, [[Crimea]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="United Arab Emirates"></span>'''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}The United Arab Emirates is a [[federation]] of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|7 emirates]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="United Kingdom"></span>'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''&nbsp;– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Member of the EU.<ref name=EU group="Note" /> The United Kingdom is a [[Commonwealth realm]]<ref name=realm group="Note"/> consisting of [[Countries of the United Kingdom|four countries]]: [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]]. The United Kingdom has the following overseas territories: * {{noflag|[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]}} * {{flag|Anguilla}} * {{flag|Bermuda}} * {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} (disputed by [[#Mauritius|Mauritius]] and [[#Seychelles|Seychelles]])<ref name=dis /> * {{flag|British Virgin Islands}} * {{flag|Cayman Islands}} * {{flag|Falkland Islands}} (disputed by [[#Argentina|Argentina]])<ref name=dis /> * {{flag|Gibraltar}} ([[Disputed status of Gibraltar|status disputed]] by [[#Spain|Spain]]) * {{flag|Montserrat}} * {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} * {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} * {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} * {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} * {{flag|British Antarctic Territory}}<ref name=ANT group="Note"/> (disputed by Argentina and [[#Chile|Chile]]) The British monarch has direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown dependencies: * {{flag|Guernsey}}, with three dependencies: ** {{flag|Alderney}} ** {{flag|Herm}} ** {{flag|Sark}} * {{flag|Isle of Man}} * {{flag|Jersey}} |- |valign=top|<span id="United States"></span>'''{{flag|United States}}'''&nbsp;– United States of America |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}The United States is a [[federation]] of [[Political divisions of the United States|50 states, 1 federal district]], and the incorporated territory of [[Palmyra Atoll]]. The United States has sovereignty over the following inhabited possessions and commonwealths: * {{flag|American Samoa}} (including [[Swains Island]], disputed by [[Tokelau]]) * {{flag|Guam}} * {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} * {{flag|Puerto Rico}} * {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}} In addition, there are uninhabited possessions of the United States in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], [[Navassa Island]], and [[Wake Island]]. The United States also asserts claims to [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]] and [[Serranilla Bank]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Uruguay"></span>'''{{flag|Uruguay}}'''&nbsp;– Oriental Republic of Uruguay |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Uzbekistan"></span>'''{{flag|Uzbekistan}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Uzbekistan |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Uzbekistan contains 1 autonomous region, [[Karakalpakstan]].<ref name=autonomous group="Note"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Vanuatu"></span>'''{{flag|Vanuatu}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Vanuatu |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Vatican City"></span>'''{{flag|Vatican City}}'''&nbsp;– State of the Vatican City | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">A</span> [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer state]] |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Administered by the [[Holy See]], a sovereign entity with diplomatic ties to [[Foreign relations of the Holy See#Bilateral relations|179 states]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|title=Bilateral relations of the Holy See|publisher=Holy See website|accessdate=2012-06-05}}</ref> The Holy See is a permanent observer of the UN in the category of "Non-member State"<ref name="unnms">{{cite web|title=Non-member States and Entities |url=http://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=30 August 2010|date=29 February 2008}}</ref> and a member of the [[IAEA]], [[ITU]], [[UPU]], and [[WIPO]]. The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the [[Pope]], who is the Bishop of the Archdiocese of Rome and ''ex officio'' sovereign of Vatican City. The Holy See also administers a number of [[Properties of the Holy See|extraterritorial properties]] in [[#Italy|Italy]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Venezuela"></span>'''{{flag|Venezuela}}'''&nbsp;– Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Venezuela is a [[federation]] of [[States of Venezuela|23 states, 1 capital district, and federal dependencies]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Vietnam"></span>'''{{flag|Vietnam}}'''&nbsp;– Socialist Republic of Vietnam |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}Vietnam claims sovereignty over the [[Paracel Islands|Paracel]]<ref name=Paracel group="Note"/> and [[Spratly Islands]].<ref name=Spratly group="Note"/><ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Yemen"></span>'''{{flag|Yemen}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Yemen |<span style="display:none">A</span>ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Zambia"></span>'''{{flag|Zambia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Zambia |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Zimbabwe"></span>'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Zimbabwe |<span style="display:none">A</span> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য দেশ |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}} |- style="background:Lightgrey;" class="sortbottom" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>↑ [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]] and [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer states]] ↑ |<span style="display:none">A ZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> | |- style="background:White;" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">AB</span> |<span style="display:none">B</span> | |- style="background:Lightgrey;" class="sortbottom" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>↓ Other states ↓ |<span style="display:none">D AAA</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> |{{Anchor|Other states}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Abkhazia"></span>'''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Abkhazia | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|GEORGIA}} {{extent}}[[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Recognised by]] Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Tuvalu,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfaabkhazia.net/en/node/1082 |title=On the establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of Abkhazia and Tuvalu. &#124; The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Abkhazia |publisher=Mfaabkhazia.net |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18 |archivedate=2011-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111113856/http://www.mfaabkhazia.net/en/node/1082 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Vanuatu, Venezuela,<ref name="STPETTIMES">{{cite news|title=Chavez Backs Abkhazia, South Ossetia|url=http://www.times.spb.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=32067|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times| date=27 July 2010|accessdate=5 June 2011|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> South Ossetia and Transnistria.<ref name=ASOTREC>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|language=Russian|date=2006-11-17|accessdate=2011-06-05|title=Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же|publisher=newsru.com}}</ref> Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Cook Islands"></span>'''{{flag|Cook Islands}}''' | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Member of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}A state in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[#N|New Zealand]], recognized by Japan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meiji.ac.jp/cip/english/about/news/2011/glqts000000005qk.html|date=2011-06-22|accessdate=2012-01-14|title=Lecture by Prime Minister Puna of the Cook Islands -State recognition of the Cook Islands to lead to furthering cooperation|publisher=Meiji University|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101160256/https://www.meiji.ac.jp/cip/english/about/news/2011/glqts000000005qk.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Netherlands<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ciherald.co.ck/articles/h577a.htm|date=2011-08-17|accessdate=2012-01-14|title=Cook Islands and the Netherlands establish Diplomatic Relations|publisher=The Cook Islands Herald}}</ref> and China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinaembassy.org.nz/eng/kkqd/t39446.htm|date=2003-10-27|accessdate=2012-01-14|title=Joint Communique Between the People's Republic of China and the Cook Islands on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|publisher=The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in New Zealand}}</ref> The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity.<ref name="untreaty1"/> It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Kosovo"></span>'''{{flag|Kosovo}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Kosovo | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Member of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|SERBIA}} {{extent}}Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in 2008 and it has {{Numrec|Kos|received diplomatic recognition from|UN member states}} and the [[Republic of China]]. Pursuant to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], Kosovo is formally under the administration of the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]]. Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank Group]]. The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in [[North Kosovo]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Nagorno-Karabakh"></span>'''{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}}'''&nbsp;– Nagorno-Karabakh Republic | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|AZERBAIJAN}} {{extent}}A de facto independent state,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Krüger, Heiko|title=The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Legal Analysis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7JDCQu-Us8sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=55|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=978-3-642-11787-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nikoghosyan, Hovhannes|title=Kosovo ruling implications for Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=http://www.huliq.com/1/803-kosovo-ruling-implications-armenia-and-azerbaijan|newspaper=HULIQ.com|publisher=Hareyan Publishing, LLC|month=August|year=2010|accessdate=2011-04-17}}</ref> [[Foreign relations of Nagorno-Karabakh|recognised only by]] [[Abkhazia]],<ref name="NKRrecognition">[http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811164310/http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html |date=2011-08-11 }}: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", - сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." - сказал он."</ref> [[South Ossetia]]<ref name="NKRrecognition"/> and [[Transnistria]].<ref name="NKRrecognition"/><ref name="transgovt">{{cite web|url=http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html|title=In detail: The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie|publisher=[[Pridnestrovie]]|date=2010-05-26|accessdate=2010-06-29|archivedate=2008-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144044/http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Claimed in whole by [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]].<ref>See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm Regions and territories'': Nagorno-Karabakh] (17 January 2006). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Niue"></span>'''{{flag|Niue}}''' |style="background-color:LemonChiffon"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Member of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] |<span style="display:none">A</span> নাই {{extent}}A state in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[#N|New Zealand]], recognized by China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lt.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t391353.htm|date=2007-12-19|accessdate=2012-02-07|title=Joint Comminuque on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Niue and the People's Republic of China|publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Lithuania}}</ref> Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity.<ref name="untreaty1"/> It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Northern Cyprus"></span>'''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'''&nbsp;– Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"| Claimed by [[Cyprus]] {{extent}} [[Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus|Recognised only by]] [[#Turkey|Turkey]]. It has participated as an observer state of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] under the name "Turkish Cypriot State" since 1979. In addition, the [[Nakhchivan|Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]] regards TRNC as sovereign but [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] has not followed suit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the [[#Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]].<ref>See [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html The World Factbook|Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020655/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html |date=2018-12-26 }} (10 January 2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 17, 2006''.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Palestine"></span>'''{{flagcountry|State of Palestine}}'''&nbsp;– State of Palestine | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Member of one [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agency]] | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|ISRAEL}} {{extent}}The declared State of Palestine has received diplomatic recognition from {{Numrec|Pal}} states.<ref>{{cite web|author=Palestine Liberation Organization|title=Road For Palestinian Statehood: Recognition and Admission|url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|publisher=Negotiations Affairs Department|accessdate=2011-07-28}}</ref> The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control on the territory that it proclaimed.<ref>See the following on statehood criteria: * {{Citation|author=Mendes, Errol|title=Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute|url=http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|pages=28, 33|date=30 March 2010|publisher=30 March 2010|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} "...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention..."; "...the fact that a majority of states have recognized Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice". * {{Citation|author=McKinney, Kathryn M.|title=The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine|url=http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&context=sulr&sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|journal=Seattle University Law Review|volume=18|issue=93|year=1994|page=97|publisher=Seattle University|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:|archivedate=2011-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&context=sulr&sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22}} "It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory". * {{Citation|author=McDonald, Avril|title=Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute|url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|journal=Human Rights Brief|volume=25|date=Spring 2009|publisher=Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} "Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state."</ref> The [[Palestinian National Authority]] is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]] that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the [[Palestinian territories]]. In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], which has permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly as a non-member entity.<ref name="unnms"/> The State of Palestine is a member state of UNESCO.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|title=Arab States: Palestine|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=3 December 2011}}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="SADR"></span>'''{{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}''' | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|MOROCCO}} {{extent}}Recognised by [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|84 other states]]. It is a founding member of the [[African Union]] and the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 [[Asian-African Conference]]. The territories under its control, the so-called [[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]], are claimed in whole by [[#Morocco|Morocco]] as part of its [[Southern Provinces]]. In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of [[Western Sahara]] to the west of the [[Wall (Western Sahara)|Moroccan Wall]] controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in [[Tindouf]], [[#Algeria|Algeria]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Somaliland"></span>'''{{flag|Somaliland}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Somaliland | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|SOMALIA}} {{extent}}A de facto independent state,<ref>{{Citation|author=International Crisis Group|title=Somaliland: Time for African Union leadership|journal=Africa Report|issue=110|pages=10–13|date=23 May 2006|url=http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf|accessdate=2011-04-19|archivedate=2011-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720022321/http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Mesfin, Berouk|coauthors=|title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland|journal=ISS Paper|issue=200|page=8|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|month=September|year=2009|url=http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2009/403/P200.pdf|accessdate=2011-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Arieff, Alexis|title=De Facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland|url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|journal=Yale Journal of International Affairs|issue=Spring/Summer 2008|accessdate=2011-04-17|archivedate=2011-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf}}</ref> [[Foreign relations of Somaliland|not diplomatically recognised by]] any other state, claimed in whole by the [[#Somali Republic|Somali Republic]].<ref>See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/3794847.stm Regions and territories'': Somaliland] (30 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="South Ossetia"></span>'''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of South Ossetia | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|GEORGIA}} {{extent}}A de facto independent state,<ref>{{Citation|author=Jansen, Dinah|title=The Conflict between Self-Determination and Territorial Integrity: the South Ossetian Paradigm|url=http://centreforforeignpolicystudies.dal.ca/pdf/gradsymp09/Jansen.pdf|journal=Geopolitics vs. Global Governance: Reinterpreting International Security|pages=222–242|year=2009|publisher=Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, University of Dalhousie|isbn=978-1-896440-61-3}}</ref> [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognised by]] Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela,<ref name="STPETTIMES" /> Abkhazia and Transnistria.<ref name=ASOTREC /> Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia]].<ref name="cnnAbSO">{{Cite news|title=Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|newspaper=CNN.com|publisher=Cable News Network|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Taiwan"></span>'''{{flag|Republic of China|name=Taiwan}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of China<ref name="ChinaTaiwan" group="Note"/> | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Former UN member state; Participant in some UN related organizations as "Chinese Taipei" | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|PRC}} {{extent}}A state competing for recognition with the [[People's Republic of China]] as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China controls the island of [[Taiwan]] and associated islands, Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas and parts of the [[Spratly Islands]],<ref name=Spratly group="Note" /> and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the [[Mainland China|mainland]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview |work=[[Taipei Times]] |date=2008-10-08 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320}}</ref> The Republic of China is recognised by {{Numrec|ROC|asof=E|alt=UN member states and the Holy See as of}}. The territory of the Republic of China is claimed in whole by the People's Republic of China.<ref name="TAI2" group="Note">In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) lost the [[Chinese Civil War]] to the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) and set up a provisional capital in [[Taipei]]. The CPC established the PRC. As such, the [[Political status of Taiwan|political status]] of the ROC and the [[legal status of Taiwan]] (alongside the [[Free Area of the Republic of China|territories]] currently under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the [[China and the United Nations|China seat]] to the PRC and the ROC withdrew from the UN. Most states recognise the PRC to be the [[One-China policy|sole legitimate representative]] of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as "[[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan, Province of China]]". The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates [[Taiwan independence]].</ref> The Republic of China participates in the [[World Health Organization]] and a number of non-UN international organizations such as the [[World Trade Organization]], [[International Olympic Committee]] and others under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly "[[Chinese Taipei]]". The Republic of China was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971, with veto power in the [[United Nations Security Council|security council]]. See [[China and the United Nations]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Transnistria"></span>'''{{flag|Transnistria}}'''&nbsp;– Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (Pridnestrovie, Trans-Dniester) | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|MOLDOVA}} {{extent}}A de facto independent state, [[Foreign relations of Transnistria|recognised only by]] Abkhazia and South Ossetia.<ref name=ASOTREC /> Claimed in whole by [[#Moldova|Moldova]] as the ''Territorial Unit of Transnistria''.<ref>'See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm Regions and territories'': Trans-Dniester] (13 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref> |- style="background:Lightgrey;" class="sortbottom" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>↑ Other states ↑ |<span style="display:none">D ZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> | |- style="background:Darkgrey;" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZZ</span> | |} ==অন্তৰ্ভুক্তিৰ চৰ্তসমূহ== The dominant [[customary international law]] standard of statehood is the [[Sovereign state#Declarative theory|declarative theory of statehood]] that defines the state as a person of international law if it "possess[es] the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states." Debate exists on the degree to which [[Diplomatic recognition|recognition]] should be included as a criterion of statehood. The declarative theory of statehood, an example of which can be found in the [[Montevideo Convention]], argues that statehood is purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant. On the other end of the spectrum, the [[Sovereign state#Constitutive theory|constitutive theory of statehood]] defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognized as [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] by other states. For the purposes of this list, included are all states that either: * (a) have declared independence and are often regarded as having control over a permanently populated territory or * (b) are recognized as a sovereign state by at least one other sovereign state Note that in some cases there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed. On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 206 entities:<ref>The following bullets are grouped according to the availability of sources for the two criteria ((a) and/or (b)). This arrangement is not intended to reflect the relative importance of the two theories. Additional details are discussed in the state's individual entries.</ref><ref name="micros" group="Note">The non-state sovereign entity [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Order of Malta]] is not included. It claims neither statehood nor any territory. Entities considered to be [[micronation]]s are not included. It is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory. Also omitted from this list are all [[uncontacted people]]s, either who live in [[Stateless society|societies that cannot be defined as states]] or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.</ref> * 203 states recognized by at least one [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member state]] * Two states that control a permanently populated territory and are recognized only by non-UN member states: [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]], [[Transnistria]] * One state that controls a permanently populated territory and is not recognized by any other state: [[Somaliland]] ==আৰু চাওক== {{Div col|2}} * [[ISO 3166-1]] * [[List of countries and capitals in native languages]] * [[List of country-name etymologies]] * [[List of international rankings]] * [[List of micronations]] * [[List of sovereign states by date of formation]] * [[Lists of sovereign states by year]] * [[List of states with limited recognition]] * [[List of territorial disputes]] * [[Sovereign state]] * [[Table of administrative divisions by country]] * [[Template:Clickable world map]] * [[Terra nullius]] {{Div col end}} ==টোকা== {{Reflist|group="Note"|colwidth=30em}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==গ্ৰ্ন্থ সংযোগ== * {{cite web|author = Federal Foreign Office of Germany|title = Amtliche Bezeichnungen ausländischer Staaten in den Landessprachen|publisher = Government of Germany|date = 22 April 2009|url = http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/373536/publicationFile/3858/StaatennamenLandessprache.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 2010-07-14}} * {{Cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide: 1995/96 |editor1-last=Bissio |editor1-first=Roberto Remo |publisher=Instituto del Tercer Mundo |year=1995 |location=Montevideo |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1 |oclc=476299738}} * {{cite web|title=Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm|publisher=Statistics Division, United Nations|date=1 April 2010}} * {{cite web|last=Davis|first=Tim|title=World Countries and States List |url=http://www.timdavis.com.au/data/|work=Timdavis.com.au|date=19 February 2009}} * {{cite web|title=Geographic Names|url=http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/geoinfo/geoname.pdf|publisher=Department of Public Information, Cartographic Section, United Nations|date=7 September 2000}} * {{cite web|title=ISO 3166-1 Country names and code elements|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/country_names_and_code_elements.htm|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|year=2010}} * {{cite web|title=List of countries, territories and currencies|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union|date=4 May 2010}} * {{cite web|last=Madore|first=David|title=How many countries are there in the world?|url=http://www.madore.org/~david/misc/countries.html|work=Madore.org|date=3 August 2003}} * {{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=United States|year=2010|access-date=2012-08-21|archivedate=2008-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812233855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|deadurl=yes}} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=NYszJtC66FAC&pg=PA161&dq=%22official+name%22+palestine&q=%22official%20name%22%20palestine |page=161 |title=Middle East Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report |author=World of Information (Firm), and International Chamber of Commerce |edition=27th |location=London |publisher=Kogan Page |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7494-4066-4 |oclc=51992589}} {{Lists of countries and territories by continent}} {{Lists by country}} [[শ্ৰেণী:দেশৰ তালিকা]] jzqn7funqiss8rciyaryk034ho67mwa 0 23051 604490 388152 2026-05-04T19:35:07Z দিব্য দত্ত 9244 Changed protection settings for "[[মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়]]" ([সম্পাদনা=কেৱল স্বয়ংনিশ্চিত ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীকহে সুযোগ দিয়া হয়] (অনিৰ্দিষ্ট) [স্থানান্তৰ কৰক=কেৱল স্বয়ংনিশ্চিত ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীকহে সুযোগ দিয়া হয়] (অনিৰ্দিষ্ট)) 388149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | height = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে]], [[২০১১]] | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = [[বুদ্ধদেব ভট্টাচাৰ্য]] | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে]], [[২০০৯]] | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে]], [[২০১১]] | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিংহ]] ([[প্ৰোটেম]]) | constituency2 = [[দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ]] <br />([[১৯৯১]], [[১৯৯৬]], [[১৯৯৮]], [[২০০৪]],[[২০০৯]]) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে]], [[১৯৯৮]] | term_end3 =[[২০০১]] | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাচোয়ান]] | constituency3 = [[দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ]] | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয়় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Signature of Mamata Banerjee.svg | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = [[যোগমায়া দেবী কলেজ]]<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>[[কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>[[শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ]]<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>[[যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ]]<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাতি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেখেত দিদি (বাইদেউ) নামে পৰিচিত। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা [[এম.এ.]] ডিগ্ৰি আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰি অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বেনাৰ্জীয়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বেনাৰ্জীক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বেনাৰ্জীৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বেনাৰ্জীয়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বেনাৰ্জীৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' [[বাঘিনী]] '' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] fo6kn1vw1x61ifbhsy74ggyevbupxtl 604495 604490 2026-05-05T01:30:13Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 604495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | height = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে]], [[২০১১]] | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = [[বুদ্ধদেব ভট্টাচাৰ্য]] | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে]], [[২০০৯]] | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে]], [[২০১১]] | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিংহ]] ([[প্ৰোটেম]]) | constituency2 = [[দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ]] <br />([[১৯৯১]], [[১৯৯৬]], [[১৯৯৮]], [[২০০৪]],[[২০০৯]]) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে]], [[১৯৯৮]] | term_end3 =[[২০০১]] | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাচোয়ান]] | constituency3 = [[দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ]] | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয়় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Signature of Mamata Banerjee.svg | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = [[যোগমায়া দেবী কলেজ]]<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>[[কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>[[শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ]]<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>[[যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ]]<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাতি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেখেত দিদি (বাইদেউ) নামে পৰিচিত। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা [[এম.এ.]] ডিগ্ৰি আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰি অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' [[বাঘিনী]] '' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] cy2liy0h7jhuaes4a528h6xafe3eld1 604496 604495 2026-05-05T01:31:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | height = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে]], [[২০১১]] | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = [[বুদ্ধদেব ভট্টাচাৰ্য]] | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে]], [[২০০৯]] | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে]], [[২০১১]] | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিংহ]] ([[প্ৰোটেম]]) | constituency2 = [[দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ]] <br />([[১৯৯১]], [[১৯৯৬]], [[১৯৯৮]], [[২০০৪]],[[২০০৯]]) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], [[১৯৯৮]] | term_end3 =[[২০০১]] | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাচোয়ান]] | constituency3 = [[দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ]] | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয়় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Signature of Mamata Banerjee.svg | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = [[যোগমায়া দেবী কলেজ]]<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>[[কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>[[শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ]]<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>[[যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ]]<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ দিদি (বাইদেউ) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা [[এম.এ.]] ডিগ্ৰি আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰি অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' [[বাঘিনী]] '' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] sog332sj0u89nfp9571zdbxbf90inm3 604498 604496 2026-05-05T01:36:17Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | height = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Signature of Mamata Banerjee.svg | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ দিদি (বাইদেউ) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা [[এম.এ.]] ডিগ্ৰি আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰি অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' [[বাঘিনী]] '' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] r5f9tkjl2ijv143wi095u2zaytkkvno 604499 604498 2026-05-05T01:38:03Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ দিদি (বাইদেউ) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা [[এম.এ.]] ডিগ্ৰি আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰি অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' [[বাঘিনী]] '' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] ntkrvq0w01cgiqkml277p183ze3wova 604500 604499 2026-05-05T01:38:47Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 604500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ দিদি (বাইদেউ) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.এ. ডিগ্ৰী আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' [[বাঘিনী]] '' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] htahec2xm0g1cuqjk5j3umer2wevehw 604501 604500 2026-05-05T01:39:16Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 604501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ দিদি (বাইদেউ) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.এ. ডিগ্ৰী আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' বাঘিনী'' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] pyp1eix4lkmtfpom0139ap0r8xeyk7b 604502 604501 2026-05-05T01:54:22Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ দিদি (বাইদেউ) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। তেওঁক ''অগ্নিকন্যা'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.এ. ডিগ্ৰী আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' বাঘিনী'' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] ggyiuo2gsd4xotre7cz56s5v7bar8wu 604503 604502 2026-05-05T01:54:50Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম তথা বৰ্তমানৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ ''দিদি (বাইদেউ)'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত। তেওঁক ''অগ্নিকন্যা'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.এ. ডিগ্ৰী আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' বাঘিনী'' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] 4wz82ndq3b11etfuwqt1u3m1jpcv0ha 604504 604503 2026-05-05T01:56:11Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ ''দিদি (বাইদেউ)'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত। তেওঁক ''অগ্নিকন্যা'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.এ. ডিগ্ৰী আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' বাঘিনী'' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] g4avtri2838pr0gga0aorlab6l5kk0w 604505 604504 2026-05-05T02:01:00Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=39 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়়] | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ অষ্টম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> তেওঁ পশ্চিমবংগৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী। ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ ''দিদি (বাইদেউ)'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত। তেওঁক ''অগ্নিকন্যা'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.এ. ডিগ্ৰী আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' বাঘিনী'' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] fnyslxyoig3j68bmpltqqpcvfj5huoo 604506 604505 2026-05-05T02:07:43Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ অষ্টম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> তেওঁ পশ্চিমবংগৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী। ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ ''দিদি (বাইদেউ)'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত। তেওঁক ''অগ্নিকন্যা'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.এ. ডিগ্ৰী আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসীমা ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাই মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ক মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' বাঘিনী'' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] f5pi1ak4n9g0wpyyowhxpv3m9rpnqfh 604535 604506 2026-05-05T05:50:03Z BabulB 2558 /* জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন */ 604535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician | name = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg | width = 200 px | caption = মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | small_image = | office = [[পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী|পশ্চিমবংগৰ একাদশতম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[পশ্চিমবংগ চৰকাৰ]] | term_start =[[২০ মে']], ২০১১ | term_end =বৰ্তমান | predecessor = বুদ্ধদেৱ ভট্টাচাৰ্য | office2 =[[ৰে’ল মন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start2 = [[২২ মে']], ২০০৯ | term_end2 = [[১৯ মে']], ২০১১ | predecessor2 = [[লালু প্ৰসাদ যাদৱ]] | successor2 = [[মনমোহন সিং]] (প্ৰোটেম) | constituency2 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ <br />(১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ১৯৯৮, ২০০৪, ২০০৯) | majority = | office3 =[[ৰেল মন্ত্ৰক (ভাৰত)|ৰেলমন্ত্ৰী (ভাৰত)]] | term_start3 =[[২২ মে']], ১৯৯৮ | term_end3 =২০০১ | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[ৰামবিলাস পাছোৱান]] | constituency3 = দক্ষিণ কলকাতা লোকসভা কেন্দ্ৰ | majority3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | relations = | spouse = অবিবাহিত | civil partner = | children = নাই | residence = | occupation = [[ৰাজনীতি]] <!-- | religion = [[হিন্দু]] --> | signature = Mamata Banerjee Signature.png | website = | footnotes = | alma_mater = যোগমায়া দেৱী কলেজ<small>(বি.এ.)</small><br>কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<small>(এম.এ.)</small><br>শ্ৰী শিক্ষায়তন কলেজ<small>(বি.এড.)</small><br>যোগেশচন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী ল কলেজ<small>(এল.এল.বি.)</small> }} '''মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়''' ({{Lang-en|Mamata Banerjee}}) [[পশ্চিমবংগ]]ৰ অষ্টম মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |author= |date= |work=http://india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister}}</ref> তেওঁ পশ্চিমবংগৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী। ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ পৰা ফালৰি কাটি সৰ্বভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছৰ স্থাপন কৰে। পশ্চিমবংগত তেওঁ ''দিদি (বাইদেউ)'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত। তেওঁক ''অগ্নিকন্যা'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে ১৯৫৫ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত, [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] পশ্চিমবংগৰ [[কলিকতা]]ৰ হাজৰা অঞ্চলৰ এক দৰিদ্ৰ মধ্যবিত্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। দেউতাক প্ৰমীসৃলেশ্বৰ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আছিল এজন স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু মাকৰ নাম আছিল গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ শিক্ষায়তন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বি.এড. ডিগ্ৰি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.এ. ডিগ্ৰী আৰু কলিকতাৰ যোগেশ চন্দ্ৰ চৌধুৰী কলেজ অফ ল’ ৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ে শিক্ষা জীৱন সমাপ্ত কৰি কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাও কৰিছিল। মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় ছাত্ৰ জীৱনতেই [[ৰাজনীতি]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ==জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছত ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন== ১৯৭০ দশকতেই কংগ্ৰেছ (আই) দলত যোগদানৰ জৰিয়তে মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে অতি কম বয়সতে ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল। ১৯৭৬-১৯৮০ লৈকে মমতাই মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক ৰূপেও নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪৭ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ যাদৱপুৰ লোকসভাৰ পৰা বৰ্ষীয়ান কমিউনিষ্ট নেতা সোমনাথ চেটাৰ্জীক পৰাজিত কৰি পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯১ চনৰ নৰসিংহ ৰাও মন্ত্ৰীসভাত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায় মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন, ক্ৰিয়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ তথা শিশু বিকাশ দপ্তৰৰ ৰাজ্যিক মন্ত্ৰী হয়। ১৯৯৩ চনত মমতাৰ পদত্যাগ পত্ৰ গৃহীত হয়। ===২০১৪ চনৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৪ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকসভা নিৰ্বাচনত মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্বত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে এককভাৱে পশ্চিমবংগত ৩৪ খন লোকসভা আসন লাভ কৰিছিল। ===২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন=== ২০১৬ চনৰ পশ্চিমবংগৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছে অকলেই ২১১ খন আসন (মুঠ ২৯৪ খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত) দখল কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰিছিল। তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰধান মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়য়ে পশ্চিমবংগৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে । <ref> {{cite web |title =...=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=3 June 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-url=২০ মে ২০১৬}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == মমতা বন্দোপাধ্যায়ৰ জীৱনীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '' বাঘিনী'' শীৰ্ষক এখন ছবি। ছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩ মে'ত।<ref name="a">{{cite web | title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee| ইউআরএল=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee| access-date=16 April 2019|publisher= Cinestaan}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mamata Banerjee|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}} ; আনুষ্ঠানিক * [http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php Mamata Banerjee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224114/http://aitmc.org/theleaderspeaks.php |date=2012-02-18 }} official All India Trinamool Congress Party profile * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 Parliamentary profile] at India.gov.in ; অন্যান্য * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]'' * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mamata-Banerjee Mamata Banerjee] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]'' *[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/is-didi-headed-for-a-fall/?ref=global-home "Is Mamata Banerjee Heading for a Fall?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' India Ink blog on "global home" web page, April 15, 2012. [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] n0s6ro7k06opola4xqnkehab6sm90tj 0 26763 604420 525882 2026-05-04T14:44:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = মিজোৰাম |native_name = <!-- {{lang|xx|yyy}} --> |type = [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Vantawng Khawhthla.jpg | photo2a = Champhai, Mizoram, from south, with Zotlang in the foreground.jpg | photo2b =Kolodyne castle in Mizoram.jpg | photo3a =Mizoram Bango Nirtya performed at the 44th India International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2013), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2013.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 1 | position = centre | border = 0 | color = black }} | image_caption = ওপৰৰ পৰা ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত: ভাণ্টাউং জলপ্ৰপাত, বেইনো/বয়নুৰ দুৰ্গ, চেৰাউ নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মিজো পুৰুষ-মহিলা, চাম্পাই চহৰ |image_seal = Seal of Mizoram.svg |image_map = India Mizoram locator map.svg |map_alt = |map_caption = [[ভাৰতবৰ্ষ]]ৰ মানচিত্ৰত মিজোৰামৰ অৱস্থিতি |image_map1 = <!--India Mizoram locator map.svg--> |map_caption1 = মিজোৰামৰ মানচিত্ৰ |latd = 23.36 |longd = 92.8 |coor_pinpoint = আইজল |coordinates_type = region:IN-MZ_type:adm1st |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_footnotes = |coordinates_region = IN-MZ |subdivision_type = দেশ |subdivision_name = {{flag|ভাৰত}} |established_title = গঠন |established_date = ২০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৭ |parts_type = জিলা |parts_style = para |p1 = ৪ খন |seat_type = ৰাজধানী |seat = [[আইজল]] |seat1_type = বৃহত্তম চহৰ |seat1 = আইজল |government_footnotes = |leader_title = ৰাজ্যপাল |leader_name = |leader_title1 = মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = বিধান সভা আসন |leader_name2 = এককক্ষীয় (৪০খন আসন) |leader_title3 = লোকসভা সমষ্টি |leader_name3 = ১ |leader_title4 = উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় |leader_name4 = [[গুৱাহাটী উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় ]] আইজল আসন |unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 21081 |area_note = |area_rank = 24th |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1091014 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_rank = 27th |population_density_km2 = auto |population_note = |timezone1 = [[ভাৰতীয় মান সময়|ভা.মা.স.]] |utc_offset1 = +05:30 |iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MZ]] |blank_name_sec1 = [[মানব বিকাশ সূচাংক (HDI)]] |blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.790 (<span style="color:#090">high</span>) |blank1_name_sec1 = মানব বিকাশ সূচাংকস্থান |blank1_info_sec1 = দ্বিতীয় (২০০৫) |blank_name_sec2 = সাক্ষৰতা হাৰ |blank_info_sec2 = ৮৯.৯% (দ্বিতীয়) |blank1_name_sec2 = চৰকাৰী ভাষা |blank1_info_sec2 = [[মিজো ভাষা|মিজো]].<ref>{{citation |last=Commissioner, Linguistic Minorities |title=41st report: July 2002 - June 2003 |page=paras 28.4, 28.9 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm |accessdate=16 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm |archivedate=24 February 2007 }}</ref> |website = [http://mizoram.gov.in mizoram.gov.in] |footnotes = }} '''মিজোৰাম''' ({{lang-en|Mizoram}}) (ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে: ''মি'' 'মানুহ', ''জো'' 'পাহাৰ', ''ৰাম'' 'দেশ', পাহাৰীয়া লোকৰ দেশ/ [[মিজো লোক|মিজো লোকৰ]]") হৈছে [[উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰত]]ৰ এখন [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]]। ইয়াক চাৰিওদিশৰপৰা [[ত্ৰিপুৰা]], [[অসম]], [[মণিপুৰ]] তথা প্ৰতিৱেশী ৰাষ্ট্ৰ [[বাংলাদেশ]] আৰু [[ম্যানমাৰ|ম্যানমাৰে]] আগুৰি আছে। ১৯৮৭ চনৰ ২০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত মিজোৰামক ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ ২৩তম ৰাজ্য হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। মিজোৰামৰ ৰাজধানী হৈছে [[আইজল]]। ==ভূগোল== মিজোৰাম ৰাজ্যখন পাহাৰ, নদী আৰু হ্ৰদৰে ভৰা। মিজোৰামত বিভিন্ন উচ্চতাৰ প্ৰায় ২১টা মান পাহাৰ আছে। ৰাজ্যখনৰ পশ্চিম দিশে থকা পাহাৰৰ গড় উচ্চতা হৈছে প্ৰায় ১০০০মিটাৰ (৩,৩০০ ফুট)। এইবিলাকৰ উচ্চতা পূব দিশলৈ ১৩০০মিটাৰ (৪,৩০০ ফুট) লৈকে বাঢ়ি গৈছে। অন্যহাতে, কিছুমান অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ২০০০মিটাৰ (৬,৬০০ ফুট) তকৈও বেছি। ৰাজ্যখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত ২২১০মিটাৰ (৭,২৫০ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ ফাঙপুই ট্লাঙ (নীলা পৰ্বত নামেৰেও জনা যায়) হৈছে মিজোৰামৰ উচ্চতম শৃংগ। মিজোৰামৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল নদীখন হৈছে '''ছিমটুইপুই''' (কালাদান নামেৰেও জনা যায়)। [[ম্যানমাৰ]]ৰ "ছিন ৰাজ্য"ত এই নদীৰ উৎপত্তি হৈ দক্ষিণ মিজোৰামৰ ''ছাইহা'' আৰু ''লঙট্লাই'' জিলাৰ মাজেদি বৈ গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত পুনৰ ম্যানমাৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি [[বংগোপ সাগৰ]]ত পৰিছেগৈ। আন কেইখনমান উল্লেখযোগ্য নদী হৈছে ''ট্লাং'', ''টুট'', ''টুইৰেল'' আৰু ''টুইৱল''। এই নদীসমূহ উত্তৰ অঞ্চলেদি বৈ গৈ [[কাছাৰ জিলা]]ৰ [[বৰাক নদী]]ত লগ লাগিছেগৈ। দক্ষিণ মিজোৰামৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য নদী হৈছে ম্যানমাৰত উৎপত্তি হোৱা ছিমটুইপুই নদী। এই নদীৰ চাৰিখন উপনদী আছে। স্বাধীনতাৰ পূৰ্বে, উত্তৰ দিশত ছিমটুইপুই নদীয়েদি কাছাৰ হৈ আৰু দক্ষিণ দিশে [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ "চিট্টাগঙ" হৈ মিজোৰামলৈ যাব পৰা গৈছিল। ১৯৪৭ চনত ভাৰত-পাকিস্তান বিভক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত চিট্টাগঙ জলপথটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হ’ল। ===হ্ৰদ=== ছাইহা জিলাত অৱস্থিত "পালক হ্ৰদ" হৈছে মিজোৰামৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হ্ৰদ। ই প্ৰায় ৩০ হেক্টৰ (৭৪ একৰ) জুৰি বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে, কোনো এক [[ভূমিকম্প]] অথবা বানপানীৰ ফলত এই হ্ৰদটোৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। অন্য এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক হ্ৰদ হৈছে টামডিল হ্ৰদ। ই আইজলৰ পৰা ৮৫ কিঃমিঃ (৫৩ মাইল) দূৰত অৱস্থিত। কিংবদন্তি মতে, এসময়ত সেই ঠাইত এজোপা ডাঙৰ সৰিয়হ গছ আছিল। যেতিয়া সেই গছজোপা কাটি পেলোৱা হৈছিল, তেতিয়া গছজোপাৰ পৰা ওলোৱা পানীয়ে এটা জলাশয়ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। সেয়ে এই হ্ৰদটোৰ নাম "টামডিল হ্ৰদ" (অৰ্থাৎ সৰিয়হ গছৰ হ্ৰদ) ৰখা হ’ল। বৰ্তমান এই হ্ৰদটো পৰ্য্যটকৰ এক কেন্দ্ৰস্থল হৈ পৰিছে। মিজো বুৰঞ্জীৰ আন এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য হ্ৰদ হৈছে "ৰিহ ডিল।" ভাৰত-ম্যানমাৰ সীমান্তৰপৰা কেই কিঃমিঃ দূৰত এই হ্ৰদটো অৱস্থিত (বৰ্তমান এই হ্ৰদটো ম্যানমাৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত)। বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে, মৃত্যুৰ পাছত আত্মাবিলাক এই হ্ৰদ পাৰ হৈ "পিয়ালৰাল" বা স্বৰ্গলৈ যায়। ==জলবায়ু== মিজোৰামৰ গড় উষ্ণতা ৭ ডিগ্ৰী ছেলছিয়াছ (৬৮ ডিগ্ৰী ফাৰেনহাইট )ৰপৰা ২১ডিগ্ৰী ছেলছিয়াছ (৮৪ ডিগ্ৰী ফাৰেনহাইট )ৰ ভিতৰত। মৌচুমী বায়ুৰ প্ৰভাৱত ইয়াত মে’ মাহৰপৰা ছেপ্তেম্বৰ মাহলৈ ঘন বৃষ্টিপাত হয় আৰু ঠাণ্ডা কালত কম বৰষুণ হয়। মিজোৰামৰ বাৰ্ষিক গড় হৈছে বৃষ্টিপাত ২৫৪ছেঃমিঃ (১০০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী আইজলৰ বাৰ্ষিক গড় বৃষ্টিপাত ২০৮ছেঃমিঃ (৮২ ইঞ্চি) আৰু [[লুংলে]]ৰবাৰ্ষিক গড় বৃষ্টিপাত ৩৫০ছেঃমিঃ (১৩৮ ইঞ্চি)। ==ইতিহাস== ===স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন === মিজোৰামক সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব স্বাধীন কৰাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে ১৯৬১ চনৰ ২২ অক্টোবৰত '''লালডেঙগা'''ৰ নেতৃত্বত "মিজো নেচনেল ফ্ৰণ্ট" নামৰ এটা ৰাজনৈতিক দল গঠন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৬ চনৰ ২৮ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত ''আইজল'', ''লুংলে'', ''ছৱাংটে'', ''ছিমলুৱাঙ'' আৰু মিজোৰামৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইত বিদ্ৰোহ আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আন্দোলন দমন কৰিবৰ বাবে ভাৰতবৰ্ষত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে বিমান বাহিনী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। আইজলৰ ৬২ বছৰীয়া ''ৰ’থাংপুইয়া''ৰ ভাষ্য মতে, "১৯৬৬ চনৰ ৪ মাৰ্চৰ পিছবেলা জেট বিমানৰদ্বাৰা আইজল আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। পিছদিনাখন কেইবাঘণ্টা ধৰি বোমাবৰ্ষণ কৰাৰ ফলত দ্বাৰপুই আৰু ছিংগা ভেং অঞ্চল বিধ্বস্ত হৈছিল।" <ref>http://www.newslink.in/2007/03/06/memories-of-inferno-still-remain-fresh</ref> ১৯৬৭ চনত মিজো নেচনেল ফ্ৰণ্টক বেআইনী ঘোষণা কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁলোকৰ মিজোৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ দাবী বাঢ়ি যায়। মিজো জিলা পৰিষদৰ প্ৰতিনিধি দলে সেই সময়ৰ প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰী [[ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী]]ক লগ কৰে আৰু মিজোৰামক এখন পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ্য হিচাপে দাবী কৰে। ১৯৭১ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ভাৰত চৰকাৰে "মিজো হিলছ"ক কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চললৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়ে। মিজো নেতাসকলে এই প্ৰস্তাৱ মানি লয়। ==উৎসৱসমূহ== মিজো যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলে পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি পৰিত্যাগ কৰি পশ্চিমীয়া সংস্কৃতি গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। এওঁলোকে [[বৰদিন]] আটাইতকৈ উলহ-মালহেৰে পালন কৰে। নিকটৱৰ্তী গীৰ্জাসমূহে বৰদিনৰ আয়োজন কৰে। ইয়াত স্থানীয় লোকসকলে মিলি সমজুৱাকৈ ভোজ খায়। পৰম্পৰাগত মিজো উৎসৱসমূহ কৃষি কাৰ্য্যৰ লগত সম্বন্ধ আছে। * '''মিম কুট''' (Mim Kut): গোমধান খেতি চপোৱাৰ পিছত সাধাৰণতে আগষ্ট আৰু ছেপ্তেম্বৰ মাহত "[[মিম কুট]]" উদযাপন কৰা হয়। গান গায়, নৃত্য কৰি, লাওপানী গ্ৰহণ কৰি আৰু ভোজৰ আয়োজন কৰি ''মিম কুট'' উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা হয়। * '''চাপচাৰ কুট''' (Chapchar Kut): [[ঝুম খেতি]] চপোৱাৰ পাছত মাৰ্চ মাহত "[[চাপচাৰ কুট]]" উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা হয়। * '''পাৱ্ল কুট''' (Pawl Kut): পাৱ্ল মানে হৈছে “খেৰ”। "পাৱ্ল কুট" মানে হৈছে "খেৰ চপোৱা উৎসৱ।" ''পাৱ্ল কুট'' হৈছে মিজোৰামৰ আন এক উল্লেখযোগ্য উৎসৱ। সাধাৰণতে ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত এই উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা হয়। ==নৃত্য== * '''চেৰাউ''' (Cheraw): মিজোসকলৰ আটাইতকৈ ৰঙীন আৰু বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ নৃত্য হৈছে [[চেৰাউ নৃত্য|চেৰাউ]]। এই নৃত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে যে ইয়াত দীঘল বাঁহৰ লাঠী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। সেয়ে বহুতে ইয়াক বাঁহ নৃত্য (Bamboo Dance)বুলিও কয়। এই নৃত্য কৰিবলৈ দক্ষতা আৰু সতৰ্কতাৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১০ চনৰ ১২ মাৰ্চ তাৰিখে, মিজোৰামৰ ৬৭১টা গোটৰ ১০,৭৩৬ গৰাকী লোকে একেলগে চেৰাউ নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰি গিনিছ ৱৰ্ল্ডত অভিলেখ গঢ়ে। * '''খুৱাল্লম''' (Khuallam): সন্মানীয় অতিথিসকল যেতিয়া কোনো এখন গাঁৱৰ ভোজমেলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে, তেতিয়া ''খুৱাল্লম'' নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়। কোনো বিশেষত্ব প্ৰাপ্তিৰ বাবে, মিজোসকলে অতিথিসকলৰ সন্মুখত বিভিন্ন অনুষ্ঠান আৰু নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। ''খুৱাল্লম'' হৈছে এক দলীয় নৃত্য। ৰঙ-বিৰঙৰ পোছাক পৰিধান কৰি ঢোলৰ সুৰে সুৰে নৃত্য কৰা হয়। * '''ছেইহ লাম''' (Chheih Lam): লাওপানী খোৱাৰ পিছত সন্ধীয়া সময়ত ''ছেইহ লাম '' নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়। ==জনগাঁথনি== ২০১১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল মতে, মিজোৰামে হৈছে একমাত্ৰ ৰাজ্য, য’ত গৃহহীন লোক পোৱা নাযায়। মিজোৰামৰ সাক্ষৰতা হাৰ হৈছে ৯১.৫৮%, [[কেৰালা]]ৰ পাছতেই দেশৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক। {{IndiaCensusPop |title = জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি |1951 = 196000 |1961 = 266000 |1971 = 332000 |1981 = 494000 |1991 = 690000 |2001 = 889000 |2011 = 1091000 |estimate = |estyear = |estref = |footnote = উৎস:ভাৰতীয় লোকপিয়ল<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|accessdate=18 December 2008|format=PDF|archivedate=19 December 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> }} ==ভাষা== [[মিজো ভাষা|মিজো]] হৈছে মিজোৰামৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা আৰু বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। কিন্তু শিক্ষা, প্ৰশাসন আৰু আনুষ্ঠানিক কাৰ্য্যত ইংৰাজী ভাষা বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহৃত কৰা হয়। '''দুহলিয়ান উপভাষা''' (লুছাই ভাষাও বোলা হয়) মিজোৰামৰ প্ৰথম ভাষা আছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী কালত ই "মিজো ভাষা" নামেৰে জনা যায়। এই ভাষাটো বিভিন্ন উপভাষা যেনে "হ্মাৰ ভাষা", "মাৰা ভাষা", "লাই ভাষা", "পাইতে ভাষা", "গাঙতে ভাষা" ইত্যাদিৰ লগত মিহলি হৈ যায়। খ্ৰীষ্টীয়ান মিছনাৰীসকলে মিজো পাণ্ডুলিপি প্ৰস্তুত কৰি উলিয়াইছিল। অষ্টম মান শ্ৰেণীলৈকে [[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]] পঢ়া বাধ্যতামূলক। তথাপি হিন্দী ভাষাৰ প্ৰচলন বহুত কম। ইয়াৰ নেপালী প্ৰব্ৰজন লোকসকলে [[নেপালী ভাষা]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ==ধৰ্ম== মিজো লোকসকলৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় ৮৭% হৈছে [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]] লোক।<ref name=Census>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_mizoram.pdf THE SCHEDULED TRIBES Census of India 2001], p. 4</ref> ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল মতে, মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৩.৬% লোক হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ, ১১% লোক মুছলমান ধৰ্মৰ আৰু প্ৰায় ৮.৩% হৈছে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ লোক।<ref name=Census/> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰায় ৮,০০০ মান লোকে জুদাইক গোটৰ ব্নেই মেনাছে (Bnei Menashe)ক বিশ্বাস কৰে। {{bar box |title= মিজোৰামৰ ধৰ্ম |titlebar=#F6F6F6 |left1=ধৰ্ম |right1=শতকৰা হাৰ |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]|blue|86.97}} {{bar percent|[[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]]|red|7.93}} {{bar percent|[[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]]|orange|3.55}} {{bar percent|[[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]]|green|1.13}} {{bar percent|[[মিজো ধৰ্ম]]|blue|0.15}} {{bar percent|Judaism|blue|0.10}} {{bar percent|অন্যান্য|grey|0.17}} }} ==শিক্ষা== ১৮৯৪ চনত খ্ৰীষ্টান মিছনেৰীসকলে প্ৰাথমিক শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰা সময়লৈকে মিজোসকল অশিক্ষিত আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ কোনো লিখিত লিপি নাছিল। ১৮৯৮ চনত প্ৰথমখন প্ৰাইমেৰী স্কুল স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯০১ চনত মিজোৰামৰ সাক্ষৰতা হাৰ আছিল ০.৯% আৰু ২০০৫ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল মতে মিজোৰামৰ সাক্ষৰতা হাৰ হৈছে ৯৫%। বৰ্তমান মিজোৰামৰ সাক্ষৰতা হাৰ দেশৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক। শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনত কেইবাখনো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মহাবিদ্যালয় আৰু অন্যান্য শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছে। মিজোৰাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনত ২৯খন স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰীৰ মহাবিদ্যালয় আৰু দুখন পেচাদাৰী প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছে। "নেচনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ টেকন’লজি, মিজোৰাম" আৰু "ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ মাচ কমিউনিকেশ্বন" নামৰ দুখন শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান কাৰ্য্যক্ষম হৈ উঠিছে। ব্যৱসায় সম্বন্ধীয় শিক্ষাৰ বাবে "আই চি এফ এ আই, মিজোৰাম" আৰু পশু চিকিৎসা সম্বন্ধীয় শিক্ষাৰ বাবে "কলেজ অফ ভেটেৰিনেৰী চায়েঞ্চেচ এণ্ড এনিমেল হাজবেন্দ্ৰী, আইজল, মিজোৰাম" নামৰ শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানখন আইজলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=シャークスチームポータブル みんなの口コミ<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.vetcolcau.org/ |access-date=2012-08-06 |archivedate=2014-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218124439/http://vetcolcau.org/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==ৰাজনীতি== ১৮৯০ দশকত ব্ৰিটিছসকলে মিজোৰাম দখল কৰাৰ পিছত অসমৰ '''লুছাই হিলছ জিলা''' হিচাপে শাসন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৫৪ চনত অসম ৰাজ্যৰ '''মিজো হিলছ''' নামেৰে ইয়াৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। সেই বছৰতেই "মিজো যুৱক সমিতি" (Young Mizo association) গঠন হৈছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানো এই সমিতিটো কাৰ্য্যক্ষম হৈ আছে। নিজ জাতিৰ পৰিচয় ৰক্ষা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক মতৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ফলত ১৯৬৬ চনত সশস্ত্ৰ '''মিজো নেচনেল ফ্ৰণ্ট''' গঠন কৰা হয়। এনেদৰে মিজোৰামত বিদ্ৰোহ আৰম্ভ হয়। এই বিদ্ৰোহৰ ফলতেই ১৯৭২ চনত মিজোৰামক কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত ১৯৮৭ চনৰ ২০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী তাৰিখে ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ ২৩তম ৰাজ্য হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে। ==প্ৰশাসন== {{Main|মিজোৰামৰ জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা}} [[File:Mizoramdistrictsmap.png|180px|right|thumb|মিজোৰামৰ জিলাসমূহ]] ১৯৮৬ চনত ভাৰত চৰকাৰ আৰু "মিজো নেচনেল ফ্ৰ’ণ্ট"ৰ মাজত এখন স্মাৰকপত্ৰ নিস্পত্তিকৰণ স্বাক্ষৰিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত '''প্ৰাদেশিক মৰ্য্যাদা আইন''' (Statehood Act of 1986) মতে, ১৯৮৭ চনৰ ২০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী তাৰিখে ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ ২৩তম ৰাজ্য হিচাপে এখন পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ্যৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে। ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ অন্য ৰাজ্যৰ দৰেই, মিজোৰামৰ ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰৰ প্ৰধান হৈছে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়োজিত ৰাজ্যপাল। অন্যহাতে, ৰজ্যখনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক ক্ষমতা থাকে মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰীৰ হাতত। মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰীৰ উপদেশ মতে ৰাজ্যপালে কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসকলক নিয়োগ কৰে। মিজোৰামৰ বিধান সভা আসনৰ প্ৰকাৰ হৈছে এককক্ষীয় (unicameral legislature)। ''লাইছ'', ''মাৰাছ'' আৰু ''ছাকমা''ৰ সুকীয়া স্বায়ত্ত্ব শাসিত জিলা পৰিষদ আছে। মিজোৰামৰ বিধান সভাৰ মুঠ আসনৰ সংখ্যা ৪০ খন। মিজোৰমৰ গাঁও পৰিষদসমূহ হৈছে [[গণতন্ত্ৰ]] আৰু নেতৃত্বৰ মূল ভেটি। মিজোৰামৰ জনজাতিসমূহৰ কাৰণে তিনিখন স্বায়ত্ত্ব শাসিত জিলা পৰিষদ আছে। * '''ছাকমা স্বায়ত্ত্ব শাসিত জিলা পৰিষদ''' (Chakma Autonomous District Council) : মিজোৰামৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম সীমান্তৰ ছাকমা জনজাতিৰ লোকসকলৰ বাবে। * '''লাই স্বায়ত্ত্ব শাসিত জিলা পৰিষদ''' (Lai Autonomous District Council) : মিজোৰামৰ দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলৰ লাই জনজাতিৰ লোকসকলৰ বাবে। * '''মাৰা স্বায়ত্ত্ব শাসিত জিলা পৰিষদ''' (Mara Autonomous District Council) : মিজোৰামৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অঞ্চলৰ মাৰা জনজাতিৰ লোকসকলৰ বাবে। ==অৰ্থনৈতিক ব্যৱস্থা== ===বাঁহ উদ্যোগ=== মিজোৰামত প্ৰায় ২০ বিধমান থলুৱা প্ৰজাতিৰ বাঁহ পোৱা যায়। ৰাজ্যখনৰ প্ৰায় ৩০% অঞ্চল বাঁহ গছৰ হাবিৰে আৱৰি আছে। মিজোৰামে বাৰ্ষিক ভাৰতৰ ৪০% বাঁহ (প্ৰায় ৮ কোটি টন) উৎপাদন কৰে। বাঁহ গছসমূহ ইন্ধন, সাৰ ইত্যাদি হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ বিভিন্ন গৱেষণা চলি আছে। লগতে প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে শেগুন গছৰ কাঠ পোৱা যায়। বৰ্তমান মিজোৰামৰ প্ৰায় ভাগ মানুহে শেগুন ব্যৱসায়ৰ লগত জড়িত। মিজোৰামৰ পৰা বহিঃৰাজ্যলৈ তেওঁলোকে শেগুন ৰপ্তানি কৰা দেখা যায়। ===কৃষি=== মিজোৰামৰ জলবায়ু বিষুৱীয় আৰু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ হোৱাৰ বাবে ইয়াত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ শস্যৰ খেতি কৰা যায়। মিজোৰামৰ বছৰত প্ৰায় আঠৰপৰা দহ মাহলৈকে বৰষুণ হয়। বাৰ্ষিক বৃষ্টিপাত ১৯০০ ছেঃমিঃ (৭৫ ইঞ্চি)ৰপৰা ৩০০০মিঃমিঃ (১২০ইঞ্চি)লৈকে হয়। সেয়ে ৭০% শতাংশৰো অধিক লোক কৃষিৰ লগত জড়িত। গাঁও অঞ্চলত প্ৰধানতঃ ঝুম খেতি কৰা হয়। সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত, "গডৰেজ এগ্ৰ’ৱেট লিমিটেড" নামৰ সংস্থানটোৱে মিজো লোকসকলক '''জীৱ-ইন্ধন''' (Biofuel) বাবে ''জেট্ৰ’ফা'' খেতিৰ প্ৰতি উৎসাহিত কৰা দেখা গৈছে।<ref>[http://godrejagrovet.com Godrej Agrovet Limited (GAVL) – Top Diversified Agribusiness Company<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===খাদ্য সংৰক্ষণ=== সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত মিজোৰামত খাদ্য সংৰক্ষণ কৰাত গুৰুত্ব দিছে। "MIFCO" নামৰ সংস্থানটোৱে স্থানীয় বাঁহৰ খৰিছা সংৰক্ষণ কৰি সফলতা অৰ্জন কৰিছে। ===হস্তশিল্প=== মিজো মহিলাই বস্ত্ৰ আৰু বয়ন শিল্পৰ বাবে [[তাঁতশাল]]ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। স্থানীয় উৎপাদিত বস্তুসমূ্হ আন আন বস্তুৰ লগত মিহলি কৰি চৌখিন তথা উৎকৃষ্ট মানৰ সামগ্ৰী উৎপাদন কৰা হয়। মিজোসকলে পিন্ধিবলৈ ''পোৱান ছে'' (puan chei) আৰু ''কাৱৰ ছেই'' (Kawr chei) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ভিন্নৰঙী পৰাম্পৰাগত মোনাক ''খিয়াঙ কাৱি'' (Khiang kawi) বোলা হয়। মিজোৰামৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যস্বৰূপ ব্লেংকেটক ''প’নপুই'' (Pawnpui)বোলা হয়। পাচি প্ৰস্তুত কৰাও মিজোসকলৰ মাজত দেখা যায়। পাচিবিলাকক ''এম'' (Em) আৰু ধান চাফা কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা থালবোৰক ''থ্লাংগ্ৰা'' (Thlangra) বোলা হয়। এইবোৰ সঁজুলি বাঁহৰপৰা প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয়। মিজোৰামৰ ঘৰসমূহৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে যে, ইয়াক বাঁহ, শুকান খেৰ, মাটি আৰু কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত ঘৰসমূহ ইটা, কংক্ৰিট আৰু টিনপাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। আইজলৰপৰা কেই কিঃমিঃমান নিলগৰ "ৰেইক"ত এখন মিজো আদৰ্শ গাঁও পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ===পৰ্য্যটন=== [[File:Vantawng Khawhthla.jpg|thumb|250px|ৱানট্ৱাং জলপ্ৰপাত]] মিজোৰামৰ মনোমোহা প্ৰাকৃতিক দৃশ্য আৰু জলবায়ু কাৰণে ৰাজ্যখনক পৰ্য্যটন কেন্দ্ৰলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰি ইয়াৰপৰা কৰ সংগ্ৰহ কৰি ৰাজ্যখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক অৱস্থা উন্নতি কৰাৰ বহুতো থল আছে। সেয়ে পৰ্য্যটন বিভাগত কেইবাটাও প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছে। ৰাজ্যখনত বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ পক্ষী পোৱা যায় আৰু ইয়াক পৰ্য্যটকৰ গন্তব্যস্থললৈ উন্নীত কৰাৰো থল আছে।<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2008) '' A pocket guide to the birds of Mizoram''. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. 122pp. [Supported by Oriental Bird Club, UK]</ref> মিজোৰামত বনৰীয়া ম’হ (Wild Water Buffalo)<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). ''The vanishing herds: wild water buffalo''. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, India. 184pp. [Supported by CEPF & Taiwan Forestry Bureau]</ref> আৰু "লুছাই হিল"ত '''সুমাত্ৰান গঁড়''' পোৱা যায়।<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (1997) The status of the Sumatran rhinoceros in north-eastern India. ''Oryx'' 31(2):151–152</ref> ''গেঙপুই'' (Ngengpui) আৰু ''ডাম্পা'' অভয়াৰণ্যত কিছু সংখ্যক বনৰীয়া হাতীও পোৱা যায়।<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2001) The wild elephant ''Elephas maximus'' in Mizoram. ''J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc''. 98(3): 439–441</ref> যিসকল পৰ্য্যটকৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহ বেছি, তেওঁলোকৰ বাবে মিজোৰামৰ পূব অঞ্চল বেছি আকৰ্ষণীয়। কেইটামান উল্লেখযোগ্য আকৰ্ষণীয় কেন্দ্ৰ হৈছে: '''মিজো কবিসকলৰ মুকলিক্ষেত্ৰ''', (মিজো ভাষাত মিজো হ্লকুংপুই মুৱাল () নামেৰে জনাজাত), প্ৰাগৈতিহাসিক যুগৰ বৃহৎ আকাৰৰ শিলাখণ্ড (স্থানীয় ভাষাত '''কাৱ্তছুআহ ৰ’পুই''' (Kawtchhuah Ropui) নামেৰে জনাজাত) লামছিয়াল গুহা আৰু ৱানট্ৱাং জলপ্ৰপাত। ==বনৌষধ== মিজোৰামৰ গাঁৱৰ লোকসকলে স্থানীয় বনৌষধি বনাঞ্চলৰপৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰে। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বজাৰত বনৌষধিৰ চাহিদা বাঢ়ি যোৱাৰ লগে লগে বহুতো স্থানীয় প্ৰজাতি বিৰল হৈ পৰিছে। ==শক্তি খণ্ড== মিজোৰামত পৰ্য্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ শক্তিৰ অভাৱ। তথাপি জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্পৰ দ্বাৰা শক্তি আহৰণ কৰি ইয়াৰ চাহিদা পূৰণ কৰিব পৰা যাব। কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বিজুলীবাতিৰ বাবে সৌৰশক্তি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। মিজোৰামত ২২ টাকৈ ডিজেল চালিত পাৱাৰ ষ্টেছন (২৬.১৪ মেগাৱাট) আৰু ৯টা ক্ষুদ্ৰ জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্প (৮.২৫ মেগাৱাট) আছে। ৬৪ মেগাৱাট ক্ষমতা সম্পন্ন ''টুইৰিয়াল বান্ধ''ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য্য চলি আছে আৰু ২০১৩ চনলৈ ই কাৰ্য্যক্ষম হৈ উঠিব বুলি আশা কৰা হৈছে। ==পৰিবহণৰ আন্তঃগাঁথনি== ===পথ প্ৰসাৰণ=== মিজোৰামৰ পথৰ মুঠ দৈৰ্ঘ্য হৈছে প্ৰায় ৪০০০কিঃমিঃ (২৫০০ মাইল)। ৰাজ্যখন ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ লগত ৫৪নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথৰ দ্বাৰা সংযোগ আছে। আনটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ ১৫০নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথটোৱে মিজোৰামৰ ছেলিঙক [[মণিপুৰ]]ৰ [[ইম্ফাল]]ক আৰু ৪০এ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথটোৱে [[ত্ৰিপুৰা]]ৰ লগত সংযোগ কৰিছে। ===বিমানপথ=== মিজোৰামৰ একমাত্ৰ বিমানবন্দৰ হৈছে আইজলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত '''লেংপুই বিমানবন্দৰ'''। কলকাতাৰ বিমানবন্দৰৰ পৰা ইয়ালৈ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ মিনিট সময় লাগে। মিজোৰামৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী অন্যটো বিমানবন্দৰ হৈছে [[অসম]]ত অৱস্থিত [[শিলচৰ বিমানবন্দৰ]]। [[আইজল]]ৰপৰা [[শিলচৰ]]লৈ প্ৰায় ২০০ কিঃমিঃ (১২০ মাইল) দূৰত্ব। ===ৰেলপথ=== মিজোৰামৰ একমাত্ৰ ৰেল ষ্টেচন হৈছে "বৈৰবী ৰেল ষ্টেচন।" এই ৰেল ষ্টেচন মুখ্যতঃ বয়-বস্তু পৰিবহণৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। আনটো নিকটৱৰ্তী ৰেল ষ্টেচন হৈছে অসমৰ "শিলচৰ ৰেল ষ্টেচন", আইজলৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৬ ঘণ্টাৰ যাত্ৰা। ‌আইজলৰপৰা বৈৰবী ৰেল ষ্টেচনলৈ দূৰত্ব হৈছে ১১০ কিঃমিঃ (৬৮ মাইল) আৰু শিলচৰ ৰেল ষ্টেচনলৈ দূৰত্ব হৈছে ১৮০ কিঃমিঃ (১১০ মাইল)। বৰ্তমান চৰকাৰে ব্ৰড গজ লাইনৰ "বৈৰবী ছাইৰাঙ ৰেলৱে" নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ যো-জা চলাৰ আছে। ===জলপথ=== ==তথ্য সংযোগ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mizoram|মিজোৰাম}} *{{Official website|http://mizoram.gov.in/}} *[http://mizoram.nic.in/ Mizoram Government Portal] *[http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/ Directorate of Information & Public Relations, Govt. of Mizoram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104072014/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/ |date=2019-11-04 }} *[http://mizotourism.nic.in/ Tourism of Mizoram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729163723/http://mizotourism.nic.in/ |date=2010-07-29 }} *[http://mizonews.net/ Latest Mizoram News in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323180554/http://www.mizonews.net/ |date=2014-03-23 }} *[http://www.sinlung.com/ Mizoram Latest News] *{{wikivoyage|Mizoram}} {{Geographic location |Centre = মিজোৰাম |North = [[অসম]] |Northeast = [[মণিপুৰ]] |East = {{flag|ম্যানমাৰ}} |Southeast = |South = |Southwest = {{flag|বাংলাদেশ}} |West = [[ত্ৰিপুৰা]] |Northwest = }} {{ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ}} {{উত্তৰ পূব ভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:উত্তৰ পূব ভাৰত]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মিজোৰাম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাতভনী ৰাজ্যসমূহ]] k1dncu4egzabfe60a39usb4oip7y0l0 0 32641 604537 561470 2026-05-05T06:29:06Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম | image = শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম | pseudonym = | birth_name = শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম বৰুৱা<ref name="amiasomiya"/> | birth_date = ১৮ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৮৭ | birth_place = ফুলগুৰি, [[নগাঁও জিলা]], [[অসম]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = লেখক | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | period = | notableworks = | spouse = | partner = | children = | awards = [[মুনীন বৰকটকী বঁটা]] (২০১২) | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | portaldisp = }} '''শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম''' ({{lang-en|Sarmistha Pritam}}) এগৰাকী [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] লেখিকা, ঔপন্যাসিকা আৰু আত্মজীৱনীকাৰ। শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমে তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ ''[[আত্মকথা]]''ৰ বাবে ২০১২ বৰ্ষৰ [[মুনীন বৰকটকী বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name="enajori">{{cite web | url=http://enajori.com/literature/literary-awards/ | title=Literary Awards | publisher=[[এনাজৰী ডট কম]] | accessdate=২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ২০১৩ | archivedate=2013-05-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522172053/http://enajori.com/literature/literary-awards/ | deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০২০ বৰ্ষৰ বাবে উত্তৰ-পুৰুষৰ মঞ্চই তেওঁক ‘অক্লান্ত উত্তৰ-পুৰুষ বঁটা’ প্ৰদান কৰে। <ref name="লেশপ্ৰীউপুবঁ">{{cite news | title=লেখিকা শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমক ‘অক্লান্ত উত্তৰ-পুৰুষ বঁটা’ উত্তৰ-পুৰুষ মঞ্চৰ | work=দৈনন্দিন বাৰ্তা| date=৭ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০২০, | agency=দৈনন্দিন বাৰ্তা| accessdate=2 October 2022 | pages=১}}</ref> <ref name="শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমক আজি প্ৰদান কৰিব উত্তৰ-পুৰুষ মঞ্চৰ">{{cite news | title=বিশিষ্ট লেখিকা শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমক আজি প্ৰদান কৰিব উত্তৰ-পুৰুষ মঞ্চৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ সন্মান ‘অক্লান্ত উত্তৰ-পুৰুষ বঁটা’ | work=দৈনন্দিন বাৰ্তা| date=৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০২০ | agency=দৈনন্দিন বাৰ্তা| accessdate=2 October 2022 | pages=৫}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমৰ জীৱন-আধাৰিত ‘ৰ'দৰ পাখি’ নামৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰখন ২০২৪ চনত গোৱাত অনুষ্ঠিত হ'বলগীয়া আন্তৰ্জাতিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱৰ ভাৰতীয় পেনোৰামাৰ শাখালৈ নিৰ্বাচিত হয়।<ref name="ৰ'দৰ ফুল">{{cite news | url=https://assam.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/assamese-film-juiphool-rador-pakhi-and-swargarath-selected-for-55th-iffi-goa-tv-rashmita-subham-g-418433.html | title=IFFI Goa: ভাৰতৰ ৫৫ সংখ্যক আন্তৰ্জাতিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱৰ ইণ্ডিয়ান পেনোৰামা শাখালৈ নিৰ্বাচিত তিনিখনকৈ অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ | date=October 26, 2024 | agency=নিউজ ১৮ | accessdate=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="ইটিভি">{{cite news | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/! entertainment/three-assamese-film-selected-for-indian-penorama-assam-news-ass24102407511 | title=আকৌ এটা ভাল খবৰ: পেনোৰামালৈ নিৰ্বাচিত তিনিখনকৈ অসমীয়া ছবি | work=ইটিভি ভাৰত | date=২৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৪ | agency=ইটিভি ভাৰত | accessdate=26 October 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/northeast-india-shines-at-iffi-five-films-selected-for-celebration/articleshow/114602475.cms | title=Assamese,Galo, Garo among 5 NE films set for IFFI | date=26 October | agency=Times of India | accessdate=26 October 2024}}</ref> তেওঁৰ 'ৰং' নামৰ উপন্যাসখন ইংৰাজী ভাষালৈ 'Beneath the Simolu Tree' নামেৰে অনূদিত হয়। গ্ৰন্থখন ক্ৰছৱৰ্ডৰ ২০২৪ চনৰ গ্ৰন্থ বঁটাৰ 'দীঘলীয়া তালিকা' (longlist)লৈ নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছে। ==শিক্ষা== *২৩৮ নং ফুলগুৰি প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষাৰম্ভ। *ফুলগুৰি উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা ইংৰাজী আৰু সমাজ অধ্যয়ন বিষয়ত লেটাৰ মাৰ্কসহ প্ৰথম বিভাগত হাইস্কুল শিক্ষান্ত পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ। *ৰহা উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা অৰ্থনীতি বিজ্ঞান আৰু ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত লেটাৰ মাৰ্কসহ প্ৰথম বিভাগত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ। *ৰহা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা অৰ্থনীতি বিষয়ত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ। ==চমু জীৱনী== [[চিত্ৰ:Sarmistha pritam at her own home.jpg|200px|thumb|নিজ গৃহত শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম]] [[চিত্ৰ:Sarmistha pritam and her life partner pranjal kumar mahanta.jpg|200px|thumb| জীৱনসংগী প্ৰাঞ্জল কুমাৰ মহন্তৰ সৈতে শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম ]] শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৯৮৭ চনৰ ১৮ ডিচেম্বৰত [[অসম]]ৰ [[নগাঁও]] জিলাৰ ফুলগুৰিত<ref name="amiasomiya">{{cite web | url=http://www.amiasomiya.org/interview/feb13-interviews | title=লেখিকা শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমৰ সৈতে এখন্তেক | publisher=[[আমি অসমীয়া ডট কম]] | accessdate=২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ২০১৩ }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>। তেখেতৰ পিতৃৰ নাম অভয় বৰুৱা আৰু মাতৃ ৰেণু বৰুৱা। ফুলগুৰি প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰি ফুলগুৰি হাইস্কুলৰ পৰা মেট্ৰিকৰ দেওনা পাৰ কৰে। তেখেতে ৰহা হাইস্কুলৰ পৰা সুখ্যাতিৰে উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক পৰীক্ষা সুখ্যাতিৰে উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ ৰহা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্নাতক শিক্ষা লাভ কৰে<ref name="amiasomiya"/>। সৰুৰে পৰা সাহিত্যত ৰাপ থকা শৰ্মিষ্ঠাৰ নানা প্ৰবন্ধ অসমৰ কেইবাখনো বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ হৈছে। শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম সৰুৰে পৰা "স্পাইনেল মাছ্‌কুলাৰ এট্ৰ'ফী" (Spinal muscular Atrophy) নামৰ ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত<ref name="assameseonline17">{{cite web | url=http://assameseonline.com/full_text.php?recordID=17 | title=শাৰীৰিক প্ৰত্যাহ্বানযুক্ত লেখিকাৰ সৃষ্টি প্ৰতিভা | publisher=[[assameseonline.com]] | accessdate=March 28, 2013 | author=উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী | archivedate=September 26, 2022 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926165426/http://assameseonline.com/full_text.php?recordID=17 | deadurl=yes }}</ref>। == অনুষ্ঠান== শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম "অকণিৰ কবিতা ঘৰ"ৰ (ৰহা) লগত জড়িত। তেওঁ ইলোৰা বিজ্ঞান মঞ্চৰ আজীৱন সদস্য আৰু এই মঞ্চৰ জৰিয়তে মৰণোত্তৰ দেহদান কৰিছে। ==সাহিত্যিক জীৱন== সৰুৰে পৰা অসমৰ কেইবাখনো বাতৰি কাকত আৰু আলোচনীত তেখেতৰ প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। তেখেতৰ আত্মজীৱনী '"শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমৰ আত্মকথা"'ত নিজৰ জীৱনৰ সকলো কথা বলিষ্ঠ আৰু সবলভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেখেতৰ আত্মজীৱনীৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ড প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। তেখেতৰ সাহিত্যৰাজিসমূহ হ’ল- * ডাৱৰীয়া আকাশৰ বেলি * দোকমোকালি (কবিতা সংকলন) * আলফুলৰ সপোন (শিশু উপন্যাস) * [[আত্মকথা]] (আত্মজীৱনীমূলক) আলিবাট প্ৰকাশন, ২০১১ * অন্তহীন (জীৱনীমূলক আখ্যান) আলিবাট প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৩ * ৰং (উপন্যাস), আলিবাট প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৬ * বলুকাত বিয়লি বেলা (উপন্যাস), জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭ * [[পৰাণ নিগৰে]] (উপন্যাস), বনফুল প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৯ * নীল সাগৰৰ শংখধ্বনি (উপন্যাস), আলিবাট প্ৰকাশন, ২০২৫ === আন ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ === শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমৰ "আত্মকথা" গ্ৰন্থখন 'নেশ্যনেল বুক ট্ৰাষ্ট অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া'ই ভাৰতৰ সংবিধান স্বীকৃত আটাইবোৰ ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত কৰিছে। ইতিমধ্যে গ্ৰন্থখনৰ ইংৰাজী অনুবাদ (Sun On My Face) আৰু হিন্দী অনুবাদ (মেৰা জীৱন মেৰী কহানী) প্ৰকাশ হৈ ওলাইছে। ইতিমধ্যে গ্ৰন্থখনৰ বাংলা সংস্কৰণ বাংলাদেশৰ "ভাষা চিত্ৰ" নামৰ অভিজাত প্ৰকাশনৰ পৰা প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। <ref name="TheEcho">{{cite news | title=A young author has written off her disabilities to create a new chapter in life | work=The Echo of India | date=September 21, 2022 | agency=The Echo of India | accessdate=September 21, 2022 | author=Anindita Acharjya | location=Kolkata | pages=২}}</ref> শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমৰ 'ৰং' নামৰ উপন্যাসখন ৰঞ্জিতা বিশ্বাসে ইংৰাজী ভাষালৈ ''Beneath the simolu tree'' ''<ref name="simonandschuster">{{cite web|url=https://www.simonandschuster.co.in/books/Beneath-the-Simolu-Tree/Sarmistha-Pritam/9788196754730|title=Beneath The Simolu Tree|publisher=simonandschuster|accessdate=26 October 2024}}</ref>'' নামেৰে অনুবাদ কৰে। ১৬ জানুৱাৰী, ২০২৪ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হোৱা গ্ৰন্থখনৰ প্ৰকাশক ''ছায়মন এণ্ড হাষ্টাৰ''। == বঁটা আৰু সন্মান== * ২০১২ বৰ্ষৰ [[মুনীন বৰকটকী]] বঁটা, আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ ''[[আত্মকথা]]''ৰ বাবে<ref name="amiasomiya"/><ref name="sentinelassam">{{cite web | url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=144117&dtP=2013-02-14&ppr=1 | title=Awards given away in Girindranath Gogoi's memory | publisher=দ্য চেণ্টিনেল | accessdate=২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ২০১৩ | archivedate=2016-03-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024325/http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=144117&dtP=2013-02-14&ppr=1 | deadurl=yes }}</ref> * গিৰিন্দ্ৰনাথ গগৈ সোঁৱৰণী যুৱ সাহিত্য বঁটা, ২০১২<ref name="পৰাণনিগৰে">{{cite book|title=পৰাণ নিগৰে|publisher=বনফুল|author=শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম|year=নৱেম্বৰ,২০১৯|pages=বেটুপাতৰ চতুৰ্থ পৃষ্ঠা|isbn=978-93-81710-78-4}}</ref> * গীতাঞ্জলি বৰুৱা মিলি সাহিত্য বঁটা, ২০১৭ * দেৱচন্স বিশেষ সাহিত্য বঁটা, ২০১৭ * [[কৃষ্ণকান্ত সন্দিকৈ ৰাজ্যিক মুক্ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|কৃষ্ণকান্ত সন্দিকৈ ৰাজ্যিক মুক্ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ]] পৰা 'নেশ্যনেল ফেল'শ্বিপ', ২০১৭ * [[হোমেন বৰগোহাঞি]] সাহিত্য বঁটা, ''ৰং'' উপন্যাসৰ বাবে * অক্লান্ত উত্তৰ-পুৰুষ বঁটা, ২০২০ * [[ভবেন্দ্ৰ নাথ শইকীয়া]] সোঁৱৰণী বঁটা, ২০২০ * ভিউফাইণ্ডাৰ বঁটা, ২০২৩ (শিল্পকৰ্মৰ বাবে) * অনন্যা বঁটা, ২০২৪ * ''ৰং'' উপন্যাসৰ ইংৰাজী অনুবাদ ''Beneath the simolu tree'' ক্ৰছৱৰ্ডৰ ২০২৪ চনৰ 'গ্ৰন্থ বঁটা'ৰ দীঘলীয়া তালিকাৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচিত। <ref name="ক্ৰচৱৰ্ড">{{cite web|url=https://www.crossword.in/collections/longlist?srsltid=AfmBOoohJbHV5_YxnvekMyTuVvjE60yg8mgoGQMT84tk9J9RTXhj3NLM|title=Crossword Book Award 2024 Longlist|publisher=ক্ৰছৱৰ্ড|accessdate=26 October 2024}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-beneath-the-simolu-tree-by-sarmistha-pritam-101715784467482.html|title=Review: Beneath the simolu tree|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=May 15, 2024|accessdate=26 October 2024|author=Chatterji,Shoma A}}</ref> == অন্যান্য মিডিয়াত == অসমৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালিকা ববী শৰ্মা বৰুৱাই শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমৰ জীৱন-আধাৰিত 'ডেউকা' নামেৰে এখনি ছবি নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। <ref name="ডেউকা">{{cite news | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/kamrup-metropolitan/film-maker-dr-bobee-sarma-barua-projects-new-film-deuka-based-on-life-of-writer-sarmistha-pritam/assam20211219180045307 | title=New Assamese Film Deuka: আহি আছে নতুন অসমীয়া ছবি 'ডেউকা' (ৱাকিং ইন দা এয়াৰ) | date=Dec 19, 2021 | agency=ইটিভি ভাৰত | accessdate=26 October 2024}}</ref>অৱশ্যে কাৰিকৰী কাৰণত ছবিখনৰ নামটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত 'ৰ'দৰ ফুল'লৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়। ছবিখনে ২০২৪ চনত গোৱাত অনুষ্ঠিত হ'বলগীয়া আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱৰ ভাৰতীয় পেনোৰামালৈ নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। <ref name="TOI" /><ref name="ৰ'দৰ ফুল" /><ref name="ইটিভি" /> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == ২০২৩ চনত লেখক, গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশক তথা সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠক প্ৰাঞ্জল কুমাৰ মহন্তৰ সৈতে শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতম বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://assam.news18.com/photogallery/assam/many-eminent-personalities-witnessed-the-holy-moments-of-the-beginning-of-sarmistha-pritam-married-life-subham-g-311779.html | title=বিশিষ্ট লেখিকা শৰ্মিষ্ঠা প্ৰীতমৰ দাম্পত্য জীৱনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পবিত্ৰ মুহূৰ্তৰ সাক্ষী হ'ল বহুকেইজন বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, চাওক ফটো | publisher=News18 Assam | date=14 July 2023 | accessdate=26 November 2025}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://assameseonline.com/p.php?i=35]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, অসমীয়া অনলাইন ডট কম, আহৰণ: ২৮ মাৰ্চ, ২০১৩। * [http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Atmakatha.html?id=0F-JMwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y আত্মকথা], গ্ৰন্থ সংযোগ {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মুনীন বৰকটকী বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্যিক]] ah73q2254e5dd845ltlqjf0ph1yqmue 0 33419 604548 466768 2026-05-05T08:04:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱ | image =Smarendra narayan deb.jpg | image_size = 165px | alt = | caption = | birth_date = ১৩ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৪০ | birth_place = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = ২৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫ | death_place = গুৱাহাটী | spouse = | partner = | children = জ্যোতিষ্মান নাৰায়ণ দেৱ আৰু<br /> অংশুমান নাৰায়ণ দেৱ | occupation = চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ, তথ্যচিত্ৰ-নিৰ্মাতা, নাট্যকাৰ, টেলিফিল্ম-নিৰ্মাতা | years_active = ১৯৭১-২০১৩ | alma mater= শ্বিলঙৰ ছেইণ্ট এডমাণ্ড, <br /> ছেইণ্ট এন্থনী <br /> মঙলদৈ মহাবিদ্যালয় | notable_works = [[অৰণ্য (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|অৰণ্য]], <br />[[পুতলা ঘৰ]] | nationality = {{flagicon|India}} [[ভাৰতীয়]] | parents = ভূপেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱ<br/>সৰোজ দেৱী | influenced = | signature = | awards = | website = }} '''সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱ''' ({{lang-en|Samarendra Narayan Dev}}) [[অসম]]ৰ এজন [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] পৰিচালক, চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ, টেলিফিল্ম-নিৰ্মাতা, ধাৰাবাহিকৰ পৰিচালক, নাট্যকাৰ। ১৯৭১ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী<ref name="enajori1"/> [[অৰণ্য (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|অৰণ্য]] নামৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ পৰিচালনাৰ যোগেদি তেখেতে অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতত পদাৰ্পন কৰিছিল৷ তেখেতে মুঠতে ৬খন [[অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল। তেখেতৰ পৰিচালনাত মুক্তি পোৱা দ্বিতীয়খন চলচ্চিত্ৰ "পুতলা ঘৰ"-য়েও ১৯৭৬ চনত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ আঞ্চলিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ অসমত 'এবছাৰ্ড' নাট্যধাৰা জনপ্ৰিয়কৰণতো আগভাগ লৈছিল৷ চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ উপৰি তেওঁ টেলিফিল্ম আৰু ধাৰাবাহিকৰ নিৰ্মাণতো সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে জড়িত হৈছিল৷ সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱে ৬খন চলচ্চিত্ৰ, ৪খন টেলিফিল্ম, ৫খন তথ্যচিত্ৰ আৰু ৮খন ধাৰাবাহিক নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল৷ <ref name="নি">{{cite news | url=https://niyomiyabarta.com/epaper/28012025/details.php?date=28012025&page=1-13&article=13.gif&cid=13 | title=অৰণ্য, পুতলাঘৰৰ নিৰ্মাতা সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱৰ দেহাৱসান | work=নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা | date=২৮ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫ | agency=নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা | accessdate=28 January 2025 | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=১,১৩ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ১৯৪০ চনৰ ১৩ অক্টোবৰত মঙ্গলদৈৰ হাউলী মোহনপুৰত এটি কোচ ৰাজপৰিয়ালত সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱৰ জন্ম হয়। পিতৃৰ নাম ভূপেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱ আৰু মাতৃ সৰোজ দেৱী। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ আছিল অবৈতনিক দণ্ডাধীশ আৰু অসম বিধানসভাৰ সদস্য৷ তেওঁৰ দুই পুত্ৰ ক্ৰমে, জ্যোতিস্মান নাৰায়ণ দেৱ আৰু অংশুমান নাৰায়ণ দেৱ।<ref name="সম"/> নৱম শ্ৰেণীত পঢ়ি থকা অৱস্থাত তেওঁ 'পোহৰ বিচাৰি' নামৰ নাটখন লিখে৷ <ref name="দৈনিক" /> সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱে শ্বিলঙৰ ছেইণ্ট এডমাণ্ড, ছেইণ্ট এন্থনী আৰু মঙলদৈ মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল৷ <ref name="দৈনিক" /> কলেজত পঢ়ি থকা সময়ত তেওঁ 'চিৰাজ' নাটকত কলাগুৰু [[বিষ্ণুপ্ৰসাদ ৰাভা|বিষ্ণু প্ৰসাদ ৰাভা]] আৰু [[ফণী শৰ্মা]]ৰ লগত অভিনয় কৰে৷ <ref name="নি" /> ==কৰ্মজীৱন== পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱে 'ভিক্ষা' আৰু 'বান্দৰ আৰু জখলা' নামৰ নাটক দুখন ৰচনা কৰে৷ এই দুখন নাটকৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ অসমত 'এবছাৰ্ড' (উদ্ভট) নাট্যধাৰাৰ সূচনা কৰে৷<ref name="দৈনিক" /> ১৯৬৭ চনত তেওঁ কলিকতালৈ গমন কৰে৷ নাট দুখনৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ অসম নাট্য সন্মিলনীৰ পৰা ''শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নাটক'' আৰু ''শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নাট পৰিচালনা''ৰ বঁটা<ref name="নি" /> লাভ কৰে৷ সংগীত নাটক একাডেমীয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা নাট্য-সংকলনত তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা লিখিত ''ভেকোঁ-ভাওনা''ই স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল৷<ref name="নি" /> তেওঁৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল নাটক আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ সম্বন্ধে উচ্চতৰ অভিজ্ঞতা আৰু জ্ঞানাৰ্জন কৰা৷ কলিকতাত তেওঁ চলচ্চিত্ৰ-নিৰ্মাতা আশুতোষ বেনাৰ্জীৰ সান্নিধ্য লাভ কৰে৷ তেখেতৰ পৰা দেৱে চলচ্চিত্ৰ-নিৰ্মাণ সম্বন্ধীয় কাৰিকৰী জ্ঞান অৰ্জন কৰে৷ তেওঁ বেনাৰ্জীৰ সৈতে ''তিন ভুৱনেৰ পাৰ'' নামৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰত সহকাৰী পৰিচালক হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে৷ ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ অসমলৈ আহে আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালনাৰ কামত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে৷ ১৯৭১ চনত তেওঁ নিজা কাহিনী আৰু পৰিচালনাৰে ''[[অৰণ্য (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|অৰণ্য]]'' (১৯৭০) নিৰ্মাণ কৰে৷ [[বিজু ফুকন]], [[বিদ্যা ৰাও (অভিনেত্ৰী)|বিদ্যা ৰাও]], [[তচদ্দুক ইউছুফ|তচদ্দুক ইউচু]]ফ আৰু [[বিষ্ণু খাৰঘৰীয়া]]ই অভিনয় কৰা ছবিখনে চোৰাং চিকাৰ আৰু অৰণ্য ধ্বংসযজ্ঞক বিষয়বস্ত হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷ ছবিখনে ১৯তম (১৯৭১) [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ উৎসৱ]]ত ''অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছবি'' হিচাপে ৰজত কমল বঁটা লাভ কৰে। <ref name="arun">{{cite book | title=[[১০০ অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ কাহিনী আৰু গীত]] | publisher=Shashi Shisu Prakashan, Guwahati | author=Das Arunlochan | year=2013 | pages=181}}</ref><ref name="দৈনিক" /><ref name="NB">{{cite news | url=https://niyomiyabarta.com/assam/prominent-filmmaker-and-playwright-samarendra-narayan-passes-away/ | title=বিশিষ্ট চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা, সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱৰ মৃত্যু | work=niyomiyabarta | date=27 jan 2025 | agency=niyomiya barta | accessdate=28 January 2025 | location=Guwahati}}</ref> ১৯৭৬ চনত তেওঁ নিজা ৰচনা, পৰিচালনা আৰু চিত্ৰনাট্যৰে তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয়খন ছবি [[পুতলা ঘৰ|'পুতলা ঘৰ']] (১৯৭৬) নিৰ্মাণ কৰে৷ [[তচদ্দুক ইউছুফ|তচদ্দুক ইউচু]]ফ আৰু [[কাশ্মীৰি শইকীয়া বৰুৱা|কাশ্মিৰি শইকীয়া]]ই অভিনয় কৰা ছবিখনেও ২৪তম [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ]]ত [[অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছবিৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা|অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছবি]]ৰ শিতানত ৰজত কমল বঁটা লাভ কৰে৷<ref name="দৈনিক" /> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ সোণৰ হৰিণ (১৯৭৯), ৰাজা (১৯৮১), কাজিৰঙাৰ কাহিনী(১৯৮২) আৰু বীৰ চিলাৰায় (২০১২) নামৰ ছবিকেইখন নিৰ্মাণ কৰে৷ <ref name="দৈনিক" /> চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ উপৰি সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱে দূৰদৰ্শন কেন্দ্ৰৰ বাবে একাধিক টেলিফিল্মো নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত হিন্দী ভাষাৰ টেলিফিল্ম 'দৰ্পন' উল্লেখযোগ্য৷ <ref name="দৈনিক" /> গুৱাহাটী দূৰদৰ্শন কেন্দ্ৰৰ বাবে তেওঁ ''ডাৱৰ'', ''মোৰ গাঁৱৰ সাধু''কে ধৰি ''সাঁচিপাতৰ পুথি'', ''এজাক বৰষুণৰ অপেক্ষাত'' আদি ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল৷ কভিডৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ''ভাইৰাছ এটি হুমুনিয়াহ'' নামৰ নাট এখন লিখি আখৰা কৰাইছিল৷ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ ''অৰণ্য'' ছবিখনৰ চিকুৱেল 'আকৌ অৰণ্য'ৰ চিত্ৰনাট্য প্ৰস্তুত কৰি আছিল৷ এগৰাকী প্ৰযোজকৰ লগত আলোচনাও আগবাঢ়িছিল৷ কিন্তু প্ৰয়োজনীয় চুক্তিৰ অভাৱত তেওঁ সেই দিশত আগবাঢ়িব নোৱাৰিলে৷ <ref name="দৈনিক" /> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱ ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ হিচাপেও পৰিচিত আছিল৷ <ref name="দৈনিক" /> ==মৃত্যু== সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱ [[বহুমূত্ৰ ৰোগ|মধুমেহ]] আৰু [[বৃক্ক]]ৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে বহুদিন চিকিৎসাধীন হৈ থাকি ২০২৫ চনৰ ২৬ জানুৱাৰী, দেওবাৰৰ পুৱা ৪ বাজি ৪৫ মিনিটত<ref name="দৈনিক">{{cite news | title=প্ৰবীণ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱৰ মৃত্যু | work=দৈনিক অসম | date=২৮ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫ | agency=দৈনিক অসম | accessdate=28 January 2025 | pages=১,৬}}</ref> [[গুৱাহাটী চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয় চিকিৎসালয়|গুৱাহাটী চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যাল]]য়ত শেষ নিশ্বাস ত্যাগ কৰে। মৃত্যুৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল ৮৫ বছৰ।<ref name="সম">{{cite web | url=https://niyomiyabarta.com/assam/prominent-filmmaker-and-playwright-samarendra-narayan-passes-away/ | title=বিশিষ্ট চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়াণ দেৱ | accessdate=27 January 2025}}</ref> মঙলদৈৰ হাউলী মোহনপুৰৰ ৰাজহুৱা শ্মশানত ৰাজ্যিক মৰ্যাদাৰে তেওঁৰ শেষকৃত্য সম্পন্ন হয়৷ <ref name="দৈনিক" /> ==বঁটা-সন্মান== ১৯৭১ চনত [[অৰণ্য]] নামৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ বাবে ''আঞ্চলিক ভাষাৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অসমীয়া ছবি''ৰ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে। ১৯৭৬ চনত [[পুতলা ঘৰ]] ছবিখনে [[ৰজত কমল বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে।<ref name="সমৰ">{{cite web | url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/homepage/samarendra-narayan-dev-news-8654883 | title=সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দেৱৰ মৃত্যু | accessdate=27 January 2025}}</ref> ==সৃষ্টিৰাজি== ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ=== সমৰেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ন দেৱে মুঠতে ৬ খন ছবি পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল<ref name="enajori1">{{cite web |url=http://enajori.com/film-directors/ |title=Film Directors |publisher=enajori.com |date=2013-01-22 |accessdate=2013-01-30 |archivedate=2015-09-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912143940/http://enajori.com/film-directors/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="width:30%;" |- ! ছবিৰ নাম ! বৰ্ষ |- | [[অৰণ্য (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|অৰণ্য]] || ১৯৭১ |- | [[পুতলা ঘৰ]] || ১৯৭৬ |- | [[সোণৰ হৰিণ(চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|সোণৰ হৰিণ ]] || ১৯৭৯ |- | [[ৰাজা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|ৰাজা]] || ১৯৮১ |- | [[কাজিৰঙাৰ কাহিনী(চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|কাজিৰঙাৰ কাহিনী]] || ১৯৮২ |- | [[বীৰ চিলাৰায় (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|বীৰ চিলাৰায়]] || ২০১২<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.nthwall.com/as/5678900020 |access-date=2013-02-26 |archivedate=2013-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701162325/http://www.nthwall.com/as/5678900020 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |} ===টেলিফিল্ম=== তেওঁ ৮খন টেলিফিল্মো নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="সম"/> {| class="wikitable" style="width:20%;" |- ! টেলিফিল্মৰ নাম ! বৰ্ষ |- | ডাৱৰ || ১৯৮৯ |- | দৰ্পন || ১৯৯৫ |- | নিষিক্ত প্ৰদাহ || ১৯৯৮ |- | মোৰ গানৰ সাধু (ইংৰাজী) || ২০০১ |- | ইন্তেজাৰ (হিন্দী) || ২০০২ |- | এজাক বৰষুণৰ অপেক্ষাত || ২০০২ |- | মেৰে ৱতন (হিন্দী)|| ২০০৮ |- | আন্ধাৰত নিজৰ মুখ |} ===তথ্যচিত্ৰ=== তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত তথ্যচিত্ৰকেইখন হৈছে- * [[দেৱদাসী নৃত্য|দেৱদাসী]] নৃত্য * [[ব্যাস ওজাপালি]] * খুলিয়া ভাৱৰীয়া * [[ওজাপালি|সুকন্নানী ওজাপালি]] এণ্ড [[দেওধনী নৃত্য|দেওধানী]] নৃত্য * স্বৰহৰেখা<ref name="নি" /><br /> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== <references /> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== # [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050407/asp/northeast/story_4578795.asp New road for a veteran Personality-Samarendra Narayan Dev] # [http://www.indiaheritage.org/perform/cinema/regional/assamese.htm India Heritage:Performing Arts:Cinema In India:Regional Cinema] {{অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ}} {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:চিত্ৰনাট্য লেখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা (ভাৰত) বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]] 0nqol036iyc9wdncle8f4vaur7shpp6 0 34588 604576 576447 2026-05-05T11:04:09Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = স্বাধীনতা দিৱস |type = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় |image = India-0037 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg |caption = দিল্লীৰ [[লালকিল্লা]]ত উত্তোলন কৰা [[ভাৰতৰ জাতীয় পতাকা]] |alt = The national flag of India hoisted on a wall adorned with domes and minarets |observedby = {{IND}} |longtype = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন |date = ১৫ আগষ্ট |celebrations = পতাকা উত্তোলন, পেৰেড, [[জন গণ মন|জাতীয় সংগীত]] গোৱা, [[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী|প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি|ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি]] ভাষণ প্ৰদান}} '''স্বাধীনতা দিৱস''', ভাৰতবৰ্ষই ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্টৰ দিনটোত ব্ৰিটিছৰ শাসনৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ ঐতিহাসিক দিনটোক সুঁৱৰি প্ৰতিবছৰে ১৫ আগষ্টৰ দিনটোক স্বাধীনতা দিৱস হিচাপে উদ্‌যাপন কৰা হয়। ভাৰতবৰ্ষই [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ নেতৃত্বত অহিংস আন্দোলনৰ মাধ্যমেৰে এই স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285841/Indian-National-Congress|title=Indian National Congress by Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> এই স্বাধীনতা লাভৰ লগতে দেশৰ বিভাজনো সংঘটিত হয়। স্বাধীনতা দিৱসৰ মূল কাৰ্য্যসূচী দেশৰ ৰাজধানী দিল্লীত পালন কৰা হয়। লালকিল্লাত পালন কৰা এই অনুষ্ঠানত ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰীয়ে [[ভাৰতৰ জাতীয় পতাকা|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকা]] উত্তোলন কৰে আৰু দেশৰ জনসাধাৰণক উদ্দেশ্যি বক্তৃতা দিয়ে। এই দিৱস দেশৰ সকলো অংশতে পতাকা উত্তোলন, পেৰেড তথা বিভিন্ন সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠানেৰে পালন কৰা হয়। ==ইতিহাস== ১৭ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰেপৰা ভাৰতবৰ্ষত ইংৰাজে উপনিবেশ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। শক্তিশালী সামৰিক বাহিনীৰ সহায়ত ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পেনীয়ে স্থানীয় ৰাজত্ব সমূহক বশীভূত কৰি ১৮ শতিকাত নিজকে আটাইতকৈ শক্তিশালী গোট ৰূপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ১৮৫৭ চনৰ চিপাহী বিদ্ৰোহৰ পিছত বলবৎ হোৱা [[Government of India Act 1858]] এ ব্ৰিটিছৰ বাবে পোনপটিয়াকৈ ভাৰত শাসন কৰাৰ পথ সুগম কৰি দিয়ে। পৰৱৰ্ত্তী কালত ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ চুকে কোণে জনসাধাৰণৰ মাজত স্বাধীনতা লাভৰ আকাংক্ষা তীব্ৰতৰ হ'বলৈ ধৰিলে। ১৮৮৫ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হোৱা ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছে এই আকংক্ষাক এক প্ৰবল স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ ৰূপ দিয়াত আগভাগ লয়॥<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|authorlink=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India, 1885–1947|year=1983|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|pages=1–4}}</ref><ref name="metcalf conc"/> প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছৰ সময়ছোৱাত ব্ৰিটিছে [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] কে ধৰি কিছু সংশোধনী আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যদিও একে সময়তে ৰৱাল্ট আইন ([[Rowlatt Act]]) ৰ দৰে কঠোৰ আইনৰো বলবৎ কৰাত ভাৰতীয় জনসাধাৰণ প্ৰতিবাদী হৈ উঠে। ইয়াৰে ফলস্বৰূপে মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ নেতৃত্বত সমগ্ৰ দেশজুৰি অসহযোগ আৰু অহিংস আন্দোলন গঢ় লৈ উঠে।<ref name="metcalf conc">{{cite book|last1=Metcalf|first1=B.|last2=Metcalf|first2=T. R.|author1-link=Barbara Metcalf|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|date=9 October 2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]| isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}}</ref> ১৯৩০ চনৰ সময়ত ব্ৰিটিছৰ সংশোধনী আইন বলবৎ কৰাৰ পিছত নিৰ্বাচনসমূহত জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছে সফলতা লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।<ref name="metcalf conc"/>{{rp|195–197}} কিন্তু পৰৱৰ্ত্তী দশকটোত কেইবাটাও ঘটনাই ভাৰতৰ ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিৱেশ অস্থিৰ কৰি তোলে। ইয়াত অৰিহণা যোগোৱা প্ৰধান ঘটনাসমূহ হ'ল, দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ভাৰতৰ অংশগ্ৰহণ, অসহযোগ আন্দোলনৰ তীব্ৰতা বৃদ্ধি, ভাৰতীয় মুছলিম লীঘৰ নেতৃত্বত মুছলিম জাতীয়তাবাদৰ উত্থান ইত্যাদি। ইয়াৰে সামূহিক প্ৰভাৱৰ ফলশ্ৰুতি হিচাপে ভাৰতে ১৯৪৭ চনত স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে আৰু একেসময়তে দেশ বিভাজনো হয়।<ref name="metcalf conc"/>{{rp|203}} ===স্বাধীনতা লাভৰ পূৰ্বে স্বাধীনতা দিৱস=== ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছৰ ১৯২৯ চনৰ লাহোৰ অধিবেশনত '''পূৰ্ণ স্বৰাজৰ ঘোষণা''' বা '''ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ ঘোষণা''' কৰা হৈছিল<ref name="Wolpert1999">{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|authorlink=Stanley Wolpert| title=India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nHnOERqf-MQC|accessdate=20 July 2012|date=12 October 1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22172-7|page=204}}</ref> আৰু ২৬ জানুৱাৰী দিনটোক ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱস হিচাপে ঘোষিত হৈছিল।<ref name="Wolpert1999"/>। কংগ্ৰেছে জনগণক আইন অমান্য আন্দোলনৰ পন্থা অৱলম্বন কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱাৰ লগতে ভাৰতবৰ্ষই পুৰ্ণাংগ স্বাধীনতা নোপোৱা পৰ্যন্ত "সময়ে সময়ে কংগ্ৰেছৰ তৰফৰ পৰা প্ৰচাৰিত নিয়মাৱলী" পালন কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছিল<ref name="Gandhi2006">{{cite book|title=India's Date with Destiny|chapter=India's Independence Pledge|last=Datta|first=V.N.|editor-last=Gandhi|editor-first=Kishore|year=2006|publisher=[[Allied Publishers]]|isbn=978-81-7764-932-1|pages=34–39|quote=We recognise, however, that the most effective way of getting our freedom is not through violence. We will therefore prepare ourselves by withdrawing, so far as we can, all voluntary association from British Government, and will prepare for civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes. We are convinced that if we can but withdraw our voluntary help and stop payment of taxes without doing violence, even under provocation; the need of his inhuman rule is assured. We therefore hereby solemnly resolve to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time for the purpose of establishing Purna Swaraj.}}</ref>। এই ধৰণৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱস উদযাপনৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য আছিল- জনগণৰ জাতীয়তাবাদী উদ্দীপনাক জীপাল কৰি তোলা আৰু ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে ব্ৰিটিছ চৰকাৰক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান সম্পৰ্কে বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা<ref name="Guha2008">{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2fvd-CaFdqYC|accessdate=23 August 2012|date=12 August 2008|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-06-095858-9}}</ref>{{rp|19}}। ১৯৩০ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৬ চনলৈকে কংগ্ৰেছে ২৬ জানুৱাৰী দিনটো স্বাধীনতা দিৱস হিচাপে উদযাপন কৰিছিল<ref name="Vohra2001">{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India: a Historical Survey|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IDKoyGjFo44C|accessdate=20 July 2012|year=2001|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0711-9|page=148}}</ref><ref name="telegraph 26 jan">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120126/jsp/nation/story_15055256.jsp#.UAi98fVnNbM|title=Why January 26: the History of the Day|last=Ramaseshan|first=Radhika|date=26 January 2012|accessdate=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>। এই উদযাপনৰ অনুষ্ঠানসমূহত অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে "স্বাধীনতাৰ অংগীকাৰ" গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল<ref name="Guha2008"/>{{rp|19–20}}। জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰুৱে তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীত এই অনুষ্ঠানসমূহ শান্তিপূৰ্ণ, গাম্ভীৰ্যপূৰ্ণ আৰু "কোনো ভাষণ বা বক্তৃতাবিহীন" আছিল বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে<ref name="Nehru1989">{{cite book| last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography: With Musings on Recent Events in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NFKgAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 August 2012|year=1989|publisher=Bodley Head|isbn=978-0-370-31313-9|page=209}}</ref>। গান্ধীৰ চিন্তাধাৰা অনুসৰি সভা সমিতিৰ উপৰিও এই দিনটো "... কিছুমান গঠনমূলক কাম, যেনে সূতা কটা, অথবা অস্পৃশ্য সকলৰ সেৱা কৰা, অথবা হিন্দু আৰু মুছলমান সন্মিলন আয়োজন, অথবা বাধা আৰোপ বা এই সকলোবোৰ..." কাৰ্যসূচীৰ মাজেৰে পালন কৰা হওক<ref name="(Mahatma)1970">{{cite book|first=(Mahatma)|last=Gandhi|title=Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1sEmAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 August 2012|volume=42|year=1970|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=398–400}}</ref>। ১৯৪৭ চনৰ প্ৰকৃত স্বাধীনতা প্ৰাপ্তিৰ পিছত ভাৰতৰ সংবিধান ১৯৫০ চনৰ ২৬ জানুৱাৰীৰ পৰা বলবৎ হৈছিল আৰু তেতিয়াৰে পৰা ২৬ জানুৱাৰী দিনটো গণতন্ত্ৰ দিৱস হিচাপে উদযাপিত হৈ আহিছে। ===শেহতীয়া ইতিহাস=== ১৯৪৬ চনত দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধই জুৰুলি কৰা ব্ৰিটেইনৰ চৰকাৰে ভাৰতৰ ৰাজনৈতিক অস্থিৰতা দুৰ কৰাত হোৱা বিফলতা স্বীকাৰ কৰি লয়।<ref name="metcalf conc"/>{{rp|203}}<ref name=Hyam106>{{cite book|last=Hyam|first=Ronald|title=Britain's Declining Empire: the Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968| year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68555-9|page=106|quote=By the end of 1945, he and the Commander-in-chief, [[General Auckinleck]] were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large-scale anti-British disorder amounting to even a well-organized rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. <br/> ...it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army:"Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different. <br> ...Thus, [[Wavell]] concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteen to twenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain the status quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves.}}</ref><ref name="Brown 330">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith Margaret|authorlink=Judith M. Brown|title=Modern India: the Origins of an Asian Democracy|year=1994|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-873112-2|page=330|quote=India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and [[Secretary of State for India]] recognized that neither international opinion nor their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the ''raj'', even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|authorlink=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India, 1885–1947|year=1983|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|page=418|quote=With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat.}}</ref> অৱশেষত ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী ক্লীমেণ্ট এটলী ([[Clement Attlee]]) এ ১৯৪৮ চনৰ ভিতৰ ভাৰতবৰ্ষক স্বাধীনতা দিয়াৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref name="Romein1962">{{cite book|last=Romein|first=Jan|authorlink=Jan Romein|title=The Asian Century: a History of Modern Nationalism in Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OXaIQZMevjcC&pg=PA357|accessdate=24 July 2012|year=1962|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|page=357|asin=B000PVLKY4}}</ref> সেইসময়তে নতুনকৈ হোৱা ভাইচৰয় লুইছ মাইণ্টবেটেন ([[Louis Mountbatten]]) এ ক্ংগ্ৰেছ আৰু মুছলিম লীগৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে বাঢ়ি গৈ থকা বিৰোধে হিংসুক ৰূপ লোৱাৰ আশংকা কৰি এই স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদানৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো খৰতকীয়া কৰি তোলে।<ref name="ReadFisher1999">{{cite book|last1=Read|first1=Anthony|last2=Fisher|first2=David|title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q9ebuSG64dkC&pg=PA459|accessdate=4 August 2012|date=1 July 1999|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-31898-2|pages=459–60}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত জাপানে আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰাৰ দ্বিতীয় বাৰ্ষিকীৰ দিনটো অৰ্থাৎ ১৫ আগষ্টৰ দিনটো ইয়াৰ বাবে ঠিক কৰে।<ref name="ReadFisher1999"/> ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ৩ জুন তাৰিখে ব্ৰিটিছ চৰকাৰে দেশ বিভাজনৰ দাবী গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="Romein1962"/> ভাৰতীয় স্বাধীনতা আইন ( [[Indian Independence Act 1947]]) ৰ মতে অৱশেষত ভাৰতবৰ্ষক ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তান নামেৰে বিভাজন কৰা হয়। ===দেশ-বিভাজন আৰু স্বাধীনতা=== {{Quote box |quote = 8.30&nbsp;am Swearing in of governor general and ministers at<br /> Government House<br />9.40&nbsp;am Procession of ministers to Constituent Assembly<br />9.50&nbsp;am State drive to Constituent Assembly<br />9.55&nbsp;am Royal salute to governor general<br />10.30&nbsp;am Hoisting of national flag at Constituent Assembly<br />10.35&nbsp;am State drive to Government House<br />6.00&nbsp;pm Flag ceremony at India Gate<br />7.00&nbsp;pm Illuminations<br />7.45&nbsp;pm Fireworks display<br />8.45&nbsp;pm Official dinner at Government House<br />10.15&nbsp;pm Reception at Government House |source = The day's programme for 15 August 1947<ref name="Guha2007"/>{{rp|7}} }} স্বাধীনতা লাভৰ মাহটোত আৰু তাৰ পিছতো লাখ লাখ মুছলমান, শিখ আৰু হিন্দু শৰণাৰ্থীয়ে নতুনকৈ থিৰ কৰা সীমান্তৰে পাৰ হ'ল।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keay |first1=John |title= India: A History |year=2000 |publisher= Grove Press |isbn=9780802137975 |page=508 |quote=East to west and west to east perhaps ten million fled for their lives in the greatest exodus in recorded history.}}</ref> পঞ্জাবৰ শিখসকলক দুভাগ কৰি থিৰ কৰা সীমান্তৰ দুয়োকাষেই বহুতো ৰক্তপাতৰ ঘটনা ঘটিল। পশ্চিমবংগ আৰু বিহাৰত অৱশ্যে মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ উপস্থিতিয়ে হিংসাত্মক ঘটনাৰ হাৰ কিছু পৰিমাণে হ'লেও কমাই ৰাখিলে। সকলো মিলাই ভাৰতবৰ্ষত দেশ বিভাজনৰ সময়ত বিভিন্ন হিংসাত্মক ঘটনাত প্ৰায় ২৫০,০০০ ৰ পৰা ১,০০০,০০০ পৰ্যন্ত লোকৰ প্ৰাণহানি হ'ল বুলি তথ্য পোৱা যায়।<ref name="DEROUENHEO">{{cite book|last1=DeRouen|first1=Karl|last2=Heo|first2=Uk|title=Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nrN077AEgzMC&pg=PA414|accessdate=24 July 2012|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-85109-919-1|pages=408–414}}</ref> দেশজুৰি স্বাধীনতা লাভৰ বাবে হোৱা আনন্দৰ পৰা আঁতৰি গান্ধীজীয়ে কলকাতাতে বাহৰ পাতি হিংসা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা লয়।<ref name="miracle">{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/amiracleincalcutta/|title=A miracle in Calcutta|last=Alexander|first=Horace|authorlink=Horace Alexander|work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]|date=1 August 2007|accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref> [[Constituent Assembly of India]] ই ১৪ আগষ্টৰ দিনা নতুন দিল্লীৰ Constitution Hall ত মিলিত হয়। ইয়াৰ সভাপতি আছিল ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ প্ৰসাদ। এই সভাত পণ্ডিত জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰুৱে বক্তৃতা দিয়ে আৰু কয় যে<ref name=fifthsession>{{cite web| url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol5p1.htm | title= Constituent Assembly of India Volume V| accessdate=15 August 2013| publisher=Parliament of India}}</ref> - {{cquote| Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.|x|x|Tryst with Destiny speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947<ref>{{cite web|title=Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964): Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence, August 14, 1947|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html|publisher=[[Fordham University]]|accessdate=26 07 2012|archivedate=August 18, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818123622/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref>}} এই সদনত সকলো সদস্যই দেশৰ বাবে কাম কৰি যোৱাৰ অংগীকাৰ কৰে। ভাৰতৰ নাৰীৰ প্ৰতিনিধিসকলে পোণপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এই সদনতে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকাৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে।<ref name=fifthsession/> স্বাধীন ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে নেহৰু আৰু গভৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল হিচাপে ভাইচৰয় হিচাপে লৰ্ড মাউণ্টবেটেন অধীষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref name="Guha2007">{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|year=2007|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-0-230-01654-5}}</ref>{{rp|6}} মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ নাম দেশৰ বহু জনসাধাৰণে প্ৰস্তাব কৰিছিল যদিও তেওঁ স্ব-ইচ্ছাৰে সকলো আনন্দ-উৎসৱৰ পৰা আঁতৰি থাকিল। তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্ত্তে তেওঁ দিনটো কলকাতাতত উপবাসে থাকি হিন্দু-মুছলমানৰ মাজত সম্প্ৰীতি বঢ়োৱাৰ অৰ্থে যত্নপৰ হয়।<ref name="Guha2007"/>{{rp|10}} ==উদ্‌যাপন== [[File:Flags-on-bicycle-Independence-Day.JPG|thumb|Indian flags on a bicycle on the Independence Day in [[Siliguri]] in [[West Bengal]].|alt=Several flags mounted on a bicycle parked on a road.]] ভাৰতৰ তিনিটা জাতীয় বন্ধৰ দিনৰ এটা হ'ল স্বাধীনতা দিৱস। (অন্য দুটা হ'ল ২৬ জানুৱাৰীত পালন কৰা গণতন্ত্ৰ দিৱস আৰু ২ অক্টোবৰত পালন কৰা গান্ধী জয়ন্তী। ) ভাৰতৰ প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চলত স্বাধীনতা দিৱস পালন কৰা হয়। স্বাধীনতা দিৱসৰ আগদিনা ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয়ে জাতিক উদ্দেশি ভাষণ প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৫ আগষ্টৰ দিনা প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰীয়ে দিল্লীৰ ঐতিহাসিক লালকিল্লাত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকা উত্তোলন কৰে। এই পবিত্ৰ অনুষ্ঠানটোৰ সন্মানত ২১ জাই তোপধ্বনি কৰা হয়।<ref name="gove site 2"/> প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰীৰ ভাষণত বিগত বৰ্ষৰ খতিয়ান দাঙি ধৰা হয়, প্ৰয়োজনীয় বিষয়বোৰ উত্থাপন কৰা হয় আৰু অধিক উন্নয়নৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিয়া হয়। তেখেতে ভাৰতীয় স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ নেতাসকলৰ প্ৰতি শ্ৰদ্ধা নিবেদন কৰে। ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সঙ্গীত '[[জন গণ মন]]' গোৱা হয়। ভাষণৰ পিছত ভাৰতীয় সামৰিক আৰু অসামৰিক বাহিনীৰ ডিভিজনসমূহে মাৰ্চ পাষ্ট কৰে। লগতে পেৰেড আৰু ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন আৰু বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন হয়। ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীবোৰতো একেধৰণৰ কাৰ্যসূচী পালন কৰা হয়, য'ত নিজ-নিজ ৰাজ্যৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰীসকলে পতাকা উত্তোলন কৰে।<ref name="states desc outlook">{{cite web |url= http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=772093 |title= India Celebrates Its 66th Independence Day |work= [[Outlook (magazine)|Outlook]] |date= 15 August 2012 |accessdate= 20 August 2012 |archivedate= 20 August 2012 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120820102252/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=772093 |deadurl= yes }}</ref><ref name="states desc mandc">{{cite news|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1343371.php/Barring_northeast_peaceful_I-Day_celebrations_across_India%0A_State_Roundup_combining_different_series_|title=Barring Northeast, Peaceful I-Day Celebrations across India (State Roundup, Combining Different Series)|date=15 August 2007|accessdate=21 July 2012|publisher=[[Monsters and Critics]]}}</ref> লগতে ৰাজ্যৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত বিধায়ক আৰু ৰাজ্যপাল সকলে পতাকা উত্তোলন কৰে। [[File:Independence Day of India.jpg|thumb|A child holding the Indian national flag.|alt= A child holding a small sized flag]] সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ চৰকাৰী আৰু বেচৰকাৰী প্ৰতিষ্ঠানবোৰত পতাকা উত্তোলন আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচী পালন কৰা হয়।<ref name="Gupta2006">{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=K.R.|last2=Gupta|first2=Amita|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA1002|accessdate=20 July 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=978-81-269-0639-0|page=1002}}</ref> বিদ্যালয় আৰু মহাবিদ্যালয়বোৰতো পতাকা উত্তোলনৰ লগতে সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠানৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। প্ৰধান প্ৰধান চৰকাৰী ভৱনবোৰত আলোকসজ্জা কৰা হয়।<ref name="gov site">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=46|title=Independence Day Celebration|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref> দিল্লী আৰু আনকেইখনমান মহানগৰত স্বাধীনতা দিৱস উপলক্ষে চিলা উৰোওৱা হয়।<ref name="gove site 2">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=66|title=Independence Day|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/indians-still-battling-it-out-on-independence-day|title=Indians Still Battling it out on Independence Day|last=Bhattacharya|first=Suryatapa|date=15 August 2011|accessdate=20 July 2012|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> বৃহৎ সংখ্যক বিভিন্ন আকৃতিৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকা দেশৰ প্ৰতি থকা আনুগত্যৰ প্ৰতিকী ৰূপত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="dna pride">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_when-india-wears-its-badge-of-patriotism-with-pride_1115730|title=When India Wears its Badge of Patriotism with Pride|date=15 August 2007|accessdate=22 July 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]}}</ref> নাগৰিকসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ পোচাক, ৰিষ্টবেণ্ড (wristbands), বাহন, ঘৰুৱা সামগ্ৰী আদি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকাৰ অনুকৰণত তিনিবৰণীয়া নক্সাৰে অলংকৃত কৰে।<ref name="dna pride"/> সময়ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ লগে লগে এই দিবসৰ উদযাপন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তাবাদ (nationalism)ৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ পৰিসৰতে আবদ্ধ নাথাকি অন্যান্য সকলো দিশ সামৰি লোৱা দেখা গৈছে।<ref name="DNA pop"/><ref name="toi cool">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-14/india/27859884_1_desh-bhakti-american-independence-day-patriotism|title=It's Cool to Be Patriotic: GenNow|last=Dutta Sachdeva|first=Sujata|last2=Mathur|first2=Neha|date=14 August 2005|accessdate=25 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archivedate=11 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511025139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-14/india/27859884_1_desh-bhakti-american-independence-day-patriotism|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন কোণত থকা প্ৰবাসী ভাৰতীয় সকলেও পেৰেড তথা অন্যান্য কাৰ্য্যসূচীৰে উলহ মালহেৰে এই দিবসটো পালন কৰে।<ref name="the hindu diaspora">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article573903.ece|title=Indian-Americans Celebrate Independence Day|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2010|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> কোনো কোনো অঞ্চলত বিশেষকৈ নিউয়ৰ্ক আদি ঠাইত এই দিনটো 'ভাৰত দিবস' ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈ পৰিছে।<ref name="India day parade">{{cite web|url=http://www.nritoday.net/community-news/428-cover-story-indias-independence-day-celebrations-across-the-united-states|title=India’s Independence Day Celebrations across the United States—Showcasing India’s Cultural Diversity and Growing Economic Growth|year=2008|last=Ghosh|first=Ajay|publisher=NRI Today|accessdate=20 July 2012|archivedate=29 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729041552/http://www.nritoday.net/community-news/428-cover-story-indias-independence-day-celebrations-across-the-united-states|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==সুৰক্ষাৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি== স্বাধীনতাৰ তিনি বছৰ পাছতেই নগা নেছনেল কাউন্সিলে [[উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰত|উত্তৰ-পূৰ্বাঞ্চল]]ত স্বাধীনতা দিৱস বৰ্জনৰ আহ্বান জনায়।<ref name="Sharma2006">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Suresh K.|title=Documents on North-East India: Nagaland|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_-YixIgJbSAC|accessdate=30 August 2012|year=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-095-6|pages=146, 165}}</ref> আশীৰ দশকত অঞ্চলটোত বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী গোটৰ বিক্ষোভ বৃদ্ধি পায়। [[সংযুক্ত মুক্তি বাহিনী, অসম]], [[নেচনেল ডেম'ক্ৰেটিক ফ্ৰণ্ট অৱ বড়োলেণ্ড]] আদি সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী সংগঠনৰ আক্ৰমণ, বৰ্জনৰ আহ্বানে স্বাধীনতা দিৱস উদ্‌যাপনত ব্যাঘাত জন্মায়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ulfas-independence-day-gift-for-india-blasts_1574951|title=ULFA’s Independence Day Gift for India: Blasts|last=Mazumdar|first=Prasanta|work=DNA|date=11 August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}<br/>{{cite book|author=Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism|title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2004|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-fCbolclzRgC&pg=PA129|accessdate=22 July 2012|publisher=United States Department of State|page=129}}<br/>{{cite book|last1=Schendel|first1=Willem Van|last2=Abraham|first2=Itty|title=Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FTJhFP1FK1wC&pg=PA55|accessdate=22 July 2012|year=2005|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-21811-7|pages=55–56}}<br/>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/10/northeast-rebel-groups-call-for-iday-boycott.htm|title=Rebels Call for I-Day Boycott in Northeast|date=10 August 2010|accessdate=21 July 2012|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}<br/>{{cite book|last1=Biswas|first1=Prasenjit|last2=Suklabaidya|first2=Chandan|title=Ethnic Life-Worlds in North-East India: an Analysis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lO8MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 July 2012|date=6 February 2008|publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]|isbn=978-0-7619-3613-8|page=233}}<br/>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/27087-india-independence-day-ethnicities|title=Appreciating the Spirit of India's Independence Day|last=Thakuria|first=Nava|date=5 September 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012|work=[[Global Politician]]|archivedate=13 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013124514/http://www.globalpolitician.com/27087-india-independence-day-ethnicities|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]]ত আশীৰ দশকৰ পৰা বাঢ়ি অহা বিদ্ৰোহত<ref name="Heiberg2007">{{cite book|last1=Heiberg|first1=Marianne|last2=O'Leary|first2=Brendan|last3=Tirman|first3=John|title=Terror, Insurgency, and the State: Ending Protracted Conflicts|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m8_pM7Ncij8C&pg=PA254|accessdate=19 November 2012|year=2007|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3974-4|page=254}}</ref> বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী বিক্ষোভকাৰীসকলে "বন্ধ"ৰ আহ্বান দি, ক'লা পতাকাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আৰু পতাকা জ্বলাই এই দিৱস বৰ্জন কৰে।<ref name="bbc kashmir">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7562634.stm|title=Kashmir Independence Day Clashes|date=15 August 2008|accessdate=21 July 2012|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="BeheraChadha">{{cite book|last=Behera|first=Navnita Chadha|title=Demystifying Kashmir|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC&pg=PA146|accessdate=22 July 2012|publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Education India]]|isbn=978-81-317-0846-0|page=146}}</ref><ref name="Das2001">{{cite book|last=Das|first=Suranjan|title=Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-Building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S-t6WPdnAlgC&pg=PA49|accessdate=22 July 2012|date=1 August 2001|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-898855-87-3|page=49}}</ref> [[লস্কৰ-ই-তৈবা]], [[হিজ্‌বুল মুজাহিদীন]] আদিৰ দৰে সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী সংগঠনে ভাবুকি প্ৰদানৰ লগতে স্বাধীনতা দিৱসৰ আশে-পাশে আক্ৰমণৰ ঘটনা সংঘটিত কৰি আহিছে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-14/news/27354409_1_fidayeen-attacks-security-forces-suicide-squads|title=LeT, JeM Plan Suicide Attacks in J&K on I-Day|date=14 August 2002|accessdate=25 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archivedate=17 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020627/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-14/news/27354409_1_fidayeen-attacks-security-forces-suicide-squads|deadurl=yes}}<br/>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2007/08/11/jaish-coordinator-killed-in-jammu-1186806783.html|title=Ayodhya Attack Mastermind Killed in Jammu|date=11 August 2007|accessdate=25 August 2012|work=OneIndia News|archivedate=13 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513040227/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/08/11/jaish-coordinator-killed-in-jammu-1186806783.html|deadurl=yes}}<br/>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/let-to-hijack-plane-from-ahmedabahd-ahead-of-independence-day-415350.html|title=LeT to Hijack Plane Ahead of Independence Day?|date=12 August 2012|accessdate=25 August 2012|work=[[The First Post]]}}<br/>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/two-hizbul-militants-held-in-delhi-6820|title=Two Hizbul Militants Held in Delhi|date=7 August 2009|accessdate=25 August 2012|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> মাও বিদ্ৰোহী সংগঠনসমূহেও স্বাধীনতা দিৱস বৰ্জনৰ আহ্বান জনাই আহিছে।<ref name="hind mao">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2359094.ece|title=Maoist Boycott Call Mars I-Day Celebrations in Orissa|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 August 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Verma2012">{{cite book|last=Verma|first=Bharat|title=Indian Defence Review Vol. 26.2: Apr–Jun 2011|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ztwBmVMUOW4C&pg=PA111|accessdate=22 July 2012|date=1 June 2012|publisher=[[Lancer Publishers & Distributors|Lancer Publishers]]| isbn=978-81-7062-219-2|page=111}}</ref> সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ আশংকাত সমগ্ৰ ভাৰততে বিশেষকৈ [[দিল্লী]], [[মুম্বাই]]ৰ দৰে ডাঙৰ নগৰত আৰু সমস্যাজৰ্জৰ ৰাজ্য যেনে জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰত সুৰক্ষা কট্‌কটীয়া হয়।<ref name="cnn islamic">{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2002-08-14/world/india.independence_1_srinagar-militants-new-delhi?_s=PM:asiapcf|title=India Braces for Independence Day|publisher=CNN|date=14 August 2002|accessdate=18 July 2012|first=Ram|last=Ramgopal}}</ref><ref name="bbc terror">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4782525.stm|title=US Warns of India Terror Attacks|publisher=BBC|date=11 August 2006|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> আকাশী আক্ৰমণ ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ [[লালকিল্লা]]ৰ চৌপাশৰ উৰণস্থানক "ন' ফ্লাই জ'ন" ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2|title=Rain Brings Children Cheer, Gives Securitymen a Tough Time|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 August 2011|accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref> আৰু আন নগৰবোৰত অতিৰিক্ত আৰক্ষী মোতায়ন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news|title=India Heightens Security ahead of I-Day|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-14/india/27804393_1_security-personnel-security-blanket-security-arrangements|accessdate=27 July 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 August 2006|archivedate=11 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511025112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-14/india/27804393_1_security-personnel-security-blanket-security-arrangements|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==বৰ্তমান সময়ত জনপ্ৰিয়তা== স্বাধীনতা দিবসৰ দিনা দূৰদৰ্শন তথা ৰেডিঅ' চেনেল সমূহত সমগ্ৰ দেশতে হিন্দী তথা অন্যান্য ৰাজ্যিক ভাষাসমূহত দেশ-প্ৰেমমূলক প্ৰচাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Nayar2006">{{cite book|last=Nayar|first=Pramod K.|title=Reading Culture: Theory, Praxis, Politics| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8FiPb3JCmy0C&pg=PA57|accessdate=22 July 2012|date=14 June 2006|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-3474-5|page=57}}</ref> পতাকা উত্তোলনৰ অনুষ্ঠান সমূহতো এনে সংগীত পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়।<ref name="Nayar2006"/> তদুপৰি দেশজুৰি দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক চলচ্চিত্ৰও প্ৰদৰ্শিত হয়।<ref name="Gupta2006"/> তদুপৰি বহু লোকে জাতীব পোছাক বা ত্ৰিৰংগী পতাকাৰ লগত সামঞ্জস্য ৰাখি পোছাক পৰিধান কৰে।<ref name="DNA pop">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_independence-day-for-gennext-its-cool-to-flaunt-patriotism_1576086|title=Independence Day: For GenNext, It’s Cool to Flaunt Patriotism|last=Ansari|first=Shabana|newspaper=DNA|date=15 August 2011|accessdate=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vohra|first=Meera|title=Fashion fervour gets tri-coloured!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-14/trends/33199927_1_national-colours-independence-day-indian-flag|accessdate=15 August 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=14 August 2012|author2=Shashank Tripathi|archivedate=13 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613085146/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-14/trends/33199927_1_national-colours-independence-day-indian-flag|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বহুজাতিক কোম্পানী তথা অন্য ব্যৱসায়িক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান সমূহে এই দিনটোৰ লগত সংগতি ৰাখি ৰেহাই মূল্যৰো ব্যৱস্থা কৰে।<ref name="toi commerce">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/people/28280639_1_weekend-getaways-independence-day-discounts|title=Pop Patriotism—Is Our ''Azaadi'' on Sale?|last=Sharma|first=Kalpana|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 August 2010|accessdate=29 July 2012|archivedate=11 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030034/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/people/28280639_1_weekend-getaways-independence-day-discounts|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="et retail">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/news/27623445_1_retail-chains-indian-retailers-double-sales|title=Retail Majors Flag Off I-Day Offers to Push Sales|last1=Basu|first1=Sreeradha D|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Writankar|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=29 July 2012|archivedate=23 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723173601/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/news/27623445_1_retail-chains-indian-retailers-double-sales|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় ডাকবিভাগে স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ নেতা সকলক লৈ ১৫ আগষ্টৰ দিনটোতে ডাকটিকট প্ৰচলন কৰে।<ref name="indiapost">{{cite web|url=http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf|title=Indian Postage Stamps Catalogue 1947–2011|format=PDF|publisher=India Post|accessdate=28 August 2012|archivedate=17 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117224026/http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ইণ্টাৰনেটত গুগুলে ২০০৩ চনৰ পৰা এই দিনটোতে ভাৰতীয় হোমপেজ সমূহত স্বাধীনতা দিবসৰ সৈতে সংগতি ৰাখি বিশেষ গুগুল দুদুল প্ৰস্তুত কৰি আহিছে।<ref name="doodle ibn 2012">{{cite web|title=Google doodles Independence Day India|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-independence-day-india/282430-11.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|accessdate=15 August 2012|date=15 August 2012|archivedate=17 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817221156/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-independence-day-india/282430-11.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Independence Day (India)|ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱস}} * [http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=84 Indian Independence Day] at Government of India website * [http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/08/indian-independence-day/ Indian Independence Day] in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Blog {{Indian independence movement|state=expanded}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰত]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দিৱসসমূহ]] d9ohw3c3049eli2pf0700aad6nvatkv 0 39310 604539 506633 2026-05-05T07:14:57Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ}} {{Infobox Hindu leader |name = সত্য সাই বাবা |image = Sathya Sai Baba. Photo Guy Veloso (www.guyveloso.com)..jpg |image_size = 220px |alt = |caption = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|11|23|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[পুত্তপৰ্থি]], [[মাদ্ৰাছ]] (বৰ্তমান [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]]), [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|4|24|1926|11|23|84}} |death_place = পুত্তপৰ্থি, অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ, [[ভাৰত]] |birth_name = সত্যনাৰায়ণ ৰাজু |founder = [[সত্য সাই সংস্থা]] |guru = <!-- The teacher (if any) --> |philosophy = [[শিৰডী সাই বাবা]] আন্দোলন |literary_works = |nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] |quote = সকলোকে প্ৰেম কৰা, সকলোৰে সেৱা কৰা<br />সদায় সহায় কৰিবা, কেতিয়াও কষ্ট নিদিবা<ref name="Leslie-Chaden2004">{{cite book|author=Charlene Leslie-Chaden|title=A compendium of the teachings of Sri Sathya Sai Baba|url=http://puttaparthi.info/shopping/shp/bookdetail.asp?itemid=B1001|accessdate=24 April 2011|year=2004|publisher=Sai Towers Publishing|page=526|isbn=978-81-7899-042-2|archivedate=14 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914114413/http://puttaparthi.info/shopping/shp/bookdetail.asp?itemid=B1001}} {{Self-published inline|date=April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Architectural digest">{{cite book|title=Architectural digest|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YcxUAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 April 2011|date=1 May 1994|publisher=Conde Nast Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Vasan Ayyar|url=http://sathyasaibaba.wordpress.com/2009/06/14/love-all-serve-all|title=Love All Serve All|publisher=Sathyasaibaba.wordpress.com|date=31 December 2009|accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref> |signature = }} '''সত্য সাই বাবা''' (জন্মতে '''সত্য নাৰায়ণ ৰাজু'''; ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ৰ পৰা ২৪ এপ্ৰিল ২০১১)<ref name="BBC obit">{{cite news |publisher=BBC| title=Obituary: Indian guru Sai Baba |date= 24 April 2011|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13153536 |quote=Satya Sai Baba was born Sathyanarayana Raju on 23 November 1926}}</ref>) এজন [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] নেতা আৰু আধ্যাত্মিক গুৰু।<ref name="RichardWeiss">Richard Weiss, Victoria University of Wellington – The Global Guru: Sai Baba and the Miracle of the Modern; Available Online: http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec05/7_2_2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718121924/http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec05/7_2_2.pdf |date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> তেওঁ দাবী কৰা আৰু অনেক লোকে বিশ্বাস কৰা মতে, তেওঁ [[শিৰডীৰ সাই বাবা]]ৰ (মৃত্যু: ১৯১৮) পুনৰ্জন্ম।<ref name="BabbLawrence">{{cite book| last = Babb| first = Lawrence A.| authorlink = | title = [http://books.google.com/books?id=B8bMjUt6AqIC Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition]| publisher = [[University of California Press]]| year = 1991| pages = 164| isbn = 0-520-07636-2}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় আধ্যাত্মিক গুৰু [[মেহেৰ বাবা]]ৰ মতে তেওঁ এজন তান্ত্ৰিক আৰু তেওঁ চমৎকাৰৰ বাবে তন্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lordmeher.org/rev/index.jsp?pageBase=page.jsp&nextPage=4926|title=Lord Meher Revised Online Edition Page 4926|work=lordmeher.org}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ বিভূতি (পবিত্ৰ ভস্ম) আৰু অন্য সৰু বস্তু যেনে আঙঠি, হাৰ, ঘড়ী আদি প্ৰকট কৰিছিল যিয়ে চমৎকাৰী ৰূপত চিকিৎসা কৰা, পুনৰ জীৱন প্ৰদান কৰা আদিৰ কথা অনেকে কয়। ই যশ আৰু সমালোচনা দুয়োকে আমন্ত্ৰিত কৰিলে। তেওঁৰ ওপৰত যৌন নিৰ্যাতন আৰু নকলৰো অভিযোগ উত্থাপিত হৈছিল, কিন্তু তেওঁ তেনে অভিযোগক ষড়যন্ত্ৰ বুলি কৈ, অভিযোগ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিলে।<ref name=CNNSingh>{{cite news|title=Indian spiritual guru dies at 85|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/india.spiritual.guru.death/|accessdate=5 October 2013|newspaper=CNN|date=24 April 2011|author=Harmeet Shah Singh|archivedate=21 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921214124/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/india.spiritual.guru.death/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3813469.stm | work=BBC News | first=Tanya | last=Datta | title=Sai Baba: God-man or con man? | date=17 June 2004}}</ref><ref name=Palmer116>Palmer, Norris W. "Baba's World". In: {{cite book| last = Forsthoefel| first = Thomas A.| author-link =| last2 = Humes| first2 = Cynthia Ann (eds.)| author2-link =| title = Gurus in America| place = Albany, NY| publisher = State University of New York Press| year = 2005| isbn = 0-7914-6574-8 }}</ref> তেওঁ সদস্যসকলে মানৱ সেৱাৰ দ্বাৰা আধ্যাত্মিক প্ৰগতি লাভ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে আৰম্ভ কৰা<ref name="srisaiorg"/> সত্য সাই সংস্থাৰ ১২৬খন দেশত ১২০০তকৈ অধিক শাখা আছে।<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Branches|url=http://www.sathyasai.org/organize/content.htm|publisher=Official website - International Sai Organisation|accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref> এই সংস্থাৰ মাধ্যমেৰে সত্য সাই বাবাই বিনামূলীয়া চিকিৎসা প্ৰদানৰ বাবে চিকিৎসালয়, ক্লিনিক, খোৱা পানীৰ প্ৰকল্প আদি পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=funeral>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13204914|title=Thousands flock to funeral of India guru Satya Sai Baba|publisher=BBC News|date=27 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=deccanheraldlegacy>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/156315/sai-babas-legacy.html|title=Sai Baba's legacy|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="toigovernments">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/india/29470992_1_sathya-sai-baba-whitefield-ashram-god | work=The Times Of India | title='Sai Baba did everything govt could not' - The Times of India | access-date=2015-03-30 | archivedate=2013-10-01 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001140943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/india/29470992_1_sathya-sai-baba-whitefield-ashram-god | deadurl=yes }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==জীৱন== ===আগ জীৱন=== সত্য সাই বাবাৰ আগ জীৱনৰ প্ৰায় সকলো তথ্য তেওঁৰ চাৰিওফালে সৃষ্ট হেগিয়'গ্ৰাফি, আৰু ভক্তসকলৰ বাবে বিশেষ মহত্ত্ব থকা আৰু ভক্তসকলে সাই বাবাৰ দিব্য হোৱাৰ প্ৰমাণ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা প্ৰবাদৰ পৰা গ্ৰহণ কৰা।<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name="UrbanHugh74" /><ref name=Palmer99>Palmer, Norris W. "Baba's World". In: {{cite book| last = Forsthoefel| first = Thomas A.| author-link =| last2 = Humes | first2 = Cynthia Ann (eds.)| author2-link = |title=Gurus in America| place=Albany, NY| publisher =[[State University of New York Press]]| year = 2005| volume =| page = 99| isbn = 0-7914-6574-8 }}</ref> এই উৎসসমূহৰ মতে সত্য সাই বাবাৰ জন্ম তেতিয়াৰ [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]]ৰ [[মাদ্ৰাছ প্ৰেচিডেঞ্চি]]ৰ [[পুত্তপৰ্থি]]ত মীচাৰাগাণ্ডা ঈশ্বৰম্মা আৰু পেড্ডাভেংকামা ৰাজু ৰত্নাকৰমৰ ঘৰত হৈছিল।<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref>Haraldsson, Erlendur, Miracles are my visiting cards – An investigative inquiry on Sathya Sai Baba, (1997 revised and updated edition published by Sai Towers, Prasanthi Nilayam, India), p. 55, ISBN 81-86822-32-1</ref><ref name="Eade">John Eade, Christopher Mele: Understanding the City:Contemporary and Future Perspectives</ref> তেওঁৰ মাতৃ ঈশ্বৰাম্মাই ঐশ্বৰিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা, সত্য সাই বাবাৰ জন্মকো অনেকে অলৌকিক ঘটনাৰে পূৰ্ণ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="RichardWeiss"/><ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name="merinews.com">{{cite web|author=CJ: Mazhar Nawaz |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/sathya-sai-baba-celebrates-his-84th-birthday/15789170.shtml |title=Sathya Sai Baba celebrates his 84th birthday |publisher=Merinews.com |date= |accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> সত্য সাই বাবাৰ এজন ককায়েক ৰত্নাকৰম চেচম ৰাজু (১৯২১-১৯৮৪), দুজনী ভগ্নী ভেংকাম্মা (১৯২৩-১৯৯৩) আৰু পৰ্ৱতমমা (১৯২৮-১৯৯৮)আৰু এজন ভায়েক জানকিৰমিয়াহ (১৯৩০-২০০৩) আছে।<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |title=&#145;Vaastu dosham&#146; at hospital he built, say Sai kin |date=25 April 2011 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-22/india/29463028_1_sathya-sai-baba-satyajit-trust-affairsnephew |access-date=2015-03-30 |archivedate=2013-01-03 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130103170839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-22/india/29463028_1_sathya-sai-baba-satyajit-trust-affairsnephew |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এজন শিশু হিচাপে তেওঁক "অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে বুদ্ধিমান" আৰু দয়ালু বুলি কোৱা হয়, যদিও শৈক্ষিকভাৱে নহয়, যিহেতু তেওঁৰ ৰুচি আধ্যাত্মিক দিশতহে আছিল।<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name=Palmer99 /> তেওঁ ভক্তি গীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যত অসাধাৰণ পাৰদৰ্শিতা দেখুৱাইছিল।<ref name=Palmer99 /><ref name="kent">{{cite book | last = Kent | first = Alexandra | authorlink = |title =Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia |publisher = Nordic Institute of Asian Studies | year = 2005 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=26sVhUo_aM4C&pg=PA37 |pages = 37–39| isbn = 87-91114-40-3}}</ref> সৰু বয়সৰ পৰাই তেওঁ খাদ্য, মিঠাই আদি শূন্যৰ পৰা প্ৰকট কৰাত সক্ষম আছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="AlexandraKent">Alexandra Kent – Creating Divine Unity: Chinese Recruitment in the Sathya Sai Baba Movement of Malaysia</ref><ref name="Larson">Larson's Book of World Religions and Alternative Spirituality</ref> ===জাননী=== [[File:Baba-1940's.jpg|thumb|150px|নিজক [[শিৰডীৰ সাই বাবা|শিৰডীৰ সাই বাবাৰ]] অৱতাৰ বুলি দাবী কৰাৰ পিছত চৈধ্য বছৰীয়া সত্য সাই বাবা। ]] ৮ মাৰ্চ ১৯৪০ত, নিজৰ ককায়েক চেঁচাম ৰাজুৰ সৈতে পুত্তপৰ্থিৰ কাষৰ এখন সৰু চহৰ উৰাভাক'ণ্ডাত থাকোঁতে সাই বাবাক এটি [[বৃশ্চিক|বৃশ্চিকে]] কামোৰিলে।<ref name="AlexandraKent"/><ref name="Larson"/> তেওঁ কেইবা ঘণ্টাৰ বাবে মূৰ্চিত হ'ল।<ref name="kent"/> তাৰ পাছৰ কেইদিনমানত তেওঁৰ স্বভাৱত ঊল্লেখনীয় পৰিৱৰ্তন দেখা গ'ল।<ref name="Larson"/> হাঁহি- কান্দোন, চিঞৰ-বাখৰ- মৌনতা আদি লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।<ref name="Larson"/><ref name="serpent">{{cite web|url=http://www.vahini.org/sss/i/serpent.html |title=Sathyam Sivam Sundaram Part I: 5.The Serpent Hill |publisher=Vahini.org |date=8 March 1940 |accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> দাবী কৰা হয় যে তেওঁ সংস্কৃতত পদ্য গাবলৈ ধৰিলে, যি ভাষা তেওঁ একেবাৰে নাজানিছিলে।<ref name="RichardWeiss"/> চিকিৎসকৰ মতে তেওঁৰ [[হিস্তেৰিয়া]] বেমাৰ হৈছিল।<ref name="RichardWeiss"/><ref name="Larson"/> চিন্তিত হৈ তেওঁৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে তেওঁক পুত্তপৰ্থিলৈ ওভতাই নিলে।<ref name="sss3620">{{cite web| last = Staff| first =| title = Sathya Sai Speaks Volume 36 (2003): 20. Mother's Role in Human Values| publisher = Sri Sathya Sai Books and Publications Trust| date = 23 November 2003| url = http://www.sssbpt.info/ssspeaks/volume36/sss36-20.pdf| accessdate = 6 January 2010}}</ref> তেওঁক বেজ, ডাক্তৰ আদিৰ ওচৰলৈ লৈ যোৱা হ'ল। কাডিৰিৰ এজন জৰা মেলা কৰা মানুহেটো চিকিৎসাৰ নামত তেওঁক অত্যাচাৰ কৰিবলৈ ধৰিলে; সত্য গোটেই সময় শান্ত হৈ থাকিল, যিয়ে তেওঁৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃক অধিক চিন্তিত কৰিলে।<ref name="Larson"/><ref name="serpent"/> ২৩ মে' ১৯৪০ত সত্যই বোলে ঘৰৰ মানুহক মাতি তেওঁলোকৰ বাবে প্ৰসাদ আৰু ফুল প্ৰকট কৰিলে।<ref name="Kheirabadi2005">{{cite book|author=Masoud Kheirabadi|title=Sri Satya Sai Baba|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n06499wG5VcC&pg=PA28|accessdate=24 April 2011|date=March 2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-8104-4|pages=28–}}</ref> এই দেখি সত্যৰ দেউতাক ভয়ভীত হ'ল আৰু ভাবিলে সত্যক কোনো [[ভূত|ভূতে]] ধৰিছে। তেওঁ সত্যই নিজৰ প্ৰকৃত পৰিচয় নিদিলে প্ৰহাৰৰ ভাবুকি দিলে। [[২০ অক্টোবৰ]] ১৯৪০ত, সৰু সত্যই শান্ত আৰু দৃঢ়ভাৱে ক'লে "মই সাই বাবা", [[শিৰডীৰ সাই বাবা]]ৰ এটি প্ৰসংগ।<ref name="RichardWeiss"/><ref name="kent"/> প্ৰথমবাৰলৈ তেওঁ [[শিৰডীৰ সাই বাবা]] হোৱাৰ কথা ক'লে-- মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এজন প্ৰখ্যাত সন্ত, যাৰ সত্য জন্ম হোৱাৰ ৮ বছৰ আগতে মৃত্যু হৈছিল।<ref name="RichardWeiss"/><ref name="sss3620"/><ref name="Schulman, Arnold 1971 pp. 122">Schulman, Arnold (1971). Baba. Viking Press. pp. 122–124. ISBN 0-670-14343-X.</ref> ===প্ৰথম মন্দিৰ আৰু পুত্তপৰ্থিৰ বিকাশ=== ১৯৪৪ত সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ভক্তসকলৰ বাবে পুত্তপৰ্থিৰ ওচৰত এটা [[মন্দিৰ]] নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'ল। সেই মন্দিৰক এতিয়া "পুৰণা মন্দিৰ" বোলা হয়।<ref name="murphetman">Murphet, Howard (1977), ''Man of Miracles'', Weiser, ISBN 0-87728-335-4</ref><ref name="bowen">Bowen, David (1988). The Sathya Sai Baba Community in Bradford: Its origins and development, religious beliefs and practices. Leeds: University Press. ISBN 1-871363-02-0.</ref> বৰ্তমানৰ আশ্ৰম [[প্ৰশান্তি নিলয়ম]]ৰ নিৰ্মাণ ১৯৪৮ চনত আৰম্ভ হ'ল আৰু ১৯৫০ চনত শেষ হ'ল।<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name="bowen"/> ১৯৫৪ চনত সত্য সাই বাবাই এখন সৰু সাধাৰণ চিকিৎসালয় পুৰ্ত্তিপৰ্থিত স্থাপন কৰিলে।<ref name="TheHinduNewspaper">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/features/saibaba/stories/2005112300270300.htm |title=Sri Sathya Sai 80th year of Advent |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 November 2005 |accessdate=10 January 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archivedate=1 June 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601103937/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/features/saibaba/stories/2005112300270300.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ জাদুৰ শক্তি আৰু চিকিৎসাৰ ক্ষমতাৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত হ'ল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/24/sri-sathya-sai-baba-dies|title=Sai Baba, spiritual guru to millions, dies at 85|author=Jason Burke|work=the Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৫৭ চনত সত্য সাই বাবাই উত্তৰ ভাৰতত তীৰ্থ ভ্ৰমণ কৰিলে।<ref name="Eade"/> ===ষ্ট্ৰ'ক আৰু পেৰেলাইচিচ=== ১৯৬৩ত সত্য সাই বাবা চাৰিটা গুৰুতৰ হাৰ্ট এটেকৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ল, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ এটা ফাল জথৰ হ'ল।<ref name="murphetmiracle">Murphet, Howard (1977). ''Man of Miracles''. Weiser. ISBN 0-87728-335-4 portions available online http://books.google.ca/books?id=BPsVFqhclS0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false</ref> তাৰ পিছত, তেওঁ প্ৰশান্তি নিলয়মত গোট খাই তেওঁ সুস্থ হৈ উঠাৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ লোকৰ আগত নিজক আৰোগ্য কৰে।<ref name="BabbLawrence"/> ===পুনৰ জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ আগজাননী=== আৰোগ্য হোৱাত তেওঁ ঘোষণা কৰিলে যে তেওঁ এদিন "প্ৰেম সাই বাবা"ৰ ৰূপত, কাষৰীয়া ৰাজ্য [[কৰ্ণাটক]]ত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিব।<ref name="BabbLawrence"/> তেওঁ ক'লে, "মই [[শিব]]-[[শক্তি (হিন্দু দেবী)|শক্তি]], এজন ঋষিৰ বৰলাভৰ ফলত [[ভৰদ্বাজ]] গোত্ৰত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছো। শিবই [[শিৰডীৰ সাই বাবা]]ৰ গোত্ৰত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে, শিব-শক্তিয়ে মোৰ ৰূপত, আৰু শক্তিয়ে প্ৰেম সাই বাবাৰ ৰূপত কৰ্ণাটকৰ [[মণ্ড্য]] জিলাত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিব। ""<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name="SSDiscourse1963">{{cite web |url=http://www.sathyasai.org/discour/1963/d630706.htm |title=Shiva Shakthi |publisher=Sathyasai.org |date=6 July 1963 |accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> তেওঁ ঘোষণা কৰিলে ৯৬ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ ৮ বছৰ পিছত তেওঁ পুনৰ জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিব।<ref name="saiprema">{{cite web|url=http://www.sathyasai.org/intro/premasai.htm|title=About Prema Sai Baba|work=sathyasai.org}}</ref> but died at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13180011 | work=BBC News | title=Satya Sai Baba, Indian guru, dies at 84 | date=24 April 2011}}</ref> ===আফ্ৰিকা=== ১৯৬৮ চনৰ ২৯ জুনত তেওঁ নিজৰ একমাত্ৰ সামুদ্ৰীক যাত্ৰা কৰি [[কেন্যা]] আৰু [[উগাণ্ডা]]লৈ গ'ল।<ref name="murphetmiracle"/><ref name="kasturi3">{{cite web|url=http://www.vahini.org/sss/iii/awakening.html |title=Sathyam Sivam Sundaram Part III: 3. The Awakening Continent |publisher=Vahini.org |date=7 December 1968 |accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> [[নাইৰ'বি]]ত তেওঁ নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কথা ক'লে: {{quote|"মই তোমালোকৰ হৃদয়ত প্ৰেমৰ বন্তি জ্বলাবলৈ আহিছো, চাবলৈ যে ই প্ৰতিদিন আৰু অধিক উজ্জ্বলতাৰ সৈতে জ্বলক। মই কোনো বিশেষ ধৰ্মৰ হৈ অহা নাই। মই কোনো সম্প্ৰদায়, ধৰ্ম বা কাৰণৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে অহা নাই, মই কোনো বিশ্বাসৰ অনুৰাগী গোটাবলৈও অহা নাই। মই মোৰ নিজৰ আওতালৈ বা আন কোনো আওতালৈ শিষ্য বা ভক্ত গোটোৱাৰ কোনো উদ্দেশ্যৰে অহা নাই। মই তোমালোকক এই একতাৰ বিশ্বাস, এই আধ্যাত্মিক নীতি, এই প্ৰেমৰ পথ, এই প্ৰেমৰ মহত্ত্ব, এই প্ৰেমৰ দায়িত্বৰ বিষয়ে ক'বলৈ আহিছো। "<ref name="sss0822">{{cite web| last = Staff|first =| title = Sathya Sai Speaks Volume 8 (1968): 22. The message I bring| publisher = Sri Sathya Sai Books and Publications Trust| date = 4-7-1968| url = http://www.sssbpt.info/ssspeaks/volume08/sss08-22.pdf |accessdate = 6 January 2010}}</ref>}} ===পিছৰ কেইবছৰ=== ১৯৬৮ত তেওঁ [[মুম্বাই]]ত ধৰ্মক্ষেত্ৰ (ধৰ্মক্সেত্ৰ) বা সত্যম মন্দিৰ (চত্যম মন্দিৰ) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিলে।<ref name="Official"/> ১৯৭৩ত তেওঁ [[হাইদৰাবাদ]]ত শিৱম মন্দিৰ (চিৱম মন্দিৰ) স্থাপন কৰিলে।<ref name="Official"/> [[১৯ জানুৱাৰী]] ১৯৮১ত তেওঁ চেন্নাইত সুন্দৰম মন্দিৰৰ (চুন্দৰম মন্দিৰৰ) শুভাৰম্ভ কৰিলে।<ref name="Official"/> ১৯৯৩ৰ এটি ঘটনাত, চাৰিজন দুৰ্বৃত্ত চাকুৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ কোঠাত সোমাল, হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে অথবা তেওঁৰ ভক্তৰ মাজত ক্ষমতাৰ যুদ্ধৰ বাবে। পিছে সাই বাবাৰ কোনো ক্ষতি নহ'ল। ঘটনাটোত দুৰ্বৃত্তকেইটা, আৰু সাই বাবাৰ দুজন সেৱকৰ মৃত্যু হ'ল। পুলিচৰ অনুসন্ধানত বহু কথা নিৰুত্তৰ হৈ ৰ'ল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-sri-sathya-sai-baba-101102|title=Who is Sri Sathya Sai Baba?|agency=Press Trust of India|date=24 April 2011|publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=25 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8471342/Sathya-Sai-Baba.html |title=Religion Obituaries; Satya Sai Baba |publisher=The Telegraph |date=24 April 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sathya-sai-baba-escaped-murder-attempt_1535839 |title=Sathya Sai Baba escaped murder attempt|date=25 April 2011|last=Madhusoodan|first=M K |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> মাৰ্চ ১৯৯৫ত সাই বাবাই [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]]ৰ [[অনন্তপুৰ জিলা]]ৰ শুকান ৰায়লচীমা অঞ্চলৰ ১২ লাখ লোকক পানী যোগান ধৰাৰ প্ৰকল্প হাতত ল'লে।<ref name = "cmpraise"/> ১৯৯৯ৰ এপ্ৰিলত তেওঁ [[তামিল নাডু]]ৰ [[মদুৰাই]]ত আনন্দ নিলয়ম মন্দিৰ স্থাপন কৰিলে।<ref name="TheHinduNewspaper"/> ===বৃদ্ধাৱস্থা আৰু ৰোগ=== ২০০৩ত সত্য সাই বাবাৰ কঁকালত ফ্ৰেক্সাৰ হ'ল, যেতিয়া এখন লোহাৰ ষ্টুলত ঠিয় হৈ থকা ল'ৰা আৰু ষ্টুলখন তেওঁৰ ওপৰত পৰিল। তাৰ পিছৰ পৰা তেওঁ গাড়ী বা চকীৰ পৰাই দৰ্শন দিবলৈ ল'লে।<ref name="RadioSai20060407">{{cite web|url=http://www.radiosai.org/Pages/PB_20060407.htm |title=Sai Global Harmony – Prasanthi Bulletin |publisher=Radiosai.org |date=7 April 2006 |accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="ibnlive.in.com82-2">{{cite web| last = Balakrishnan| first = Deepa| authorlink = | title = Sai Baba turns 82, is still going strong| publisher = [[CNN-IBN]]| date = 23 November 2007| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sai-baba-turns-82-is-still-going-strong/52860-3.html?from=search-relatedstories| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825055515/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sai-baba-turns-82-is-still-going-strong/52860-3.html?from=search-relatedstories| archivedate = 25 August 2010| accessdate = 6 January 2010| deadurl = yes}} "However, he has been confined to a wheelchair for over two years now and his failing health has forced him to make fewer public appearances."</ref> ২০০৪ৰ পিছৰ পৰা তেওঁ চকাযুক্ত চকী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ ল'লে আৰু মানুহৰ আগত কমকৈ ওলাবলৈ ল'লে। ===মৃত্যু=== ২৮ মাৰ্চ ২০১১ত তেওঁক শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে [[শ্ৰী সত্য সাই চুপাৰ স্পেচিয়েলিটি চিকিৎচালয়]]লৈ লৈ যোৱা হ'ল।<ref>{{Cite news | title = Sai Baba in stable condition: Hospital | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 5 April 2011 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sai-Baba-in-stable-condition-Hospital/Article1-681433.aspx | accessdate = 24 April 2011 | archivedate = 9 May 2011 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110509014742/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sai-Baba-in-stable-condition-Hospital/Article1-681433.aspx | deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title = Baba's health condition 'stable' | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 6 April 2011 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-06/hyderabad/29388337_1_vital-parameters-condition-crrt | accessdate = 24 April 2011 | archivedate = 5 November 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-06/hyderabad/29388337_1_vital-parameters-condition-crrt | deadurl = yes }}</ref> প্ৰায় এমাহমান চিকিৎসালয়ত থকাৰ পিছত, য'ত তেওঁৰ স্বাস্থ্য দিনক-দিনে বেয়া হৈ গ'ল, দেওবাৰ, ২৪ এপ্ৰিলৰ ৭:৪০ ([[ভাৰতীয় মান সময়]])ত তেওঁ ইহলীলা সম্বৰণ কৰিলে।<ref>{{Cite news | title = Spiritual leader Sathya Sai Baba passes away | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 24 April 2011 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/india/29468573_1_sai-baba-sathya-sai-central-trust-puttaparthi | accessdate = 24 April 2011 | archivedate = 9 February 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209205945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/india/29468573_1_sai-baba-sathya-sai-central-trust-puttaparthi | deadurl = yes }}</ref> সাই বাবাই ভবিষ্যতবাণী কৰিছিলে যে তেওঁ ৯৬ বছৰৰ বয়সত শৰীৰ ত্যাগ কৰিব আৰু তেতিয়ালৈকে সুস্থ হৈ থাকিব।<ref name="U of CA">{{Cite book|last=Babb|first=Lawrence|title=Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley|year=1986|isbn=1-57766-153-2 |page=166 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B8bMjUt6AqIC |quote=[http://books.google.com/books?id=B8bMjUt6AqIC&pg=PA166&dq=%22He+will+die+at+the+age+of+ninety-six,+but+his+body+will+stay+young+until+then%22&hl=en&ei=FaC2TcLaK8HT4wbFtLjdDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22His%20present%20incarnation%2C%20he%20says%22%20%22He%20will%20die%20at%20the%20age%20of%20ninety-six%2C%20but%20his%20body%20will%20stay%20young%20until%20then%22&f=false His present incarnation, he says, ... He will die at the age of ninety-six, but his body will stay young until then].}}</ref> তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, কিছুসংখ্যক ভক্তই ক'লে যে সম্ভৱতঃ তেওঁ [[চান্দ্ৰ পঞ্জিকা]]ৰ কথাহে কৈছিল, যাক [[তেলেগু লোক|তেলুগু]] [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]]সকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আৰু [[সৌৰ পঞ্জিকা]]ৰ বিষয়ে কোৱা নাছিল,<ref>Mohammed Shafeeq. Post. Durban: 27 April 2011. pg. 4</ref> আৰু বয়স নিৰ্ণয়ৰ [[হিন্দু পঞ্জিকা|ভাৰতীয় বিধি]]ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিয়ে আহিবলগীয়া বছৰটো ব্যক্তিৰ জীৱনৰ অংশ বুলি ধৰে।<ref>Sri Philip M. Prasad, Malayalam Daily. Kerala, India: 25 April 2011. "What Baba has foretold was indeed correct. According to the Roman calendar he has completed 85 years. But one can note that generally in all of Baba’s discourses Baba had been referring to the star (lunar) basis in calculations. In Indian astrology there are 27 stars in a month starting with Aswathy and ending with Revathy. Accordingly a year of 12 months is composed of 324 days. Sai Baba was born on 23 November 1925. From that day till his death day 24 April 2011 there were a total of 33,899 days. If this is divided with 324, we get 95 years and 54 days. Accordingly, under the star basis of calculation he was in his 96th year having completed 54 days when he left his physical body."</ref> অন্য ভক্তসকলে তেওঁৰ পুনৰ্জীৱিত হোৱা, পুনৰ্জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা আৰু জাগ্ৰত থকাৰ কথা ক'লে।<ref>''The Hindustan Times'', New Delhi: 25 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Narayan |first1=Sreejith |title=Sai, Thy Kingdom Come | year = 2012| isbn = 978-1-62314-842-3 | url =http://www.saikingdom.com}}</ref> ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০১১ত সত্য সাই বাবাক ''ৱাটকিন্স হাণ্ড্ৰেড স্পিৰিচুৱেল পাৱাৰ লিষ্ট''ত (ৱাটকিনৰ ১০০ আধ্যাত্মিক শক্তিৰ তালিকাত) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হ'ল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watkinsbooks.com/review/watkins-spiritual-100-list|title=100 Spiritual Power List by Watkins, 2011|work=watkinsbooks.com|access-date=2015-03-30|archivedate=2011-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227130955/http://watkinsbooks.com/review/watkins-spiritual-100-list|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ===শেষ কৃত্য=== তেওঁৰ শৰীৰক দুদিনৰ বাবে ৰাখি থোৱা হ'ল আৰু ২৭ এপ্ৰিল ২০১১ চনত তেওঁক সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ্যিক সন্মানৰ সৈতে কবৰ দিয়া হ'ল।<ref name="news9">News 9, 24 April 2011, 16:00 IST</ref> অনুষ্ঠানটোত প্ৰায় ৫ লাখ মানুহৰ সমাগম ঘটিছিল, আৰু অন্য গণ্য মান্য ব্যক্তিৰ লগতে ভাৰতৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰী [[মনমোহন সিং]], [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]]ৰ সভানেত্ৰী [[ছোনিয়া গান্ধী]], [[গুজৰাট]]ৰ তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোডী]], [[ক্ৰিকেট]] খেলুৱৈ [[শচীন তেণ্ডুলকাৰ]], তেতিয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী [[এচ এম কৃষ্ণা]] আৰু [[অম্বিকা চনী]] আদি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba gets a tearful farewell at his Puttaparthi home | newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 27 April 2011 | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sathya-sai-baba-last-rites-in-puttaparthi/1/136399.html|accessdate = 27 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2011/04/201142452416203714.html |title=Indian guru Sai Baba dies in hospital – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date= |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sathya-sai-baba-buried-in-puttaparthi_1536633 |title=Sathya Sai Baba buried in Puttaparthi |publisher=DNA |date=27 April 2011 |accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/final-farewell-to-sathya-sai-baba-today/150310-3.html |title=Tearful farewell to Sathya Sai Baba |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=27 April 2011 |accessdate=27 April 2011 |archivedate=30 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430163330/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/final-farewell-to-sathya-sai-baba-today/150310-3.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> সত্য সাই বাবাৰ মৃত্যুৱে ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ, চলচ্চিত্ৰ তাৰকা, খেলুৱৈ, ঔদ্যোগী আদিৰ মাজত গভীৰ শোকৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে।<ref name="utsandiegoglimpse">{{cite news |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/apr/25/thousands-line-up-for-last-glimpse-of-indian-guru/ |title=Thousands line up for last glimpse of Indian guru |newspaper=[[UTSanDiego.com]] |accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref> বহুতে তেওঁক এজন অতি দয়ালু, নিঃস্বাৰ্থ ব্যক্তি হিচাপে স্মৰণ কৰিলে যিয়ে সদায় আনক সহায় কৰিবলৈ কাম কৰিলে, নিজৰ ট্ৰাষ্টৰ হাজাৰ হাজাৰ কোটি টকাৰে।<ref name="utsandiegoglimpse" /> তেওঁক শ্ৰদ্ধা জ্ঞাপন কৰা ৰাজনীতিবিদ সকলৰ মাজত তেতিয়াৰ ভাৰতীয় প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰী [[মনমোহন সিং]],<ref name="news9"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchi9.com/news/2011/04/24/l-k-advani-reaction-on-sathya-sai-babas-death-tv9/|title=L.K.Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death :TV9 – Mirchi 9 – Telugu News &#124; Andhra News &#124; Hyderabad &#124; Andhra &#124; India &#124; Brain &#124; Studies &#124; University|publisher=Mirchi9.com|date=|accessdate=24 April 2011|archivedate=23 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323040616/http://www.mirchi9.com/news/2011/04/24/l-k-advani-reaction-on-sathya-sai-babas-death-tv9/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://70mmonline.com/WatchMovie.aspx?movieid=9086&movieName=L.K.Advani%20Reaction%20on%20Sathya%20Sai%20Baba%27s%20Death|title=L.K.Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death, TV9 – L.K.Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death at|publisher=70mmonline.com|date=|accessdate=24 April 2011|archivedate=18 October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018100215/http://70mmonline.com/WatchMovie.aspx?movieid=9086&movieName=L.K.Advani%20Reaction%20on%20Sathya%20Sai%20Baba%27s%20Death|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[শ্ৰী লংকা]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[মহিন্দা ৰাজপক্স]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/04/26/world-has-lost-great-spiritual-leader-sri-lankan-president-mahinda-rajapaksa|title=World has lost a great spiritual leader - Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa|work=asiantribune.com}}</ref> আৰু [[চতুৰ্দশ দালাই লামা|চতুৰ্দশ]] [[দালাই লামা]] অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?719929|title = Dalai Lama Mourns Sri Sathya Sai Baba's Death |publisher = outlookindia.com|date = 25 April 2011|accessdate = 29 May 2011}}</ref> সেই দিনাই জন্ম দিন থকা বিখ্যাত [[ক্ৰিকেট]] তাৰকা [[শচীন তেণ্ডুলকাৰ|শচীন তেণ্ডুলকাৰে]] নিজৰ জন্মদিনৰ সকলো আয়োজন বাতিল কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricketnext.in.com/news/sachin-mourns-sai-babas-death-on-his-bday/56827-13.html|title=Sachin mourns SaiBaba death on his b'day|date=24 April 2011|work=IBNLive|access-date=30 March 2015|archivedate=26 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426031545/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/sachin-mourns-sai-babas-death-on-his-bday/56827-13.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://truthdive.com/2011/04/24/a-sad-birthday-for-master-blaster.html|title=A sad birthday for Master Blaster|work=TruthDive}}</ref> বাতৰি কাকত [[দা হিন্দু]]ত প্ৰকাশ হৈছিল যে "সত্য সাই বাবাৰ আধ্যাত্মিকতা আৰু হিন্দু বিশ্বাসৰ প্ৰচাৰে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্ম-নিৰপেক্ষতাৰ বিশ্বাসত কেতিয়াও বাধা প্ৰদান নকৰিলে। "<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1764337.ece?homepage=true | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=A secular spiritual leader | date=25 April 2011}}</ref> [[কৰ্ণাটক]] চৰকাৰে ২৫ আৰু ২৬ এপ্ৰিলৰ দিনকেইটা আৰু [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] চৰকাৰে ২৫, ২৬ আৰু ২৭ এপ্ৰিলৰ দিনকেইটাক শোক প্ৰকাশৰ দিন হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰিলে।<ref name="news9"/>[[File:Sathya Sai Baba Samadhi at Puttaparthi, India.jpg|thumb|250px|পুত্তপৰ্থিত সত্য সাই বাবাৰ সমাধি]] ===বাসস্থল মুকলি=== ১৭ জুন ২০১১ত, দান বৰঙনিৰে চলা ন্যাস হিচাপে আৰম্ভ হোৱা আৰু আইনীভাৱে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ শ্ৰী সত্য সাই কেন্দ্ৰীয় ন্যাসৰ<ref>Radio Sai's E-Journal. Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust Press Meet, 28 June 2011, http://media.radiosai.org/Journals/Vol_09/01JUN11/11-press_meet_Part02.htm</ref> দুজন বিষয়-ববীয়াই সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ব্যক্তিগত বাসভৱন, চৰকাৰ, বেংক আৰু কৰ বিভাগৰ বিষয়-ববীয়া, উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ বিচাৰক এ পি মিশ্ৰা আৰু কৰ্ণাটক উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত বিচাৰক ৱেইদ্যনাথ, আই কৰ বিভাগৰ ফালৰ পৰা এজন নিৰ্দ্ধাৰক, আৰু ভাৰতৰ পূৰ্বৰ মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ পি এন ভগৱতিৰ<ref>Deccan Herald, Tuesday 17 June. 2011, "Huge amount of gold, silver, cash found in Sai Baba's Chamber" http://www.deccanherald.com/content/169535/huge-amount-gold-silver-cash.html.</ref> উপস্থিতিত খোলিলে। সাই বাবাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছতেই চীল কৰা বাসভৱনটোত ৯৮ কিলোগ্ৰাম সোণৰ অলংকাৰ যাৰ মূল্য প্ৰায় ২১ কোটি টকা, ৩০৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম ৰূপৰ অলংকাৰ যাৰ মূল্য প্ৰায় ১.৬ কোটি টকা, আৰু ১১.৬ কোটি টকা নগদ পোৱা গ'ল। নগদ পোৱা ধন সাই ন্যাসৰ ষ্টেট বেংকৰ একাউণ্টট জমা কৰা হ'ল। সোণ আৰু অন্যান্য সামগ্ৰী বিশেষ সুৰক্ষিত স্থানত থৈ দিয়া হ'ল। জুলাইত জিলা প্ৰশাসনে অতিৰিক্ত ৭৭ লাখ টকা অন্য ৪টা কোঠাৰ মূল্যৱান বস্তুও লাভ কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/india/29733031_1_satya-sai-baba-precious-metals-diamond-ring | title=Assets worth Rs 77L seized at Sai ashram | newspaper=Times of India | date=3 July 2011 | access-date=2015-03-30 | archivedate=2013-09-28 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928224408/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/india/29733031_1_satya-sai-baba-precious-metals-diamond-ring | deadurl=yes }}</ref> The total value of these items is believed to exceed 7.8 million US dollars.<ref name="hindustan times">{{cite news|title=Treasure island: Sai Baba's gold trove|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=17 June 2011|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Treasure-island-Sai-Baba-s-gold-trove/Article1-710596.aspx|access-date=30 March 2015|archivedate=9 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109215210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Treasure-island-Sai-Baba-s-gold-trove/Article1-710596.aspx|deadurl=yes}}</ref> য়জুৰ্মন্দিৰত দৈনন্দিন ভক্ত আৰু নিঃস্বাৰ্থ সেৱা কৰা সকলক দিয়া বিভিন্ন বস্তু যেনে হাজাৰ হাজাৰ পাতৰ শাৰী, ধোতি, চোলা, ৫০০জোৰ জোতা, পাৰ্ফ্যুম আৰু হেয়াৰ্স্প্ৰে'ৰ কেইবা দৰ্জন বটল, বৃহৎ পৰিমাণৰ সোণ আৰু ৰূপৰ "মংগল সূত্ৰম্", হীৰাৰ দৰে মূল্যৱান পাত্থৰ আদি পোৱা গ'ল। সাই বাবাই পিন্ধা ৭৫০জোৰ গেৰুৱা আৰু বগা কাপোৰো পোৱা গ'ল।<ref name="500 pairs">{{cite news |title=Open sesame! Baba & his chamber of secrets|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph of India]]|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110618/jsp/nation/story_14130452.jsp |date=17 June 2011 |author=G.S. Radhakrishna |location=Calcutta, India}} and [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110618/images/18zzsaibababig.jpg this graphic]</ref> জুলাই ২০১১ত তেনেদৰেই [[বেংগালুৰু]]ৰ আশ্ৰমত ৬ কিলোগ্ৰাম সোণৰ মূদ্ৰা আৰু অলংকাৰ,, ২৪৫ কিলোগ্ৰাম ৰূপৰ সামগ্ৰী আৰু ৮০ লাখ টকা নগদ পোৱা গ'ল। এই সামগ্ৰীবোৰ বছৰ বছৰ ধৰি সাই বাবাৰ সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বৰ ভক্তই তেওঁক ধাৰ্মিক উপহাৰ হিচাপে দিয়া বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 July 2011 |title=Three-day count at Baba's ashram yields treasure |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/bangalore/29798927_1_brindavan-revenue-officials-ashram |access-date=2015-03-30 |archivedate=2013-08-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815224317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/bangalore/29798927_1_brindavan-revenue-officials-ashram |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/178661/perfumes-sarees-form-sai-babas.html,|title=Perfumes, sarees form Sai Baba's inventory|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> ===ইচ্ছা পত্ৰ মুকলি=== ২ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০১২ত শ্ৰী সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ঘনিষ্ঠ সত্যজিৎ চাইলানে সাইবাবাৰ ২৩ মাৰ্চ ১৯৬৭ত পঞ্জীকৃত ইচ্ছাপত্ৰখন মুকলি কৰি কয় যে সাই বাবা ন্যাসৰ সম্পত্তিৰ ওপৰত তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ কোনো অধিকাৰ নাই। পত্ৰখনত লিখা হৈছিল: {{quote|মই, ভাৰতীয় নাগৰিক, প্ৰশান্তি নিলয়ম ডাকঘৰৰ শ্ৰী সত্য সাইয়ে তলৰ কথা কেইটা ঘোষণা কৰিছো:- ১) মই অনন্তপুৰ জিলাৰ পুত্তপৰ্থিত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিলো আৰু মোৰ বয়স বৰ্তমান ৪৪ বছৰ। মই বিদ্যালয়ত যোগদান কৰিছিলো কিন্তু পঢ়া ত্যাগ কৰি মই সনাতন ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ প্ৰতি সমৰ্পিত হ'লো। মই অবিবাহিত আৰু মই মোৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ ঘৰ বাৰ বছৰ বয়সত ত্যাগ কৰিছিলো আৰু মই ধাৰ্মিক নিৰ্দেশ গ্ৰহণ কৰি গেৰুৱা সাজ পৰিধান কৰিলো আৰু মোৰ বৈশ্বিক/বা পৰিয়াল সম্বন্ধিত মোহ নাই। মই ঘোষণা কৰো যে যেতিয়া মই মোৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ ঠাই স্থায়ীভাৱে এৰিলো আৰু মোৰ ঘূৰি যোৱাৰ কোনো উদ্দেশ্য নাই। মই পৰিয়ালৰ সম্পত্তিত মোৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ বা ৰুচি, সলাব পৰা আৰু/বা সলাব নোৱাৰা যিয়েই নহওক বা য'তেই নাথাকক ত্যাগ কৰিলো আৰু যে মই কোনো ব্যক্তিগত সম্পত্তি, ধন, মাটিৰ গৰাকী নহয়। মোৰ ভক্তসকলে মোক যিয়েই দিয়ে সেয়া মোৰ পৰিচালনা, নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত এজন ট্ৰেষ্টি হিচাপে থাকিব, জনতাৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ হ'বলৈ। মই এই ঘোষণা কৰিছো যাতে কোনেও পৰিয়ালৰ সম্পত্তিৰ অধীনত দাবী কৰিব বা মোক দলিয়াব নোৱাৰে, যদি কোনো।<ref>http://im.rediff.com/news/2012/sep/02deed-of-declaration.pdf</ref>}} সত্যজিৎ চাইলানে প্ৰকৃত পত্ৰখনৰ একমাত্ৰ জীৱিত সাক্ষী ইন্দুলাল চাৰ কিছু প্ৰ-পত্ৰও লগ লগালে। সত্যজিৎ চাইলানে কোৱাৰ মতে সাই বাবাৰ নিৰ্দেশ মৰ্মে তেওঁ ১৯৯৮ৰ পৰা পত্ৰখনৰ দায়িত্বত আছে। শ্ৰী সত্য সাই কেন্দ্ৰীয় ন্যাসৰ বিষয়-ববীয়াই কয় যে তেওঁলোকে এই ইচ্ছাপত্ৰৰ প্ৰতি সন্মান জনাব।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/09/03/296--Trust-says-it-respects-Sai-Baba-s-will-.html|title=Trust says it respects Sai Baba's will|work=newstrackindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/declaration-made-by-satya-sai-in-1967-released/287928-60-121.html|title=Declaration made by Satya Sai in 1967 released|work=IBNLive|access-date=2015-03-30|archivedate=2013-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015094431/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/declaration-made-by-satya-sai-in-1967-released/287928-60-121.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==কৰ্মৰাজীৰ গ্ৰন্থসূচী== "ৱাহিনী" (বাহিনী) সত্য সাই বাবাৰ দ্বাৰা লিখিত গ্ৰন্থৰ এটি ক্ৰম।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sssbpt.info/english/vahinis.html |title=Sri Sathya Sai Books & Publication Trust |publisher=Sssbpt.info |date= |accessdate=17 August 2013}}</ref> ==সত্য সাই সংস্থা== সত্য সাই সংস্থা বা শ্ৰী সত্য সাই সেৱা সংস্থা সাই বাবাই ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="srisaiorg">{{cite web|url=http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Sai_Organisations/Sai_Organisations.htm|title=SSSCT- Sri Sathya Sai Seva Organisation|work=srisathyasai.org.in}}</ref> ভাৰতত প্ৰথম সাই কেন্দ্ৰকেইটা "শ্ৰী সত্য সাই সেৱা সমিতি"ৰ নামেৰে খোলা হৈছিল।<ref name="saiindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.saibabaofindia.com/sai_baba_centers.htm|title=Sai Baba Of India-Sri Sathya Sai Baba Centers- Sai Baba organisation worldwide|work=saibabaofindia.com}}</ref> সত্য সাই সংস্থা "সদস্যসকলে সেৱা কাৰ্যৰে আধ্যাত্মিক প্ৰগতি লাভ কৰাৰ বাবে" খোলা হৈছিল।<ref name="srisaiorg"/> সত্য সাই সংস্থাই মাহিলী [[সনাতন সাৰথি (আলোচনী)|সনাতন সাৰথি]] নামৰ এখন আনুষ্ঠানিক আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sanathana-Sarathi-(magazine)</ref><ref name="barnesandnoblesanathanasarathi">{{cite web|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/magazines-established-in-1958-llc-books/1103503225?ean=9781158618187|title=Magazines Established in 1958: Sanathana Sarathi, the Jazz Review, Horizon, Sound|work=Barnes & Noble}}</ref><ref name="barnesandnoblesanathanasarathi" /> সত্য সাই বাবাই কৈছিল যে সত্য সাই সংস্থাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য "মনুষ্যক নিজৰ ভিতৰত অন্তৰ্নিহিত দিব্যতাৰ পৰিচয় কৰোৱা। সেয়ে, আপুনাৰ দায়িত্ব সেই এজনত জোৰ দিয়া, আপুনি কৰা বা কোৱা সকলোতে সেই এজনক অনুভৱ কৰা। ধৰ্ম বা খেল বা স্তৰ বা ৰঙৰ প্ৰভেদক গুৰুত্ব নিদিবা। এক-ভাৱক তোমাৰ সকলো কামক আকুল কৰিবলৈ দিয়া। তেনে কৰা সকলৰহে এই সংস্থাত ঠাই আছে, বাকী সকলে প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰক। "<ref>Sathya Sai Baba Sathya Sai Speaks IX, 35, 187–188 (old edition)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sathyasai-se.org/|title=Sathya Sai Baba Avatar Sweden Sverige|work=sathyasai-se.org}}</ref> সত্য সাই সংস্থাৰ মতে ১১৪খন দেশত প্ৰায় ১২০০টা সত্য সাই বাবা কেন্দ্ৰ আছে।<ref name="TheStarOnline84">{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2009/12/3/north/5212802&sec=North|title=Sai Baba turns 84|publisher=Thestar.com.my|date=3 December 2009|accessdate=6 January 2010|archivedate=21 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521155709/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F12%2F3%2Fnorth%2F5212802&sec=North|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="SathyaSaiNumbers">{{cite web|url=http://www.sathyasai.org/organize/content.htm#SaiOrg|title=The Sai Organization: Numbers to Sai Centres and Names of Countries|publisher=Sathyasai.org|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> পিছে সাই বাবাৰ ভক্তৰ সংখ্যা জনোটো কঠিন।<ref name="BabbLawrence"/> ধাৰণাটো ৬০ লাখৰ<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_581.html#3510 Adherents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112185014/https://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_581.html#3510 |date=2020-01-12 }} cites [[George Chryssides|Chryssides, George]]. ''Exploring New Religions''. London, UK: Cassells (1999) (10 million)<br />*Brown, Mick (2000-10-28). "Divine Downfall". Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=/health/2000/10/28/tlbaba28.xml. Retrieved 2007-03-12<br />*Edwards, Linda (2001). A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22259-5.</ref> পৰা ১০ কোটিলৈকে।<ref>''[[The Economist]]'', [http://www.economist.com/node/18678803 "Sai Baba"], 14 May 2011, p. 110.</ref> ভাৰততে, সাই বাবাৰ প্ৰায়বোৰ ভক্ত উচ্চ মধ্যবৃত্তআৰু চহৰত থাকে, "প্ৰায় ধন, শিক্ষা আৰু পশ্চিমীয়া চিন্তা ধাৰাৰ সৈতে পৰিচিত"।<ref name="UrbanHugh74">{{cite journal|last=Urban|first=Hugh B.|title=Avatar for Our Age: Sathya Sai Baba and the Cultural Contradictions of Late Capitalism|journal=''[[Religion (journal)|Religion]]''|volume=33|issue=1|page=74|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|year=2003|url=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622940/description#description|accessdate=5 January 2010|doi=10.1016/S0048-721X(02)00080-5}}</ref> ২০০২ চনত তেওঁ ১৭৮খন দেশত ভক্ত থকাৰ কথা দাবী কৰিলে।<ref name="nyt1dec2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/world/a-friend-in-india-to-all-the-world.html?pagewanted=1|title=A Friend in India to All the World|last=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=1 December 2002|work=The New York Times|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=Palmer97-98>Palmer, Norris W. "Baba's World". In: {{cite book|last=Forsthoefel|first=Thomas A.|last2=Humes|first2=Cynthia Ann (eds.)|title=Gurus in America|place=Albany, New York|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2005|pages=97–98|isbn=0-7914-6574-8}}</ref> সত্য সাই বাবাই বৃহৎ সংখ্যাত বিদ্যালয়, মহাবিদ্যালয়, চিকিৎসালয়, আৰু অন্য তেনে বিনামূলীয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠান ভাৰতত আৰু বিদেশত স্থাপন কৰিলে, যাৰ খৰচ সাধাৰণতে প্ৰায় ১০ হাজাৰ কোটি টকা বুলি ধৰা হয়।<ref> {{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/sathya-sai-baba-passes-away-leaves-behind-rs-40000-cr-worth-empire-with-no-clear-succession-plan/articleshow/8075953.cms|title=Sathya Sai Baba passes away, leaves behind Rs 40,000-cr worth empire with no clear succession plan |publisher=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | date=25 April 2011 |quote=Sai Baba leaves behind a wide network of charitable institutions, hospitals, schools, colleges, which some estimate to be worth about Rs 40,000 crore}} </ref><ref name=it>{{cite news | title =Up in the Heir: The secret world of Sathya Sai Baba's Rs 40,000 cr empire | author =Amarnath K. Menon | publisher =[[India Today]] | url =http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/sathya-sai-baba-health-scare-assets-transition/1/135354.html | date =25 April 2011 | accessdate =9 June 2011 | archivedate =24 April 2011 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110424073421/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/sathya-sai-baba-health-scare-assets-transition/1/135354.html | deadurl =yes }}</ref><ref name=dh>{{cite news| title =Sai Baba's death leaves question mark on Rs 40,000 crore empire| author =[[Indo-Asian News Service]]| publisher = [[Deccan Herald]]| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/156224/sai-babas-death-leaves-question.html| date = 24 April 2011 |accessdate =9 June 2011}}</ref> পিছে, ১.৪ লাখ কোটি টকা বুলিও অনেকে কয়।<ref>{{cite news| title =Sathya Sai Baba trust worth Rs 1.4 lakh crore?| publisher =[[CNN-IBN]]| url =http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sathya-sai-baba-trust-worth-rs-14-lakh-crore/150273-3.html| date =26 April 2011| accessdate =9 June 2011| archivedate =30 April 2011| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001702/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sathya-sai-baba-trust-worth-rs-14-lakh-crore/150273-3.html| deadurl =yes}}</ref> সাই বাবাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, সংস্থাটোৰ খৰচ কেনেদৰে চলোৱা যাব, তাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰশ্ন উঠিল, ই অন্যায়ৰ ধাৰণাও সৃষ্টি কৰিলে, নগদ ধন বা সোণ থকা বাকচ লোকোৱাৰ অভিযোগ উঠিল।<ref name=dh/><ref>{{cite news| title =What's inside Sathya Sai's personal chamber?| publisher = [[Zee News]] |url =http://zeenews.india.com/news710182.html| date =2 June 2011| accessdate =9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =Trust hesitant on unlocking Sai Babas residence| author =Express News Service| publisher =[[CNN-IBN]]| url =http://ibnlive.in.com/news/trust-hesitant-on-unlocking-sai-babas-residence/155644-60-114.html| date =31 May 2011| accessdate =9 June 2011| archivedate =3 June 2011| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110603112010/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/trust-hesitant-on-unlocking-sai-babas-residence/155644-60-114.html| deadurl =yes}}</ref> ==প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, প্ৰকল্প আৰু অন্য কাম== ===শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান=== সত্য সাই বাবাৰ শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহে অন্যান্য শৈক্ষিক দিশত পাৰদৰ্শিতা সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ লগতে চৰিত্ৰ শিক্ষা, মানৱীয় মূল্য আৰু নৈতিকতাৰ দিশত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে।<ref>Education for Life, The Sathya Sai Way, ''Times of India'', Chennai, Special Report, 14 April-2010 [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2010/04/14/61/Ar06101.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=175298&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Esathya%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Esai%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Ebaba%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T]</ref> [[File:University Sathya Sai Puttaparthi.jpg|thumb|শ্ৰী সত্য সাই বাবা উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, পুত্তপৰ্থি, অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ, ভাৰত]] ====শ্ৰী সত্য সাই উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান==== ১৯৮১ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে শ্ৰী সত্য সাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় নামেৰে জনাজাত, য'ৰ শ্ৰী সত্য সাই বাবা আচাৰ্য আছিল, শ্ৰী সত্য সাই উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ চাৰিটা কেম্পাচ আছে, এটা পুত্তপৰ্থিত পুৰুষৰ বাবে, এটা [[বেংগালুৰু]]ৰ হুৱাইটফিল্ডত পুৰুষৰ বাবে, এটা [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]]ৰ অনন্তপুৰত মহিলাৰ বাবে, আৰু এটা [[মুদ্দেনাহাল্লি]]ত পুৰুষৰ বাবে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sssihl.edu.in/sssuniversity/AboutSSSIHL/Campuses.aspx |title=SSSIHL Campuses |publisher=sssihl.edu.in |date= |accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> ====শ্ৰী সত্য সাই উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়==== শ্ৰী সত্য সাই উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় ভগৱান শ্ৰী সত্য সাই বাবাই ১৫ জুন ১৯৮১ত [[পুত্তপৰ্থি]]ৰ প্ৰশান্তি নিলয়মত 'শ্ৰী সত্য সাই ৱিদ্যা গিৰি' কম্প্লেক্সত আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ই এক আৱাসিক বিদ্যালয়, য'ত ল'ৰা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বাবে পৃথক হোষ্টেল আছে। বিদ্যালয়খনে [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা ফলক]], [[নতুন দিল্লি]]ৰ অধীনত প্ৰথমৰ পৰা দ্বাদশ শ্ৰেণীলৈকে পাঠদান আগবঢ়াই। ২০১৪ত এই বিদ্যালয়ক ভাৰতৰ শীৰ্ষ ১০খন কেন্দীয় মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা ফলক অধীনস্ত বিদ্যালয়ৰ মাজত গণা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/examination-results-2014/top-cbse-affiliated-schools|title=Top CBSE-Affiliated Schools: School-Wise Performance Analysis in the CBSE Class-12 Examinations of 2014}}</ref> ====অন্যান্য==== সত্য সাই বাবাই [[মুদ্দেনাহাল্লি]] আৰু [[কানিভেনাৰায়ণাপুৰ]] অঞ্চলত [[মুদ্দেনাহাল্লি-সত্য সাই লোক সেৱা বিদ্যালয়]] আৰু [[শ্ৰী সত্য সাই লোক সেৱা ন্যাস শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] চলাইছিল। তেওঁ [[মদিয়ল নাৰায়ণ ভট]]ৰ পৰা শ্ৰী সত্য সাই লোক সেৱা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ দৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠানো ল'লে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/pall-of-gloom-descends-on-sri-sathya-sai-gram/article1765080.ece|title=Pall of gloom descends on Sri Sathya Sai Gram|author=K.V. Subramanya|work=The Hindu}}</ref> বৰ্তমান ইয়াৰ শীৰ্ষ স্থানত গংগাধৰ ভট আছে। তদুপৰি এখন সত্য সাই বাবা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ২০০ একৰ (০.৮১ কি-মি^২) মাটিত চলি আছে। বাবাই কৈছিল যে কেম্পাচটো পুত্তপৰ্থিৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'ব আৰু শৈক্ষিকৰ সৈতে আধ্যাত্মিক জ্ঞানো প্ৰদান কৰিব।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750800300.htm|title=Education Plus: An emerging educational hub |publisher=The Hindu |date=7 September 2009 |accessdate=7 January 2010 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article8455.ece |title=Varsity for Muddenehalli |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=25 November 2008 |accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref> [[File:SSH9.jpg|thumb|শ্ৰী সত্য সাই চুপাৰ স্পেচিয়েলিটি চিকিৎসালয়, হুৱাইটফিল্ড, বেংগালুৰু, কৰ্ণাটক, ভাৰত]] ===চিকিৎসালয় আৰু স্বাস্থ্য সেৱা=== শ্ৰী সত্য সাই কেন্দ্ৰীয় ন্যাসে কেইবাখনো সাধাৰণ চিকিৎসালয়, দুখন বিশেষ চিকিৎসালয়, চকু চিকিৎসালয় আৰু ভ্ৰাম্যমাণ দিস্পেন্সেৰী চলাই, লগতে গাঁৱলীয়া অঞ্চল আদিত স্বাস্থ্য শিবিৰ চলাই আহিছে।<ref name="babatrust">Times of India, ''"Sathya Sai Baba Trust to set up second superspecialty hospital at Bangalore"'', 29 May 2000</ref> ====শ্ৰী সত্য সাই সাধাৰণ চিকিৎসালয়, হুৱাইটফিল্ড==== শ্ৰী সত্য সাই সাধাৰণ চিকিৎসালয় হুৱাইটফিল্ড, বেংগালুৰুত অবস্থিত, যাক ১৯৭৭ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু যিয়ে বিনামূলীয়াকৈ জটিল চাৰ্জাৰি, খাদ্য আৰু দৰৱ প্ৰদান কৰে। চিকিৎসালয়খনে ২০ লক্ষাধিক মানুহক সেৱা আগ বঢ়াইছে।<ref>''"Sai Baba hospital: A refuge to millions"'', 1 May 2001, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/39970476.cms Available online]</ref> ====সত্য সাই উচ্চতৰ চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, পুত্তপৰ্থি==== শ্ৰী সত্য সাই উচ্চতৰ চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান এটি ৩০০ বিছনাযুক্ত সুবিধা যিয়ে বিনামূলীয়া চাৰ্জাৰি-সম্বন্ধীয় আৰু চিকিৎসা সেৱা আগবঢ়াই আৰু যাক ২২ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৯১ত প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰসিংহ ৰাও|নৰসিংহ ৰাৱে]] উদ্বোধন কৰিছিল।<ref name="TheHinduNewspaper"/> চিকিৎসালয়খনত ১১টা চাৰ্জিকেল থিয়েটাৰ, ৫টা বিশেষ সেৱা একক, দুটা কাৰ্ডিয়েক কাঠাটাৰাইজেচন পৰীক্ষাগাৰ, চিকিৎসা সম্বন্ধিত আৰু চাৰ্জিকেল ৱাৰ্ড, আৰু এটা ২৪-ঘণ্টীয়া এমাৰ্জেঞ্চী একক আছিল। "কাৰ্ডিঅ'লজি, কাৰ্ডিঅ' ঠৰাকিক, ভাস্কুলাৰ চাৰ্জাৰি, য়ুৰ'লজি, অফ্থেল্ম'লজি আদি বিষয়ত শীৰ্ষস্থানীয় চিকিৎসক সমগ্ৰ পৃথিৱীৰ পৰা নিজ ইচ্ছাৰে আহে আৰু বিনামূলীয়া সেৱা আগবঢ়়াই আহিছে"।<ref>[http://puttaparthi.info/parthi/saibaba/serviceactivities/ssh.asp puttaparthi-info.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://psg.sssihms.org.in/pages/Academics/Accolades/Dr-Amit-Chabbra-Gold-Medal-DNB-Ophthal.htm | title=DNB Gold medal | publisher=Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust | accessdate=8 September 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.souljourns.net/index.php/videos/videos-on-youtube/607-souljourns-choudary-voleti-m-d-director-of-sai-baba-s-super-specialty-hospital Souljourns Interview], An Interview with the current director of SSSIHMS. Dr. Choudhary Voleti speaks about SSSIHMS Puttaparthi and its growth.</ref> চিকিৎসালয়খনৰ নিজৰ এক বেলেগ ইতিহাস আছে। ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৯০ত, বাবাৰ জন্মদিনত, দৰিদ্ৰজনে চিকিৎসা সেৱা লাভ নকৰাক লৈ ভাষণ দি থাকোঁতে বাবাই ক'লে যে এবছৰৰ ভিতৰত পুত্তপৰ্থি গাঁৱত এখন নতুন চিকিৎসালয় আহিব যিয়ে সকলো ৰোগীলৈ বিনামূলীয়া চিকিৎসা আগবঢ়াব। চিকিৎসালয়খন অভিলেখ গঢ়ি এবছৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'ল আৰু প্ৰথম কাৰ্ডিঅ'ঠৰাটিক অপাৰেচন সুকলমে সম্পন্ন হ'ল।<ref name="SSS speaks">http://www.sssbpt.info/ssspeaks/volume23/sss23-34.pdf</ref> ====শ্ৰী সত্য সাই উচ্চতৰ চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান প্ৰথিষ্ঠা, হুৱাইটফিল্ড==== [[File:Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital.jpg|thumb|শ্ৰী সত্য সাই চুপাৰ স্পেচিয়েলিটি হস্পিটেল, হুৱাইটফিল্ড, বেংগালুৰু, কৰ্ণাটক, ভাৰত]] প্ৰথম চুপাৰ স্পেচিয়েলিটি চিকিৎসালয়ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত কৰ্ণাটক চৰকাৰে সাই বাবাক আন এখন চিকিৎসালয় বনাবলৈ ৫৩ একৰ মাটি দিলে, হুৱাইটফিল্ডত।<ref name="heartvalve1">{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.heartvalvebank.info/wordpress/?page_id=45 |access-date=2015-03-30 |archivedate=2012-02-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227185518/http://www.heartvalvebank.info/wordpress/?page_id=45 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এই চুপাৰ স্পেচিয়েলিটি চিকিৎসালয়খনত ৩৩৩খন বিছনা আছে।<ref>''Deccan Harald'': "Where service comes first" by Aruna Chandaraju, 17 January 2006 [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan172006/spectrum106442006117.asp Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409084809/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan172006/spectrum106442006117.asp |date=2007-04-09 }}</ref> চিকিৎসালয়খন ১৯ জানুৱাৰী ২০০১ত প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰী [[অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]]য়ে উদ্বোধন কৰিছিল।<ref>The Hindu: Vajpayee hits out at high cost of medicare by A. Jayaram, 20 January 2001 [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/01/20/stories/0220000b.htm Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003407/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/01/20/stories/0220000b.htm |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref><ref>Times of India, ''"Sai hospital to host health meet on Saturday"'', 14 January 2002, [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-14/bangalore/27107919_1_sri-sathya-sai-healthcare-sector-quality-healthcare Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130628041105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-14/bangalore/27107919_1_sri-sathya-sai-healthcare-sector-quality-healthcare |date=2013-06-28 }}</ref> এই চিকিৎসালয়ৰ নিৰ্মাণত প্ৰায় ২০০ কোটি [[টকা]] ব্যয় কৰা হ'ল।<ref>[http://puttaparthi.info/parthi/saibaba/serviceactivities/ssshw.asp puttaparthi-info.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The hospital has provided free medical care to over 250,000 patients.<ref>''The Times of India'': Super-Specialty hospital touches 250,000 cases by Manu Rao, [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-04-29/bangalore/28324876_1_super-speciality-hospital-higher-medical-sciences-cardiac-treatment Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130628041037/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-04-29/bangalore/28324876_1_super-speciality-hospital-higher-medical-sciences-cardiac-treatment |date=2013-06-28 }}</ref> ===খোৱা পানী যোগান প্ৰকল্প=== ====অনন্তপুৰ==== নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৯৫ত সত্য সাই বাবাই ৰায়ালচীমাত খোৱা পানীৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ দুখ হোৱাৰ কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে।<ref name="anantapurproject">{{cite web|url=http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Service_Projects/Anantapur.htm|title=SSSCT-Service Projects - Water Supply - Anantapur|work=srisathyasai.org.in|access-date=2015-03-30|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054843/http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Service_Projects/Anantapur.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মাৰ্চ ১৯৯৫ত শ্ৰী সত্য সাই কেন্দ্ৰীয় ন্যাসে অনন্তপুৰৰ সকলো গাঁৱত পানী যোগান ধৰাৰ কথা আলোচনা কৰিলে।<ref name="anantapurproject"/> ১৯৯৬ত কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হ'ল, শুকান অনন্তপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ ৭৫০খন গাঁৱৰ ১২ লাখ মানুহক পানী যোগান ধৰা হ'ল।<ref name="cmpraise"/><ref>The Week: Showers of Grace by Hiramalini Seshadri, 26 May 2002 {{Cite web |title=Available online |url=http://www.the-week.com//22may26/events12.htm |access-date=2015-03-30 |archivedate=2002-06-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020607142233/http://www.the-week.com//22may26/events12.htm |deadurl=unfit }}.</ref> ====চেন্নাই==== ২০০৪ত কাম সম্পন্ন হোৱা চেন্নাই খোৱা পানী প্ৰকল্পই চেন্নাইত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মিত জলমাৰ্গ ''"সত্য সাই গংগা কেনেল"''ৰ দ্বাৰা চেন্নাইত পানী যোগান ধৰে।<ref>The Hindu: Chennai benefits from Sai Baba's initiative by Our Special Correspondent, 1 December 2004, [http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/01/stories/2004120113280300.htm Available online]</ref><ref>The Hindu: Project Water by Hiramalini Seshadri, 25 June 2003, [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/25/stories/2003062500110300.htm Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226015853/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/25/stories/2003062500110300.htm |date=2009-02-26 }}</ref> তামিল নাডুৰ মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী [[এম কৰুণানিধি]]য়ে প্ৰকল্পটো আৰু সাই বাবাৰ কামৰ খুব প্ৰশংসা কৰিলে।<ref>Chennai Online: MK hails Sai Baba's service to mankind, 21 January 2007, [http://www.chennaionline.com/colnews/newsitem.asp?NEWSID=%7B62204700-0492-49CE-8AA8-E79FDC799715%7D&CATEGORYNAME=CHN Available online]</ref><ref>IBN: Karunanidhi shares dais with Sai Baba, 21 January 2007, [http://www.ibnlive.com/news/karunanidhi-shares-dais-with-sai-baba/31747-3.html Available online]</ref> অন্য তেনে প্ৰকল্প হ'ল ৪৫০০০০জন লোকক ১৭৯ গাঁৱত উপকাৰ কৰা মেডাক প্ৰকল্প, ১৪১ গাঁৱত ৩৫০০০০জন লোকক উপকাৰ কৰা মহবুবনগৰ জিলা প্ৰকল্প আদি।<ref name="cmpraise">The Hindu: Water projects: CM all praise for Satya Sai Trust by Our Staff Reporter, 13 February 2004,[http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021301330500.htm Available online]</ref> জানুৱাৰী ২০০৭ত ন্যাসে [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ [[লাতুৰ]]ত মানুহক পানী যোগান ধৰাৰ কথাও কয়।<ref name=autogenerated1>The Hindu: Saibaba Trust to undertake drinking water project in Latur, 17 January 2007,[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200701171340.htm Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203642/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200701171340.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/chennai/29470839_1_krishna-water-project-sathya-sai-baba-cooum-clean-up-project | work=The Times Of India | title=Water projects endeared Baba to Chennai - The Times of India | access-date=2015-03-30 | archivedate=2013-10-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004746/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/chennai/29470839_1_krishna-water-project-sathya-sai-baba-cooum-clean-up-project | deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021301330500.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Water projects: CM all praise for Satya Sai Trust | date=13 February 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/natives-remember-sathya-sai-baba-for-philanthropy/780658/|title=Natives remember Sathya Sai Baba for philanthropy|work=indianexpress.com}}</ref> ===উৰিষ্যা=== ২০০৮ চনত উৰিষ্যাৰ ২০ লাখ মানুহ বানাক্ৰান্ত হ'ল। তাৰ বাবে, ১৬ গাঁৱত প্ৰাথমিক পৰ্যায়ৰ কামৰ অন্তৰ্গত কৰি, ৬৯৯টা ঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'ল শ্ৰী সত্য সাই সেৱা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা, মাৰ্চ ২০০৯ চনত।<ref>Flood leaves behind a miracle, The Times of India, Chennai, Special Report, 14 April-2010 [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2010/04/14/62/Ar06202.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=175302&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Esathya%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Esai%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Ebaba%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T]</ref> ===এজুকেয়াৰ=== সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ''এজুকেয়াৰ'' প্ৰকল্পৰ উদ্দেশ্য সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতেই বিদ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰা আৰু ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীক অন্ততঃ ৫টা মানৱীয় মূল্যৰ জ্ঞান দিয়া। সাই এজুকেয়াৰ চাইটৰ মতে, [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[মেক্সিক']], [[যুক্তৰাজ্য]], [[পেৰু]] আদি ৩৩খন দেশত বিদ্যালয় খোলা হৈছে।<ref>Sai Educare Website, authorized by the Sathya Sai Organization, [http://www.saieducare.org/html/index.asp Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509220327/http://www.saieducare.org/html/index.asp |date=2012-05-09 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://educare.sathyasai.org/html/index.asp |title=Sathya Sai Educare |publisher=Educare.sathyasai.org |date= |accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref> টাইমছ অৱ যাম্বিয়াৰ মতে-- "যাম্বিয়াৰ শিক্ষা ব্যৱস্থাত সত্য সাই বাবাৰ কামৰ বিশেষ ইতিবাচক প্ৰভাৱ আছে। মানৱীয়মূল্যৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত শিক্ষা, যি সাই বাবাৰ শৈক্ষিক আদৰ্শৰ ফল, যাম্বিয়াৰ শিক্ষাবিদসকলৰ বাবে চকু খুলি দিয়া বস্তু"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times.co.zm/?cat=1|title=Times of Zambia |publisher=Times.co.zm|accessdate=2015-02-07}}</ref> [[কানাডা]]ত, কানাডাৰ স্বাধীন অনুসন্ধান আৰু শৈক্ষিক সংস্থা ফ্ৰেচাৰ ইন্সটিটিউটে সত্য সাই বিদ্যালয়ক [[অণ্টাৰিঅ']]ৰ শীৰ্ষ ৩৭খন বিদ্যালয়ৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিলে।<ref name="fraser">{{cite web |url=http://www.fraserinstitute.org/reportcards/schoolperformance/schooldisplay.aspx?id=ONE665134 |title=School Report Cards by Fraser Institute |publisher=Fraserinstitute.org |date= |accessdate=26 July 2010 |archivedate=7 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307021237/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/reportcards/schoolperformance/schooldisplay.aspx?id=ONE665134 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ===আধ্যাত্মিক সংবাদ মাধ্যম=== ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ২০০১ত, অংকীয় অনাতাৰ জালকৰ্ম 'সাই গ্ল'বেল হাৰ্মনি'ক ৱৰ্ল্ড স্পেচ অৰ্গেনাইজেচন বা বিশ্ব মহাকাশ সংস্থা, আমেৰিকা যুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মাধ্যমেৰে আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। মাইকেল অলেইনিকফ ন’বেলে ([[আলফ্ৰেড ন'বেল]]ৰ দূৰৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় আৰু অনাতাৰ জালকৰ্মটোৰ বাবে অন্যতম ধন-প্ৰদাতা) ক'লে যে অনাতাৰ জালকৰ্মটোৱে সাইবাবাৰ বিশ্ব সম্প্ৰীতিৰ বাৰ্তাটো বিয়পোৱাত সহায় কৰিব।<ref>The Hindu, ''"Saibaba Gospel Goes on Air"'', 24 November 2001, [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/11/24/stories/0424201f.htm Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003413/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/11/24/stories/0424201f.htm |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> ==স্বীকৃতি== ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৯৯ত [[ভাৰত]] চৰকাৰৰ ডাক বিভাগে সাই বাবাই গাঁৱত পানী যোগানৰ বাবে কৰা কামক স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ এটি প'ষ্টেল ষ্টাম্প বা ডাক মোহৰ মুকলি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Service_Projects/Anantapur.htm |title=SSSCT-Service Projects – Water Supply – Anantapur |publisher=Srisathyasai.org.in |date=23 November 1999 |accessdate=7 January 2010 |archivedate=4 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054843/http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Service_Projects/Anantapur.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> জানুৱাৰী ২০০৭ত চেন্নাইবাসীয়ে চেন্নাইৰ জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু ষ্টেডিয়ামত এটা অনুষ্ঠানৰ আয়োজন কৰিলে, সাই বাবাই অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ [[কৃষ্ণা নদী]]ৰ পানী চেন্নাইত যোগান ধৰাৰ বাবে ধন্যবাদ স্বৰূপে। চাৰিজন মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী অনুষ্ঠানটোত উপস্থিত আছিল।<ref name="Chennai Visit">[http://www.indianexpress.com/story/21444.html Felicitation for Water Project] Indian Express.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenews.com/politics/20070121/36546.htm |title=Indian News |publisher=Indiaenews.com |date=21 January 2007 |accessdate=7 January 2010 |archivedate=12 October 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012004530/http://www.indiaenews.com/politics/20070121/36546.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> সেই সময়ৰ ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰী [[মনমোহন সিং|মনমোহন সিঙে]] ক'লে যে সাই বাবা এজন লোক যিয়ে "দহো লক্ষ লোকক এটা নৈতিক আৰু অৰ্থপূৰ্ণ জীৱন যাপন কৰিবলৈ প্ৰেৰণা যোগালে"<ref name="utsandiegoglimpse" /> ভাৰতীয় ডাক বিভাগে সাই বাবাক স্মৰণ কৰিবলৈ আধ্যাত্মিক গুৰুজনৰ ৮৮তম জন্মদিনত, নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৩ত এটি ষ্টাম্প মুকলি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/postal-stamp-on-sathya-sai-baba-released/article5385073.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Postal stamp on Sathya Sai Baba released | date=24 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Postal-department-to-release-stamp-on-Sathya-Sai-Baba/articleshow/26168869.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Postal department to release stamp on Sathya Sai Baba - The Times of India}}</ref> {{wide image|Sri Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital panorama.jpg|800px|শ্ৰী সত্য সাই চুপাৰ স্পেচিয়েলিটি চিকিৎসালয়, পুত্তপৰ্থি, অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ, ভাৰত}} ==আশ্ৰম আৰু মন্দিৰ== ===প্ৰশান্তি নিলয়ম=== [[File:PrashantiNilayam1.jpg|thumb|পুত্তপৰ্থি, অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]][[File:Chaitanya Jyothi Museum, Prashanthi Nilayam, India.jpg|thumb| সত্য সাই বাবাৰ জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত চৈতন্য জ্যোতি সংগ্ৰহালয়]] পুত্তপৰ্থি, য'ত সত্য সাই বাবাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু, ভিতৰুৱা গাওঁ আছিল। এতিয়া সেই 'গাঁৱত' এটা বৃহৎ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় কম্প্লেক্স, এক বিশেষ চিকিৎসালয়, দুটা সংগ্ৰহালয়: "সনাতন সংস্কৃতি" (সৰ্ব ধৰ্ম সংগ্ৰহালয় বুলিও জনা যায়) আৰু "চৈতন্য জ্যোতি" যি সত্য সাই বাবাৰ জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰতেই আধাৰিত (পিছৰটোৱে নিজৰ স্থাপত্যৰ বাবে কেইবাটাও আন্তৰ্জাতিক পুৰস্কাৰ পাইছে) আছে।<ref name="TheStar2005-04-02">{{cite web| last = Krishnamoorthy| first = M.| authorlink = | title = Enlightening experience in India| publisher = The Star Online| date = 2 April 2005| url = http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2005/4/2/features/9982154&sec=features| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050412101614/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F4%2F2%2Ffeatures%2F9982154&sec=features| archivedate = 12 April 2005| accessdate = 6 January 2010| deadurl = yes}}</ref> তাত এটি প্লেনেটেৰিয়াম, এটা ৰে'লৱে ষ্টেচন, এটা হিল-ভিউ ষ্টেডিয়াম, এটা প্ৰশাসনিক ভৱন, ইণ্ড'ৰ স্পৰ্টছ ষ্টেডিয়াম আদিও আছে।<ref>Places to see at Puttaparthi. [http://www.sathyasai.org/ashrams/prasanthi/outsideinterest.html Available online]</ref>উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ যেনে পূৰ্বৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[এ পি জে আব্দুল কালাম]], পূৰ্বৰ প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰী [[অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]], অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ পূৰ্বৰ মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী [[কনিজেটি ৰচাইয়াহ]], কৰ্ণাটকৰ মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী বি-এচ য়েদ্যুৰাপ্পা আদিও পুত্তপৰ্থিৰ আশ্ৰমৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক অতিথি আছিল।<ref>''The Hindu'', "A 5-point recipe for happiness" 24 November 2006 [http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/24/stories/2006112405400400.htm Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720164130/http://hindu.com/2006/11/24/stories/2006112405400400.htm |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref><ref>''The Hindu'', "Warm welcome to PM at Puttaparthi",12 February 2004 [http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021203690600.htm Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003241/http://hinduonnet.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021203690600.htm |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> দহ লাখতকৈও অধিক লোকে সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ৮০ নং জন্মদিন উপভোগ কৰিছিলে, তাৰে ভিতৰত ভাৰত আৰু ১৮০খন অন্য দেশৰ ১৩০০০ বিশেষ লোক আছিলে।<ref>''Deccan Herald'', "Sathya Sai's birthday celebrations on" by Terry Kennedy, 23 November 2005, [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov232005/national1724520051122.asp Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501184330/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov232005/national1724520051122.asp |date=2007-05-01 }}</ref> [[File:Hill in Prashanthi Nilayam with statues of Hanuman, Krishna, Shirdi Sai Baba, Shiva, Buddha, Christ, Zarathustra.jpg|thumb|[[হনুমান]], [[কৃষ্ণ]], [[শিৰডীৰ সাই বাবা]], [[শিব]], [[বুদ্ধ]], [[যীশু খ্ৰীষ্ট]] আৰু [[যৰথুষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ মূৰ্তি থকা প্ৰশান্তি নিলয়মৰ পাহাৰ]] সত্য সাই বাবা প্ৰায় নিজৰ মুখ্য আশ্ৰম পত্তিপুৰ্থিৰ প্ৰশান্তি নিলয়মত থাকিছিল। গ্ৰীষ্মত তেওঁ বেংগালুৰুৰ হুৱাইটফিল্ডৰ কাডুগ'ডিৰ আশ্ৰম 'বৃন্দাবন'ত (বৃন্দাৱনত) থাকিছিল। মাজে সময়ে তেওঁ কডাইকানালৰ 'সাই শ্ৰুতি আশ্ৰম'লৈও গৈছিল।<ref>The ashrams of Sathya Sai Baba. Referenced from the official Sathya Sai Organization website, [http://www.sathyasai.org/ashrams/content.html Available online]</ref> ===সত্যম, শিৱম, সুন্দৰম=== সত্য সাই বাবাই তিনিটা মন্দিৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। প্ৰথমটো হ'ল [[মুম্বাই]]ৰ "ধৰ্মক্ষেত্ৰ" ৱা "সত্যম" (১৯৬৮), দ্বিতীয়টো [[হাইদৰাবাদ]]ৰ "শিৱম" (১৯৭৩), আৰু তৃতীয়টো চেন্নাইৰ "সুন্দৰম" (১৯৮১)।<ref name="Official">{{cite web|url= http://media.radiosai.org/Journals/Vol_04/01MAR06/coverstory_sundaram.htm|title= Sathyam, Shivam and Sundaram Mandirs|publisher= http://media.radiosai.org|date= 1 March 2006|access-date= 30 March 2015|archivedate= 13 April 2015|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150413132444/http://media.radiosai.org/journals/Vol_04/01MAR06/coverstory_sundaram.htm|deadurl= yes}}</ref> ==ভক্তৰ বিশ্বাস আৰু ৰীতি-নীতি== কোনো কোনোৱে সত্য সাই বাবা আন্দোলনটো হিন্দু আন্দোলন বুলি কয়।<ref>Alexandra Kent Divinity and diversity: a Hindu revitalization movement in Malaysia, NIAS, 2005</ref><ref>Handoo, Jawaharlal in ''Asian Folklore Studies'', Vol. 48, No. 2 (1989), pp. 326–32 reviewing Lawrence A. Babb's book ''Redemptive Encounters. Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition'' [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0385-2342%281989%2948%3A2%3C326%3ARETMSI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z&size=LARGE page 1]</ref><ref>Nagel, Alexandra (note: Nagel is a critical former follower) "De Sai Paradox: Tegenstrijdigheden van en rondom Sathya Sai Baba"/"The Sai Paradox contradictions of and surrounding Sathya Sai Baba" from the magazine "Religieuze Bewegingen in Nederland, 'Sekten' "/"Religious movements in the Netherlands, 'Cults/Sects' ", 1994, nr. 29. published by the [[Free University of Amsterdam]] press, (1994) ISBN 90-5383-341-2<br> Dutch original: "Ofschoon Sai Baba gezegd heeft mensen van allerlei religieuze gezindten te helpen terug te gaan naar oude waarden en normen, en ofschoon zijn logo de symbolen van de andere grote godsdiensten bevat, is de sfeer rondom Sai Baba duidelijk hindoeïstisch gekleurd. Alle moslim-elementen bijv. waarvan verondersteld zou kunnen worden dat hij die zou hebben meegenomen uit zijn leven als Sai Baba van Shirdi, heeft hij laten vallen. Het enig echt herkenbare wat hij van Shirdi Baba nog heeft, is het veelvuldig gebruik van as, – wat hij dan niet uit een dhuni haalt zoals Shirdi Baba deed, maar materialiseert (of tevoorschijn goochelt)"</ref> কিন্তু ২০০৬ চনত চিকাগ' বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এন্থ্ৰপলজীৰ অধ্যাপকজন ডি কেলীয়ে ফিজিৰ হিন্দু অভিজানৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এটি লেখত লিখে যে সত্য সাই সংস্থাই নিজকে "হিন্দু" বুলি ক'ব নিবিচাৰে। কেলীৰ মতে, তেওঁলোকে নিজৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপকক জীৱিত ধৰ্মীয় সমন্বয়ৰ ৰূপত চাই আৰু নিজকে আন্তৰ্ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলন বুলি ক'ব খোজে। আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে, সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ভক্তসকল দৈনিক, নহ'লে সপ্তাহত এবাৰ, [[বৃহস্পতিবাৰ]] বা [[দেওবাৰ|দেওবাৰে]] লগ হয় আৰু [[ভজন]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sathyasai.ca/ |title=Sri Sathya Sai Baba Organization in Canada – Home Page |publisher=Sathyasai.ca |date=1 May 2006 |accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref> প্ৰাৰ্থনা<ref name="saius">http://us.sathyasai.org/resources/06oct15CenterGuidelines12.pdf</ref> আদি গাই, আধ্যাত্মিক ধ্যান, সেৱা<ref name="saito">{{cite web|url=http://www.sathyasaitoronto.org/ |title=The Sri Sathya Sai Baba Centre of Toronto – York |publisher=Sathyasaitoronto.org |date= |accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref> আদি কৰে আৰু মানৱীয়মূল্যৰ শিক্ষাত অংশ গ্ৰহণ কৰে, যাক বাল বিকাশ বোলা হয়।<ref name="saius"/> গুণমুগ্ধ সকলে সাই বাবাৰ দৰ্শন কৰি আধ্যাত্মিক লাভ গ্ৰহণ কৰাত বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল, প্ৰতিদিনে ৰাতিপুৱা আৰু দুপৰীয়া। সাই বাবাই মানুহৰ লগত কথা পাতিছিল, চিঠি লৈছিল, বিভূতি প্ৰকট কৰি বিলাইছিল বা দল অথবা কোনো ব্যক্তিক আধ্যাত্মিক উত্তৰ বিচাৰি আৰু সাধাৰণ পথপ্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎকাৰৰ বাবে মাতিছিল।<ref name="kent"/> ==সমালোচনা== সাই বাবাৰ সমালোচকে তেওঁৰ ওপৰত হাতৰ চাফাই, যৌন নিৰ্যাতন, কালা ধন ৰখা, সেৱা প্ৰকল্পত গাফিলতি কৰা আৰু হত্যা আদিৰ অভিযোগ আনিছে।<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name=Palmer116/> ১৯৭২ চনত আব্ৰাহম কাভুৰে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে সত্য সাই বাবাক মুকলৈভাৱে সমালোচনা কৰিলে,<ref name="srisathyasaibabaandthepress">Ruhela S.P., ''Sri Sathya Sai Baba and the Press'', pp. 1–5, 1997 ISBN 81-7533-041-4</ref> যেতিয়া তেওঁ এজন ভক্তই মুকলিকে কৰা দাবী এটা চালে<ref name="srisathyasaibabaandthepress" /> যে সত্য সাই বাবাই চেইক' ঘড়ীৰ এটা নতুন মডেলৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে, আৰু দাবীটো মিছা পালে।<ref name="sathyasaibabasgrace">Ruhela S.P., ''How to Receive Sri Sathya Sai Baba's Grace'', pp. 277, 2006 ISBN 81-7182-089-1</ref><ref name=OutlookSingh>{{cite web|title=The Spell Breaker|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262445|publisher=Outlook|accessdate=16 October 2013|author=Rahul Singh|date=2 November 2009}}</ref> এপ্ৰিল ১৯৭৬ত, হচুৰ নৰসিংহাইয়াহ, এজন চিকিৎসক, যুক্তিবাদী আৰু তেতিয়া বাংগাল'ৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ উপ-আচাৰ্যই "যুক্তিপূৰ্বক আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে চমৎকাৰ আৰু অন্য সত্যা-সত্য প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰিবলৈ" এখন সমিতি প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু সমিতিখনৰ অধ্যাক্ষতা কৰিলে। নৰসিংহাইয়াহে সত্য সাই বাবালৈ তিনিখন অতিকৈ প্ৰচাৰিত চিঠি প্ৰেৰণ কৰিলে আৰু বাবাক তেওঁৰ চমৎকাৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত চৰ্তত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনালে। চিঠিকেইখনক গুৰুত্ব দিয়া নহ'ল।<ref name="haraldsson204">Haraldson, ''op. cit'', pp&nbsp;204–205</ref> সত্য সাই বাবাই ক'লে যে তেওঁ এই কাৰণে চিঠিকেইখনৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি নজনালে যে "বিজ্ঞানে নিজৰ প্ৰশ্ন কেৱল মানৱ চেতনালৈকেহে সীমিত ৰাখিব লাগে আৰু আধ্যাত্মিকতা চেতনাৰ বাহিৰত।<ref>{{cite web|title=Satya Sai Baba and His Miracles|publisher=The Chakra|url=http://www.chakranews.com/satya-sai-baba-and-his-miracles/3543}}</ref> যদি আপুনি আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ প্ৰকৃতি বুজিব বিচাৰে, সেয়া কেৱল আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ মাধ্যমেৰেহে সম্ভৱ আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মাধ্যমেৰে নহয়। বিজ্ঞানে যি জানিব পাৰিছে সেয়া কেৱল সৃষ্টি সংক্ৰান্তৰ এটা সৰু অংশহে...."<ref name="blitz">Interview given by Sathya Sai Baba to [[R. K. Karanjia]] of ''Blitz'' news magazine in September 1976 [http://www.saibaba.ws/articles/interviewwithjournalistsept1976.htm Available online]</ref> নৰসিংহাইয়াহৰ সমিতিখন আগষ্ট ১৯৭৭ চনত ভংগ কৰা হ'ল। [[এৰ্লেণ্ডুৰ হেৰাল্ডচন]]ৰ মতে সমিতিৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক প্ৰত্যাহ্বান সমিতিৰ নেতিবাচক মনোভাব আৰু সমিতিৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা এক ধূম ধামৰ বাবে অন্ত পৰিল। নৰসিংহাইয়াহে ইয়াকে সত্য মানিলে যে সাই বাবাই তেওঁৰ চমৎকাৰ নকল হোৱাৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ চিঠিক গুৰুত্ব নিদিলে।<ref>Haraldsson, pp 209</ref> এই ঘটনাৰ পিছত কেইবামাহ ধৰি ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ পত্ৰসমূহত তৰ্ক চলিল।<ref>Haraldsson, ''op. cit.'', pp. 206</ref> ১৯৭৬ চনত সত্য সাই বাবাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অভিযান চলোৱা ভাৰতীয় যুক্তিবিদ [[বাচাৱা প্ৰেমানন্দ]]ই সত্য সাই বাবাক মানুহে কোৱাৰ দৰে সোণৰ বস্তু প্ৰকট কৰি ''গ'ল্ড কণ্ট্ৰল এক্ট'' বা স্বৰ্ণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আইন ভংগ কৰাৰ বাবে আইনী দণ্ড বিহাৰ অসফল চেষ্টা কৰিলে। যেতিয়া অভিযোগটো খাৰিজ কৰা হ'ল, প্ৰেমানন্দই অসফলভাৱে আপীল কৰিলে এই ভিত্তিত যে আধ্যাত্মিক শক্তি আইনে স্বীকাৰ কৰা সুৰক্ষা নহয়।<ref name=bbca1>{{cite news|author=Tanya Datta|title=Sai Baba: Goan or con man?|date=17 June 2004|work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3813469.stm | accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> ১৯৯৫ত ৰবাৰ্ট ইগলে যুক্ত ৰাজ্যৰ বাবে প্ৰযোজনা কৰা, লিখা আৰু পৰিচালনা কৰা [[দূৰদৰ্শন]]ৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰ ''গুৰু বাষ্টাৰ্চ''ত সত্য সাই বাবাই নকলভাৱে বস্তু প্ৰকট কৰাৰ অভিযোগ কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eagletv.co.uk/home/guru.htm |title=Eagle & Eagle |publisher=Eagletv.co.uk |date= |accessdate=7 January 2010 |archivedate=30 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130123909/http://www.eagletv.co.uk/home/guru.htm |deadurl=yes }} [http://www.eagletv.co.uk/home/videos/Saimagic.mov Clip]</ref> চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ ক্লিপটো [[ডেক্কান ক্ৰনিকাল]]ত প্ৰথম পৃষ্ঠাত "ডি ডি টে'প আনভিল্স বাবা মেজিক" শিৰোনামেৰে ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৯২ত প্ৰকাশ পালে।<ref>Haraldsson, ''op. cit.'', pp.&nbsp;295–301</ref> কিন্তু হেৰাল্ডচনে ক'লে যে, ডিডি ভিডিঅ'টো অনুসন্ধান কৰোঁতে, গৱেষকে নকল বস্তু প্ৰকটৰ কোনো তথ্য বিচাৰি নাপালে। হেৰাল্ডচনৰ মতে, ভিডিঅ'টো কৰ্পৰেট ঠগনৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ ওচৰত লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল, যিয়ে হাতৰ চাফাইৰ কোনো নিশ্চিত প্ৰমাণ নাপালে।<ref>Haraldsson, ''op. cit.'', pp 300, 295–301</ref> ১৯৯৮ত ব্ৰিটিছ সাংবাদিক মিক ব্ৰাউনে নিজৰ কিতাপ ''দা স্পিৰিচুৱেল টুৰিষ্ট''ত এই মত পোষণ কৰিলে যে সত্য সাই বাবাই [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|আমেৰিকী]] ভক্ত ৱাল্টাৰ কৱানক পুনৰ্জীৱিত কৰা কথাটো সচা নহ'ব পাৰে।<ref name="spiritualtourist">Mick Brown, ''The Spiritual Tourist'', 1998, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 1-58234-034-X "In the House of God", pp.&nbsp;73–74</ref> তেওঁৰ মত [[ইণ্ডিয়ান স্কেপ্টিক]] আলোচনীত ডাক্টৰে লিখা চিঠিৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত, যি বাচাৱা প্ৰেমানন্দৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত।<ref name="spiritualtourist"/><ref>Hislop, John S. ''My Baba and I'' 1985 published by Birth Day Publishing Company, San Diego, California ISBN 0-9600958-8-8, "The Resurrection of Walter Cowan", pages&nbsp;28–31</ref> ব্ৰাউনে একে গ্ৰন্থতেই সাই বাবাই বিভূতি প্ৰকট কৰা চিত্ৰ [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ কিছু ঘৰত দেখাৰ কথা ক'লে আৰু ক'লে যে সেয়া ভুৱা নহয়।<ref name="touristmiracle">Brown Mick, ''The Spiritual Tourist'', "The Miracle in North London", pp.&nbsp;29–30, 1998 ISBN 158234034X</ref> ব্ৰাউনে সাই বাবাৰ সৰ্বজ্ঞ হোৱাৰ দাবীক লৈ ক'লে যে "সংশয়বাদীয়ে তথ্য দেখুৱাইছে যে বাবাই পঢ়া ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা আৰু বাইবেলত থকা ভবিষ্যদ্বাণী আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত তথ্যাৰ মাজত অমিল আছে।<ref name="spiritualtourist"/> ''ভাংকুৱভাৰ চান''ত ২০০১ত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিলে যে বাবাই অনুগামীসকলক আন্তৰ্জাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ মানা কৰিছিল<ref name= VS>The Vancouver Sun, 27 February 2001, ''Holy man? Sex abuser? Both?''</ref> এই বুলি কোৱাৰ পিছত যে "এই শিক্ষা (বেদ) অতিকৈ পবিত্ৰ। আজি মানুহে আন্তৰ্জাল আৰু দূৰদৰ্শনত দেখা সকলো কথা বিশ্বাস কৰি লয়, কিন্তু বৈদিক ঘোষণাবোৰত নিজৰ আস্থা দৃঢ় নাৰাখে। আন্তৰ্জাল এটি পেলনীয়া কাগজৰ মোনাৰ দৰে। 'অন্তৰ্জাল'ক বিশ্বাস কৰা, আন্তৰ্জালক নহয়। "<ref>http://www.sssbpt.info/ssspeaks/volume33/sss33-17.pdf</ref> জানুৱাৰী ২০০২ত [[ডেনমাৰ্ক]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দূৰদৰ্শন আৰু অনাতাৰ প্ৰসাৰ কোম্পানী ডেনিচ ৰেডিঅ'ই তথ্যচিত্ৰ ''চিড্যুস্ড বাই চাই বাবা''ত সাই বাবাৰ কিছু ভিডিঅ' দেখুৱাই কয় যে সাই বাবাৰ চমৎকাৰ হাতৰ চাফাই বুলি প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যাব।<ref name="seduced">{{cite video |people=Øyvind Kyrø, Steen Jensen|title=Seduced by Sai Baba|medium=Documentary|publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |date=2002|time=|url=http://dr.dk/Salg/DRsales/Programmes/Documentary/Society_and_Social/20070629133445_3_1_3_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1.htm}}</ref> তথ্যচিত্ৰখনত আলায়া ৰাহ্মৰ সাক্ষাৎকাৰো দেখোৱা হ'ল, য'ত তেওঁ সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ওপৰত যৌন নিৰ্যাতনৰ অভিযোগ আনিলে।<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> তাৰ ফল স্বৰূপে যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ সংসদত ব্ৰিটিছ সৰু ল'ৰাই সত্য সাই বাবাৰ আশ্ৰমলৈ গৈ অকলে লগ কৰাৰ বিপদৰ কথা আলোচনা হ'ল।<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2001-02/886] UK Parliament official web site</ref> ২০০৪ চনত [[বিবিচি]]য়ে "দা চিক্ৰেট স্বামি" (গুপ্ত স্বামী) নামৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিলে, "দা ৱৰ্ল্ড আন্কভাৰ্ড" ক্ৰমৰ অংশ হিচাপে। ".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3791921.stm |title=Programmes &#124; This World &#124; Secret Swami |publisher=BBC News |date=11 June 2004 |accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref> বিবিচিৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰখনৰ এটি মুখ্য বিষয় আছিল আলায়া ৰাহ্মৰ যৌন নিৰ্যাতনৰ অভিযোগ।<ref name=bbcd>{{cite video|people=Eamon Hardy, Tanya Datta|title=Secret Swami|medium=Documentary|publisher=BBC News|date=2004 |time= |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3791921.stm | accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> অনুষ্ঠানটোত তেওঁৰ লগত মাৰ্ক ৰ'কৰ সাক্ষাৎকাৰো লোৱা হৈছিল, যিয়ে ১৯৬৯ৰ পৰা নিজৰ জীৱনৰ ২৫ বছৰ আন্দোলনটোৰ লগত জড়িত থাকিলে and alleged abuse by Sai Baba..<ref name=bbcd/> অনুষ্ঠানটোত সত্য সাই বাবাৰ সমালোচক বাচাৱা প্ৰেমানন্দো উপস্থিত আছিল। তেওঁ কয় যে সত্য সাই বাবা "এজন ঠগেই নহয়, কিন্তু এজন বিপজ্জনক যৌন নিৰ্যাতক"। তেওঁৰ সাক্ষাৎকাৰৰ মতে, তেওঁৰ ওচৰত ৩০ বছৰ ধৰা কাহিনী আছে, আৰু তেওঁ কয় যে তেওঁৰ কাহিনীবোৰ একেধৰণৰ, গুপ্তাংগত তেল সনাৰ ঘটনা। এজন পূৰ্ব-ভক্তই কোৱা মতে সত্য সাই বাবাই "হাতত তেল সানিলে, মোক মোৰ পেণ্ট তললৈ কৰিবলৈ ক'লে আৰু মোৰ গুপ্তাংগত তেল সানিলে"। প্ৰেমানন্দৰ মতে বহু ভাৰতীয় ল'ৰা চিকাৰ হ'ল, কিন্তু প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ভয় কৰিলে।<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> ==সমালোচনাৰ প্ৰত্যুত্তৰ== সত্য সাই বাবা আৰু তেওঁৰ ভক্তসকলে তেনে অভিযোগ জোৰদাৰভাৱে নস্যাৎ কৰিলে, যি অভিযোগ কেতিয়াও প্ৰমাণিত নহ'ল। .<ref name=funeral/> ভক্ত [[বিল আইৎকেন (ভ্ৰমণকাৰী)|বিল আইৎকেনে]] "[[দা ৱীক]]"ত কৈছিলে যে সত্য সাই বাবাৰ সুনাম আৰু সন্মান তেওঁৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰকাশিত নেতিবাচক কাহিনীসমূহৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱা নাই। তেওঁ ক'লে যে যে যিমান বেছি লোকে তেওঁৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ক'লে, সিমানেই অধিক ভক্ত তেওঁৰ কাষলৈ আহিল। .<ref>Aitken, Bill (27 November 2005), {{Cite web |title=Miracle of Welfare |url=http://www.the-week.com/25nov27/currentevents_article10.htm |access-date=2015-03-30 |archivedate=2006-09-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909111636/http://www.the-week.com/25nov27/currentevents_article10.htm |deadurl=unfit }}</ref> [[ডেইলী টেলিগ্ৰাফ]]ত লিখা প্ৰবন্ধ "ডিভাইন ডাউনফল"ত সত্য সাই শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পূৰ্বৰ প্ৰধান শিক্ষক অনিল কুমাৰে ক'লে যে তেওঁ বিশ্বাস কৰে যে সমালোচনা সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ঈশ্বৰীয় আঁচনিৰ এটা অংশ আৰু প্ৰতিজন ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুৱেই জীৱনত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'বলগীয়া হৈছে। অনিল কুমাৰে লগতে ক'লে যে সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ওপৰত সৰুৰে পৰা তেনে অভিযোগ অনা হৈছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো অভিযোগৰ সৈতে তেওঁ অধিক কীৰ্তিমান হৈছে। .<ref name="divine">Brown, Mick (28 October 2000). "Divine Downfall". Daily Telegraph.</ref> লৰেঞ্চ এই নিজৰ গ্ৰন্থ "ৰিডেম্প্টিভ এন্কাউণ্টাৰ্চ: থ্ৰি মডাৰ্ণ ষ্টাইল্চ ইন দা হিন্দু ট্ৰেডিচন"ত লিখিছে, "তেওঁ যিয়েই হয়, তেওঁৰ সমালোচকে দাবী কৰাৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ পাৰ্লাৰ জাদুগৰতকৈ অধিক। ""<ref name="BabbLawrence"/> সত্য সাই বাবাই সকলোৰে আগত, ২৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০০ চনত অভিযোগৰ প্ৰত্যুত্তৰ দিলে: {{quote|কিছু লোকে নিজৰ তুচ্ছ-মানসিকতাৰ বাবে সাই বাবাৰ ছবিক বেয়া কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। নাম আৰু যশস্যা মোৰ লক্ষ্য নহয়। সেয়ে, মই মিছা অভিযোগৰ বাবে একো নেহেৰুৱাও। মোৰ মাহাত্ম্য দিনক দিনে বাঢ়ি গৈ থাকিব। ই কেতিয়াও অলপো কম নহয়, যদি তেওঁলোকে মিছা অভিযোগবোৰ সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বত মোটা আখৰতো প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়। কিছু ভক্ত মিছা বাক্যবোৰৰ বাবে সন্তপ্ত হোৱা দেখা যায়। তেওঁলোক প্ৰকৃত ভক্ত নহয়। সাইৰ শক্তি জনাৰ পিছতো 'কাঁউৰীৰ কাঁ'ৰ পৰা কিয় ভয় খাব লাগে? এজনে বেৰত লিখা, ৰাজনৈতিক মিটিঙত কোৱা বা লিখিত মাধ্যমে প্ৰকাশ কৰা অশ্লীল সাধুৰ ওপৰত বিশ্বাস কৰিব নালাগে। .<ref>Sathya Sai Speaks Vol.33, pg.389</ref>}} ২৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০০ চনত [[দ্য টাইমচ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া]]ত সাই বাবাৰ বক্তব্য প্ৰকাশ পালে: {{quote|[[যীশু খ্ৰীষ্ট]]ও বহু কঠিনতাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, আৰু ঈৰ্ষাৰ বাবেই তেওঁ ক্ৰচবিদ্ধও হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা বহু লোকে তেওঁ কৰা ভাল কাম আৰু তেওঁ গোটোৱা ধেৰসংখ্যাক অনুগামী সহ্য কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। তেওঁৰ এজন শিষ্য জুডাচে বিশ্বাসঘাত কৰিলে। সেই সময়ত এজন জুডাচ আছিলে, কিন্তু এতিয়া হাজাৰ হাজাৰ আছে। যিদৰে সেই জুডাচক বিশ্বাসঘাত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰলোভিত কৰা হৈছিল, আজিৰ জুডাচকো মিছা মাতিবলৈ ক্ৰয় কৰা হৈছে। ঈৰ্ষা তেওঁৰ ওপৰত অহা অভিযোগৰ প্ৰেৰক আছিল। .<ref>Rao, Manu (26 December 2000), Sai Baba lashes out at detractors http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/sai-baba-lashes-out-at-detractors/articleshow/534425761.cms</ref>}} ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০১ চনত তেতিয়াৰ [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰী আৰু সাই বাবাৰ ভক্ত [[অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]],<ref name=Palmer97-98 /> ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ পূৰ্বৰ মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ পি এন ভগৱতী, ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মানৱ অধিকাৰ আয়োগৰ চেয়াৰ পাৰ্চন আৰু ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ পূৰ্বৰ মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ ৰংগনাথ মিশ্ৰা, আন্তৰ্সংসদীয় ইউনিয়নৰ সভাপতি আৰু বিশেষ মানৱ উন্ননয়ন এম্বেচাদৰ [[নাজমা হেপতুল্লা]], ভাৰতীয় সাংসদ, পূৰ্বতে লোকসভাত আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী শিৱৰাজ পাতিলে একেলগে তলৰ বাক্যকেইটাত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিলে: {{quote|আমি ভগৱান শ্ৰী সত্য সাই বাবাৰ ওপৰত কিছু নিশ্চিত ৰুচী আৰু লোকে অনা বন্য, অচিন্তাশীল, আৰু মিশ্ৰিত অভিযোগৰ বাবে অতিকৈ দুঃখিত। আমি সাধাৰণতে আশা কৰো যে দায়িত্বশীল মাধ্যমে সচা তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে নিশ্চিত কৰি ল'ব-- বিশেষকৈ যেতিয়া ব্যক্তিজনক সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতেই প্ৰেম আৰু নিস্বাৰ্থ মানৱ সেৱাৰ স্বৰূপ হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। .<ref name="letterpmindia">Letter from A.B. Vajpayee (the then Prime Minister of India), http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2810/stories/20110520281002600.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055326/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2810/stories/20110520281002600.htm |date=2013-09-21 }}</ref><ref>Official Letter, http://www.saibaba.ws/images/letter_pm_india.gif</ref> }} ==উল্লেখনীয় অনুগামী== {{Columns-start|num=2}} {{Column}} ===ৰাজনীতি=== * [[ৰচাৰিয়' মুৰিল']] * [[কে. জয়কুমাৰ]]<!-- Reference: Divine Grace, Sathya Sai Baba by the India Today Group --> * [[কাৰু জয়সুৰীয়া]]<!-- Reference: 1/ http://www.karujayasuriya.lk/component/phocagallery/category/25-sai-baba.html 2/ http://archives.dailynews.lk/2005/06/07/news23.htm --> * [[এ. পি. জে. আব্দুল কালাম]]<!-- Reference: Article in Hindustan Times, 22 April 2011. Link - http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/columnsothers/sathya-sai-baba-a-divine-legend/article1-688409.aspx --> * [[নিকলাচ মাডুৰ']] * [[শিৱৰাজ পাতিল]]<!-- http://aravindb1982.blogspot.com/2014/04/hadshi-mumbai-diaries-part-3-welcome-to.html --> * [[মীৰা সন্যাল]]<!-- Reference: Divine Grace, Sathya Sai Baba by the India Today Group --> * [[অতল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]]<!-- Reference: http://currentnews.in/2011/05/09/sathya-sai%E2%80%99s-vajpayee-visit/ --> * [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোডী]] <!-- Reference: 1/ http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/photos-india/lastglimpseofsathyasai/Article4-689962.aspx 2/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJbt3PWIw00 3/ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-pay-my-tributes-to-sai-baba-on-his-nirvana-narendra-modi/780641/ 4/ http://deshgujarat.com/2011/04/24/gujarat-cm-narendra-modi-pays-homage-to-sathya-sai-baba/ 5/ http://deshgujarat.com/2011/04/24/gujarat-cm-narendra-modi-pays-homage-to-sathya-sai-baba/ 6/ http://www.narendramodi.in/honble-cm-joins-mourners-at-prasanthi-nilayam-to-pay-his-last-homage-to-sathya-sai-baba/ 7/ http://www.ssso.net/pnews-2014/modi.htm --> * [[পি. ভি. নৰসিংহা ৰাও]] * [[নিচেংকে ৱিজেয়েৰেত্নে]]<!-- Reference: http://www.sssbpt.org/Pages/SaiSpiritualShowers/SSS11Sep2008.html --> * [[খালেদা জিয়া]]<!-- Reference: http://www.sssbpt.org/Pages/SaiSpiritualShowers/SSS11Sep2008.html --> * [[এন. চন্দ্ৰনাবাবু নাইডু]] === ক্ৰীড়া=== * [[সুনীল গাভাস্কাৰ]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/off-the-field/29468675_1_condoles-sunil-gavaskar-death | work=The Times Of India | title=Gavaskar condoles death of Sri Sathya Sai Baba | date=24 April 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[ভি ভি এচ লক্ষ্মণ]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://aravindb1982.blogspot.in/2013/06/the-greatest-vvs-laxman-innings-i-witnessed-sathya-sai-experiences-cricketers-sachin-tendulkar-gavaskar.html | title=Sai Student: Experiences and Musings: The greatest VVS Laxman innings I witnessed off the cricket field}}</ref> * [[শচীন তেণ্ডুলকাৰ]] * [[মুৰলী কাৰ্তিক]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/752423.html|title=India have missed out on a match-winner}}</ref> * [[অৰ্জুন ৰণতুংগা]]<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/photos-india/lastglimpseofsathyasai/Article4-689960.aspx | title = Last glimpse of Sathya Sai Baba | accessdate = 20 March 2014 | archivedate = 30 April 2011 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110430032545/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-India/LastglimpseofSathyaSai/Article4-689960.aspx | deadurl = yes }}</ref><!-- url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203376 url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/devotees-continue-to-throng-puttaparthi/article1769117.ece url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/150050/baba-gave-me-comfort-when-i-was-struggling-ranatunga.html}} --> * [[সনথ জয়সুৰীয়া]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/as-sathya-sai-baba-enters-75th-year-his-spirituality-rests-uneasily-with-controversy/1/245372.html | title = Test of faith | work = India Today | accessdate = 20 March 2014 }}</ref> * [[আল্বিন কালিচৰণ]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Kallicharan-bowled-over/articleshow/40663360.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Kallicharan bowled over! - The Times of India}}</ref> * [[গুণ্ডপ্পা বিশ্বনাথ]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> === বিজ্ঞান === * [[চুৰি ভগৱন্তম]] <!-- Reference: Sai Baba: Man of Miracles by Howard Murphet --> {{Column}} === সংগীত, চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু কলা === * [[আমজাদ আলি খান]]<!-- Reference: http://saiblossom.org/Amjad-Ali.html --> * [[জৱান ব্ৰাইন]] <!-- Reference: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-seed/joan-brown-this-kind-of-b_b_1003775.html --> * [[এলিচ কল্ট্ৰেন]]<!-- Reference: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/arts/music/15colt.html?_r=0 --> * [[অঞ্জলি দেৱী]] * [[মায়নাৰ্স ফাৰ্গুচন]] <!-- Reference: http://sathyasaibaba.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/maynard-ferguson-meets-sathya-sai-baba/ --> * [[কুনাল গাঞ্জাৱালা]] * [[গায়ত্ৰী অয়্য়ৰ]]<!-- Reference: 1/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EJrwlRVKNk 2/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3E7rSKkx-M4 --> * [[ডানা গিলেস্পি]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.radiosai.org/journals/vol_09/01DEC11/DanaGillespie_1.htm|title=H2H Special: Conversation with Dana Gillespie, British singer, actress and song writer (part 2)- Dec 2011|work=radiosai.org}}</ref> * [[হৰিহৰণ (গায়ক)|হৰিহৰণ]] * [[অনুপ জাল'টা]] * [[পণ্ডিত শিৱকুমাৰ শৰ্মা]] <!-- Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NcVpOcpO9c --> * [[পি সুশীলা]] * [[ঐশ্বৰ্য়া ৰায়]]<!-- References: http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-solo-weekend-outing/#aishwarya-111 http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140428/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-pays-tribute-sri-sathya-sai-baba http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/aishwarya-rai-bachchan/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-pays-tribute-sathya-sai-baba http://www.masala.com/ash-big-b-saddened-by-sri-sathya-sai-babas-death-30926.html --> * [[সুধা ৰঘুনাথম]]<!-- Reference: http://www.sudharagunathan.com/sudha_sai.asp --> * [[জি. পি. ৰাজৰত্নম]]<!-- Reference: https://sapnaonline.com/sri-sai-sankarshana-303435 (Sri Sai Sankarshana - Kannada book authored by G.P.Rajaratnam) --> * [[মেণ্ডলিন শ্ৰীনিৱাস]]<!-- Reference: http://www.mandolinshrinivas.org/divine-inspiration.htm --> * [[এম. এচ. সুব্বুলক্ষ্মী]]<!-- Reference: http://sathyasaibabaspeaks.blogspot.com/2009/03/from-puttaparthithe-queen-of-bhakti.html --> * [[পৰবীন সুল্তানা]]<!-- Reference: http://www.vedamu.org/features/FBegumParweenSultana.aspx --> * [[পংকজ উধাস]]<!-- Reference: http://aravindb1982.blogspot.in/2014/05/hadshi-mumbai-diaries-part-10-Ethics-conference-CEO-sathya-sai-brabourne-concert.html --> === অন্য উল্লেখনীয় অনুগামী === * [[ইন্দ্ৰ দেৱী]] * [[কে. ভি. কমথ]]<!-- Reference: Divine Grace, Sathya Sai Baba by the India Today Group --> * [[ৰুচ্চি কৰঞ্জীয়া]]<!-- Reference: Divine Grace, Sathya Sai Baba by the India Today Group --> * [[নিৰ্মল চন্দ্ৰ চুৰী]]<!-- Reference: Divine Grace, Sathya Sai Baba by the India Today Group --> * [[আইজাক টাইগ্ৰেট]] * [[ৱেণু শ্ৰীনিৱাসম]] * [[ৱেইন ডায়াৰ]] <!-- Reference: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsYCSyk6_3M --> {{Columns-end}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Sathya Sai Baba|সত্য সাই বাবা}} * [http://www.sathyasai.org/ International Sai Organization] * [http://www.saicast.org/ Sai Cast videos] * [http://www.radiosai.org/ RadioSai] * [https://saireflections.org/journals/ Sanathana Sarathi] * [http://www.sailoveinaction.org/ Sai Love In Action] *{{Worldcat id|lccn-n80-7665}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] 7r1au5c23wunm7vpv9bzx1969p0gezg 0 39818 604530 404690 2026-05-05T05:31:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |official_name = শ্বেফিল্ড (Sheffield) |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = “ষ্টিল চিটি (Steel City)” |settlement_type = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] & [[Metropolitan borough]]<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = "Deo Adjuvante Labor Proficit" <small>''"With God's help our labour is successful"''</small> <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Sheffield_City.jpg |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = বাওফালৰ পৰা ঘড়ীৰ কাটাৰ দিশত: শ্বেফিল্ড টাউন হল (Sheffield Town Hall] ); চেইণ্ট পলছ টাৱাৰ (St Paul's Tower); হুইল অব শ্বেফিল্ড (Wheel of Sheffield); মিড’হল চেণ্টাৰ (Meadowhall Centre) আৰু শ্বিফ স্কুৱাৰ (Sheaf Square), শেষত পাৰ্ক হিল (Park Hill)|image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_link = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = Coat of arms of Sheffield City Council.png |blank_emblem_type =Coat of Arms of the City Council |blank_emblem_size = |blank_emblem_link = Sheffield City Council |image_map = Sheffield UK locator map.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Sheffield shown within [[South Yorkshire]] <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |total_type=City |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 367.94<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of ={{English statistics year}} |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total ={{English district population|GSS=E08000019}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{English district rank|GSS=E08000019}}]]) |population_density_km2 ={{English district density|GSS=E08000019}} |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 1,569,000<ref name="espon.eu">{{Cite web |title=British Urban Pattern: Population Data (Epson) |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |access-date=2015-06-29 |archivedate=2020-03-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091643/https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 640,720 <br /><small>([[Sheffield urban area]])</small> |population_density_urban_km2 = 3949.2 |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |title =Ethnic groups |frame_style=border:none; padding: 0; <!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)--> |title_style = |list_style=text-align:left; display:none; |1 ='''88.1% [[White people|White]]''' |2=85.4% [[White British]] |3=0.6% [[Irish Briton|White Irish]] |4=2.1% [[White Other (United Kingdom Census)|Other White]] |5=&nbsp; |6= '''5.7% [[British Asian|South Asian]]''' |7=1.2% [[Indian British|Indian]] |8=3.2% [[Pakistani British|Pakistani]] |9=0.5% [[British Asian|Bangladeshi]] |10=0.8% [[British Asian|Other South Asian]] |11=&nbsp; |12='''2.5% [[Black British|Black]]''' |13=1.0% [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]] |14=1.4% [[African British|Black African]] |15 =0.2% [[Black British|Other Black]] |16 =&nbsp; |17='''1.9% [[British Mixed|Mixed]]''' |18=0.8% [[British Mixed|White & Black Caribbean]] |19=0.2% [[British Mixed|White & Black African]] |20=0.5% [[British Mixed|White & South Asian]] |21=0.4% [[British Mixed|White & Other]] |22 =&nbsp; |23='''1.8% [[Oriental British|East Asian]] [[Other ethnic group (United Kingdom Census)|and Other]]''' |24=1.1% [[British Chinese|Chinese]] |25=0.7% [[Other ethnic group (United Kingdom Census)|Other]] |population_blank3 = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=53 |latm=23 |lats=01 |latNS=N |longd=1 |longm=28 |longs=01 |longEW=W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name_sec1 = |blank_info_sec1 = |blank1_name_sec1 = |blank1_info_sec1 = |blank2_name_sec1 = |blank2_info_sec1 = |blank3_name_sec1 = |blank3_info_sec1 = |blank4_name_sec1 = |blank4_info_sec1 = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postcode |postal_code =[[S postcode area|S]] |twin1 ={{flagicon|China}} – [[Anshan]] |twin1_country =China |twin2 ={{flagicon|Germany}} – [[Bochum]] |twin2_country =Germany |twin3 ={{flagicon|Ukraine}} – [[Donetsk]] |twin3_country =Ukraine |twin4 ={{flagicon|Nicaragua}} – '''[[Estelí]]''' |twin4_country =Nicaragua |twin5 ={{flagicon|Japan}} – '''[[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]''' |twin5_country =Japan |twin6 ={{flagicon|Zambia}} – [[Kitwe]] |twin6_country =Zambia |twin7 ={{flagicon|Pakistan}} – [[Kotli]] |twin7_country =Pakistan |twin8 ={{flagicon|USA}} – [[Pittsburgh]] |twin8_country =United States of America |area_code =[[0114 (UK dial code)|0114]] |blank_name =[[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |blank_info =GB-SHF |blank1_name =[[ONS coding system|ONS code]] |blank1_info =00CG (ONS)<br />E08000019 (GSS) |blank2_name =[[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info ={{gbmappingsmall|SK355875}} |blank3_name =[[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 |blank3_info = UKE32 |blank4_name =[[Demonym]] |blank4_info =[[Sheffielders]] |website = [http://www.sheffield.gov.uk www.sheffield.gov.uk] |footnotes = }} <!-- INFOBOX END --> <!---Start of article---> শ্বেফিল্ড (Sheffield) ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Sheffield.ogg|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|f|iː|l|d}}) [[ইংলেণ্ড]] ৰ চাউথ য়ৰ্কশ্বায়াৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মহানগৰী। এই মহানগৰীৰ নামটো ইয়াৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যোৱা ‘শ্বেফ (River Sheaf) নামৰ নদীখনৰ নামৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। ইয়াৰ বৰ্তমানৰ জনসংখ্যা ১,৫৬৯,০০০<ref name="espon.eu"/>। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা শ্বেফিল্ডৰ স্থান ইংলেণ্ডৰ ভিতৰতে তৃতীয়। এই মহানগৰখন ডন নদী (River Don) আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিখন উপনৈ,একাদিক্ৰমে লক্সলি ( Loxley), পৰ্টাৰ ব্ৰুক (Porter Brook), ৰিভেলিন (Rivelin) আৰু শ্বেফ (Sheaf) ৰ উপত্যকাত অৱস্থিত। শ্বেফিল্ডৰ মুঠ মাটিকালিৰ ৬১% ই সেউজ (green space) আৰু মহানগৰৰ প্ৰায় এক-তৃতীয়াংশ ‘পিক ডিষ্ট্ৰিক্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান’ৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="sheffgeog">{{cite web | url = https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-profile/introduction.html | title = City Profile Introduction | date = 31 January 2013 | publisher = Sheffield City Council | accessdate = 13 October 2013 | archivedate = 19 October 2014 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173822/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-profile/introduction.html | deadurl = yes }}</ref> শ্বেফিল্ডত ২৫০ তকৈও অধিক উদ্যান আৰু মিলিয়ন জোপা গছ আছে বুলি জনা যায়।<ref name="sheffgeog"/> ইয়াৰদ্বাৰাই শ্বেফিল্ড ইউৰোপৰ ভিতৰতে সৰ্বাধিক গছ: মানুহ অনুপাত সম্পন্ন মহানগৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে।<ref name="sheffgeog"/> এই মহানগৰতে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ফুটবল ক্লাৱটোও অৱস্থিত।<ref name="celebration"/> ১৯ শতিকাত, ষ্টিলৰ উৎপাদনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত শ্বেফিল্ডে আন্তৰ্জাতিক খ্যাতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ২১ শতিকাত অন্যান্য ব্ৰিটিছ মহানগৰসমূহৰ লগতে শ্বেফিল্ডৰো বহুলভাৱে বিকাশ আৰু উন্নতি হয়।<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures/sheffield-economy/income--wealth | title=Income & Wealth | date=30 November 2007 | publisher=[[Sheffield City Council]] | accessdate=7 July 2010 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521085049/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures/sheffield-economy/income--wealth | archivedate=21 May 2010 | deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== [[File:Ruins of Sheffield Manor 1819 1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Lithograph drawing showing a large stately home in ruins|১৮১৯ চনৰ আলোকচিত্ৰত শ্বেফিল্ড মানৰ (Sheffield Manor) ধ্বংসাবশেষ ]] বৰ্তমানৰ শ্বেফিল্ড মহানগৰীত বহুপূৰ্বৰে পৰা প্ৰায় ১২,৮০০ বছৰৰ আগৰ অৰ্থাৎ পেলিঅ’লিথিকি যুগৰ শেষভাগৰ পৰাই মানুহৰ বসতি আছিল বুলি তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pike |first=Alistair W.G. |last2=Gilmour|first2= Mabs|last3= Pettitt|first3= Paul|last4= Jacobid|first4= Roger|last5=Ripoll|first5= Sergio|last6= Bahn|first6= Paul|last7= Muñoz|first7= Francisco |year=2005 |title=Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1649–1655 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002}}</ref> শ্বেফিল্ডত মানুহৰ বসতিৰ সবাতোকৈ প্ৰাচীন প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে মহানগৰীৰ পূব দিশত থকা “ক্ৰেছৱেল ক্ৰেগছ (Creswell Crags) নামৰ ঠাইখনত। লৌহযুগৰ সময়ত ইয়াত ‘ব্ৰিগেনটিছ (Brigantes)’ নামৰ এটা জনজাতি বাস কৰাৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা যায়। এই জাতিৰ লোকেই শ্বেফিল্ডৰ আশে পাশে থকা পাহাৰবোৰত ভালেসংখ্যক ফৰ্ট নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=VICKERS /> ৰোমাণ আধিপত্য শেষ হোৱাৰ পিছত শ্বেফিল্ডৰ দক্ষিণ অংশটো ‘এলমেট সাম্ৰাজ্য (kingdom of Elmet)’ৰ অধীনত আছিল। শ্বেফ আৰু ডন নদীয়ে এই সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু ‘মেৰ্চিয়া সাম্ৰাজ্য (kingdom of Mercia)’ ক পৃথক কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cox |first=Tony |year=2003 |title=The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet |journal=The Barwicker |volume=39 |page=43 |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|accessdate=17 July 2010}}</ref> ‘ৱেলছ (Wales)’ আৰু ‘ৱেলছউড (Waleswood)’-এ এই ঐতিহাসিক এলমেট সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিদৰ্শন বহন কৰিছে। ‘ ৱেলছ’ শব্দটো জাৰ্মান শব্দ “Walha’'। পৰৱৰ্ত্তীকালত শ্বেফিল্ডলৈ আহি থিতাপি লোৱা এংল’-চেক্সন (Anglo-Saxon) সকলে পুৰণি আবাসীসকলক বুজাবলৈ এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |year=1989 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |isbn=0-19-210019-X |last=Simpson|first= Jacqueline |last2=Roud|first2= Stephen }}</ref><ref name="VICKERS">{{cite book |last=Vickers |first=J. Edward |title=Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany |year=1999 |edition=2nd |publisher=The Hallamshire Press Limited |isbn=1-874718-44-X }}</ref> এঘাৰ শতিকাত নৰ্মানৰ ইংলেণ্ড অধিকাৰৰ ঘটনাৰ পিছত, স্থানীয় অধিবাসীসকলে প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ বাবে শ্বেফিল্ড কেছ’ল (Sheffield Castle) নিৰ্মাণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াকে কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি এখন সৰু চহৰ গঢ় লৈ উঠে। এই চহৰখনেই বৰ্তমানৰ আধুনিক শ্বেফিল্ড মহানগৰী।<ref>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Joseph|title=Hallamshire: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York|publisher=Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones|year=1819|pages=24–29|chapter=Sheffield under De Busli and De Lovetot}}</ref> ১২৯৬ চনত শ্বেফিল্ডত ‘কেছ’ল স্কুৱাৰ (Castle Square) নামৰ বাণিজ্যকেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |title=Markets history – 1700s and before |accessdate=7 October 2008 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=30 April 2008 |archivedate=11 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230740/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |deadurl=yes }}</ref> আৰু পৰ্য্যায়ক্ৰমে শ্বেফিল্ডৰ বিকাশ হ’বলৈ লয়। চৈধ্য শতিকাত ‘চুৰিকটাৰী’ৰ উৎপাদনৰ বাবে শ্বেফিল্ড প্ৰখ্যাত হৈ পৰে। ১৬ শতিকালৈ ই ইংলেণ্ডৰ ভিতৰতে বাচন-বৰ্তন নিৰ্মাণৰ এক প্ৰধানকেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে।<ref>{{cite book|last=Hey|first=David|title=Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire|editor-first=Clyde |editor-last=Binfield |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Hey|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|pages=12–25|chapter=The Establishment of the Cutlers Company|isbn=0-19-828997-9}}</ref> ১৭৪০ চনত শ্বেফিল্ডত সেসময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ষ্টীলতকৈ উন্নত এক বিশেষ ষ্টীল উৎপাদন পদ্ধতিৰ উৎদ্ভাৱন হয়।<ref name="Tweedale1986">{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3105143|last=Tweedale|first=Geoffrey|year=1986|title=Metallurgy and Technological Change: A Case Study of Sheffield Specialty Steel and America, 1830–1930|jstor=3105143|journal=Technology and Culture|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology|volume=27|issue=2|pages=189–222}}</ref> একেসময়তে, ৰূপৰ এক পাতল আৱৰণৰ সৈতে তাম মিহলাই ৰূপৰ প্লেটিং (silver plating) কৰা পদ্ধতিৰো আৱিষ্কাৰ হয় আৰু কালক্ৰমত ইয়ে ‘শ্বেফিল্ড প্লেট (Sheffield plate)’ হিচাপে বিশ্ববিখ্যাত হৈ পৰে।<ref>{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Helen L.|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|edition=online|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|chapter=Boulsover, Thomas (1705–1788)|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/53918}}</ref> এই আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহে শ্বেফিল্ডক এখন ঔদ্যোগিক মহানগৰীৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলাত অৰিহণা যোগায়।<ref>{{cite book|last=Southall|first=Aidan William|title=The city in time and space|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|pages=306–419|chapter=The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production, and on to the apocalypse|isbn=0-521-78432-8}}</ref> ১৯ শতিকালৈ শ্বেফিল্ডৰ জনসংখ্যা দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পায়; ফলত ১৮০১ চনৰ ৬০,০৯৫ জনৰ পৰা ১৯০১ চনত ৪৫১,১৯৫ জন হয়গৈ।<ref name="VICKERS" /> ১৮৯৩ চনত এই চহৰখনক মহানগৰীৰ মৰ্য্যদা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html |title=History of the Lord Mayor |accessdate=13 October 2013 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=17 December 2012 |archivedate=19 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173804/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে বাঢ়ি যোৱা প্ৰয়োজনসমূহ পূৰাবলৈ মহানগৰৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত কেইবাটাও বান্ধ সজা হয়। ইয়াৰে ‘ডেল ডাইক নদীবান্ধ (Dale Dike Reservoir) -ৰ বেৰা ভাঙি পৰি ১৮৬৪ চনত শ্বেফিল্ডত প্ৰলয়কাৰী বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে যাৰ ফলত মহানগৰৰ একাংশ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Samuel|title=A complete history of the great flood at Sheffield on March 11 & 12, 1864|publisher=S. Harrison|year=1864|oclc=2905832|isbn=0-904293-01-7}}</ref> ১৯৫০ আৰু ৬০ৰ দশত শ্বেফিল্ডৰ বহুখিনি অঞ্চলৰ পুনৰ্নিমাণ হয়।<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ian R.|last2=Evans|first2= Karen |last3= Fraser|first3= Penny|title=A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1996|pages=63–72|chapter=The catastrophic decline of Sheffield's industrial district|isbn=0-415-13829-9}}</ref>পৰৱৰ্ত্তী কালত ১৯৯১ চনত শ্বেফিল্ডত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ষ্টুডেণ্ট গেমছ (World Student Games) অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ তীব্ৰতা বৃদ্ধি পায়। ==প্ৰশাসন== শ্বেফিল্ডৰ স্থানীয় পৰ্য্যায়ত পৰিচালনা কৰে ‘শ্বেফিল্ড চিটি কাউন্সিল (Sheffield City Council)’-এ। এই কাউন্সিল ২৮টা ৱাৰ্ডক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা মুঠ ৮৪ জন (প্ৰতিটো ৱাৰ্ডৰ পৰা তিনিজনকৈ প্ৰতিনিধি) কাউন্সিলৰেৰে গঠিত। বৰ্তমান ই শ্ৰমিক দল (Labour Party) ৰ অধীনত কাৰ্যনিবাহ কৰি আছে। মহানগৰখনত ‘লৰ্ড মেয়ৰ’ৰ পদবীও আছে, কিন্তু ই নিতান্তই আলংকৰিক। এই মহানগৰখনক ক্তৰাজ্যৰ হাউছ অব কমনছ (House of Commons of the United Kingdom) ৰ সাংসদত পাচজন সদস্যই আৰু ষষ্ঠ এগৰাকীয়ে শ্বেফিল্ডৰ একাংশৰ লগতে বাৰ্ণছলীৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|last=Harston|first=Jonathan G.|title=Sheffield Parliamentary Boundary Review|url=http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm|work=MDFS|publisher=Jonathan G. Harston|accessdate=18 July 2010}}</ref> পূৰ্বৰ উপ-প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী নিক ক্লেগ (Nick Clegg)-এ সংসদত শ্বেফিল্ড হালাম (Sheffield Hallam) সমষ্টিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল। ==ভৌগোলিক অৱস্থিতি== ভৌগোলিক ভাৱে শ্বেফিল্ড {{Coord|53|23|N|1|28|W|type:city_region:GB}} ত অৱস্থিত। ই ৰ’থাৰহাম (Rotherham) ৰ কাষৰীয়া অঞ্চল আৰু দুয়োকে এম ৱান মটৰৱে (M1 motorway) -ই পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে ‘বাৰ্ণছলী (Barnsley)’ আৰু পশ্চিম তথা দক্ষিণ দিশত ডাৰ্বিশ্বায়াৰ (Derbyshire) অৱস্থিত।<ref name="derbyshire_expansion">{{cite web |url=http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/ |title=The borders of Sheffield from 1843 to 1994 |accessdate=26 December 2005 |last=Harston |first=Jonathan G. |year=2005 |publisher=MDFS }}</ref> i {{Geographic Location |title = '''চুবুৰীয়া মহানগৰসমূহ''' |Northwest = হাডাৰছফিল্ড (Huddersfield), পেনিষ্টন (Penistone) |North = বাৰ্ণছলী, লীডছ, ৱেকফিল্ড (Wakefield) |Northeast =ৰ’থাৰহাম (Rotherham), ডংকেষ্টাৰ (Doncaster) |West = মানচেষ্টাৰ (Manchester) , গ্ল’ছপ (Glossop) |Centre = শ্বেফিল্ড |East = ৰেটটৰ্ড (Retford), লিংকন (Lincoln) |Southwest = বাক্সট’ন (Buxton), বেকৱেল (Bakewell), মেটল’ক (Matlock) |South = চেষ্টাৰফিল্ড (Chesterfield) , ডাৰ্বি (Derby) |Southeast = মেনছফিল্ড (Mansfield), নটিংহাম (Nottingham) }} [[File:Dale dike reservoir.jpg|thumb|‘ডেল ডাইক নদীবান্ধ (Dale Dike Reservoir) অৱস্থিত উপত্যকাটো, এই বান্ধৰ বেৰা ভাঙি পৰি ১৮৬৪ চনত শ্বেফিল্ডত প্ৰলয়কাৰী বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল]] [[File:Sheffield Station from Sheaf Square.jpg|thumb|alt=Night view across an open plaza dominated by a long curving water feature that is decoratively lit. At the far side of the plaza there is the arched frontage of a railway station building|শ্বেফিল্ড ৰে’লৱে ষ্টেচন]] ভৌগোলিকভাৱে শ্বেফিল্ড বৈচিত্ৰপূৰ্ণ।<ref name="GEO_diverse">{{cite web |url=http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/sheffield-case.htm |title=Greenstructure and Urban Planning – Case Study – Sheffield, UK |accessdate=17 July 2010 |work=Greenstructures and Urban Planning |publisher=European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229084359/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/sheffield-case.htm |archivedate=29 December 2007 |deadurl=no }}</ref>এই মহানগৰখন সাতটা পাহাৰে গঠন কৰিছে বুলি কোৱা হয় যদিও প্ৰকৃততে মুঠতে আঠোটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত শ্বেফিল্ড অৱস্থিত।<ref name="number of hills">[http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Hills/ a study by J.G.Harston] </ref> তদুপৰি ইয়াৰ মাজেৰে পাচখন নৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে ’ডন’, শ্বেফ’, ’ৰিভেলিন’, ’লক্সলি’ আৰু ’পৰ্টাৰ ব্ৰুক’ প্ৰবাহিত হৈছে। চহৰখন সাগৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা সৰ্বনিম্ন উচ্চতা ২৯ মিটাৰ আৰু সৰ্ব্বোচ্চ ৫৪৮ মিটাৰ। অৱশ্যে মহানগৰৰ আৱাসিক এলেকাসমূহ ১০০-২০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাতে অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm|title=Sheffield Metropolitan District – Major Greenspace and other Land Use Statistics|last=Beer|first=A. R.|year=2000|work=Greenstructure and Greenspace in Urban Planning|publisher=Map21 Ltd.|accessdate=19 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062412/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm|archivedate=4 January 2008|deadurl=no}}</ref> শ্বেফিল্ডত বৰ্তমান প্ৰায় দুই মিলিয়নৰো অধিক গছ আছে বুলি জনা যায়<ref name="GEO_treecount">{{cite web | publisher = Sheffield City Council | title = Trees & Woodlands in Sheffield | url = http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands | accessdate = 11 August 2006 | archivedate = 10 September 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010402/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands | deadurl = yes }}</ref>। সমগ্ৰ ইউৰোপৰ ভিতৰতে প্ৰত্যেক ব্যক্তিৰ বিপৰীতে সৰ্বাধিক গছ সম্পন্ন এই মহানগৰখন ইংলেণ্ডৰ ভিতৰতে আটাইতকৈ সেউজ মহানগৰ হিচাপে প্ৰখ্যাত<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens|title=Gardens and Open Spaces|publisher=Sheffield City Council|accessdate=28 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611231238/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens|archivedate=11 June 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref>। শ্বেফিল্ডত কমেও ১৭০খন সৰু বৰ কাঠনি (woodlands) আছে যি প্ৰায় ১০.৯১ বৰ্গ কিমি জুৰি বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। মহানগৰৰ এক তৃতীয়াংশ জুৰি থকা পিক ডিষ্ট্ৰিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ উপৰিও ইয়াত ৭৮খন উদ্যান, ১০খন অন্যান্য উদ্যান আছে। সকলো মিলি মহানগৰৰ মুঠ মাটিকালিৰ প্ৰায় ৬১% সেউজ ঠাই।<ref name="sheffgeog" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.04.004 |last=Barbosa|first= O|last2= Tratalos|first2= Jamie A.|last3= Armsworth|first3= Paul R.|last4= Davies |first4=Richard G.|last5= Fuller |first5=Richard A.|last6= Johnson|first6= Pat |last7=Gaston |first7=Kevin J. |year=2007|title=Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK. |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=83 |issue=2–3 |pages=187–195}}</ref> শ্বেফিল্ডৰ প্ৰায় এক-তৃতীয়াংশ পিক ডিষ্ট্ৰিক্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইংলেণ্ডৰ ভিতৰতে কেৱল শ্বেফিল্ডেই মহানগৰৰ সীমাত এইদৰে এক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ অংশ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/index/news/news-display-page.htm?id=19530|title=New village officer will boost rural communities|date=22 June 2009|publisher=Peak District National Park Authority|accessdate=7 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112718/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/index/news/news-display-page.htm?id=19530|archivedate=20 July 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ===জলবায়ু=== যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ অন্য ঠাইসমূহৰ দৰেই শ্বেফিল্ডৰ জলবায়ু temperate। মহানগৰৰ পশ্চিম দিশত থকা পেনাইনজ পৰ্বতমালা (The Pennines) ৰ বাবে অঞ্চলটোৰ বতৰ ঠাণ্ডা, সেমেকা আৰু প্ৰায়ে ডাৱৰীয়া হৈ থাকে যদিও এই পৰ্বতে পশ্চিমীয়া তইব্ৰ বতাহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি "rain shadow" হিচাপেও কাম কৰে<ref name="Met NE England">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/|title=North East England: climate |publisher=Met Office|accessdate=18 July 2010}}</ref>। ১৯৭১ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনৰ ভিতৰত শ্বেফিল্ডত বাৰ্ষিক গড়ে ৮২৪.৭ মিমি বৰষুণ হৈছিল। সাধাৰণতে ডিচেম্বৰ আটাইতকৈ সেমেকা আৰু জুলাই শুকান মাহ।<ref name="Met Averages">{{cite web|url= http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19812010/sites/sheffield.html|title= Sheffield 1981–2010 averages|accessdate=4 November 2012|publisher=Met Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] | url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1848 | title = 1982 temperature | access-date = 2015-07-02 | archivedate = 2012-06-05 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120605185326/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1848 | deadurl = yes }}</ref> ==জনসংখ্যা== {{Historical populations |title = জনসংখ্যাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন |type = যুক্তৰাজ্য |footnote =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10076882&c_id=10001043&add=N |title=Sheffield District: Total Population |accessdate=16 August 2009 |work=A Vision of Britain Through Time |publisher=Great Britain Historical GIS Project |archivedate=28 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202826/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10076882&c_id=10001043&add=N |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |1801 |60095 |1821 |84540 |1841 |134599 |1861 |219634 |1881 |335953 |1901 |451195 |1921 |543336 |1941 |569884 |1951 |577050 |1961 |574915 |1971 |572794 |1981 |530844 |1991 |528708 |2001 |513234 |2007 |530300 |2011 |551800 }} যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল (United Kingdom Census 2001) অনুসৰি শ্বেফিল্ডৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৯৯১ চনৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২% হ্ৰাস পাই ৫১৩,২৩৪ হৈছেগৈ।<ref name="Sheffield 2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&c=&i=1001&m=0&enc=1&areaSearchText=sheffield&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=true&searchAreas=Search|title=Sheffield (Local Authority) |author=United Kingdom Census 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=11 July 2007}}</ref> ২০১১ চনৰ পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি, শ্বেফিল্ডত ৮৪% শ্বেতাংগ (৮১%- ব্ৰিটিছ, ০.৫% আইৰিছ, ০.১% জিপছী, ২.৩% অন্যান্য) , ২.৪% সানমিহলি, ৮% এছিয়া বংশোদ্ভৱ ব্ৰিটিছ (British Asian) (১.১% ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয়, ৪% ব্ৰিটিছ পাকিস্তানী, ০.৬% ব্ৰিটিছ বাংলাদেশী, ১.৩% ব্ৰিটিছ চীনা আৰু ১% অন্যান্য) , ৩.৬% কৃষ্ণাংগ ব্ৰিটিছ , ১.৫% ব্ৰিটিছ আৰৱ আৰু ০.৭% অন্যান্য জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোক আছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales |publisher=ONS |accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref> ধৰ্মৰ ফালৰ পৰা, মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৫৩% খ্ৰীষ্টান, ৬% মুছলমান, ০.৬% হিন্দু, ০.৪% বৌদ্ধধৰ্মী, ০.২% শিখ, ০.১% জিউ, ০.৪% অন্যান্য ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী লোক আছে। বাকী ৩১% নাস্তিক লোক আছে (<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls |title=2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |accessdate=12 December 2012 |work=United Kingdom Census 2011 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archivedate=26 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126035854/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ইয়াৰ দুখন প্ৰখ্যাত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীৰ বাবে মহানগৰত ২০-২৪ বছৰ বয়সৰ লোকৰ সংখ্যাই অধিক<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9585&Pos=&ColRank=1&Rank=128 |title=Mid-2005 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for Primary Care Organisations (PCOs) for England; estimated resident population (experimental). On boundaries as at 1 October 2006 |accessdate=2 April 2007 |work=National Statistics |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archivedate=30 October 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030212733/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9585&Pos=&ColRank=1&Rank=128 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। ==অৰ্থনীতি== {|class="infobox" |- ! style="background:#ccf; width:27em; text-align:center;" colspan="3"|Labour profile |- ||Total employee jobs||255,700 |- ||Full-time||168,000||65.7% |- ||Part-time||87,700||34.3% |- ||Manufacturing||31,800||12.4% |- ||Construction||8,500||3.3% |- ||Services||214,900||84.1% |- |style="left-padding: 20pt"|Distribution, hotels & restaurants||58,800||23.0% |- |style="left-padding: 20pt"|Transport & communications||14,200||5.5% |- |style="left-padding: 20pt"|Finance, IT, other business activities||51,800||20.2% |- |style="left-padding: 20pt"|Public admin, education & health||77,500||30.3% |- |style="left-padding: 20pt"|Other services||12,700||5.0% |- |style="left-padding: 20pt"|Tourism-related||18,400||7.2% |} পূৰ্বৰ নিম্নগামী ধাৰাৰ বিপৰীতে বৰ্তমান শ্বেফিল্ডৰ অৰ্থনীতিৰ দ্ৰুতগতিত সম্প্ৰসাৰণ আৰম্ভ হৈছে। ২০০৪ চনৰ এক তথ্য অনুসৰি<ref>{{cite news |title=Wealth hotspots 'outside London' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=7 July 2004 | accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> , ২০০৩ চনত শ্বেফিল্ডৰ হালাম জিলা (Sheffield district of Hallam) লণ্ডণৰ বাহিৰত আটাইতকৈ সমৃদ্ধিশালী অঞ্চল আছিল। অন্য এক তথ্য<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=6 November 2005 | accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref>ই প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে, লণ্ডণৰ বাহিৰে শ্বেফিল্ড আটাইতকৈ দ্ৰুতগামী মহানগৰী। শ্বেফিল্ডৰ আৰ্থনীতি ১৯৯৭ ৰ ৫.৬ বিলিয়ণ পাউণ্ডৰ পৰা<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |title=Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2006, released 2008 |format=PDF |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=13 August 2010 |archivedate=29 January 2009 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090129033453/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত ৯.২ বিলিয়ন পাউণ্ডলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf |title=Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2007, released 2009 |format=PDF |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=December 2009 |accessdate=18 July 2010 |archivedate=4 January 2010 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100104180202/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। ==যাতায়ত== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় তথা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যাতায়ত=== ===পথ=== শ্বেফিল্ড দুটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথেৰে অন্য প্ৰান্তৰ সৈতে সংযোজিত হৈছে-এম ৱান মটৰৱে (M1 motorway) আৰু এম ১৮ মটৰৱে (M18 motorway)<ref name="OS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travelnews/sheffield|title=Travel News: Sheffield and South Yorkshire|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=13 October 2013|archivedate=21 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121230911/http://www.bbc.com/travelnews/sheffield|deadurl=yes}}</ref>। এম ৱান মটৰৱে মহানগৰৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত বিস্তাৰিত। ই শ্বেফিল্ডক দক্ষিণে লণ্ডণৰ সৈতে আৰু উত্তৰে লীডছৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰিছে। এম ১৮ এ মহানগৰ খনক ডংকেষ্টাৰ, ৰবিন হুড ডংকেষ্টাৰ শ্বেফিল্ডৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰিছে। ’শ্বেফিল্ড পাৰ্কৱে’ নামৰ ঘাইপথে মহানগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় অঞ্চলটোক এই মটৰৱে সমূহৰ সৈতে লগ লগাইছে। ===ৰেল=== শ্বেফিল্ড ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচনে (Sheffield railway station) ৰে ’মিডলেণ্ড মেইনলাইন’ (Midland Main Line) পাৰ হৈ গৈছে যি মহানগৰখনক লণ্ডন হৈ পূব মিডলেণ্ড (East Midlands) ৰ লগত সংযোগ কৰিছে। তদুপৰি, ক্ৰছ কান্ত্ৰি ৰুট (Cross Country Route) -এ স্কটলেণ্ড আৰু উত্তৰ-পূব ইংলেণ্ডক পশ্চিম মিডলেণ্ড (West Midland) আৰু মানচেষ্টাৰক হাল আৰু ইষ্ট এংলিয়া ৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰিছে<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/trainoperators.pdf|title=2010 Great Britain National Rail Train Operators|date=May 2009|work=Network Rail website|publisher=Network Rail|format=PDF|accessdate=15 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214201324/http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/trainoperators.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2010|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/UK/uk/leisure/travel_information/interlining/uk_destinations/sheffield_to_paris_train.jsp |title=Travel information |language=uk |publisher=Eurostar |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archivedate=27 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227213351/http://www.eurostar.com/UK/uk/leisure/travel_information/interlining/uk_destinations/sheffield_to_paris_train.jsp |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। ==শিক্ষা== শ্বেফিল্ডত দুখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আছে, শ্বেফিল্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু শ্বেফিল্ড হাল্লাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। দুয়োখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় লগ লাগি প্ৰতিবছৰে প্ৰায় ৬৫,০০০ ছাত্ৰ–ছাত্ৰী নগৰখনলৈ আনে। ইউনিভাৰচিটি কলেজ শ্বেফিল্ড হিচাপে ১৮৯৭ চনত শ্বেফিল্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০৫ চনত শ্বেফিল্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় হয়। শ্বেফিল্ড হাল্লাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়(Sheffield Hallam University) শ্বেফিল্ডৰ দুটা অৱস্থানত অৱস্থিত এক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। নগৰ চৌহদ আছে নগৰখনৰ কেন্দ্ৰস্থলৰ শ্বেফিল্ড ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচনৰ ওচৰত, আৰু কলেজিয়েট ক্ৰিচেণ্ট চৌহদ(Collegiate Crescent Campus) প্ৰায় দুমাইল দূৰত্বৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম শ্বেফিল্ডৰ একক্লেচল ৰোড (Ecclesall Road)ৰ কাষত অৱস্থিত। ৩৭,০০০ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰী(যাৰ ৪,০০০তকৈ অধিক আন্তৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিদ্যাৰ্থী), ৪,১৭০ জন কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু ৭৪৭টা পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰে সৈতে বিশ্ববিদ্যায়খন যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰতে তৃতীয় বৃহৎ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। শ্বেফিল্ড হাল্লাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ বুৰঞ্জীৰ আৰম্ভণি ১৮৪৩ চনত, যেতিয়া শ্বেফিল্ড স্কুল অৱ ডিজাইনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৬০ চনৰ সময় চোৱাত ভালেমান স্বতন্ত্ৰ কলেজে(স্কুল অৱ ডিজাইনকে ধৰি) শ্বেফিল্ড পলিটেকনিক গঠনৰ বাবে লগ লাগে (১৯৭৬ ৰ পৰা শ্বেফিল্ড চিটি পলিটেকনিক) আৰু অৱশেষত ১৯৯২ চনত শ্বেফিল্ড হাল্লম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় হিচাপে পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ==খেল== [[File:PeleSheffield.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Brazilian legend [[Pelé]] (left) in Sheffield in November 2007, marking the 150th anniversary of the world's oldest football club, [[Sheffield F.C.]]<ref name="celebration">{{cite news|title=Pelé joins Sheffield celebrations|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm|agency=BBC|date=24 June 2015}}</ref>]] শ্বেফিল্ডৰ ক্ৰীড়াজগতত এক সুনাম আছে। ১৮৫৭ চনত ইয়াতেই বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বপ্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় দুয়োটা ফুটবল ক্লাব ক্ৰমে ’ শ্বেফিল্ড এফ. চি.’ (Sheffield F.C.) আৰু হালাম এফ. চি.(Hallam F.C.) নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7060059.stm|title=Stars mark team's 150th birthday|date=24 November 2007|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref> এই দুয়োটা ক্লাবেই বিশ্বৰ সবাটোকৈ পুৰণি ফুটবল গ্ৰাউণ্ডৰউপে খ্যাত ক্ৰছপুলত খেলিছিল। ১৮৬০ চনলৈ শ্বেফিল্ডত ১৫টা ফুটবল ক্লাব গঠন হয় আৰু পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন প্ৰতিযোগিতাবোৰ অনুষ্ঠিত হ’বলৈ লয়।<ref>{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Adrian|title=Football: the first hundred years: the untold story|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|pages=92–125|chapter=Britain's first football culture—Sheffield 1857–67|isbn=0-415-35019-0}}</ref> বৰ্তমান ফুটবল লীগত দুটা ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্লাব আছে, শ্বেফিল্ড ইউনাইটেড (Sheffield United) আৰু শ্বেফিল্ড ৱেডনেছডে (Sheffield Wednesday)। শ্বেফিল্ড ইউনাইটেডে ফুটবল লীগ ৱান ( Football League One) আৰু শ্বেফিল্ড ৱেডনেছডেই ফুটবল লীগ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ (Football League Championship) ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। [[File:BramallLaneKop.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bramall Lane]], the home of [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] is situated in close proximity to the city centre]] ==আকৰ্ষণ== [[File:Bishops House 2011.jpg|right|thumb|বিছপৰ আবাসগৃহ]] [[File:Mappin Art Gallery Sheffield.jpg|thumb| মেপিন আৰ্ট গেলেৰী]] শ্বেফিল্ডৰ চিটি চেণ্টাৰত হলিউডৰ অনুকৰণত আৰম্ভ কৰা ’শ্বেফিল্ড ৱাক অব ফেম (Sheffield Walk of Fame) ত এই মহানগৰৰ অতীত আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ জনপ্ৰিয় ব্যক্তিসকলক সন্মান জনোৱা হয়<ref>[http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/City-legends-honoured-by-walk.1400516.jp City legends honoured by walk of fame – News]. The Star. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref>। তদুপৰি শ্বেফিল্ডৰ ফাৰগেটত হুইল অব শ্বেফিল্ড (Wheel of Sheffield) অৱস্থিত আছিল। ২০১০ চনত অৱশ্যে ইয়াক লণ্ডণৰ হাইড পাৰ্ক (Hyde Park) লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰা হয়<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-11409368 |publisher=BBC News | title=Giant Sheffield wheel to leave city three months early | date=24 September 2010}}</ref>। হিলি চিটি ফাৰ্ম (Heeley City Farm) আৰু গ্ৰেভছ পাৰ্ক (Graves Park) শ্বেফিল্ডত পশুপালনৰ মুখ্য স্থান<ref>[http://www.heeleyfarm.org.uk/ Home। Heeley City Farm]. Heeleyfarm.org.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.gravesparksheffield.info/ Graves Park Sheffield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804040610/http://www.gravesparksheffield.info/ |date=2010-08-04 }}. Gravesparksheffield.info. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref>। ===সংগীত=== [[File:The Sheffield Arena.jpg|thumb|left|Sheffield Arena]] শ্বেফিল্ডত ভালেসংখ্যক জনপ্ৰিয় বেণ্ডৰ জন্ম হৈছে<ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Simon|title=Generation ecstasy: into the world of techno and rave culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|page=116|isbn=0-415-92373-5}}</ref>। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত দ্য হিউমেন লীগ (The Human League),হেভেন ১৭ , এবিচি আদি প্ৰধান। ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পৰম্পৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি টেকন’ লেবেল ৱাৰ্প ৰেকৰ্ডছ (Warp Records) নব্বৈ শতিকাত য়ৰ্কশ্বায়াৰ ব্লীপছ আৰু বাছ (Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass) ৰ এক প্ৰভাৱশালী অংশ আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমান ইয়েই যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ সবাটোকৈ পুৰণি আৰু জনপ্ৰিয় সংগীত লেবেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে<ref>{{cite news|first=Hattie|last=Collins|title=Deep down and dirty|date=29 November 2007|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/nov/29/urban|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 July 2010 | location=London}}</ref>। শ্বেফিল্ডত ভালেসংখ্যক জনপ্ৰিয় নাইট-ক্লাবো আছে<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/6765331.stm|title=Nightclub collapses in city fire|date=18 June 2007|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=21 July 2009}}</ref>। তদুপৰি অন্যান্য বহুতো জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু প্ৰখ্যাত সংগীতজ্ঞৰ গৃহভূমি শ্বেফিল্ড। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত জ’ ক’কাৰ (Joe Cocker), ডেফ লেপাৰ্ড Def Leppard, প’ল কাৰাক Paul Carrack আদি। প্ৰখ্যাত সংগীত বেণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত আৰ্কটিক মাংকিজ (Arctic Monkeys), Bring Me the Horizon, Pulp and Moloko আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/music/item_anUWk1M3eGoAmVHmRStw2K|title=Pub Pals: Arctic Monkeys Take Their Sheffield Local Wherever They Go|last=Huhn|first=Mary|date=13 May 2007|work=[[New York Post]]|publisher=NYP Holdings, Inc.|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref><ref>http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jun/08/pulp-jarvis-cocker-martin-scorsese-sheffield-doc-fest</ref><ref>Pete Frame (1999). "Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland". p. 211. Music Sales Group</ref><ref>[http://www.24dash.com/news/Local_Government/2007-12-10-Joe-Cocker-to-join-Sheffields-hall-of-fame Joe Cocker to join Sheffield's 'hall of fame']. Local Government. Retrieved 24 June 2015</ref>। ===থিয়েটাৰ=== [[File:Sheffield Crucible theatre.png|thumb|The [[Crucible Theatre]] (centre) and Lyceum Theatre (right)]] শ্বেফিল্ডত দুটা মুখ্য থিয়েটাৰ গৃহ আছে- লিচিয়াম থিয়েটাৰ (Lyceum Theatre) আৰু ক্ৰুচিব’ল থিয়েটাৰ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk/creativedevelopmentprogramme/corporate_learning.asp|title=Sheffield Theatres Education : Corporate Learning|accessdate=24 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927224100/http://www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk/creativedevelopmentprogramme/corporate_learning.asp|archivedate=27 September 2011|publisher=Sheffield Theatres|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ===সংগ্ৰহালয়=== শ্বেফিল্ডৰ ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ পাৰ্ক মিউজিয়াম, মিলেনিয়াম গেলেৰী আৰু গ্ৰেভছ আৰ্ট গেলেৰী ’মিউজিয়ামছ শ্বেফিল্ড’ সংগঠনে পৰিচালনা কৰে<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/museums/|title=Our Museums|publisher=Museums Sheffield|accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>। আকৌ শ্বেফিল্ডৰ ঔদ্যোগিক ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কীয় তিনিটা মূল সংগ্ৰহালয় শ্বেফিল্ড ইণ্ড্ৰাষ্ট্ৰিয়েল মিউজিয়ামছ ট্ৰাষ্টে পৰিচালনা কৰে<ref>[http://www.simt.co.uk/ Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust]. Simt.co.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref>। এই তিনিটা সংগ্ৰহালয় হ’ল- Kelham Island Museum<ref>[http://www.simt.co.uk/kelham-island-museum/about Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust]. Simt.co.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref>, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet আৰু Scheduled Ancient Monument.<ref>[http://www.simt.co.uk/abbeydale-industrial-hamlet/about Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust]. Simt.co.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.simt.co.uk/shepherd-wheel-workshop/what-to-see Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust]. Simt.co.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref> ===সেউজ অঞ্চল (Greenspace)=== [[File:Sheffield, Winter Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 483005.jpg|thumb|Sheffield Winter Garden]] শ্বেফিল্ডত ২৫০ তকৈও অধিক উদ্যান আৰু মিলিয়ন জোপা গছ আছে বুলি জনা যায়<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands |title=Trees & Woodlands in Sheffield |work=Sheffield City Council |publisher=SSC |date=January 2010 |accessdate=4 January 2010 |archivedate=10 September 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010402/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। ইয়াৰদ্বাৰাই শ্বেফিল্ড ইউৰোপৰ ভিতৰতে সৰ্বাধিক গছ: মানুহ অনুপাত সম্পন্ন মহানগৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে। শ্বেফিল্ডৰ মুঠ মাটিকালিৰ ৬১% ই সেউজ (green space)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/SCC-Home/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/parks/city-district-local-parks|title=Sheffield Parks|publisher=Sheffield City Council|accessdate=13 October 2013|archivedate=19 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019171948/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/SCC-Home/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/parks/city-district-local-parks|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens |title=Sheffield City Council – Gardens |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=22 January 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archivedate=11 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611231743/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। ১৮৩৬ চনতে স্থাপন হোৱা শ্বেফিল্ড ব’টানিকেল গাৰ্ডেন (Sheffield Botanical Gardens) মহানগৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম দিশত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ মাটিকালি প্ৰায় ১৯ একাৰ। ইয়াত ভিক্ট’ৰিয়া যুগৰে এক বৃহৎ কাঁচৰ ঘৰ আছে<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-peace-gardens/peace-gardens-awards |title=Sheffield City Council – Peace Gardens Awards |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=4 April 2012 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archivedate=5 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002158/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-peace-gardens/peace-gardens-awards |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। তেনেদৰে সমগ্ৰ মহানগৰ খনতে আৰু ভালেসংখ্যক বৃহৎ উদ্যান আছে। [[File:Sheffield Winter Garden - inside.jpg|thumb|Sheffield Winter Garden – inside 2013]] তদুপৰি মহানগৰৰ পৰিসীমাৰ ভিতৰতে মুঠ {{convert|1600|acre|km2}} মাটিকালি জুৰি কেইবাখনো সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল আছে<ref name="sheffield1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |title=Sheffield City Council – About Us – Woodlands and Countryside Section |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=2 May 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archivedate=9 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209051213/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। মহানগৰত ১৭০খন মুঠ কাঠনি (woodland) আছে<ref name="sheffield1"/>। মহানগৰৰ প্ৰায় এক-তৃতীয়াংশ ‘পিক ডিষ্ট্ৰিক্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান’ৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত। ১৯৫১ চনতে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইখন ইংলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/79241/factsheet1-peakdistrictnationalpark.pdf |title=Peak district fact sheet |format=PDF |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archivedate=11 May 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511202314/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/79241/factsheet1-peakdistrictnationalpark.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। এই উদ্যানৰ অপূৰ্ব প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদসমূহৰ উপৰিও ইয়াত মানুহৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত ভালেসংখ্যক উল্লেখযোগ্য কৃতীচিহ্নও আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য হ’ল চেষ্টফৰ্ড হাউচ (Chatsworth House), য’ত বিবিচি ৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত ''Pride and Prejudice'' চিৰিজৰ শ্বুটিং হৈছিল<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chatsworth.org/visiting/filming-at-chatsworth/pride-and-prejudice|title=Pride and Prejudice|publisher=Chatsworth|accessdate=13 October 2013|archivedate=14 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172351/http://www.chatsworth.org/visiting/filming-at-chatsworth/pride-and-prejudice|deadurl=yes}}</ref>। ===মনোৰঞ্জন=== [[File:Meadowhall Shopping Centre - The Oasis 07-04.jpg|thumb|right|The Oasis food court at [[Meadowhall Centre]]]] শ্বেফিল্ডত চাৰিটা মূল চিনেমা হল আছে-ইয়াৰে দুটা চিটি চেণ্টাৰত আৰু আন দুটা লৱাৰ ধন উপত্যকাত অৱস্থিত<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valley-leisure.co.uk/|title=Valley Centertainment Leisure|publisher=Leisure Fund Limited Partnership|accessdate=16 July 2010}}</ref>। সমগ্ৰ মহানগৰ খনতে ভালেসংখ্যক পাব (pub) অৱস্থিত। মহানগৰৰ নৈশ জীৱনত এক শেহতীয়া সংযোজন হৈছে লিঅ’পল্ড স্কুৱাৰ ''(''Leopold Square) ইয়াতে থকা আগ্ৰহ (Aagrah) নামৰ ভাৰতীয় ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্টখনে কাশ্মীৰি খাদ্যৰ পৰিবেশনেৰে ’যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট ("Best Restaurant Group in the UK") ’ মৰ্য্যদা আৰু সন্মানীয় ব্ৰিটিছ কাৰী এৱাৰ্ড (British Curry Award) ও লাভ কৰিছে<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leopoldsquare.com/sheffield-restaurants#aagrah |title=Sheffield Restaurants & Bars – Leopold Square |publisher=Leopoldsquare.com |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archivedate=5 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005617/http://www.leopoldsquare.com/sheffield-restaurants#aagrah |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। ==প্ৰচাৰ মাধ্যম== শ্বেফিল্ডৰ পৰা দুখন বাতৰি কাকত প্ৰকাশ পায়- দ্য ষ্টাৰ (''The Star'' ) আৰু শ্বেফিল্ড টেলিগ্ৰাফ (''Sheffield Telegraph)ল দুয়োখন জনষ্টন প্ৰেছ'' (Johnston Press PLC) ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত। দ্য ষ্টাৰ ১৮৯৭ চনৰ পৰাই দৈনিক প্ৰকাশ পাই আহিছে। আনহাতে শ্বেফিল্ড টেলিগ্ৰাফ ১৮৫৫ চনৰ পৰা সাপ্তাহিক ভাৱে প্ৰকাশ পাই আহিছে<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.bl.uk/F/2GIKL9K9C3MVTXQ3N29DDTAMVRTQEUEPEREHL3TM63S5JBBXNX-17584?func=file&file_name=find-b&local_base=NPL|title=British Library Newspaper Catalogue|work=British Library website|publisher=The British Library Board|accessdate=19 July 2009|archivedate=24 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052950/http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=BLVU1|deadurl=yes}}</ref>। ভালেসংখ্যক প্ৰখ্যাত বোলছবিৰ শ্বুটিং শ্বেফিল্ডত সম্পন্ন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ''The Full Monty'', ''Threads'', ''Looks and Smiles'', ''When Saturday Comes'', ''Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?'', ''The History Boys'' , ''Four Lions'' আদি প্ৰধান<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/List?locations=Sheffield,+South+Yorkshire,+England,+UK&&tv=on|title=Locations: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK|work=The Internet Movie Database|publisher=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref>। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|30em|refs=}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.29.4 K. Baker et al. 2011 'Archaeological Investigations at the Upper Chapel, Norfolk Street, Sheffield, UK', Internet Archaeology 29.] <!-- Please add only links about Sheffield as a whole--more specific links should go on the relevant article!--> * [http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/ Sheffield City Council Website] * [http://oreald.com/book11.html The Story of Sheffield] by John Derry, 1915 * [http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/research/sheffield/index.html A tale of two cities: the Sheffield Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223342/http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/research/sheffield/index.html |date=2016-03-03 }} a report by University of Sheffield commissioned by David Blunkett about inequality within the city [[শ্ৰেণী:নগৰ-মহানগৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যুক্তৰাজ্য]] jz628rhd4b7btdd3bx219fo4vlnem2w 3 40580 604492 603291 2026-05-04T20:44:03Z MediaWiki message delivery 8079 /* Tech News: 2026-19 */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 604492 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Tech News: 2015-37]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now mention up to 50 users in a post and they will get a notification. Previously you could notify up to 20 users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110306] * A new version of the [[:m:mw:Wikidata Toolkit|Wikidata Toolkit]] has been released. It now has Wikibase API support. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/006999.html] * You can now use Wikidata to find all good or featured articles in a Wikipedia version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72209] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with [http://tools.wmflabs.org/ Tool Labs] due to [[:w:en:Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] issues. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110827] * The Content Translation tool published some pages with the same reference repeated several times. This has been fixed. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/03/september-3-update-fixed-duplicated-references-issues-with-norwegian-and-publishing-errors/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110007] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 9. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The maximum character length when you search for something on the Wikimedia wikis is now 300 characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107947] * The notifications list has been split into two lists. As a first step, notifications about messages on your user talk page will be placed in the second list. Feedback is requested at [[mw:Topic:Sobaaiky57zs7py7|the Echo talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108190][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108760] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=09&year=2015 September 8 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join the Wikitech ambassadors mailing list. The list is for Wikimedians interested in spreading information about Wikimedia technology news. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikitech-ambassadors See how to join]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia mailing lists will be moved to a new server and the software will be upgraded. This will happen on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=09&year=2015 September 9 at 14:00 (UTC)]. The mailing lists will not be working during the move. It can take up to four hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110133] * Wikidata will soon be able to store measurements, such as a mountain's height or the distance between two places. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T77977][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-August/006982.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W37"/> 17:29, 7 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13509330 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Tech News: 2015-38]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now use the [[mw:Wikidata query service|Wikidata query service]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007042.html] *Belarusian-Taraškievica Wikipedia was moved from be-x-old.wikipedia.org to be-tarask.wikipedia.org. This caused some issues, but most of them were resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11823] *Language preferences might not be changed immediately when you adjust them. Language selection might work slower. Please [[:mw:How to report a bug|report any problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T92357][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46649] '''Problems''' *There was a problem when editing [[:w:en:International Standard Book Number|International Standard Book Numbers]] in Visual Editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63558] *The Wikimedia mailing lists should have been upgraded on September 9. It didn't work as planned and will now happen later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083162.html] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 16. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=09&year=2015 September 15 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *ContentTranslation will show more data on the Special:ContentTranslationStats page. For example, it will show translation trends and information about deleted translations. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/] *The first version of the translation suggestions feature will be deployed soon. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W38"/> 16:17, 14 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13595243 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Tech News: 2015-39]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is now an experimental Wikimedia [https://maps.wikimedia.org maps service]. You can [[:mw:Talk:Maps|give feedback here]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083277.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Maps] * Last week a few issues with UploadWizard were fixed. Before this was done, UploadWizard would stop you from uploading your files if something went wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42921][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48741][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T61646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106968] * More Wikipedias can now use information from any Wikidata item in any Wikipedia article. Previously they could only use the Wikidata item that matched the subject of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100788] * The VisualEditor welcome dialogue has been changed. The intention is to make it more helpful for new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112354] '''Problems''' * Wikimedia Labs' [[:w:en:HTTPS|HTTPS certificate]] expired for most of Tuesday 15 September. To reach Wikimedia Labs and Tool Labs securely you had to ignore your browser's security error message. There was no risk to data security during this time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112608] * Last week the notification system was split into two parts. This was temporarily undone because of a bug and performance concerns. It will return to two parts this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112552][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-September/001260.html] * UploadWizard couldn't upload files larger than 5 MB when using [[:m:commons:Commons:Chunked uploads|chunked uploads]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111908] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 22. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 23. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 24 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The page move tool has been switched over to the new standard look for forms. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T86865] * You can now choose whether to extend a link or not when editing one in VisualEditor. This means it is easier to choose how much of what you type before and after the link is part of it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91285] * Wikibooks can now use data from Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107999] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=09&year=2015 22 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join a meeting with the Wikidata team. It will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=09&year=2015 September 23 at 17:00 (UTC)]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007052.html See how to join]. * You can register to the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016|Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016]] in San Francisco 4–6 January 2016. Gadget, template, bot, and tool developers are welcome as well. [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016#Call for participation|Call for participation]] and travel sponsorship requests are open until 2 October. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W39"/> 18:29, 21 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13726015 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Tech News: 2015-40]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *In UploadWizard, the dialog to see an image preview has been removed. You already see the images in the thumbnails when you upload them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112907] *UploadWizard dialogs look a bit different now. They have been updated to the new [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOUI]] look. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112117] *You can now edit music scores in VisualEditor. You can add new sheet music scores and get live updates when you edit one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112925] *When you send an e-mail to another editor using [[:mw:Extension:EmailUsers|Special:EmailUser]], that user will now get a notification on the wiki as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56130] *You can now see 500 images when you upload images from Flickr with UploadWizard. Before this change the limit was 50. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T44979] *The Wikimedia mailing lists have been upgraded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110140] *MediaWiki developers spent a day looking at proposed code changes in [[:mw:Gerrit|Gerrit]]. The goal was to clean up the backlog and give feedback to volunteer developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88531] '''Problems''' *Some visitors had problems reaching the Wikimedia sites for an hour on September 24. [http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/156486/Static-assets-(CSS/JS)][http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/163388/Wiki-platform-%5B%5Bw%3Afi%3AMain-Page%5D%5D-(s2)] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 29. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 30. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 1 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new beta feature that allows editors to use Flow on their user talkpage if they want to. Each wiki [[mw:Flow/Request Flow on a page|can decide]] if they want to enable it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98270] * The Content Translation tool can give translation suggestions. This feature will now be available in more languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Turkish, Japanese, Italian, and Catalan. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/september-24-cx-update-suggestions-in-new-languages-fixes-in-statistics-and-link-adaptation-and-more/] '''Meetings''' *You can join the [[mw:Reading/Strategy/Strategy Process|strategy process]] of the [[mw:Reading|Reading department]] of Wikimedia Engineering. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083316.html] *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=09&year=2015 29 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation developers want the community to decide who can use [[:mw:Help:OAuth|OAuth]] in the future. You [[:m:Requests for comment/OAuth handover|can discuss it]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W40"/> 15:15, 28 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13829249 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Tech News: 2015-41]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The link editor in the visual editor now shows results below the search box. This improves the usability on desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101169] *The description at [[Special:ChangeEmail]] now clearly explains that the page can also be used to remove your email. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98799] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 6. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 7. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 8 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). *UploadWizard will remind users to add a category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51710] *UploadWizard's category selectors will be easier to use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112764] *A new [[mw:Help:Extension:Cite|Cite]] error will be shown if a named reference is defined more than once in the same article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85386] '''Meetings''' *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=6&month=10&year=2015 6 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Wikidata requests your input on [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|how to improve the editing of Wikidata's data in other locations]], such as Wikipedias. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W41"/> 18:32, 5 October 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13953365 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Tech News: 2015-42]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The database size lists have been updated. These control special page update frequency and which wikis use global abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114613] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 13. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 14. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 15 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). *You will be able to upload images to Wikimedia Commons using the visual editor. When the image is uploaded it will be added to the article you're editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40030] *Pages that show citation error messages will automatically be placed in a hidden category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104792] '''Meetings''' *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=10&year=2015 13 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W42"/> 16:28, 12 October 2015 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=14074906 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Tech News: 2018-23]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] * [[m:Planet Wikimedia|Planet Wikimedia]] collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Rawdog Rawdog] [[w:en:News aggregator|feed aggregator]] to do this instead of [[w:en:Planet (software)|Planet]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180498][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090036.html] * Redirect links in [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189860] '''Problems''' * You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if [[phab:T195487|your wiki is one of them]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195500] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180605T1830 5 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180606T15 6 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W23"/> 21:54, 4 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18103288 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Tech News: 2018-24]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|the Wikipedia app]] for Android or iOS users can create [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|reading lists]]. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Reading_list_browser_extension] *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]]. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2018-June/009842.html] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Readers Web team]] IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180618T16 18 June at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180612T1830 12 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180613T15 13 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|move local wiki files to Commons]] and keep their original data intact. This is [[phab:T190716|planned to come]] to the first wikis in June. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W24"/> 21:55, 11 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18115892 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Tech News: 2018-25]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185030] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180619T1830 19 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180620T15 20 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a [[w:en:PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147202][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196371] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] on 5 July. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix remaining errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W25"/> 21:47, 18 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18136222 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Tech News: 2018-27]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The database for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|tags]] will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please [[phab:T185355|report]] if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-tech/2018-June/001283.html] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198350] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180703T1830 3 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180704T15 4 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W27"/> 00:46, 3 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18169586 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Tech News: 2018-28]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:WebM|WebM video files]] have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VP9_transition] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta]]. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. This could cause errors. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix the errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''Problems''' * When you rolled back an edit it could get both the <code>Rollback</code> and <code>Undo</code> tags. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374] * Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198449] '''Changes later this week''' * When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55973][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124305] * On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197581] * When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192725] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] toolbars will have more style options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109123#4400917] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at Wikimedia code in [[w:en:Gerrit (software)|Gerrit]] there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196812] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180710T1830 10 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180711T15 11 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today all administrators can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page previews]] will be on by default for new accounts. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090297.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W28"/> 23:10, 9 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18194890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Tech News: 2018-29]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950] * You can now see a new log of pages being created at [[Special:Log/create|Special:Log/create]]. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12331] * You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal{{!}}map{{!}}2-Year~2016060100~2018071100{{!}}~total Wikistats2 maps] have now been updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194414] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180717T1830 July 17 at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180718T15 July 18 at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|read more and leave feedback]]. * You can use <code><nowiki><inputbox></nowiki></code> to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of <code><nowiki>prefix:Page name</nowiki></code> you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can [[phab:T198318|read more and leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W29"/> 16:01, 16 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18215334 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Tech News: 2018-30]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196947] * Wikis that use [[mw:Citoid|Citoid]] can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for [[w:en:Sveriges radio|Swedish public service radio]]. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187023] * Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56515] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-24|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-26|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180725T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W30"/> 09:44, 24 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18233172 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Tech News: 2018-31]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The design on [[Special:Log]] has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117737] '''Problems''' * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000577.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000585.html] * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000587.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000589.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180731T1830 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)] as well as at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T23 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * After [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|a community discussion]], a new group for users will be created. "[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|Interface administrators]]" will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W31"/> 14:05, 30 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18237696 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Tech News: 2018-32]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] now has the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117739] '''Problems''' * The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180724-Train][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000591.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180807T1830 7 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180808T15 8 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W32"/> 19:39, 6 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18277179 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Tech News: 2018-33]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090481.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180814T1830 14 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180815T15 15 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|read more]]. You can leave feedback on the [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W33"/> 17:53, 13 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18292380 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Tech News: 2018-34]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180822T15 22 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2018 Community Wishlist Survey|2018 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Manual:$wgLegacyJavaScriptGlobals|Legacy JavaScript global variables]] have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on "group0" wikis. For example [[testwiki:Main Page|Test Wikipedia]] or [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#Global wg variables|read the migration guide]] to fix old scripts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W34"/> 16:46, 20 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18310555 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Tech News: 2018-35]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199800] * Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admin]] user right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202298] '''Problems''' * Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] '''Changes later this week''' * The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302] * [[w:en:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] will stop adding <code>using AWB</code> in the edit summary. Instead it will add a [[Special:Tags|tag]] that says <code>AWB</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111663] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Variables|on mediawiki.org]]. They have a note which says <code>Deprecated. Use ... instead</code>. An example is <code>article_text</code> which is now <code>page_title</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173889] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is <code>page_age</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180828T1830 28 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180829T15 29 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W35"/> 16:16, 27 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18330273 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Tech News: 2018-36]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new user right for users who can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]]. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200176] * There will be an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200792][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues] * You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197617] * <code>wp10</code> in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]] is now called <code>articlequality</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196240] * When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58845] '''Problems''' * [[c:Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] had problems with [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard/Campaigns|campaigns]]. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202760] * You can get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|notification]] when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200119] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180905T15 5 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers|Readers department]] will work on advanced mobile editing. You can [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 2018-08-27.pdf|read more]] about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 27 August 2018.webm|see the presentation]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Keegan (WMF)/RelatedSites2|The RelatedSites extension]] will be removed from Wikivoyage. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Unused projects on the [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server]] will [[wikitech:Cloud VPS 2018 Purge|be removed]]. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090735.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W36"/> 16:48, 3 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18344596 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Tech News: 2018-37]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200834] '''Problems''' * Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] * Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121930] * <code><nowiki><maplink></nowiki></code> did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203427] * <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203583] * When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203661] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180911T1830 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180912T15 12 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles|of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view]]. You can add things to the page and ask others to help. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W37"/> 22:36, 10 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18369657 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Tech News: 2018-38]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/08/10/commons-app-version-2-8-beta/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97192] '''Problems''' * You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192475] '''Changes later this week''' *[[Special:AncientPages|Special:AncientPages]] can hide disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76287] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180919T15 19 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] are testing new mobile web navigation. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile contributions/Navigation prototype feedback|use it and give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W38"/> 21:58, 17 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18389264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Tech News: 2018-39]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The [[Special:Preferences|preferences form]] will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/3/?projects=ui-standardization,mediawiki-special-pages report them on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117781] *[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180926T15 26 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W39"/> 15:23, 24 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18408633 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Tech News: 2018-40]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as [[w:en:JavaScript|javascript]]. You could do this using <code dir=ltr>?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript</code> in the [[w:en:URL|URL]]. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001955.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Problems''' * New and updated translations from [[en:w:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001951.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 UTC]. See [[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|how to join]] if you want to know how the search function works or have questions. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018 2|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W40"/> 17:35, 1 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18433392 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Tech News: 2018-41]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard] or the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/ Fountain] instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125618] '''Problems''' * There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add <code>href</code> where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108506] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181010T15 10 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W41"/> 23:38, 8 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18453674 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Tech News: 2018-42]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the [[m:Tech/Server switch 2018|server switch]]. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T206743] * Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from [[m:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/121/translationwiki.net_security_incident/] '''Changes later this week''' * When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27086] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator] as normal. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing_team/Weekly_triage_meetings] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181017T15 17 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W42"/> 22:41, 15 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18470532 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Tech News: 2018-43]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181024T15 24 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W43"/> 23:12, 22 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18491932 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Tech News: 2018-44]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The wikis now have a [[:w:en:Content Security Policy|content security policy report]]. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-October/001994.html] '''Problems''' * Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207472] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Special:Preferences]]. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Contributors/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181031T15 31 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W44"/> 20:09, 29 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18519160 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Tech News: 2018-45]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] to edit templates. This works only with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] and not in the visual editor or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. If you click on [[File:OOjs UI icon puzzle-ltr.svg|17px|link=|Puzzle icon]] you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202545] '''Changes later this week''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Solving edit conflicts line by line (new beta feature)|read more]]. * When you edit with the visual editor you can use the "Automatic" citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the [[:w:en:Crossref|Crossref]] and [[:w:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] databases and add the top result. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198567] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181107T15 7 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W45"/> 17:29, 5 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18540415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Tech News: 2018-46]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic (Grade_C)|grade C browsers]]. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196893] '''Problems''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T208840][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209012][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209036] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181114T15 14 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] tool to translate articles. The developers are working on [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version]]. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W46"/> 19:22, 12 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18568837 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Tech News: 2018-47]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote until 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] for <code>sameAs</code> data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the [[:w:en:Metadata|metadata]] for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181121T15 21 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-November/091113.html] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The [[:w:en:Table (database)|database tables]] used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174802] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W47"/> 23:29, 19 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18611020 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Tech News: 2018-48]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translatable pages]] you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use <code>/</code> to create a new page: <code>/wiki/Page/Subpage</code>. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114592] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search interface]] will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182] * [[Special:UnusedCategories|Special:UnusedCategories]] show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96041] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181128T16 28 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>mw.util.jsMessage()</code> function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Reporting JavaScript errors|Look for the warning]] <code>Use of "mw.util.jsMessage" is deprecated</code> in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains <code>mw.util.jsMessage</code>. There is a [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#mw.util.jsMessage|migration guide]]. It explains how to use <code>mw.notify</code> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193901] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W48"/> 22:22, 26 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18638702 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Tech News: 2018-49]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can [[phab:T150826|report it on Phabricator]]. You can also ask questions [[m:Tech|on Meta]]. There is a discussion [[phab:T150826|on Phabricator]] about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * Small [[:w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG images]] are now bigger when you see them in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MediaViewer|MediaViewer]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71237] * You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165189] * When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Footnote_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194511] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 5 December at 16:00 (UTC)] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 at 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W49"/> 16:13, 3 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18671340 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Tech News: 2018-50]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181212T16 12 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Password_policy] * When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W50"/> 17:34, 10 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18699559 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Tech News: 2018-51]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019. '''Recent changes''' * Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210553] * Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. '''Problems''' * <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags can use parameters such as "name" or "group". For example <code><nowiki><ref name="adams" group="books"></nowiki></code>. If a <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211576] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181219T16 19 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Android app team]] are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can [[mw:Android editing features|read more]] about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell [[:m:User:Dchen (WMF)|Dchen (WMF)]] you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>tiles.wmflabs.org</code> and <code>wma.wmflabs.org</code> will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes [[:w:en:Mapnik|the mapnik gadget]], hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-December/091216.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W51"/> 20:35, 17 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18718987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available. ''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.'' '''Recent changes''' * RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named "{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the "{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W02"/> 18:30, 7 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18759682 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/] * You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup. * Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|<nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki>]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki> has a new <code>wrapper</code> parameter now. You can use it for selectors like <code dir="ltr">.mw-parser-output <nowiki><wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441] '''Problems''' * When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703] '''Changes later this week''' *You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]]. * Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable <code>minor_edit</code> has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 <section end="technews-2019-W03"/> 17:55, 14 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18781471 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942] '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category <code>{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}</code> to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in <code>Special:TrackingCategories</code> on Wikipedias. * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages. '''Problems''' * When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380] * Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the <code>Module</code> namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W04"/> 20:37, 21 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_targets/8&oldid=18802332 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems. '''Problems''' * When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W05"/> 18:16, 28 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18821217 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W06"/> 17:12, 4 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18846213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]</code> [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use <code>ambox</code> there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W07"/> 18:46, 11 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18862544 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W08"/> 23:14, 18 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18883065 --> == Talk to us about talking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt="icon depicting two speech Bubbles"|frameless|right|120px]] The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication. We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices. We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives. We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help. '''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.''' You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: # First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]] # Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback. # Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions: ## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you? ## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them? ## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages? ## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations? ## What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"? # Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public. '''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.''' Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]]. You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer. Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:09, 21 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/Sandbox&oldid=18890731 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program] '''Changes later this week''' * When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W09"/> 21:17, 25 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18898106 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages. * The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W10"/> 16:38, 4 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18912959 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the <code>mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements</code> [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the <code>#statements</code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|a Kartographer <code><maplink></code>]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]]. * There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]]. '''Problems''' * Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis. * Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976] * Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W11"/> 19:30, 11 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18925338 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W12"/> 19:44, 18 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18939566 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352] * The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414] * Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W13"/> 18:05, 25 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18947493 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W14"/> 16:29, 1 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18980992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]]. * Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218] '''Problems''' * You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html] * A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087] * Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408] '''Changes later this week''' * When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274] * The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it will return <code>"-"</code> (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W15"/> 18:25, 8 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18988936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called <code> suggestion</code>. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the <code>WikibaseQualityConstraints</code> constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439] * You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|<code>depicts</code> property]] for structured data on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W16"/> 23:00, 15 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19011282 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446] * The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikipedia articles will have the <code>[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]</code> [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W17"/> 19:08, 23 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19030007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125] '''Problems''' * Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570] '''Changes later this week''' * You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353] * When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]</code> instead of <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]</code>. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612] * You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wb_terms</code> table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W18"/> 22:28, 29 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19046269 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W19"/> 16:28, 6 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19073915 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W20"/> 00:49, 14 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19091659 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis. '''Problems''' * File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954] * Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wbeditentity</code> [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W21"/> 13:04, 20 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19108030 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W22"/> 15:34, 27 May 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19120221 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/] * There is now a field called <code>[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]</code> on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts] * Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W23"/> 15:25, 3 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19133752 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748] * The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891] '''Problems''' * Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W24"/> 17:07, 10 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19143311 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with <code><nowiki>[[File:Filename.midi]]</nowiki></code>. Later <code>override_midi</code> and <code>override_audio</code> will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597] * A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old <code>wgEnableAPI</code> and <code>wgEnableWriteAPI</code> values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W25"/> 20:38, 17 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19152213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html] * Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W26"/> 17:30, 24 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19168431 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html] '''Problems''' * Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048] * Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358] * There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W27"/> 21:23, 1 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19175317 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583] * Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W28"/> 20:13, 8 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19192465 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called <code>{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}</code> and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W29"/> 15:30, 15 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19199404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]]. * The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html] '''Problems''' * The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247] * With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525] * Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable <code>user_wpzero</code> will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W30"/> 13:08, 22 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19224936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W31"/> 21:42, 29 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19235136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Problems''' *A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W32"/> 13:25, 5 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19263690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916] * Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824] '''Changes later this week''' * Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "Wikidata item" link will be moved from "Tools" to "In other projects" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W33"/> 18:20, 12 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19280448 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters. * Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521] '''Changes later this week''' * Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]]. * <code>Special:Contributions/newbies</code> will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W34"/> 15:21, 19 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19310286 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week. * The previously announced change of positions of the "Wikidata item" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632] * The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] * The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for "All contents" and "All discussions". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the "All discussions" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W36"/> 09:08, 4 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19350205 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]]. * [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other <code>Special:</code> pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W40"/> 16:51, 30 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19425409 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095] '''Problems''' * There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]]. * The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example <code>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page</code> would be <code>https://www.wikidata.org/</code> instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki. * There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W41"/> 15:36, 7 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19425409 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] * In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W42"/> 23:55, 14 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19459969 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as <code>internal</code>. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508] '''Problems''' * There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027] * The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W43"/> 14:44, 21 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19479668 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414] * You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using <code>px</code> (pixels) instead of <code>em</code> ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code style="white-space:nowrap;">mw.config</code>. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W44"/> 16:26, 28 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19459969 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450] '''Changes later this week''' * <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry</code> can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip</code> to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W45"/> 16:48, 4 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W46"/> 22:04, 11 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]</code> database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W47"/> 20:17, 18 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290] * [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W48"/> 16:52, 25 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it returns <code>"-"</code> (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W49"/> 16:59, 2 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19605481 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W50"/> 16:39, 9 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19605481 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057] * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W51"/> 00:18, 17 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19643564 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020. '''Recent changes''' * All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the "[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]". '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can use <code>setlang</code> in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W52"/> 20:08, 23 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19658611 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Tech News: 2020-02]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184357] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W02"/> 21:23, 6 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19686133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Tech News: 2020-03]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238038] * [[Special:LinkSearch|Special:LinkSearch]] has been moved from the "{{int:specialpages-group-redirects}}" section on [[Special:SpecialPages|Special:SpecialPages]] to the "{{int:specialpages-group-pages}}" section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242146] '''Changes later this week''' *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are {{int:protect-level-autoconfirmed}} and {{int:Protect-level-sysop}}. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph/Deepcat|Deepcat]] and [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph|Catgraph]] will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092936.html] * You can use <code><nowiki><ref follow="…"></nowiki></code> to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad <nowiki><ref></nowiki> was shown outside the <nowiki><references /></nowiki> list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W03"/> [[সদস্য:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:41, 13 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19686133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Tech News: 2020-04]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|new suggestion]] for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can [[:m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]]. Use the <code>python2</code> tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|get help]] to do so. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-January/009976.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss [[phab:T242446|in Phabricator]] if this affects you. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092939.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical Community Newsletter/2020/January|read about]] coming technical events and mentoring interns. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W04"/> 19:42, 20 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19732098 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Tech News: 2020-05]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242310][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243235] * Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231783] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the "Shift" key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at [[phab:T232688]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W05"/> 18:53, 27 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19751689 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Tech News: 2020-06]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W06"/> 20:05, 3 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19771613 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Tech News: 2020-07]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new version of the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093042.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|MediaWiki action API]] is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093048.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W07"/> 19:12, 10 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19795497 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Tech News: 2020-08]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Performance Team/Page load performance|page load performance]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-February/013827.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ResourceLoader/Developing_with_ResourceLoader] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W08"/> 16:18, 17 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Tech News: 2020-09]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|reply button]] after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Talk:Cats test the reply button]. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W09"/> 21:00, 24 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Tech News: 2020-10]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T246071] '''Changes later this week''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on [[Special:PasswordReset|Special:PasswordReset]]. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * On [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103281] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * There is a [[:m:Abuse filter manager/vote|vote]] on the creation of a new user group called [[:m:Abuse filter manager|abuse filter manager]]. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage</code> was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can [[phab:T246401|read more and ask for help]]. This affects 183 wikis. There is a [[phab:T246401|list]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mobile_Gateway/Mobile_homepage_formatting#MFSpecialCaseMainPage] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W10"/> 00:36, 3 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Tech News: 2020-11]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new search word called <code>articletopic</code>. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES/Articletopic][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Search/articletopic] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a plan for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|new requirements for user signatures]]. You can [[mw:Talk:New requirements for user signatures|give feedback]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia Android app]] will do [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W11"/> 17:15, 9 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19881740 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Tech News: 2020-12]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|API]] module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use <code>action=changecontentmodel</code> to specify the new model. You can read the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:ChangeContentModel|documentation on mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107174] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Two Column Edit Conflict View|a new two-column interface]] to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244863] * You can see [[:mw:Talk pages project/Updates#12 March 2020|a proposed design]] for replying to comments in an easier way. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W12"/> 21:13, 16 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19899639 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Tech News: 2020-13]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the [[:w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|current pandemic]]. You can see [[:wikitech:Deployments/Covid-19|the new deployment guidelines]]. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable. * There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247712][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247562] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Growth|a project]] to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by [[mw:Growth/March 2020 inventory|checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W13"/> 17:08, 23 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19899639 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Tech News: 2020-14]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The beta version of the [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can now help users [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search|add tags]] on Commons. These tags are called [[c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239690] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|project page]]. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-March/093240.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W14"/> 17:26, 30 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19939500 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Tech News: 2020-15]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248141] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * MediaWiki will use a newer version of [[:w:en:Unicode|Unicode]]. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen [[phab:P10817|on Phabricator]]. The titles will be renamed by the user <code>Maintenance script</code>. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219279] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W15"/> 19:03, 6 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19961136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Tech News: 2020-16]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use the <code>[[:mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Articletopic|articletopic]]</code> search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559] * You can see wiki tools in the new [https://tools.wmflabs.org/tools-gallery/ Tools Gallery]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/April] * You can see edits from the [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Wikimedia Cloud Services]] in a new [https://wmcs-edits.wmflabs.org/#wmcs-edits dashboard]. * When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227578] * There is a new [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Technical Blog]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_technical_blog_editorial_guidelines] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&oldid=1153486952#Update_about_the_database_breakage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200407-Wikidata%27s_wb_items_per_site_table_dropped][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133085] * The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can [[phab:T5324|leave feedback on this]]. * For pages using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]], the use of the deprecated <code><nowiki><source></nowiki></code> tag, as well as the use of the deprecated <code>enclose</code> parameter, will add tracking categories. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W16"/> 15:31, 13 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19979862 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech News: 2020-17]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[m:Small wiki toolkits|small wiki toolkits]] is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-April/093296.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. <code>div#content</code> is now <code>.mw-body</code>. <code>div.portal</code> is now <code>.portal</code>. <code>div#footer</code> is now <code>#footer</code>. This is so the skins can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248137] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]] in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248061] * The font in the diffs will change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T250393] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W17"/> 18:46, 20 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20001327 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Tech News: 2020-19]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251153|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200505T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251153] * [[phab:T251157|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|CentralAuth]]. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200507T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251157] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W19"/> 17:00, 4 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20041699 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Tech News: 2020-20]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Everyone can now import photos from [[w:en:Flickr|Flickr]] to Commons with the [[c:Special:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]]. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90004] '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251502|Commons]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200512T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251502] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via <code>mw.config.exists()</code> or <code>mw.user.tokens.exists()</code>. You can use <code>exists()</code> or <code>get()</code> to check one at a time instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251855] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W20"/> 20:42, 11 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20078394 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Tech News: 2020-21]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update#May_11,_2020][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-May/094804.html] '''Problems''' * There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with [[:w:en:IOS 13|iOS 13]] and [[w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can [[mw:Skin talk:Minerva Neue|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252223] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can let users [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search (to be released May 2020)|add]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts|depicts]] on Commons. The beta version used [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data/Computer-aided tagging|computer-aided tagging]]. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested_Edits_4.0_-_Tag_Commons_images_to_improve_search_(to_be_released_May_2020)] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graphs]] will be [[:w:en:Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] in the reader's browser. This will use [[w:en:JavaScript|Javascript]]. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236892] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects <code>div#p-personal</code>, <code>div#p-navigation</code>, <code>div#p-interaction</code>, <code>div#p-tb</code>, <code>div#p-lang</code>, <code>div#p-namespaces</code>, <code>div#p-variants</code> and <code>div#footer</code>. They will have to remove <code>div</code>. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252467] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for [[mw:Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] has been changed. This affects <code>#p-variants</code>, <code>#p-namespaces</code>, <code>#p-personal</code>, <code>#p-views</code> and <code>#p-cactions</code>. They can no longer use <code>> ul</code>. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. [[phab:T252447|See how]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W21"/> 17:20, 18 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20078394 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Tech News: 2020-22]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The visual editor will now work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern skin]]. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W22"/> 14:18, 25 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20114992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Tech News: 2020-23]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new beta version of the [[:c:Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-May/093431.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200528-s4_(commonswiki)_on_read-only_for_8_minutes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253808][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253825] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector skin]] had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252800] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.35|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W23"/> 22:32, 1 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20114992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Tech News: 2020-24]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226697] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint_errors/self-closed-tag|Self-closed tags]] now work as in the [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. <code><nowiki><b/></nowiki></code> is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. <code>area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr</code> can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in [[:wikidata:Q25885956|a tracking category]] since 2016. They will be listed in [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. This doesn't affect <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki><ref /></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] * There is a banner called <code>WikidataPageBanner</code>. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on <code>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</code> so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254534][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254295] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can now edit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] descriptions through the [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226929] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W24"/> 21:12, 8 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Tech News: 2020-25]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Toolforge|Toolforge]] hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from '''tools.wmflabs.org''' to '''toolforge.org'''. The routing scheme is moving from '''tools.wmflabs.org/toolname''' to '''toolname.toolforge.org'''. You can [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge.org|read the details]]. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud_ Services Introduction|ask for help]]. '''Problems''' * There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook]] skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254485] * Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will not support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]] after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|ask for help]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot-announce/2020-June/000015.html] * The selectors <code>.menu</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will no longer work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]] skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. <code>.menu</code> should be replaced by <code>ul</code>. <code>.vectorMenu</code> should be replaced by <code>.vector-menu</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254797] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W25"/> 21:38, 15 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Tech News: 2020-26]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|new tools]] to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/growthexperiments.dblist some wikis]. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255607] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] selectors. <code>.vectorTabs</code> should be replaced with <code>.vector-menu-tabs</code> to fix this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255718] '''Changes later this week''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can [[mw:mw:Help talk:Paragraph-based Edit Conflict Interface|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W26"/> 18:49, 22 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Tech News: 2020-27]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html] * Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.39|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Monobook|Monobook]] skins use the ID <code>searchGoButton</code> for the go button. This is <code>searchButton</code> for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]]. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to <code>searchButton</code> in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use <code>searchButton</code>. You can [[phab:T255953|read more and see a list of affected scripts]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W27"/> 16:31, 29 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Tech News: 2020-28]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguageExtension:Score|Score]] extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257066] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.40|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093571.html] * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/2020 survey|answering the survey]]. * Some [[mw:New requirements for user signatures#Outcome|rules for user signatures]] will soon be enforced. [[Special:LintErrors|Lint errors]] and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can [https://signatures.toolforge.org/check check if your signature works with the new rules]. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W28"/> 20:19, 6 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Tech News: 2020-29]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users can [[mw:Extension:Thanks|thank]] others for their edits. [[mw:Extension:CheckUser|Checkusers]] can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] who harass others using thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252226] '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-July/002327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Wikis that are not for one specific language can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|translate]] pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a <span style="background-color:#fdd">pink background</span>. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using <code><translate nowrap></translate></code> on the source page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256625] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.41|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review plans to use [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093577.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/July][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vpbt50rwxgb2r6qn][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093607.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W29"/> 16:30, 13 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News: 2020-30]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help [[phab:T254287|in Phabricator]]. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|2020/24]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|2020/26]]. '''Problems''' * There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257714] * Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a [[:w:en:HTTP cookie|browser cookie]] problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details [[phab:T258121|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258121] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a <code>{{int:printableversion}}</code> link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167956] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W30"/> 19:06, 20 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Tech News: 2020-31]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Small wiki toolkits/Starter kit|Starter kit]] is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093633.html] * The first features of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck ''{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}'' in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] or [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global]] preferences in section ''{{int:prefs-skin-prefs}}''. More improvements are planned. [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Feedback is welcome]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget [[:mw:MediaWiki:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js|directly from mediawiki.org]], end users can now [[mw:MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js#Time_zones|choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC]]. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093640.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257969] * Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144780] * Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W31"/> 13:53, 27 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Tech News: 2020-32]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * All queries to the [[mw:Wikidata Query Service|Wikidata Query Service]] failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200723-wdqs-outage] * Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News two weeks ago]]. The problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * There is a problem with the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]] for the "{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}" option. Developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258493] * A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the "move" and "create" types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258323] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS Player|video player]] will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * Users' <code>global.js</code> and <code>global.css</code> pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalCssJs#Per-skin_customization|documentation]] for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138727] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]] skin, the <code>searchGoButton</code> identifier is now <code>searchButton</code>. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in [[phab:T255953|T255953]]. This was previously mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|issue 27]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses <code>counter</code> to prevent large archives was changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215247] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W32"/> 15:43, 3 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20336426 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Tech News: 2020-33]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter and FileExporter]] became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140462] '''Problems''' * The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and [[mw:Content translation|content translation]] may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W33"/> 16:06, 10 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20353642 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Tech News: 2020-34]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an <code>undo</code> tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259014] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI version]] will not work with [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]]. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech/News/2020/17]]. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-August/093718.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|translating the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W34"/> 20:41, 17 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20366028 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 17:59, 24 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 11:12, 26 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Tech News: 2020-36]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W36"/> 20:12, 31 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20411995 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Tech News: 2020-37]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239277] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All MediaWiki [[:w:en:API|API]] modules will now use <code>watchlist</code> instead of <code>watch</code>. This was inconsistent before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247915] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Patrolling conversation|page on mediawiki.org]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187984] * The Wikipedia Android app will send [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need [[:w:en:Google Play Services|Google Play Services]] to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for [[:w:en:Android KitKat|Android 4.4]] users. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android#Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review could move to [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the [[mw:GitLab consultation|consultation]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Dropdown menus in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] use a <code>.menu</code> class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use <code>nav ul</code> instead. <code>.vectorTabs</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can [[phab:T262092|read more in Phabricator]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W37"/> 16:00, 7 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20427670 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 16:19, 14 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 00:19, 15 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Tech News: 2020-39]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new tag for reverted edits. For example you can see it in the recent changes feed or in the article history. It is added to edits when they have been undone, rollbacked or manually reverted to an older version of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254074][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164307] '''Changes later this week''' * The number of times you can do something in a period of time on wiki is limited. This could be the number of edits per minute or the number of users you email in a day. Some users are not affected by all limits because of their user rights. They could soon see the limit even if it does not affect them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258888] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 September. It will be on all wikis from 24 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W39"/> 21:28, 21 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20461072 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Tech News: 2020-40]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins can now see links to diffs of deleted revisions on [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. This uses the interface of [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261630] * Editors are automatically added to some user groups. For example editors are added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] when they have edited enough times and long enough. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] can hinder users from automatically getting user rights for a period of time. They can also remove rights user have. Wikis can now ask to change how long this period of time is for their wiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projectPHIDs=Wikimedia-Site-requests in Phabricator]. It is currently five days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231756] '''Problems''' * [[m:Tech/News/2019/34|Last year]] some abuse filters stopped working because of a new change. If they tried to use variables that were unavailable for that action they would fail. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230256] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 September. It will be on all wikis from 1 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can't see the language links to other language versions from the talk page or history page. They are also not shown when you edit an article. This could change. It is not decided if for example the history page should link to another history page or to the article. You can take part in the [[phab:T262472|discussion in Phabricator]]. * The link colours could change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. You can [[phab:T213778|read more in Phabricator]]. * In your preferences you can choose to get different notifications on the web or by email. You will see <code>Apps</code> as one of the alternatives later this week. This is because the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Android and iOS Wikipedia apps]] will use push notifications for those who want them. You can see the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo preferences] on the test wiki. The goal is to have push notifications on Android in October and on iOS in early 2021. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262936] * You can soon put pages on your watchlist for a limited time. This could be useful if you want to watch something for a shorter time but don't want it on your watchlist forever. It now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and will come to more wikis later. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|read more]] and [[m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry/Release Schedule|see when it will come to other wikis]]. * You can see what Wikimedians think are the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|best new technical tools this year]]. You can also nominate them. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W40"/> 21:24, 28 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20483264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 16:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 17:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Tech News: 2020-42]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Because of the problems with the MediaWiki version two weeks ago last week's updates are also late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263178][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093944.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live previews]] didn't show the templates used in the preview if you just edited a section. This has now been fixed. You can also test [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] pages even if you have the live preview enabled. Previously this didn't work well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 October. It will be on all wikis from 15 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A new stable version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is coming soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-October/010056.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W42"/> 15:25, 12 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20528295 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Tech News: 2020-43]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 {{#time:j xg|2020-10-27|en}} around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function will be updated soon so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] * Some gadgets and user-scripts use the HTML div with the ID <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#jump-to-nav</code>. This div will be removed soon. Maintainers should replace these uses with either <code dir=ltr>#siteSub</code> or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#mw-content-text</code>. A list of affected scripts is at the top of [[phab:T265373]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W43"/> 16:32, 19 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20550811 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 17:39, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 19:23, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Tech News: 2020-45]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser uses very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It could lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since October 29, 2020, users who use old TLS versions will not be able to connect to Wikimedia projects. A list of [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]] is available. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258405] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new automatic [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] available: [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:nonnumeric-formatnum}}|Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments]]. It collects pages which use the <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> parser function with invalid (non-numeric) input, ''e.g.'' <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:TECHNEWS}}</nowiki></code>. Note that <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:123,456}}</nowiki></code> is also invalid input: as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#formatnum|documentation]], the argument should be <u>unformatted</u> so that it can be reliably and correctly localised. The tracking category will help identify problematic usage and double-formatting. The new tracking category's name can be [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&showMessage=nonnumeric-formatnum&group=core&optional=1&action=translate translated at translatewiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237467] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 4. It will be on all wikis from November 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Administrators and stewards will be able to use a special page (Special:CreateLocalAccount) to force local account creation for a global account. This is useful when account creation is blocked for that user (by a block or a filter). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259721] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias on November 4. This change excludes the English, Russian, and German-language Wikipedias, plus a few smaller Wikipedias with special circumstances. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|the help page]] and [[mw:Help:DiscussionTools/Why can't I reply to this comment?|the troubleshooting guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''Future changes''' * A discussion has been restarted about using a Unicode minus sign (− U+2212) in the output of <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> when it is given a negative argument. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T10327] * In the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP addresses of unregistered users will not be shown for everyone]]. They will get an alias instead. There will be a new user right or an opt-in function for more vandal fighters to see the IPs of unregistered users. There would be some criteria for who gets the user right or opt-in. There will also be other new tools to help handle vandalism. This is early in the process and the developers are still collecting information from the communities before they suggest solutions. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W45"/> 16:10, 2 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20604769 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Tech News: 2020-46]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * You can see [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|reference previews]]. This shows a preview of the footnote when you hover over it. This has been a [[mw:Beta Features|beta feature]]. It will move out of beta and be enabled by default. There will be an option not to use it. The developers are looking for small or medium-sized wikis to be the first ones. You can [[m:User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|let them know]] if your wiki is interested. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-November/002373.html] * From November 16 the categories will not be sorted in order for a short time. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|internationalisation library]]. They will use a script to fix the existing categories. This can take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W46"/> 15:50, 9 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20634159 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Tech News: 2020-47]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 16 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for most languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''Changes later this week''' * If you merged two pages in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespace]] where pages can't redirect this used to break the merge history. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93469] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] is now open for proposals. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 16 to 30 November. You can vote on proposals from 8 December to 21 December. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W47"/> 15:37, 16 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20669023 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Tech News: 2020-48]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Timestamps in [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] are now links. They go to Special:Log for only that entry. This is how timestamps work on for example the history page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207562] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2020 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from 1 December. Unclaimed projects can be deleted from 1 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094054.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W48"/> 17:19, 23 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20698111 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Tech News: 2020-49]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] will show readers more of the article history. They can see new updates and easier see how the article has changed over time. This is an experiment. It will first be shown only to some iOS app users as a [[:w:en:A/B testing|test]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241253][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Breaking_Down_the_Wall] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]] can be used for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries. You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry], [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] or other ways to do this. To make the Wiki Replicas stable there will be two changes. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work. You can also only query a database if you connect to it directly. This will happen in February 2021. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W49"/> 17:45, 30 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20728523 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 16:15, 7 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 21:34, 14 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 20:48, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:39, 1 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:18, 23 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:23, 15 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:31, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:39, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:49, 19 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:25, 26 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:44, 3 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 12:57, 4 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:10, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:26, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 13:50, 17 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:08, 24 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:06, 31 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:03, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:35, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:50, 21 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:34, 5 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:32, 19 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:48, 2 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:28, 16 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:59, 23 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> </div> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:02, 30 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.&nbsp; The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:36, 13 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:33, 20 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> </div> 22:24, 27 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:33, 4 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> </div> 15:31, 11 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> </div> 20:54, 18 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> </div> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> </div> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> </div> 20:37, 8 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> </div> 22:07, 15 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> </div> 20:03, 22 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> </div> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> </div> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> </div> 22:28, 13 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> </div> 22:06, 20 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> </div> 01:24, 11 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> </div> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> </div> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> </div> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> </div> 21:16, 7 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> </div> 19:19, 14 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> </div> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> </div> 23:00, 28 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> </div> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> </div> 22:08, 14 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> </div> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> </div> 19:55, 28 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> </div> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> </div> 19:45, 11 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> </div> 23:12, 18 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> </div> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> </div> 19:34, 2 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> </div> 15:23, 9 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> </div> 18:58, 16 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> </div> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> </div> 20:29, 30 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> </div> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> </div> 16:59, 13 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> </div> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> </div> 20:03, 27 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> </div> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> </div> 19:25, 11 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> </div> 23:00, 18 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> </div> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> </div> 21:22, 1 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> </div> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> </div> 21:09, 15 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> </div> 00:13, 23 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> </div> 23:06, 29 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> </div> 23:22, 5 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> </div> 01:50, 13 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> </div> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:24, 4 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> </div> 14:09, 10 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:23, 24 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:16, 31 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:55, 14 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:35, 12 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 10 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:11, 17 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 31 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:49, 14 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:58, 21 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 6 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 21 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 28 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 3 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:55, 18 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 24 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 29 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:52, 12 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 19 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 26 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 7 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 06:00, 15 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 4 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 11 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 18 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 3 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:17, 23 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:06, 6 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 27 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:13, 12 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 18 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 9 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:04, 23 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:49, 13 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:37, 19 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:40, 18 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 25 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 8 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:34, 30 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:45, 6 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 13 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:33, 24 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:32, 8 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 23 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:11, 29 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 5 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 12 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 20 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:34, 26 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 3 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 17 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 23 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:21, 30 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 7 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 21 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:57, 28 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 4 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:08, 12 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 19 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:23, 2 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:25, 16 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 21 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 27 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 17 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:42, 25 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:31, 4 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 10 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 24 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 1 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]&nbsp; are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 7 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:25, 15 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:01, 21 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 28 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 6 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:38, 12 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 19 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 23 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:41, 30 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 8 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:10, 14 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 21 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:27, 29 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:41, 5 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 11 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:39, 19 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 26 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 1 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:15, 9 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:08, 15 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:56, 22 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:54, 29 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:24, 6 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:00, 13 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:37, 20 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 27 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 3 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 10 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]]&nbsp;initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in.&nbsp;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:27, 17 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:57, 24 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:58, 1 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:46, 8 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 15 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 22 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:34, 12 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 19 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:18, 26 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:44, 2 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:31, 9 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:04, 23 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:52, 2 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 16 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:26, 30 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[w:en:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 04:41, 7 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:01, 20 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. 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[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 4 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> tvtn2fg1zfnl7sig92kqc4ntptolvg8 0 43980 604423 517226 2026-05-04T15:33:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}{{Infobox person | name = মুকেশ | image = Mukesh Indian Singer.jpg | image_size = | caption = মুকেশ, ১৯৭৫ চনত | birth_name = মুকেশ চন্দ মাথুৰ | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|7|22}} | birth_place = [[দিল্লী]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|8|27|1923|7|22}} | death_place = ডেট্ৰয়েট, মিচিগান, [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | nationality = [[ভাৰতীয়]] | occupation = গায়ক | years_active = ১৯৪০–১৯৭৬ | spouse = {{marriage|সাৰল ত্ৰিবেদী ৰাইচন্দ|1946}} | other_names = সহস্ৰাব্দৰ কণ্ঠ, বিষাদৰ ৰজা (Tragedy King) | children = ৫জন (নীতিন মুকেশ আৰু অন্য ৪ জন) | relatives = নেইল নীতিন মুকেশ (নাতি) | awards = {{plainlist| * এবাৰ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]] * তিনিবাৰ "বেংগল ফিল্ম জাৰ্ণেলিষ্টছ্ এছ’চিয়েশ্যন বঁটা" * চাৰিবাৰ "ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পুৰুষ কণ্ঠশিল্পী বঁটা" }} | signature = Mukesh Signature.svg }} '''মুকেশ চন্দ মাথুৰ''' ({{lang-mr|मुकेश}}; [[২২ জুলাই]], ১৯২৩ - [[২৭ আগষ্ট]], ১৯৭৬) এজন ভাৰতীয় হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ সঙ্গীত শিল্পী যি সংক্ষেপে '''মুকেশ''' নামেৰে পৰিচিত। হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰত অসাধাৰণ অৱদানৰ বাবে তেওঁ [[মহম্মদ ৰফি]], [[মান্না দে]] আৰু [[কিশোৰ কুমাৰ|কিশোৰ কুমাৰৰ]] দৰে একেশ্ৰেণীৰ গায়ক হিচাপে গণ্য হয়।<ref>{{cite book|title= Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |last= Gopal |first= Sangita |coauthor= Sujata Moorti |year= 2008 |publisher= University of Minnesota Press|isbn= 0-8166-4579-5 |page= 94}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'' by Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen. Oxford University Press, 1994, page 169.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mukeshs-93rd-birthday/ |title=Mukesh's 93rd Birthday|website=www.google.com|language=en|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> তেওঁ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পুৰুষ কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]]ত অসংখ্যবাৰ মনোনয়ন পোৱাৰ লগতে ১৯৭৩ চনত মুক্তি পোৱা "ৰজনীগন্ধা" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ "কোই বাৰ য়ুহি দেখা হ্যায়" গীতটোত কণ্ঠ দিয়াৰ বাবে পুৰস্কাৰ লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ [[ৰাজ কাপুৰ]], [[মনোজ কুমাৰ]], ফিৰোজ খান, সুনীল দত্ত আৰু [[দিলীপ কুমাৰ]]ৰ কণ্ঠ দিয়াৰ বাবেও জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mukesh-remembering-the-singer-with-the-midas-touch/story-kTGymf56kD6so2K4tL0dDO.html|title=Mukesh: Remembering the singer with the midas touch |author=Rohit Vats|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 August 2014|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মুকেশৰ জন্ম ১৯২৩ চনৰ ২২ জুলাই তাৰিখে [[দিল্লী]]ৰ এটা মাথুৰ কায়স্থ পৰিয়ালত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Abdul Jamil Khan |title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA316 |year=2006 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-438-9 |pages=316–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIsBeVv1qDE&t=884 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/sIsBeVv1qDE| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Exclusive : Neil Nitin Mukesh & Nitin Mukesh In Conversation With Karan Thapar|website=[[YouTube]] |date=23 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Karki |first1=Tripti |date=22 July 2017 |title=Mukesh birthday special: 5 soulful songs of the Man with the Golden Voice |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-mukesh-birthday-special-soulful-songs-man-with-the-golden-voice-latest-breaking-news-today-392644 |work=India TV News |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> তেওঁৰ পিতৃ আছিল জোৰাৱৰ চন্দ মাথুৰ, এগৰাকী অভিযন্তা, আৰু মাতৃ আছিল চন্দ্ৰাণী মাথুৰ। মুকেশ দহজন ভাই-ভনীৰ মাজত ষষ্ঠজন আছিল। তেওঁৰ ভনী সুন্দৰ প্যাৰীক সংগীত শিকাবলৈ যোৱা সংগীত শিক্ষকে মুকেশক কাষৰ কোঠাৰ পৰা শুনি থকা অৱস্থাত দেখিবলৈ পাই তেওঁকো শিকাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। মুকেশে দশম শ্ৰেণীৰ পিছতে বিদ্যালয় এৰি দিয়ে আৰু অলপ সময়ৰ বাবে সাৰ্বজনিক কামকাজ বিভাগত কাম কৰে। দিল্লীত কাম কৰি থাকোঁতে তেওঁ নিজৰ কণ্ঠ ৰেকৰ্ড কৰাৰ জৰিয়তে সংগীতৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহ আৰু দক্ষতা বিকাশ ঘটায়, লগতে বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ বজাতো অভ্যাস কৰে।<ref name="MM">{{cite news |last1=Chobey |first1=Ankita |title=8 Life Facts about Bollywood's Golden Voice Mukesh on his Bi |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/8-life-facts-about-bollywoods-golden-voice-mukesh-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/53338576.cms |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=22 July 2016 }}</ref> == সংগীত জীৱন == মুকেশৰ কণ্ঠ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল তেওঁৰ দূৰ আত্মীয় মোতিলালে, যেতিয়া মুকেশে তেওঁৰ ভনীৰ বিয়াত গান গাইছিল। মোতিলালে মুকেশক [[বম্বে]] লৈ গৈ পণ্ডিত জগন্নাথ প্ৰসাদৰ ওচৰত সংগীত শিক্ষা দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত মুকেশক হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''নিৰ্দোষ'' (১৯৪১)ৰ বাবে অভিনেতা-গায়ক হিচাপে নিযুক্ত কৰা হয়। ''নিৰ্দোষ'' ছবিখনত অভিনেতা-গায়ক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম গান আছিল "দিল হি বুঝা হুয়া হো তো", যি নীলকণ্ঠ তিৱাৰীয়ে লিখিছিল। ১৯৪৫ চনৰ ''পেহলি নজৰ'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে মোতিলালৰ ওপৰত গোৱা "দিল জলতা হে তো জলনে দে" গানটো আছিল তেওঁৰ প্লেবেক গায়ক হিচাপে প্ৰথম জনপ্ৰিয় গান, যাৰ সুৰ কৰিছিল অনিল বিশ্বাসে আৰু গানৰ কলি আছিল আঃ সিতাপুৰীৰ। মুকেশ কে. এল. ছেইগলৰ ডাঙৰ অনুৰাগী আছিল, আৰু নিজৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনত তেওঁ ছেইগলক অনুকৰণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mukesh-remembering-the-singer-with-the-midas-touch/story-kTGymf56kD6so2K4tL0dDO.html|title=Mukesh: Remembering the singer with the midas touch|last=Vats|first=Rohit|date=27 August 2014|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/mukesh.html|title=Famous Indians – Mukesh|website=iloveindia.com|access-date=17 March 2016|archivedate=1 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701182416/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/mukesh.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> এনে বুলি কোৱা হয় যে, যেতিয়া ছেইগলে "দিল জলতা হে..." গানটো শুনিছিল, তেওঁ কৈছিল, "আশ্চৰ্য, এইটো মই গোৱা বুলি মনত পৰে নহয়।" <ref name=":0" /> পাছত সংগীতকাৰ নৌসাদ আলিৰ সহায়ত মুকেশে নিজস্ব গায়কী শৈলী গঢ়ি তোলে। নউসাদে তেওঁৰ ছেইগল ধৰণৰ কণ্ঠৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ শৈলী বিকাশ ঘটাবলৈ সহায় কৰিছিল। নউসাদে তেওঁক ''আন্দাজ'' ছবিত গান গোৱাৰ সুযোগ দিছিল। আৰম্ভণিত মুকেশ [[দিলীপ কুমাৰ]]ৰ প্লেবেক কণ্ঠ আছিল আৰু [[মহম্মদ ৰফি]] আছিল [[ৰাজ কাপুৰ]]ৰ বাবে। মুকেশে নৌসাদৰ সৈতে ''অনোখি আদা'' (১৯৪৮), ''মেলা'' (১৯৪৮), আৰু ''আন্দাজ'' (১৯৪৯)-ত বহু জনপ্ৰিয় গান গাইছিল। অন্যান্য সংগীতকাৰ যেনে অনিল বিশ্বাস, শংকৰ-জয়কিশন, আৰু [[সলিল চৌধুৰী]]ে তেওঁৰ কণ্ঠত দিলীপ কুমাৰৰ বাবে বহুজনপ্ৰিয় গান ৰেকৰ্ড কৰিছিল। পিছত দিলীপ কুমাৰে [[মহম্মদ ৰফি]]ক নিজৰ প্লেবেক কণ্ঠ হিচাপে বাছি লয় আৰু মুকেশ [[ৰাজ কাপুৰ]]ৰ প্লেবেক কণ্ঠ ৰূপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হয়। মুকেশে শংকৰ-জয়কিশনৰ সংগীতত সৰ্বাধিক ১৩৩টা গান গাইছিল, যাৰ পিছতেই কল্যাণজী-আনন্দজীৰ সংগীতত ৯৯টা গান আছিল। তেওঁ লাভ কৰা ৪টা [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা|ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা]]ৰ ভিতৰত ৩টা শংকৰ-জয়কিশনৰ সংগীতৰ গানৰ বাবে আছিল। ১৯৭৪ চনত মুকেশে ''ৰজনীগন্ধা'' (১৯৭৪) ছবিৰ "কয়ি বাৰ য়ূহি দেখা হ্যায়" গানৰ বাবে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ''অনাৰী'' (১৯৫৯)-ৰ "সব কুছ শিখা হামনে", ''পহচান'' (১৯৭০)-ৰ "সবসে বডা নাদান ৱহি হে", ''বেইমান'' (১৯৭২)-ৰ "জয় বলো বেইমান কী" আৰু ''কভী কভী'' (১৯৭৬)-ৰ "কভী কভী মেৰে দিল মে" গানসমূহৰ বাবে [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছিল। মুকেশে প্ৰায় ১,৩০০টা গান গাইছিল। এই সংখ্যা তেওঁৰ সমসাময়িক কিছুমান গায়কৰ তুলনাত কম হ’লেও, মুকেশে পৰিমাণৰ ওপৰত গুণমানক প্ৰাধান্য দিছিল। ১৯৭০ চনৰ দশকত তেওঁৰ গোৱা গানৰ সংখ্যা কম হোৱাৰ কাৰণ আছিল তেওঁৰ শৰীৰিক অসুস্থতা, বিশেষকৈ হৃদৰোগ।{{fact|date=August 2022}} মুকেশে কল্যাণজী-আনন্দজীৰ সংগীতত বহু প্ৰসিদ্ধ গান গাইছিল। তেওঁ কল্যাণজী-আনন্দজীৰ সংগীতত "নেয়না হে যাদু ভৰে..." (''বেন্দাৰ্দ জামানা ক্যা জানে'', ১৯৫৮), "ম্যায় হুঁ মস্ত মাদাৰী..." (''মাদাৰী'', ১৯৫৯) পৰা "চাহে আজ মুঝে নাপছন্দ কৰো" (''দাৰিন্দা'', ১৯৭৭) পৰ্যন্ত বহু গান গাইছিল। ইয়াত "ছালিয়া মেৰা নাম...", "মেৰে টুটে হুয়ে দিল ছে...", "ডুম ডুম দিগা দিগা" (''ছালিয়া'', ১৯৫৯), "মুঝকো ইস ৰাত কি তানহাই মে..." (''দিল ভি তেৰা হম ভি তেৰে'', ১৯৬০), "হম ছোড় চলে হ্যায় মেহফিল কো..." (''জী চাহতা হে''), "চল মেৰে দিল লেহৰাকে চল..." (''ইশাৰা''), "ধীৰে সে চলো..." (''জোহাৰ মেহমুদ ইন গোয়া''), "ম্যায় তো এক খ্বাব হুঁ...", "চাঁদ ছি মেহবুবা হো..." (''হিমালয় কি গোদ মে'', ১৯৬৫), "ৱক্ত কৰতা জো ৱফা..." (''দিল নে পুকাৰা''), "দিৱানো সে য়ে মত পুচ্ছো..." (''উপকাৰ''), "খুশ ৰহো হৰ খুশি হে..." (''সুহাগ ৰাত''), "হমসফৰ অব য়ে সহৰ কট যায়েগা..." (''জুৱাৰী''), "চাঁদিৰ দিৱাৰ..." আৰু "লে চল লে চল মেৰে জিৱন সাথী..." (''বিশ্বাস'', ১৯৬৯), "কই জব তুম্‌হাৰা হৃদয় তোড় দে..." (''পূৰ্ব ঔৰ পশ্চিম''), "দৰ্পন কো দেখা়..." (''উপাসনা''), "জো তুমকো হো পছন্দ..." (''সফৰ''), "মুঝে নেহী পুছনি তুমসে বীতী বাতেঁ..." (''অঞ্জান ৰাহেঁ'', ১৯৭০) আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। তেওঁৰ কণ্ঠত গোৱা সকলো গানৰ ভিতৰত "কহিঁ দূৰ জব দিন ঢল যায়" (''আনন্দ'', ১৯৭১),<ref>{{YouTube|wTqcchaliaXRANkw|Kahin Door Jab Din Dhal Jaaye – Mukesh – Anand 1970 HD}}</ref> "এক প্যাৰ কা নগ্মা হে" (''শোৰ'', ১৯৭২), "ম্যেয়নে তেৰে লিয়ে হি সাত ৰং কে" (''আনন্দ'', ১৯৭১), "সব কুছ শিখা হামনে" (''অনাৰী'', ১৯৫৯), "জীনা এহাঁ মাৰনা এহাঁ" আৰু "কেহতা হে জোকাৰ" (''মেৰা নাম জোকাৰ'', ১৯৭১) গানসমূহ বিশেষকৈ জনপ্ৰিয়।<ref name="Movie Madaari">{{cite web|url=http://www.moviemadaari.in/2016/07/mukesh-ki-kahaani-unsung-singing-legend-hindi-cinema/|title=Mukesh Ki Kahaani-Story of the most unsung singing legend of Hindi Cinema|last=Ganguly|first=Souvik|date=22 July 2016|website=Movie Madaari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002011919/http://www.moviemadaari.in/2016/07/mukesh-ki-kahaani-unsung-singing-legend-hindi-cinema/|archive-date=2 October 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=20 May 2025|archivedate=2 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002011919/http://www.moviemadaari.in/2016/07/mukesh-ki-kahaani-unsung-singing-legend-hindi-cinema/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ ১১০টা গান [[ৰাজ কাপুৰ]]ৰ বাবে, ৪৭টা গান [[মনোজ কুমাৰ]]ৰ বাবে আৰু ২০টা গান [[দিলীপ কুমাৰ]]ৰ বাবে গাইছিল।{{fact|date=August 2022}} == অভিনেতা আৰু প্ৰযোজক হিচাপে == মুকেশে তেওঁৰ অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰে ১৯৪১ চনত, ‘‘নিৰ্দোষ’’ নামৰ ছবিখনত অভিনেতা-গায়ক হিচাপে। এই চলচ্চিত্ৰত তেওঁৰ বিপৰীতে নলিনী জয়ৱন্ত আছিল। তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ আছিল ‘‘আদাব অৰ্জ’’ (১৯৪৩)। মুকেশে ৰাজ কাপুৰৰ ১৯৫৩ চনৰ ‘‘আহ’’ নামৰ ছবিখনত অতিথি চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। ১৯৫৩ চনত ‘‘মাশুকা’’ ছবিখনত ছুৰাইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। ‘‘অনুৰাগ’’ (১৯৫৬) নামৰ ছবিখনত উষা কিৰণ আৰু মৃদুলা ৰাণীৰ বিপৰীতে অভিনয় কৰাৰ লগতে তেওঁ এই ছবিখন সহ-প্ৰযোজক আৰু সুৰকাৰো আছিল। মুকেশে ‘‘মলহাৰ’’ (১৯৫১) নামৰ এখন চলচ্চিত্ৰো প্ৰযোজনা কৰিছিল, য’ত অৰ্জুন আৰু শাম্মি কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰিত্ৰত আছিল।<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006715/bio মুকেশ], IMDb</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030119104929/http://www.singermukesh.com/reellife.htm মুকেশৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহ], singermukesh.com</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-malhar-1951/article3257837.ece অতীতৰ পৰা – মলহাৰ (১৯৫১)], ''The Hindu'' (২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০১২)। ৬ নবেম্বৰ ২০১৮ তাৰিখে সংগৃহীত।</ref> == প্ৰশংসা == মুকেশ ভাৰতৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ স্পিন বলাৰ ভগৱত চন্দ্ৰশেখৰৰ অতি প্ৰিয় গায়ক আছিল। কেতিয়াবা খেলৰ সময়ত যদি মুকেশৰ গানৰ ধ্বনি কাণত পৰিছিল, তেতিয়া চন্দ্ৰশেখৰে হাত জোকাৰি প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া দিয়া মুহূৰ্তত সমগ্ৰ ৰঙালৈ উল্লাস বিয়পি পৰিছিল। [[সুনীল গাভাস্কাৰ]]ে লিখিছিল যে তেওঁ কেতিয়াবা চন্দ্ৰশেখৰক উৎসাহিত কৰিবলৈ নিজেও মুকেশৰ গান গুণগুণাইছিল। চন্দ্ৰশেখৰৰ এই সংগীত প্ৰেমে দলৰ অন্য সদস্য কিৰমাণী, গুণ্ডাপ্পা বিশ্বনাথ আৰু কিছুমান সাংবাদিককো প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল।<ref name="Suresh Menon">{{cite web | url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1125092/coffee-with-chandra | title=চান্দ্ৰাৰ সৈতে কফি | publisher=[[ESPN Cricinfo]] | work=The Cricket Monthly | date=৬ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭ | access-date=৭ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭ | author=সুৰেশ মেনন}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত গুগলে মুকেশৰ ৯৩সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁক সন্মান জনাই ডুডল প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=আৰ. |first=মীনাক্ষী |date=২২ জুলাই ২০১৬ |title=গুগলে মুকেশৰ ৯৩তম জন্মদিন উদযাপন কৰিলে |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/google-celebrates-mukesh-mathur-93rd-birth-anniversary/article61794035.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=৩০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=সেইন |first=মানীষ |date=২২ জুলাই ২০১৬ |title=গুগল ডুডলে মুকেশৰ জন্মদিন উদযাপন |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-doodle-celebrates-mukeshs-93rd-birthday-330657-2016-07-22 |magazine=India Today |access-date=৩০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনত ভাৰতীয় ডাক বিভাগে তেওঁৰ ১০০সংখ্যক জন্মবাৰ্ষিকীত মুকেশক উচ্ছিত কৰিবলৈ এখন স্মাৰক ডাকটিকট প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=প্ৰখ্যাত গায়ক মুকেশৰ ১০০সংখ্যক জন্মদিনত চৰকাৰৰ স্মাৰক ডাকটিকট |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/government-issues-commemorative-stamp-in-honour-of-legendary-singer-mukesh-on-his-100th-birth-anniversary/cid/2036125 |access-date=৬ আগষ্ট ২০২৪ |agency=The Telegraph |date=২৫ জুলাই ২০২৪}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=১০০সংখ্যক জন্মদিনত মুকেশক সন্মান জনাই চৰকাৰৰ স্মাৰক ডাকটিকট |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/07/24/del92-singer-mukesh-stamp--rpt.html |access-date=৬ আগষ্ট ২০২৪ |agency=The Week |date=২৪ জুলাই ২০২৪}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == মুকেশে ৰাজচন্দ্ৰ ত্ৰিবেদীৰ ধনী কন্যা সৰল ত্ৰিবেদীৰ সৈতে বিবাহ কৰে।<ref name="MM"/><ref>{{cite news |title=নিতিন মুকেশে তেওঁৰ পিতৃ মুকেশৰ জীয়াই থকা গীতিময় যাত্ৰাৰ কথা স্মৰণ কৰে! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nitin-mukesh-looks-back-at-his-late-father-mukeshs-illustrious-journey-28972-1.html |access-date=২২ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২০ |work=Filmfare |date=২০ জুন ২০১৮ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=মুকেশক স্মৰণ – সোণালী কণ্ঠৰ মানুহজন |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/remembering-mukesh-the-man-with-the-golden-voice/15558173 |access-date=২২ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২০ |work=Mid Day |date=২২ জুলাই ২০১৬ |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ঘৰত থাকিবলৈ কোনো উপযুক্ত ঠাই নথকা, অনিয়মিত উপাৰ্জন, আৰু তেতিয়াৰ ভাৰতত চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ গায়কক 'অনৈতিক' পেচা হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল, এই সকলো কাৰণতে সৰলৰ পিতাৰ সন্মতি লাভ কৰা নাছিল। ফলস্বৰূপে, মুকেশ আৰু সৰলে পলাই গৈ বিবাহ কৰাত বাধ্য হয়। তেওঁলোকে ১৯৪৬ চনৰ ২২ জুলাই, মুকেশৰ ২৩তম জন্মদিনত কান্দিভলীৰ এখন মন্দিৰত বিবাহ কৰে, য'ত অভিনেতা মোতিলালৰ সহায় আৰু আৰ. ডি. মাথুৰৰ বাসভৱনৰ পৰা এই বিবাহ সম্পন্ন হয়। সেই সময়ত বহুতেই অশুভ ভবিষ্যৎবাণী কৰিছিল, বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ কথা ক'লে, কিন্তু দুখ-দুৰ্দিন পাৰ হৈ দুয়োয়ে ১৯৭৬ চনৰ ২২ জুলাই তাৰিখে তেওঁলোকৰ ৩০সংখ্যক বিবাহ বাৰ্ষিকী উদযাপন কৰে, যাৰ চাৰিদিন পাছতে মুকেশ আমেৰিকালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল। এই দম্পতীত পাঞ্চটা সন্তান আছিল – ৰীতা, গায়ক নিতিন, নলিনী (মৃত্যু: ১৯৭৮), মোহনিশ আৰু নম্ৰতা (আম্ৰিতা)। অভিনেতা নীল নিতিন মুকেশ মুকেশৰ নাতি (নিতিনৰ পুত্ৰ)।<ref name="MM"/> == মৃত্যু == মুকেশৰ মৃত্যু হয় ১৯৭৬ চনৰ ২৭ আগষ্ট তাৰিখে ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান, আমেৰিকাত হৃদৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ। তেওঁ তাত এটা সংগীত অনুষ্ঠানত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite magazine |title='আৱাৰা হুঁ' গীতৰ গায়ক মুকেশ চন্দ মথুৰক স্মৰণ, তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ কিছুমান তথ্য |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/mukesh-chand-mathur-337486-2016-08-27 |magazine=India Today |date=২৭ আগষ্ট ২০১৬ |access-date=৩০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫}}</ref> সেই পুৱাই তেওঁ শোৱাৰ পৰা উঠি গা ধুবলৈ গৈছিল, আৰু ওলাই আহি বুকুৰ বিষৰ কথা কৈছিল। তেওঁক তৎক্ষণাত চিকিৎসালয় লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল, কিন্তু তেওঁক মৃত ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। অনুষ্ঠানৰ বাকী অংশটো [[লতা মংগেশকাৰ]] আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ নিতিন মুকেশে সম্পন্ন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=১৬ জুলাই ২০২৩ |title=কিয় মুকেশ এতিয়াও জনপ্ৰিয়? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mukeshs-legacy-lives-on-world-concerts-to-celebrate-birth-centenary-of-iconic-bollywood-singer-101689448188069.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241216112040/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mukeshs-legacy-lives-on-world-concerts-to-celebrate-birth-centenary-of-iconic-bollywood-singer-101689448188069.html |archive-date=১৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৪ |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=৩০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ লতা মংগেশকাৰে ভাৰতলৈ অনাইছিল, য'ত চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতৰ বহুজন অভিনেতা, কলাকাৰ আৰু অনুৰাগীৰ উপস্থিতিত এক বিশাল শৱদাহ অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ খবৰ পাই অভিনেতা [[ৰাজ কাপুৰ]]ে কন্দি উঠিছিল আৰু কৈছিল, "মোৰ মাত হেৰাল" – যিটো কথা মুকেশৰ কণ্ঠৰ সৈতে ৰাজ কাপুৰৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অতি জনপ্ৰিয় গানসমূহৰ গভীৰ সংযোগৰ সাক্ষ্য বহন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chhibber |first=Maneesh |date=২৭ আগষ্ট ২০১৮ |title=মুকেশ: এটা অনভ্যাসযুক্ত কণ্ঠ যি আপোনাৰ জীৱন বুজাবলৈ বাধ্য কৰিছিল |url=https://theprint.in/feature/mukesh-the-untrained-voice-that-made-you-wonder-if-your-life-was-well-lived/105786/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=৩০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫ }}</ref> মুকেশৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত, তেওঁৰ যিসকল গীত তেতিয়ালৈকে মুক্তি পোৱা নাছিল, সেইবোৰ ১৯৭৭ চনত ''ধৰ্ম বীৰ'', ''অমৰ আকবৰ এন্থনী'', ''খেল খেলাড়ি কা'', ''দাৰিন্দা'' আৰু ''চান্দী সোণা'' আদি চলচ্চিত্ৰত মুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৯৭৮ চনতো মুকেশৰ গীত থকা ''আহুতি'', ''পৰমাত্মা'', ''তুমহাৰী কসম'' আৰু ''সত্যম শিৱম সুন্দৰম'' আদি ছবিৰ মুক্তিৰে তেওঁৰ কণ্ঠ বজাই ৰখা হয়। ''সত্যম শিৱম সুন্দৰম'' ছবিত মুকেশে তেওঁৰ অন্তিম চলচ্চিত্ৰ সংগীত ‘‘চঞ্চল শীতল নিৰ্মল কোমল’’ [[শশী কাপুৰ]]ৰ বাবে গাইছিল। ১৯৮০ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি, মুকেশৰ কণ্ঠত বহু চলচ্চিত্ৰ মুক্তি পায়, যেনে: ''শয়তান মুজাৰিম'', ''প্ৰেমিকা'', ''পাথৰ সে টকৰ'' (১৯৮০), ''সাঁঝ কি বেলা'', ''মৈলা আঁচল'' (১৯৮১), ''আৰোহী'' (১৯৮২), ''চোৰ মণ্ডলী'' (১৯৮৩), ''নিৰ্লজ্জ'' (১৯৮৫), ''লাভ এণ্ড গড'' (১৯৮৬), ''শুভ চিন্তক'' (১৯৮৯), আৰু তেওঁৰ শেষ জনা গীতযুক্ত চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''চান্দ গ্ৰহণ'' (১৯৯৭)।<ref>{{cite news |title=মুকেশক স্মৰণ |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1203023 |access-date=৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০১৯ |work=DAWN.COM |date=২৭ আগষ্ট ২০১৫ |language=en}}</ref> == পুৰস্কাৰ == [[File:Mukesh 2016 postcard of India.jpg|thumb|ভাৰতৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ গায়কসকলক উত্সৰ্গা কৰা ২০১৬ চনৰ এখন ডাকটিকত মুকেশ]] === ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ পুৰস্কাৰ === * ১৯৭৪ – ''[[ৰাজনিগন্ধা]]'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ "কাই বাৰ ইউঁহি দেখা হে" গীতৰ বাবে [[শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পুৰুষ কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ পুৰস্কাৰ]] === ফিল্মফেয়াৰ পুৰস্কাৰ === ==== বিজয়ী ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! বছৰ ! গীত ! চলচ্চিত্ৰ ! সংগীত পৰিচালক ! গীতিকাৰ |- | ১৯৫৯ | "সব কিছু শিখা হুমনে" | ''আনাৰী'' | শংকৰ জয়কিশন | শৈলেন্দ্ৰ |- | ১৯৭০ | "সবচে বড় নাদান" | ''পহচান'' | শংকৰ জয়কিশন | বাৰ্মা মালিক |- | ১৯৭২ | "জয় বলো বেইমান কি" | ''বেইমান'' | শংকৰ জয়কিশন | বাৰ্মা মালিক |- | ১৯৭৬ | "কভি কভি মেৰে দিল মে" | ''কভি কভি'' | খাইয়াম | সাহিৰ লুধিয়ানভী |} ==== মনোনীত ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! বছৰ ! গীত ! চলচ্চিত্ৰ ! সংগীত পৰিচালক ! গীতিকাৰ |- | ১৯৬২ | "হোঠোঁ পে সাচ্চাই ৰেহতি হে" | যিস দেশ মে গঙ্গা বহতি হে | শংকৰ জয়কিশন | শৈলেন্দ্ৰ |- | ১৯৬৫ | "দোস্ত দোস্ত না ৰহা" | সঙ্গম | শংকৰ জয়কিশন | শৈলেন্দ্ৰ |- | ১৯৬৮ | "সাৱন কা মাহিনা" | মিলন | লক্ষ্মীকান্ত-প্যাৰেলাল | [[আনন্দ বক্সী]] |- | ১৯৭১ | "বস ইয়েহি অপৰাধ" | পহচান | শংকৰ জয়কিশন | নীৰজ |- | ১৯৭২ | "জানে কহাঁ গয়ে ৱো দিন" | মেৰা নাম জোকাৰ | শংকৰ জয়কিশন | হাস্‌ৰত জয়পুৰী |- | ১৯৭২ | "কহিঁ দূৰ জব দিন ঢল যায়ে" | আনন্দ | [[সলিল চৌধুৰী]] | যোগেশ |- | ১৯৭৩ | "এক পেয়াৰ কা নগ্‌মা হে" | শোৰ | লক্ষ্মীকান্ত-প্যাৰেলাল | সন্তোষ আনন্দ |- | ১৯৭৫ | "ম্যাঁ না ভুলুঙা" | ৰোটি কাপড়া অউৰ মকান | লক্ষ্মীকান্ত-প্যাৰেলাল | সন্তোষ আনন্দ |- | ১৯৭৭ | "এক দিন বিক যায়েগা" | ধৰ্ম কৰ্ম | [[আৰ. ডি. বৰ্মন]] | মজৰুহ সুলতানপুৰী |- | ১৯৭৭ | "ম্যাঁ পল দো পল কা সহায়ৰ হুঁ" | কভি কভি | খাইয়াম | সাহিৰ লুধিয়ানভী |- | ১৯৭৮ | "সুহানি চান্দনি ৰাতেঁ" | মুক্তি | [[আৰ. ডি. বৰ্মন]] | [[আনন্দ বক্সী]] |- | ১৯৭৮ | "চঞ্চল শীতল নিৰ্মল কোমল" | সত্যম শিৱম সুন্দৰম | লক্ষ্মীকান্ত-পিয়াৰেলাল | [[আনন্দ বক্সী]] |} === বেংগল ফিল্ম জাৰ্নেলিষ্টছ’ এছ’চিয়েচন পুৰস্কাৰ === '''বিজয়ী''' * ১৯৬৭ – ''তিসৰি কসম'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পুৰুষ কণ্ঠশিল্পী<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071228025258/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196730.htm ৩০তম বাৰ্ষিক BFJA পুৰস্কাৰ]. bfjaawards.com</ref> * ১৯৬৮ – ''মিলন'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পুৰুষ কণ্ঠশিল্পী<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100108050315/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196831.htm ৩১তম বাৰ্ষিক BFJA পুৰস্কাৰ]. bfjaawards.com</ref> * ১৯৭০ – ''সৰস্বতীচন্দ্ৰ'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পুৰুষ কণ্ঠশিল্পী<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223011312/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197033.htm ৩৩তম বাৰ্ষিক BFJA পুৰস্কাৰ]. bfjaawards.com</ref> == চলচ্চিত্ৰত অংশগ্ৰহণ == '''অভিনেতা হিচাপে:''' {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! চলচ্চিত্ৰ!! বছৰ |- | নিৰ্দোষ ||১৯৪১ |- | আদাব আৰ্জ ||১৯৪৩ |- | আহ || rowspan="2" |১৯৫৩ |- | মাশুকা |- | অনুৰাগ ||১৯৫৬ |} '''গায়ক হিচাপে:''' {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! চলচ্চিত্ৰ!! বছৰ |- | নিৰ্দোষ ||১৯৪১ |- | পেহলি নজৰ ||১৯৪৫ |- | মেলা ||১৯৪৮ |- | আগ ||১৯৪৮ |- | সুহাগ ৰাত ||১৯৪৮ |- | বিদ্যা ||১৯৪৮ |- | অনোখি আদা ||১৯৪৮ |- | আন্দাজ ||১৯৪৯ |- | বৰসাত ||১৯৪৯ |- | আৱাৰা ||১৯৫১ |- | শীশম ||১৯৫২ |- | আহ ||১৯৫৩ |- | শ্ৰী ৪২০ ||১৯৫৫ |- | অনুৰাগ ||১৯৫৬ |- | পৰ্বাৰিশ ||১৯৫৮ |- | ফিৰ সুবাহ হোয়ী ||১৯৫৮ |- | ইহুদি ||১৯৫৮ |- | আনাৰি ||১৯৫৯ |- | যিস দেশ মে গঙ্গা বহতী হে ||১৯৬১ |- | ছালিয়া ||১৯৬০ |- | বোম্বাই কা বাবু ||১৯৬০ |- | হুম হিন্দুস্তানি ||১৯৬০ |- | বাঞ্জাৰিন ||১৯৬০ |- | মেৰা ঘৰ মেৰে বাচ্চে ||১৯৬০ |- | ফুল বনেঙে অংগাৰে ||১৯৬৩ |- | আশিক ||১৯৬২ |- | ৰাজনীগন্ধা ||১৯৭৪ |- | এক দিল ছাও আফসানে ||১৯৬৩ |- | দিল হি তো হে ||১৯৬৩ |- | আকেলি মত যায়ো ||১৯৬৩ |- | পৰাস্মণি ||১৯৬৩ |- | জী চাহতা হে ||১৯৬৪ |- | সঙ্গম ||১৯৬৪ |- | ইশাৰা ||১৯৬৪ |- | ছোটি ছোটি বাতেঁ ||১৯৬৫ |- | হিমালয় কি গদ মেঁ ||১৯৬৫ |- | লাল বংলা ||১৯৬৬ |- | তিসৰী কসম ||১৯৬৬ |- | বুন্দ জো বন গয়ী মোতি ||১৯৬৭ |- | গুনাহোঁ কা দেৱতা ||১৯৬৭ |- | ৰাত অউৰ দিন ||১৯৬৭ |- | সাৰস্বতীচন্দ্ৰ ||১৯৬৮ |- | সম্পৰ্ক ||১৯৬৯ |- | বিশ্বাস ||১৯৬৯ |- | হোলি আই ৰে ||১৯৭০ |- | মেৰী নাম জোকাৰ ||১৯৭০ |- | কাটী পটাং ||১৯৭১ |- | আনন্দ ||১৯৭১ |- | এক বাৰ মুছকুৰা দো ||১৯৭২ |- | শোৰ ||১৯৭২ |- | ৰুটি কাপৰা ঔৰ মাকান ||১৯৭৪ |- | ধৰম কৰম ||১৯৭৫ |- | সন্ন্যাসী ||১৯৭৫ |- | দো জাসুস ||১৯৭৫ |- | ধৰ্মাত্মা ||১৯৭৫ |- | দস নম্বাৰী ||১৯৭৬ |- | ছোটি সি বাত ||১৯৭৬ |- | কভি কভি ||১৯৭৬ |- | দৰিন্দা ||১৯৭৭ |- | ধৰম বীৰ ||১৯৭৭ |- | আমৰ, অকল বৰ এন্থনি ||১৯৭৭ |- | সত্যম শিৱম সুন্দৰম ||১৯৭৮ |- | মেৰে হুমসফৰ ||১৯৭০ |- | দিওয়ানা ||১৯৬৭ |- | অনোখি ৰাত ||১৯৬৮ |- | আৰাউণ্ড দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ||১৯৬৭ |- | বান্দিনী ||১৯৬৩ |- | দেৱৰ ||১৯৬৬ |- | দিল ভি তেৰা হুম ভি তেৰে ||১৯৬০ |- | দুনিয়া না মানে ||১৯৫৯ |- | এক ৰাত ||১৯৪২ |- | ফৰ্জ ||১৯৬৭ |- | মিলন ||১৯৬৭ |- | ৰাণী ৰূপমতী ||১৯৫৭ |- | সাথী ||১৯৬৮ |- | সাবাক ||১৯৫০ |- | সাৰংগা ||১৯৬১ |- | সাসুৰাল ||১৯৬১ |- | উপকাৰ ||১৯৬৭ |- | বিশ্বাস ||১৯৬৯ |- | ইহুদি ||১৯৫৮ |- | বে-ইমান ||১৯৭২ |- | পেহচান ||১৯৭০ |- | অন্নদাতা ||১৯৭২ |} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [http://www.SingerMukesh.com গায়কমুকেশ.কম - শিল্পী মুকেশক উছৰ্গা কৰা এটি ৱেব ছাইট] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205023545/http://singermukesh.com/ |date=2006-12-05 }} * [http://www.SingerMukesh.com/Pankaj.htm পঙ্কজ দুভেদী - মুকেশ সম্পৰ্কে] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227212344/http://www.singermukesh.com/pankaj.htm |date=2014-12-27 }} * {{IMDb name|id=0006715}} * [http://cinepick.com/India/Mukesh.html Legends - মুকেশ] * [http://www.nagarnews.com/freehindimusic/mukesh.htm অন-লাইনত মুকেশৰ গান] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219162439/http://www.nagarnews.com/freehindimusic/mukesh.htm |date=2014-02-19 }} {{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}} {{FilmfareAwardBestMaleSinger}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পুৰুষ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] fcw51b1ja0jpyuvjmwtol5kgdqtteyy 0 57168 604565 517701 2026-05-05T10:16:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |honorary-prefix= [[The Honourable]] |name = সোণাল মানসিং |image = Sonal Mansingh.jpg |caption = [[নতুন দিল্লী]]ত নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰত অৱস্থাত সোণাল মানসিং |background = non_performing_personnel |birth_name = সোণাল পাকভাস |alias = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|4|30|df=y}} |birth_place = [[মুম্বাই|বোম্বে]], বোম্বে প্ৰেচিডেন্সি, ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত |death_date = |origin = ভাৰতীয় |instrument = |genre = |occupation = [[ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্য|শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্যশিল্পী]] |years_active =১৯৬২ – বৰ্তমানলৈকে |awards= [[পদ্মভূষণ]], ১৯৯২<br>[[পদ্মবিভূষণ]], ২০০৩ |label = |associated_acts = |website = [http://www.sonalmansingh.in www.sonalmansingh.in] |current_members = |past_members = }} '''সোণাল মানসিং''' ({{Lang-en|Sonal Mansingh}}; জন্ম: ৩০ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৪) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্য]] শিল্পী। তেওঁ [[ভাৰতনাট্যম]] আৰু [[ওড়িছী নৃত্য]]ত পাৰদৰ্শিতা অৰ্জন কৰি ''গুৰু'' হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি]]য়ে [[ৰাজ্যসভা]]লৈ সাংসদ হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sonal-mansingh-ram-shakal-among-four-nominated-to-rs/articleshow/64985955.cms | title=Sonal Mansingh, Ram Shakal among four nominated to RS | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=14 July 2018 | accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/14/former-mp-ram-shakal-rss-leader-rakesh-sinha-among-four-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-1843254.html | title=Former MP Ram Shakal, RSS leader Rakesh Sinha among four nominated to Rajya Sabha | newspaper=New Indian Express | date=14 July 2018 | accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-nominates-rss-ideologue-rakesh-sinha-among-three-others-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/64985950.cms | title=President nominates RSS ideologue Rakesh Sinha among three others to Rajya Sabha | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=14 July 2018 | accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref> [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ|ভাৰত চৰকাৰে]] তেওঁ কলা ক্ষেত্ৰত আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ স্বীকৃতি স্বৰূপে ১৯৯২ চনত ভাৰতৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান [[পদ্মভূষণ]] আৰু ২০০৩ চনত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান [[পদ্মবিভূষণ]] প্ৰদান কৰে। ২০২৪ চনত [[অসম চৰকাৰ|অসম চৰকাৰে]] তেখেতলৈ ২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা]] ঘোষণা কৰে৷ ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ১৯৪৪ চনৰ ৩০ এপ্ৰিল তাৰিখে ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতৰ অন্তৰ্গত বোম্বে প্ৰেচিডেন্সিৰ বোম্বেত সোণাল মানসিঙৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ অৰবিন্দ পাকভাসা আৰু পূৰ্ণিমা পাকভাসাৰ তিনি সন্তানৰ দ্বিতীয়। তেওঁৰ মাতৃ [[পূৰ্ণিমা অৰবিন্দ পাকভাসা]] [[গুজৰাট]]ৰ এগৰাকী সমাজসেৱী আৰু তেওঁ ২০০৪ চনত [[পদ্মভূষণ]] বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ ককা মংগল দাস পাকভাসা এগৰাকী স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আৰু ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম পাঁচ গৰাকী ৰাজ্যপালৰ অন্যতম আছিল।<ref>[https://www.ualberta.ca/~spicm/sonal_mansingh_biography.htm Sonal Mansingh] [[University of Alberta]] website, www.ualberta.ca.</ref> তেওঁ মাত্ৰ চাৰি বছৰ বয়সত [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ নাগপুৰত বায়েকৰৰ লগত [[মণিপুৰী নৃত্য]] শিকিছিল। তাৰপিছত তেওঁ সাত বছৰ বয়সৰ পৰা কেইবাজনো গুৰুৰ ওচৰত [[ভাৰতনাট্যম]]ৰ পাণ্ডানাল্লুৰ শৈলী শিকিবলৈ লয়।<ref>''National centre for the performing Arts''. Quarterly journal. v.12-13, ''page 3''</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/273843.cms Sonal Mansingh: The dance of life] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 9 November 2003.</ref> তেওঁ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা|সংস্কৃত]]ত ভাৰতীয় বিদ্যা ভৱনৰ পৰা ''প্ৰবীণ'' আৰু ''কবিদ'' ডিগ্ৰী আৰু বোম্বেৰ এলফিন্সষ্টন কলেজৰ পৰা জাৰ্মান ভাষাত সন্মান সহ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছে। ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ আচল নৃত্যৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ আৰম্ভ হয়। তেওঁ পৰিয়ালৰ মতৰ বিৰুদ্ধে [[ভাৰতনাট্যম]] শিকিবলৈ [[বেংগালুৰু]]লৈ যায় আৰু অধ্যাপক ইউ.এছ. কৃষ্ণা ৰাও আৰু চন্দ্ৰভাগা দেৱীৰ ওচৰত নৃত্যবিদ্যা শিকিবলৈ লয়।<ref>[http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/191.htm Sonal Mansingh] nrcw.nic.in.</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে তেওঁ মাইলাপুৰ গৌৰী আম্মালৰ পৰা অভিনয় আৰু ১৯৬৫ চনত গুৰু [[কেলুচৰণ মহাপাত্ৰ]]ৰ ওচৰত [[ওড়িছী নৃত্য]]ৰ শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় কূটনীতিবিদ ললিত মানসিঙৰ লগত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হয়।<ref name=indpress>{{cite news|title=The art of diplomacy|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/129791/|accessdate=29 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 Oct 1999}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শহুৰ মধ্যধৰ মানসিঙে তেওঁক গুৰু কেলুচৰণ মহাপাত্ৰৰ লগত চিনাকি কৰাই দিছিল আৰু পিছলৈ তেওঁ মহাপাত্ৰৰ ওচৰত ওড়িছী নৃত্যৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Sonal Mansingh|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/sonal-mansingh.html|publisher=iloveindia.com|accessdate=29 May 2012|archivedate=15 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215032919/http://iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/sonal-mansingh.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==কৰ্মজীৱন== সোণাল মানসিঙে ১৯৬২ চনত [[মুম্বাই]]ৰ ''অৰংগেত্ৰম''ত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাজহুৱাকৈ নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰি কেৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৯৭৭ চনত তেওঁ [[নতুন দিল্লী]]ত ''ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্য কেন্দ্ৰ'' স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name=bio>[http://www.mansinghsonal.com/biography.html Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728165649/http://www.mansinghsonal.com/biography.html |date=2009-07-28 }} Official website.</ref><ref>[http://mansinghsonal.wordpress.com/ Sonal Mansingh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718102128/http://mansinghsonal.wordpress.com/ |date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> তাৰপিছত তেওঁ দেশ-বিদেশৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো কৰিঅ'গ্ৰাফীয়ো কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ কৰিঅ'গ্ৰাফীসমূহ হল: * ''ইন্দ্ৰধনুষ'' * ''মনবৎ'' * ''মেৰা ভাৰত'' * ''দ্ৰৌপদী'' * ''গীত গোবিন্দ''<ref name=hindu/> * ''শব্ৰছ'' * ''চতুৰং''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous Personalities of India |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/Personalities/indianpersonality-sonalmansingh.html |access-date=2020-02-20 |archivedate=2020-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219035809/https://www.culturopedia.com/Personalities/indianpersonality-sonalmansingh.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ''পঞ্চকন্যা'' * ''দেৱী দুৰ্গা'' * ''আত্ময়ান''<ref>[http://www.4to40.com/legends/index.asp?id=953 Legends of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416005749/http://www.4to40.com/legends/index.asp?id=953 |date=2008-04-16 }}</ref> * ''সমানৱয়''<ref name="hindu">[https://archive.is/20130125130500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Redir.aspx?ID=ac0f708f-339e-4eda-be3e-42d2bb2826e0 Art and Culture] [[Hindustan Times]], 18 March 2008.</ref> ==বঁটা আৰু সন্মান== সোণাল মানসিঙে নৃত্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ স্বীকৃতি স্বৰূপে বহুতো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা আৰু সন্মান লাভ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw52.html Interview]</ref> ১৯৮৭ চনত তেওঁ [[সংগীত নাটক একাডেমী|সংগীত নাটক একাডেমী বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_dance_odissi.html Awards Odissi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816093636/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition%26honours_dance_odissi.html |date=2018-08-16 }} [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] official website.</ref> ১৯৯২ চনত ভাৰত চৰকাৰে তেওঁক কলা ক্ষেত্ৰত আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ স্বীকৃতি স্বৰূপে ভাৰতৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান [[পদ্মভূষণ]] প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | accessdate=21 July 2015 | archivedate=15 October 2015 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | deadurl=yes }}</ref>২০০৩ চনত তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান [[পদ্মবিভূষণ]] লাভ কৰে আৰু [[বালাসৰস্বতী]]ৰ পিছত পদ্মবিভূষণ লাভ কৰা দ্বিতীয় গৰাকী মহিলা নৃত্যশিল্পীত পৰিগণিত হ'ল।<ref>[http://www.webindia123.com/personal/dancer/sonal.htm Sonal]</ref> তাৰপিছত তেওঁ ২০০৬ চনত [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]]ৰ চৰকাৰৰ কালিদাস সন্মান লাভ কৰে। ২০০৭ চনৰ ২১ এপ্ৰিল তাৰিখে [[উত্তৰাখণ্ড]]ৰ পণ্টনগৰত অৱস্থিত গোবিন্দ বল্লভ পণ্ট কৃষি আৰু প্ৰযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে তেওঁক সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰ অফ চাইন্স ডিগ্ৰী প্ৰদান কৰে। তেওঁ [[ওড়িশা]]ৰ সম্বলপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰায়ো সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰ অফ লিটেৰেছাৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2007/04/27/stories/2007042700390300.htm String of awards for Sonal Mansingh]{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} [[The Hindu]], 27 April 2007.</ref> ২০০২ চনত তেওঁৰ ৰাজহুৱা জীৱনৰ ৪০ বছৰ বৰ্ষপূৰ্তি উপলক্ষে বিখ্যাত হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক প্ৰকাশ ঝায়ে ''সোণাল'' নামৰ তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ আধাৰত এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=bio/> এই তথ্যচিত্ৰ খনে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অদৰ্শিত চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ শিতানত [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Sonal'' |url=http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/sonal.html |access-date=2020-02-20 |archivedate=2019-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626001547/http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/sonal.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনত অসম চৰকাৰে সোণাল মানসিঙলৈ ২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা|শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ বঁ]]টা ঘোষণা কৰে৷ <ref name="ছেণ্টিনেল">{{cite news | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-government-to-confer-srimanta-sankardev-2023-award-to-sonal-mansingh | title=Assam Government to confer Srimanta Sankardev, 2023 Award to Sonal Mansingh | date=২২ আগষ্ট ২০২৪ | agency=দ্য ছেণ্টিনেল | accessdate=22 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="Gplus">{{cite news | url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/assam-sonal-mansingh-to-receive-srimanta-sankardeva-award-2023 | title=sonal mansingh to receive srimanta sankardeva award 2023 | date=22nd august 2024 | agency=Gplus | accessdate=22 August 2024}}</ref> ===শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদৱে বঁটা-প্ৰদান অনুষ্ঠান, ২০২৫=== ২০২৫ চনৰ ১২ জুন তাৰিখে [[গুৱাহাটী]]ৰ শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ কলাক্ষেত্ৰ|শংকৰদেৱ কলাক্ষেত্ৰ]]ত সোণাল মানসিঙক ২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়৷ অসমৰ মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী হিমন্ত বিশ্ব শৰ্মাৰ উপস্থিতিত অসমৰ ৰাজ্যপাল [[লক্ষ্মণ আচাৰ্য|লক্ষ্মণ প্ৰসাদ আচাৰ্য]]ই তেখেতক এই বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰে৷ <ref name="নিয়মীয়া">{{cite news | url=https://niyomiyabarta.com/epaper/13062025/details.php?date=13062025&page=3-13&article=12.gif&cid=12 | title=ড০ সোনাল মানসিঙক শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা প্ৰদান | work=নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা | date=১৩ জুন ২০২৫ | agency=নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা | accessdate=13 June 2025 | author=ষ্টাফ ৰিপ'ৰ্টাৰ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৩, ১৩ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> উক্ত বঁটাত এখন অংগবস্ত্ৰ, [[শৰাই]], স্বৰ্ণপদক, প্ৰশস্তি-পত্ৰ আৰু ৫ লাখ টকা থাকে৷ বঁটা গ্ৰহণ কৰি নৃত্যশিল্পীগৰাকীয়ে কয়-<blockquote>মই যেতিয়া নৃত্য শিকি আছিলোঁ, তেতিয়া মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰম শিষ্য [[মাধৱদেৱ]]ৰ নাম শুনা নাছিলোঁ৷ কিন্তু এতিয়া সমগ্ৰ ভাৰততে গুৰু দুজনাৰ বন্দনা শুনিবলৈ পোৱা যায়৷ ১৯৮০ চনৰ পৰা মই অসমলৈ আহিছোঁ আৰু বিভিন্ন স্থানত অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিলোঁ৷....মই [[ভাৰতনাট্যম|ভাৰত নাট্যম]] আৰু [[ওডিছী|ওডিচি নৃত্য]]ৰ পৰিসৰত অধিক [[বৰগীত]] সংযুক্ত কৰিব৷ <ref name="নিয়মীয়া" /> </blockquote> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মবিভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নৃত্যশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজকৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৃত্যশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কুৰি শতিকাৰ ব্যক্তি]] 1q2tuqa11wwpn1vhen9i7iq12vzy6at 0 57376 604474 537044 2026-05-04T17:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--> | type = Hindu | image = Mariamman.jpg | caption = মৰিআম্মা দেৱী | name = মৰিআম্মান, মৰিআথা | Devanagari = मरी आई | Tamil_script = மாரியம்மன் | Kannada_script = ಮಾರಿಯಮ್ಮ | script_name = Tamil | script = மாரியம்மன் | god_of = বৰষুণৰ দেৱী | abode = সকলো ভাল মানুহৰ হৃদয়ত | weapon = ত্ৰিশূল | mount = [[সিংহ]] }} '''মৰি''' ({{lang-ta|மாரி}}), যাক '''মৰিআম্মান''' ({{lang-ta|மாரியம்மன்}}) আৰু '''মৰিয়াই''' হিচাপেও জনা যায়, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে '''মাতৃ মৰি''' আৰু '''মৰিআম্মা''' ({{lang-ta|மாரியம்மா}}) বা সহজকৈ '''আম্মান''' বা '''আথা''' ({{lang-ta|அம்மன்}}, "মাতৃ") বুলি কোৱা হয়, তেখেত হৈছে [[তামিলনাডু]] আৰু কাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]]ত পূজিতা বৰষুণৰ দেৱী। তেখেত হৈছে [[তামিলনাডু]] আৰু থিৰুচৰাইৰ গ্ৰাম্য এলেকাত পূজিত প্ৰধান দেৱী। মৰি [[দুৰ্গা]]<ref>"ஆயி உமையானவளே ஆதிசிவன் தேவியரே" (Oh Mother Uma, Consort of Siva!) - Mariamman Thalattu, Goddess Mari Prayer.</ref> আৰু [[পাৰ্বতী]]ৰ<ref>"The truthful Kali who guarded the homesteads sat with her, The Kali sat together with Durga continuously with her" _Mariamman Lullaby [http://stotrarathna.blogspot.com/2009/07/mariamman-thalattu-tamil.html]</ref> সৈতে নিবিড়ভাবে জড়িত।এইগৰাকী দেৱীক গ্ৰীষ্মকালৰ শেষৰপিনে বা শৰতৰ আদিভাগত পূজা পতা হয়। পূজাৰ সময়ত গোটেই তামিলনাডু আৰু ডেক্কান অঞ্চলত '''আদি থিৰুভিঝা''' নামৰ এটা বৃহৎ উৎসৱৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।দেৱীগৰাকীক মূলতঃ বৰষুণৰ কামনা কৰি আৰু [[বসন্ত ৰোগ|বসন্ত]] আৰু [[কলেৰা|কলেৰা ৰোগ]]ৰ পৰা পৰিত্ৰাণ বিচাৰি আৰাধনা কৰা হয়। দেৱী মৰিআম্মানক স্থানীয় পুথি-পাঁজিসমূহৰ দ্বাৰা পিডাৰি আৰু গ্ৰাম দেৱতা হিচাপে অব্ৰাহ্মণ পুৰোহিতৰ দ্বাৰা পূজা কৰা হয়। ==উৎপত্তি== [[File:Tamil nadu, epoca cola, tridente con mariyammai, dea del vaiolo, x sec..JPG|thumbnail|right|170px| ত্ৰিশূলত মৰিআম্মাৰ মূৰ্তী, দশম শতিকা, চ'লা সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সময়ত তামিলনাডুত]] মৰিআম্মান এগৰাকী তামিল স্থানীয় লোককথাৰ দেৱী, যাক সম্ভৱতঃ প্ৰাক বৈদিক কালৰ পৰাই আৰাধনা কৰী অহা হৈছে। মৰি শব্দটোৰ তামিল ভাষাত অৰ্থ হৈছে বৰষুণ আৰু আম্মা মানে হৈছে মা। ==আৰাধনা== অবৈদিক পূজা পদ্ধতিৰে দেৱী মৰিআম্মাক আৰাধনা কৰা হয় আৰু পূজাত লোকনৃত্যৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়।<ref>M.K.V.Narayan, ''Exploring the Hindu Mind: Cultural Reflection and Symbolism'', Readworthy, 2009, pp 93</ref> মাটিৰ পাত্ৰত ৰন্ধা পোংগল আৰু কুঝ দেৱীক আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। তদুপৰি জুইৰ ওপৰেৰে খোজ কঢ়া আৰু নাক ফুটোৱাৰ দৰে কাৰ্য্যও কৰা হয়। তিৰুচিৰাপল্লীৰ ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে থকা সময়পুৰম মন্দিৰত এতিয়াও হিন্দু নিয়মেৰে দেৱী মৰিআম্মাৰ পূজা কৰা হয়। য'ত মন্দিৰ সমিতিৰ দ্বাৰা তামিল থাইমাহত এঘাৰদিনীয়া থাইপুছম উৎসৱৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। সেই উৎসৱত প্ৰতিদিনে পুৱা আৰু গধূলি দেৱীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি বিভিন্ন বাহনত উঠাই শোভাযাত্ৰা কৰা হয়। দশম দিনৰ দিনা দেৱীগৰাকীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিক সময়পুৰমৰ পৰা শ্ৰীৰঙ্গমৰ ওচৰত থকা উত্তৰ কাবেৰী লৈ যোৱা হয় আৰু একাদশ দিনৰ দিনা ঘূৰাই আনি এই উৎসৱৰ সামৰণি মৰা হয়। এইদৰে তামিল চিত্ৰাই মাহত দহদিনীয়া চিত্ৰাই উৎসৱ আৰু পুৰত্ৰাচি মাহত নৱৰাত্ৰী উৎসৱ পালন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.samayapurammariammantemple.in/ | title=sayampuram | publisher=official website | accessdate=28 February 2020 | archivedate=29 February 2020 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229080302/http://www.samayapurammariammantemple.in/ | deadurl=yes }}</ref> ভাৰতৰ বাহিৰত [[হো চি মিন]] চহৰ,<ref name="vietnam">{{cite web | url=https://shaivam.org/temples-of-lord-shiva/hindu-temples-in-vietnam | title=Hindu Temple in Vietnam | accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref> [[বেংকক]],<ref name=Sri>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/bangkok/sights/religious/sri-mariamman-temple|title=Sri Mariamman Temple|accessdate=4 November 2015|publisher=Lonely Planet}}</ref> [[কুৱালালামপুৰ]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lamjo.tripod.com/smt.html | title=kualalampur | accessdate=29 February 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> আৰু [[ছিংগাপুৰ]]ত<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.visitsingapore.com/en_in/see-do-singapore/culture-heritage/places-of-worship/sri-mariamman-temple/ | title=Sri Mariamman Temple | accessdate=28 February 2020 | archivedate=27 February 2020 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227165406/https://www.visitsingapore.com/en_in/see-do-singapore/culture-heritage/places-of-worship/sri-mariamman-temple/ | deadurl=yes }}</ref> মৰিআম্মানৰ মন্দিৰ আছে। ==পৌৰাণিক== [[শীতলা দেৱী]]ক উত্তৰ ভাৰতত বসন্ত ৰোগ নিৰ্মূল কৰিবলৈ পূজা কৰা হয়। সেই শীতলা দেৱীকেই দক্ষিণ ভাৰতত মৰিআম্মান হিচাপে মনা হয়। জনশ্ৰুতি অনুসৰি দেৱীৰ শৰীৰ উত্তপ্ত হৈ থাকে আৰু ভক্তসকলে শীতল পানী বা গাখীৰেৰে দেৱীৰ শৰীৰ ধুৱাই দিয়ে যাতে দেৱীয়ে ৰোগৰ উত্তাপৰ উপশম ঘটাব পাৰে।<ref name="free press journal">{{cite news | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/even-with-changing-times-faith-remains-a-great-healer | title=Even with changing times, faith remains a great healer | date=October 8, 2017 | accessdate=28 February 2020 | author=Mallika Iyer}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} {{হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী আৰু ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শিৱৰ সহধৰ্মিণী]] b5b965f35zq84gvh0g1y9gkfrv061xw 0 58583 604469 485090 2026-05-04T17:38:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মৌমিতা দত্ত | image = | alt = | caption = মৌমিতা দত্ত | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | other_names = | occupation = পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানী,ইছৰো | alma_mater = ৰাজাবাজাৰ বিজ্ঞান মহাবিদ্যালয়,<br>[[কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = মংগলযান, ২০১৪ }} '''মৌমিতা দত্ত''' এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানী। তেখেতে মহাকাশ প্ৰয়োগ কেন্দ্ৰ (Space Applications Centre,SAC), আৰু [[আহমেদাবাদ]]স্থিত [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা]]ত বিজ্ঞানী/অভিযন্তা হিচাপে কৰ্মৰত। তেখেত আলোকীয় আৰু ইনফ্ৰাৰেড সংবেদক/সৰঞ্জামৰ বিকাশ আৰু পৰীক্ষণৰ লগত জড়িত(cameras and imaging spectrometers)। ২০১৪ চনৰ বিখ্যাত [[মংগলযান]] মিছনৰ লগত তেখেত জড়িত আছিল। মংগলযান মিচনৰ পাঁচটা পেইলোডৰ এটা পেইলোডৰ(Payload) বিকাশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেখেতে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াইছিল।<ref name="Kiser 2018">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2017/11/29/rocket-woman/|title=Rocket woman|last=Kiser|first=Barbara|date=29 November 2017|website=A view From the Bridge|publisher=Nature.com|access-date=26 March 2018|archivedate=26 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326062810/http://blogs.nature.com/aviewfromthebridge/2017/11/29/rocket-woman|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==সংক্ষিপ্ত জীৱনী== দত্ত [[কলিকতা]]ত ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/the-women-of-isro/|title=The women of ISRO|last=Daswani|first=Divia Thani|date=2016-03-01|work=VOGUE India|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en-US|archivedate=2017-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021218/https://www.vogue.in/content/the-women-of-isro/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ছাত্ৰী অৱস্থাতেই তেখেতে [[চন্দ্ৰযান-১]] অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে পঢ়িবলৈ পাইছিল। আৰু ২০০৪ চনত [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা]]ত যোগদান কৰাৰ ইচ্ছা ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল।<ref name="Kiser 2018" />পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতি থকা বিশেষ আকৰ্ষণে দত্তক অভিযন্তা হ'বলৈ প্ৰেৰণা যোগাইছিল।<ref name="Agarwal 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/these-scientists-sent-a-rocket-to-mars-for-less-than-it-cost-to-make-the-martian/|title=These Scientists Sent a Rocket to Mars for Less Than It Cost to Make "The Martian"|last=Agarwal|first=Ipsita|date=17 March 2017|work=Wired|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> তেখেতে মংগল অভিযান প্ৰকল্পৰ প্ৰকল্প সঞ্চালক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="Devnath 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.storypick.com/isro-women-scientists/|title=8 Hardworking ISRO Women Scientists Who Are Breaking The Space Ceilings With Their Work|last=Devnath|first=Vinay|date=16 February 2017|website=Storypick|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> কলিকতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ ৰাজাবাজৰ বিজ্ঞআন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা মৌমিতা দত্তই প্ৰায়োগিক পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানত এম.টেক. ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে।<ref name="Devnath 2018" /> ২০০৬ চনত তেখেতে আহমেদাবাদস্থিত ''Space Applications Centre''ত যোগদান কৰে। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই তেখেত বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰকল্পৰ লগত জড়িত হৈ আছে। যেনে-oceansat, Resourcesat, HySAT, [[চন্দ্ৰযান ১]] আৰু [[মঙ্গলযান]]। তেখেতেক "মিথেন সংবেদক"ৰ প্ৰকল্প সঞ্চালক হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সংবেদকটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ আলোকীয় প্ৰণালী, বিকাশৰ দায়িত্ব প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Agarwal 2018" /> "মেক ইন ইণ্ডিয়া"ৰ আধাৰত তেখেতে বৰ্তমান আলোকীয় সৰঞ্জামৰ দেশীয় বিকাশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কাম কৰি আছে। তেখেতৰ গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ গেছ সংবেদকৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ সংস্কৰণ নিৰ্মাণৰ লগত জড়িত য'ত আলোকক্ষেত্ৰৰ কিছুমান আধুনিকতম প্ৰযুক্তি ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporatecitizen.in/v2-issue21/women-power-moms-of-mars-mission.html|title=Women-Power Moms of Mars Mission|date=January 2017|website=Corporate Citizen|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> ==বঁটা== * ২০০৭ চনত যুৱ বিজ্ঞানী বঁটা। * ২০১৫ চনত মংগলযান অভিযানলৈ(The Mars Orbiter Mission) আগবঢ়োৱা অৰিহণাৰ বাবে ইছৰ' দলীয় বঁটা।<ref name="mou">{{cite web | url=https://corporatecitizen.in/v2-issue21/woman-power-moms-of-mars-mission.html | title=WOMAN POWER : MOMS of Mars Mission | accessdate=11 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==ৰাপ== মহাকাশ বিজ্ঞানী হোৱাৰ উপৰিও মৌমিতা দত্তৰ সাহিত্য, সৃজনীশীল ৰচনা, আবৃত্তি আৰু সংগীতত ৰাপ আছে।<ref>https://theinterviewportal.com/2017/06/15/space-scientist-interview/</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী: জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী: মহিলা পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থাৰ লগত জড়িত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাকাশ বিজ্ঞানী]] [[শ্ৰেণী: মহিলা বিজ্ঞানী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিংশ শতিকাৰ ভাৰতীয় মহিলা বিজ্ঞানী]] 185novlq8m0j0cs83srloq093rau13r 0 63307 604427 576301 2026-05-04T16:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = মেইনে গান্ধীকো নেঁহি মাৰা | image = DVD cover of Maine Gandhi ko Nahi Mara.jpg | caption = ডিভিডি ক'ভাৰ | director = [[জাহ্নু বৰুৱা]] | producer = [[অনুপম খেৰ]] | writer = [[জাহ্নু বৰুৱা]] <br>সঞ্জয় চৌহা (চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ)<ref>{{cite news |title=Maine Gandhi Ko is a masterpiece |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/30mgknm.htm |publisher= [[Rediff.com]] Movies|date=30 September 2005 }}</ref> | starring = [[অনুপম খেৰ]]<br>[[উৰ্মিলা মাটুণ্ডকাৰ]]<br>[[ৰজিত কাপুৰ]]<br>পাৰৱিন ডাবাছ | music = [[বাপ্পী লাহিড়ী]],বাপ্পা বি. লাহিড়ী | cinematography = ৰাজ চক্ৰৱৰ্তী | editing = [[দীপা ভাটিয়া]] | distributor = | released = ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০০৫ | runtime = | country = [[ভাৰত]] | language = [[হিন্দী]] | budget = ৮ কোটি | gross = ৩ কোটি | preceded by = }} '''মেইনে গান্ধীকো নেঁহি মাৰা''' ({{lang-en|Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara}}) হৈছে ২০০৫ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত এখনি [[হিন্দী]] ভাষাৰ কথাছবি। ছবিখনৰ পৰিচালক হৈছে [[জাহ্নু বৰুৱা]]। প্ৰযোজক হৈছে [[অনুপম খেৰ]]। ছবিখনৰ দুটা মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত [[অনুপম খেৰ]] আৰু উৰ্মিলা মাতুণ্ডকাৰে আভিনয় কৰিছে। ছবিখনত হিন্দী কবি ছোহন লাল দ্বিবেদী ৰচিত ''কোশিছ কৰনে ৱালো কি হাৰ নহী হোতী'' শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটোক মূল চৰিত্ৰৰ প্ৰিয় কবিতা হিচাপে দেখুওৱা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=https://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz/magazine/literature/740/koshish-karne-walon-ki-sohanlal-dwivedi.html |access-date=2020-10-02 |archivedate=2020-10-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030210613/https://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz/magazine/literature/740/koshish-karne-walon-ki-sohanlal-dwivedi.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==কাহিনীৰ সাৰাংশ== ছবিখন ডিমেনচিয়াত আক্ৰান্ত অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত অধ্যাপক উত্তম চৌধুৰীৰ জীৱন আৰু যাত্ৰাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত৷ বাতৰি কাকতত থকা [[মহাত্মা গান্ধী]]ৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ এখনৰ ওপৰত কোনোবাই অজানিতে থৈ যোৱা 'এশ্ব ট্ৰে'টো দেখি তেওঁ বিচলিত হৈ পৰে৷ তেওঁৰ জীয়েক তৃষা আৰু কৰণে এটা নিশাত চৌধুৰীৰ কোঠাত অগ্নিকাণ্ড হোৱা দেখা পায়৷ তৃষাই চৌধুৰীক ততালিকে চিকিৎসালয়লৈ লৈ যায়৷ কিন্তু চিকিৎসকে নিজৰ অপৰাগতা প্ৰকাশ কৰে৷ উত্তম চৌধুৰীয়ে তেতিয়া বিশ্বাস কৰিবলৈ ধৰে যে, মহাত্মা গান্ধীক তেঁৱেই হত্যা কৰিছে৷ তেওঁ ভাবে যে বিৰলা হাউছত খোজ কাঢ়িবলৈ যোৱাৰ সময়ত সঁচা বুলেট থকা এটা পুতলা বন্দুকৰে চৌধুৰীয়ে গান্ধীক দুৰ্ঘটনাবশতঃ হত্যা কৰিলে৷ এইদৰে ঘটনা আগবাঢ়ি গৈ থাকে৷ পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ আদালতত, এগৰাকী বন্দুক-বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে- উত্তম চৌধুৰীয়ে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা পুতলা বন্দুকটোৱে কোনো মানুহকে মাৰিব নোৱাৰে৷ ==সঁহাৰি== বক্স অ'ফিচত ছবিখনে আশানুৰূপ ফল দেখুৱাব নোৱাৰিলে৷ অৱশ্যে, চিত্ৰৰসিক আৰু সমালোচকে ছবিখনক প্ৰশংসা কৰে৷ অনুপম খেৰ বিশেষ প্ৰশংসা আদায় কৰি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ছবি বঁটাৰ ''বিচাৰকৰ বিশেষ বঁটা''ৰে সন্মানীত হয়৷ কেইবাখনো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ ছবি মহোৎসৱতো তেওঁ বঁটা আৰু সন্মান লাভ কৰে৷ <ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2006/10/07/barua-wins-fukuoka-festival-prize-for-maine-gandhi-ko-nahin-mara-1160215560.html |title=Barua wins Fukuoka festival prize for 'Maine Gandhi ko Nahin Mara |publisher=News.oneindia.in |date=2006-10-07 |accessdate=2011-06-24 |archivedate=2012-10-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009101808/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/10/07/barua-wins-fukuoka-festival-prize-for-maine-gandhi-ko-nahin-mara-1160215560.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1435801.cms |title='I've outdone Saaransh' - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2006-03-02 |accessdate=2011-06-24}}</ref> জীয়েকৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰা উৰ্মিলা মাটুণ্ডকাৰেও তেওঁৰ অভিনয়ৰ বাবে প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰে৷ তেওঁ ''বলিউদ ছবি বঁটা''ত ''শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী''ৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে৷ <ref>[http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12538/index.html "Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara" by Taran Adarsh]</ref> ==অভিনয়ত== *অনুপম খেৰ (অধ্যাপক উত্তম চৌধুৰী) *উৰ্মিলা মাটুণ্ডকাৰ (তৃষা চৌধুৰী) *ৰজিত কাপুৰ (ৰণু চৌধুৰী) *পাৰৱিন ডাবাছ (ডা.সিদ্ধাৰ্থ কাটাৰী) *প্ৰেম চোপ্ৰা *[[ৱাহীদা ৰহমান]] *বোমান ইৰানী *সুধীৰ যোশী *ৰাজু খেৰ *বিশ্বাস পাণ্ড্যা *নাজনীন ঘানী *ডানিকা এপোলিন (সমাজকৰ্মী) ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{IMDb title|0454504}} *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/10/03/maine_gandhi_ko_nahi_mara_2005_review.shtml বিবিচিৰ সমালোচনা] *[http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/30mgknm.htm ৰেডিফৰ সমালোচনা] {{জাহ্নু বৰুৱা|state=expanded}} {{মহাত্মা গান্ধী}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:২০০৫ বৰ্ষৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জাহ্নু বৰুৱা পৰিচালিত চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] mocuqtt9tkntan0c8oirqd60vtrtt0i 0 68427 604567 427950 2026-05-05T10:22:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = সোণাক্ষী সিন্‌হা | image = Sonakshi Sinha at the trailer launch of her film 'Mission Mangal'.jpg | caption = মিছন মংগলৰ প্ৰচাৰ অভিযানৰ সময়ত অভিনেত্ৰী সোণাক্ষী সিন্‌হা | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|6|2}}<ref name="DOB">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/shotgun-junior-sonakshi-sinha-turns-26_135886.html|title='Shotgun Junior' Sonakshi Sinha turns 26!|work=Zee News|accessdate=12 October 2017}}</ref> | birth_place = পাটনা, [[বিহাৰ]], ভাৰত | alma_mater = এছএনডিটি মহিলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় | occupation = {{hlist|অভিনেত্ৰী|গায়িকা}} | years_active = ২০১০–বৰ্তমান | parents = পুনম সিন্‌হা<br/>শত্ৰুঘ্ন সিন্‌হা | relatives = লাভ সিন্‌হা (ভ্ৰাতৃ) }} '''সোণাক্ষী সিন্‌হা''' ({{lang-en|Sonakshi Sinha}}), জন্ম: ২ জুন, ১৯৮৭) হৈছে এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু গায়িকা। তেখেতে সাধাৰণতে হিন্দী ভাষাৰ ছবিত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|author1=Joginder Tuteja|title=Sonakshi Sinha Turns Singer-Rapper|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Sonakshi-Sinha-Turns-Singer-Rapper/2015/12/31/article3203720.ece|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=3 January 2016|date=31 December 2015|archivedate=12 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312002553/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Sonakshi-Sinha-Turns-Singer-Rapper/2015/12/31/article3203720.ece|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কেৰিয়াৰৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সোণাক্ষীয়ে সাজসজ্জা পৰিকল্পক হিচাপে কাম কৰে। ২০১০ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত হিন্দী একছন-ড্ৰামা "ডাবাং" আছিল সিন্‌হাৰ দ্বাৰা অভিনীত প্ৰথমখন ছবি। ছবিখনত তেখেতে ছলমান খানৰ বিপৰীতে অভিনয় কৰে। ছবিখনত অভিনয়ৰ জৰিয়তে সিন্‌হাই ফিল্মফেয়াৰৰ পৰা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নৱাগতা অভিনেত্ৰীৰ শিতানত বিজয়ীৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Khan hosts an impromptu birthday bash for Sonakshi Sinha|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/salman-hosts-an-impromptu-birthday-bash-for-sonakshi-sinha/16260195|accessdate=12 October 2017|author=Gaurav Dubey|work=Mid Day|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053719/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/salman-hosts-an-impromptu-birthday-bash-for-sonakshi-sinha/16260195|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বক্স-অফিচত সফলতা লাভ কৰা বহুকেইখন একছন-ড্ৰামা ছবিত সোণাক্ষী সিন্‌হাই শীৰ্ষ নাৰীৰ চৰিত্ৰ ৰূপায়ণ কৰে। তাৰে ভিতৰত 'ৰাওদী ৰাথোড়' (২০১২), 'ছন অৱ ছৰ্ডাৰ' (২০১২), 'ডাবাং ২' (২০১২) আৰু 'হলিডে: এ ছলজাৰ ইজ নেভাৰ অফ ডিউটি' (২০১৪) হৈছে অন্যতম। এইসমূহ ছবিত সিন্‌হাই অভিনয় কৰিছিল যদিও সমালোচকৰ পৰা বৰকৈ প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰা নাছিল। তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে চৰিত্ৰসমূহৰ অভিনয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত থকা সীমাবদ্ধতাৰ বাবে তেখেতে নেতিবাচক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰহে পাত্ৰী হৈছিল। পিছে ২০১৩ চনত মুক্তিলাভ কৰা ৰোমাণ্টিক ড্ৰামা 'লুটেৰা'ৰ জৰিয়তে সোণাক্ষী সিন্‌হাই নিজৰ প্ৰতিভাৰ উজ্জ্বলতা প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে আৰু দৰ্শক আৰু সমালোচকৰ উভয়ৰে পৰা ইতিবাচক মন্তব্য লাভ কৰে। এইখন ছবিত অভিনয়ৰ বাবে তেখেতে ফিল্মফেয়াৰৰ পৰা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰো মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰে।<ref name="The Times of India 2014">{{cite news|title=Sonakshi Sinha: Year since 'Lootera', appreciation hasn't stopped|work=The Times of India|date=5 July 2014|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sonakshi-Sinha-Year-since-Lootera-appreciation-hasnt-stopped/articleshow/37838144.cms|agency=IANS|accessdate=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174734/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sonakshi-Sinha-Year-since-Lootera-appreciation-hasnt-stopped/articleshow/37838144.cms|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shatrughan-sinha-breaks-down-after-watching-daughter-sonakshi-in-lootera/1139060/|title=Shatrughan Sinha breaks down after watching daughter Sonakshi in Lootera|work=Indian Express|accessdate=12 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/no-one-doubted-capacity-actor-past-well-sonakshi-sinha-akira-appreciation/|title="No one doubted my capacity as an actor in the past as well" – Sonakshi Sinha on Akira appreciation : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=5 September 2016}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত তেখেতে কিছুমান ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে বিফল হোৱা ছবিত অভিনয় কৰে। ২০১৯ চনত সোণাক্ষীক দেখা যায় মহাকাশ-ড্ৰামা ছবি "মিছন মংগল"ত। ছবিখনত সহযোগী অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে কাম কৰি সোণাক্ষীয়ে দৰ্শকৰ পৰা প্ৰশংসা আদায় কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|title=Sonakshi Sinha|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=65|accessdate=8 March 2018|website=Box Office India}}</ref> অভিনয়ৰ উপৰি সোণাক্ষী সিন্‌হাই ২০১৫ চনৰ ছবি 'টেৱৰ'ত ইমৰাণ খানৰ গীত 'লেটছ ছেলেব্ৰেট'ৰ কিছু অংশত কণ্ঠদান কৰে। সোণাক্ষীয়ে "আজ মুড ইছকহলিক হ্যেয়" গীতটোতো কণ্ঠদান কৰিছে। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ১৯৮৭ চনৰ ২ জুনত বিহাৰৰ পাটনাত সোণাক্ষী সিন্‌হাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="DOB"/> তেখেতৰ পিতৃ হৈছে ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অন্যতম তাৰকা শত্ৰুঘ্ন সিন্‌হা আৰু মাতৃ হৈছে পুনম সিন্‌হা। পিতৃ হৈছে বিহাৰী কায়স্থ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ আৰু মাতৃ হৈছে হিন্দু সিন্ধী জাত্যাংশৰ।<ref>{{cite news |author=Pradhan S. Bharati |title=It's work first for Sonakshi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120610/jsp/7days/story_15591857.jsp |work=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |date=12 June 2012 |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> তেখেতৰ পিতৃয়ে [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি]]ৰ সাংসদ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref name="DOB">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/shotgun-junior-sonakshi-sinha-turns-26_135886.html|title='Shotgun Junior' Sonakshi Sinha turns 26!|work=Zee News|accessdate=12 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/sonakshi-sinha-s-birthday-with-fans-8785/slide/2|title=Sonakshi Sinhas birthday with fans|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=3 October 2014|archivedate=16 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816105414/http://m.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/sonakshi-sinha-s-birthday-with-fans-8785/slide/2|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১৯ চনত তেখেত [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]] দলৰ লগত চামিল হয়। তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিয়ালৰ তিনিটি সন্তানৰ ভিতৰত সোণাক্ষী হৈছে কনিষ্ঠতম। লাভ সিন্‌হা আৰু কুশ সিন্‌হা হৈছে সোণাক্ষীৰ ভ্ৰাতৃ। সোণাক্ষীয়ে আৰ্য বিদ্যা মন্দিৰৰ পৰা পঢ়াশালীয়া শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰে আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত প্ৰেমলীলা বিথালদাস পলিটেকনিকৰ পৰা ফেশ্যন ডিজাইনিঙৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এইখন পলিটেকনিক শ্ৰীমতি নাথিবাই দামোদৰ থাকাৰছেই মহিলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Just How educated are our Bollywood heroines?|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-how-educated-are-bollywood-heroines/20120118.htm#11|website=Rediff.com|accessdate=12 October 2017|date=18 January 2012}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Sonakshi Sinha|সোনাক্ষী সিন্‌হা}} * {{IMDb name|3848064}} * {{Bollywood Hungama person|sonakshi-sinha}} {{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}} {{IIFAAwardBestFemaleDebut}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] 9xla5s82o9gbvdx6yvpg3ycrnlribom 0 72394 604538 506619 2026-05-05T06:36:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ষ্টেন স্বামী | image = Stan Swamy (2010).jpg | alt = | caption = ২০১০ চনত ষ্টেন স্বামী | birth_name = ষ্টেনিছ্‌লাছ লোউৰডুস্বামী | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|4|26}} | birth_place = তিৰুচিৰাপল্লী, মাদ্ৰাজ প্ৰেচিডেন্সি, [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|7|5|1937|4|26}} | death_place = [[মুম্বাই]], [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], [[ভাৰত]] | occupation = কেথলিক ধৰ্মযাজক, মানৱধিকাৰ কৰ্মী | years_active = ১৯৭৮-২০২১ | known_for = জনজাতীয় অধিকাৰকৰ্মী | notable_works = }} '''ষ্টেনিছ্‌লাছ লোউৰডুস্বামী''' ({{lang-en|Stan Swamy}}, ২৬ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৩৭ – ৫ জুলাই ২০২১), জনপ্ৰিয়ভাবে '''ষ্টেন স্বামী''' এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰোমান কেথলিক ধৰ্মযাজক, জেচুইট আদেশৰ সদস্য,<ref name="britain">{{cite web |title=Petition for Fr Stanislaus Lourdusamy |url=https://www.jesuit.org.uk/es/node/7525 |website=Jesuits in Britain |access-date=11 October 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> আৰু কেইবা দশক জুৰি জনজাতীয় অধিকাৰ কৰ্মী আছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-court-to-pass-order-on-stan-swamy-bail-on-march-22/article34084504.ece|title=NIA court to pass order on Stan Swamy bail on March 22|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 March 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Regi |first1=Anjali |title=Fr. Stan Swamy arrested: Widespread protest |url=https://www.catholicfocus.in/fr-stan-swamy-arrested-widespread-protest/ |website=Catholic Focus |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |archivedate=28 May 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528080207/https://www.catholicfocus.in/fr-stan-swamy-arrested-widespread-protest/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> স্বামী ভাৰতত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদৰ অভিযোগত অভিযুক্ত হোৱা আটাইতকৈ বয়সিয়াল ব্যক্তি।<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=Stan Swamy: The oldest person to be accused of terrorism in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54490554 |access-date=13 October 2020 |agency=BBC |date=13 October 2020}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ ৮ অক্টোবৰত স্বামীক ২০১৮ চনৰ ভীমা কোৰেগাঁও হিংসাত তেওঁৰ ভূমিকা আৰু ভাৰতীয় কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টি (মাওবাদী)ৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কৰ বাবে বেআইনী কাৰ্যকলাপ (প্ৰতিৰোধ) আইনৰ অধীনত [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অনুসন্ধান সংস্থা]]ই গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰে আৰু অভিযোগনামা দাখিল কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kaur |first1=Kamaljit |title=This is what NIA's Bhima Koregaon chargesheet says about Stan Swamy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/this-is-what-nia-s-bhima-koregaon-chargesheet-says-about-stan-swamy-1731272-2020-10-13 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[ঝাৰখণ্ড]]ৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হেমন্ত চোৰেন<ref>{{cite news |last1=ENS |title=Jharkhand CM, Congress back Stan Swamy, question his arrest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/10/jharkhandcm-congress-backstan-swamy-question-his-arrest-2208586.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=New Indian Express |date=10 October 2020}}</ref> আৰু [[কেৰালা]]ৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী পিনাৰাই বিজয়ন<ref name="tnm">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title='Father Stan Swamy should get justice': Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan on activist's arrest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/father-stan-swamy-should-get-justice-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-activist-s-arrest-135188 |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=The News Minute |date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="news18">{{cite news |title=Tribal Rights Activist Fr Stan Swamy's Arrest Unfortunate:CM |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tribal-rights-activist-fr-stan-swamys-arrest-unfortunatecm-2956553.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=News18 |date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tribal Rights Activist Stan Swamy's Arrest Unfortunate: Pinarayi Vijayan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tribal-rights-activist-stan-swamys-arrest-unfortunate-pinarayi-vijayan-2309183 |access-date=13 October 2020 |agency=NDTV |date=12 October 2020}}</ref> দুয়োগৰাকীয়ে স্বামীৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰক লৈ আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ২০২১ চনৰ ৫ জুলাই তাৰিখে তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ১৯৩৭ চনৰ ২৬ এপ্ৰিল তাৰিখে [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত মাদ্ৰাজ প্ৰেচিডেন্সিৰ ত্ৰিচীত (বৰ্তমান তিৰুচিৰাপল্লী, [[তামিলনাডু]]) জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="scroll01">{{cite web |last1=PM |first1=Tony |last2=Martin |first2=Peter |title=Adivasi rights activist Stan Swamy's life and work demonstrate why the powerful want him silenced |url=https://scroll.in/article/976136/arrested-adivasi-rights-activist-stan-swamys-life-demonstrates-why-the-powerful-want-him-silenced |website=Scroll |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="wire">{{cite web |last1=Thekaekara |first1=Mari Marcel |title=The Indomitable Spirit of Father Stan Swamy |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/the-indomitable-spirit-of-father-stan-swamy |website=The Wire |access-date=11 October 2020 |ref=wire}}</ref> ১৯৭০ৰ দশকত তেওঁ ধৰ্মতত্ত্ব অধ্যয়ন কৰে আৰু [[ফিলিপাইনছ]]ত সমাজশাস্ত্ৰত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref name="scroll01" /> ফিলিপাইনছত থাকোঁতে তেওঁ প্ৰশাসনৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিবাদ আৰু প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী অধ্যয়নৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ব্ৰাজিলিয়ান কেথলিক আৰ্কবিচপ হেলডাৰ কামাৰাৰ সৈতে বন্ধুত্ব স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ দৰিদ্ৰ লোকসকলৰ সৈতে কৰা কামে স্বামীক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল। ==সক্ৰিয়তা== তেওঁ ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮৬ চনৰ ভিতৰত [[বেংগালুৰু]]ত জেচুইট পৰিচালিত ভাৰতীয় সামাজিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ প্ৰাক্তন সঞ্চালক আছিল। <ref>{{cite web |title=Directors, Indian Social Institute |url=https://isibangalore.com/directors |website=Indian Social Institute |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> তেওঁ সংবিধানৰ পঞ্চম অনুসূচী ৰূপায়ণ নকৰাৰ বাবে চৰকাৰক প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন কৰিছিল। ভাৰতৰ সংবিধানৰ পঞ্চম অনুসূচী অনুসৰি আদিবাসী আৰু জনজাতীয় লোকসকলৰ সুৰক্ষা, কল্যাণ আৰু উন্নয়নৰ বাবে কেৱল আদিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সদস্যসকলৰ সৈতে এটা জনজাতি উপদেষ্টা পৰিষদ গঠন কৰাৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Explained: Who is Stan Swamy, the latest to be arrested in the Elgar Parishad-Bhima Koregaon case?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-is-stan-swamy-6717126/|access-date=12 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ হোৱাৰ দুদিন আগতে প্ৰচাৰিত এটা ভিডিঅ'ত স্বামীয়ে জনাইছিল যে তেওঁৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ তেওঁৰ কামৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত। কিয়নো তেওঁৰ কাম চৰকাৰী নীতিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ভিন্নমত জড়িত আছিল। তেওঁৰ ভাষাত: <blockquote>মোৰ সৈতে যি ঘটিছে সেয়া অকলে মোৰ সৈতে হোৱা অদ্বিতীয় ঘটনা নহয়। এয়া এক বিস্তৃত প্ৰক্ৰিয়া যি সমগ্ৰ দেশতে চলি আছে। আমি সকলোৱে জানো যে বিশিষ্ট বুদ্ধিজীৱী, অধিবক্তা লেখক, কবি, কৰ্মী, শিক্ষাৰ্থী, নেতা, তেওঁলোক সকলোকে কেনেকৈ কাৰাগাৰত ৰখা হয় কিয়নো তেওঁলোকে তেওঁলোকৰ ভিন্নমত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে বা ভাৰতৰ শাসকীয় ক্ষমতাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন কৰিছে। আমি এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৰ অংশ। এক প্ৰকাৰে মই এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৰ অংশ হ'বলৈ পাই সুখী। মই নীৰৱ দৰ্শক নহয়, কিন্তু খেলৰ অংশ, আৰু যিয়েই নহওক মূল্য পৰিশোধ কৰিবলৈ মই সাজু।<ref name="global" /></blockquote> ===কাৰাগাৰত সক্ৰিয়তা=== তালোজা কেন্দ্ৰীয় কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী হৈ থকা অৱস্থাত স্বামীয়ে তেওঁৰ জেচুইট সহকৰ্মীলৈ লিখা এখন পত্ৰত বন্দীসকলৰ দুৰ্দশাৰ বিষয়ে উল্লেখ কৰি কয়, "এনে দৰিদ্ৰ বিচাৰাধীন সকলৰ বহুতে নাজানে তেওঁলোকৰ ওপৰত কি অভিযোগ আৰোপ কৰা হৈছে, তেওঁলোকৰ অভিযোগপত্ৰ দেখা নাই আৰু কোনো আইনী বা আন সহায় অবিহনে বছৰ ধৰি কাৰাগাৰত আছে।" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jesuit.ie/news/fr-stan-swamy-sj-a-caged-bird-can-still-sing/|title=Fr Stan Swamy SJ – 'A caged bird can still sing'|first=Gavin T.|last=Murphy|date=26 January 2021}}</ref> তেওঁ চিঠিখন শেষ কৰি কৈছিল, "কিন্তু আমি এতিয়া সমবেত সংগীতত গান গাম। পিঞ্জৰাবদ্ধ চৰাই এটাও গান গাব পাৰে।" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/father-stan-swamy-pens-letter-on-plight-of-other-undertrials/cid/1804613|title=Father Stan Swamy pens letter on plight of other undertrials|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> ==গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ== ষ্টেন স্বামীক ২০১৮ চনৰ ভীমা কোৰেগাঁও হিংসাত অভিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ উক্ত সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ [[পুনে]]ত নাছিল<ref name="MM15112020">{{cite news |title=Elgar Parishad case: 'Humanity is bubbling in Taloja prison' |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/elgar-parishad-case-humanity-is-bubbling-in-taloja-prison/articleshow/79227704.cms |access-date=15 November 2020 |agency=Mumbai Mirror |date=15 November 2020}}</ref> আৰু তেওঁ কথিত সময়ছোৱাত মাওবাদীৰ সহানুভূতিশীল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হৈছিল। অভিযোগ কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁ আৰু সুধা ভৰদ্বাজৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা নিৰ্যাতিত বন্দী সংহতি সমিতিয়ে "মাওবাদী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱা আৰু কাৰাবন্দী হোৱা প্ৰায় ৩,০০০ পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মুক্তিৰ বাবে যুঁজ দিবলৈ",<ref name="BBC" /> মাওবাদীৰ পুঁজি সংগ্ৰহৰ বাবে এক অভিযান আছিল। জেচুইটসকলে এফ.আৰ. ষ্টেন স্বামীৰ মাওবাদী হোৱাৰ অভিযোগ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কয় যে ই জেচুইট আদেশৰ নীতিবিৰোধী।<ref name="midday"/> তেওঁক [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অনুসন্ধান সংস্থা|এনআইএয়ে]] ২০২০ চনৰ ৮ অক্টোবৰ তাৰিখে জেচুইট সামাজিক কাৰ্য কেন্দ্ৰ, বাগাইচাৰ পৰা গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰিছিল<ref name="wire2">{{cite web |last1=Shantha |first1=Sukanya |title=NIA Arrests 83-Year-Old Tribal Rights Activist Stan Swamy in Elgar Parishad Case |url=https://thewire.in/rights/stan-swamy-arrested-elgar-parishad-case |website=The Wire |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> আৰু বেআইনী কাৰ্যকলাপ (প্ৰতিৰোধ) আইন, ১৯৬৭ৰ অধীনত অভিযোগপত্ৰ দাখিল কৰিছিল।<ref name="va">{{cite web |title=Christians seek Indian leaders' help for bail for jailed priest |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2020-11/india-jesuit-stan-swamy-prison-letter.html |website=Vatican News |date=18 November 2020 |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> এই আইনৰ অধীনত জামিন অস্বীকাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। গোচৰটো প্ৰথমতে পুনে আৰক্ষীৰ দ্বাৰা তদন্ত কৰা হৈছিল কিন্তু পিছত এনআইএক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title= Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray set to withdraw Bhima-Koregaon cases against activists |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/maharashtra-cm-uddhav-thackeray-set-to-withdraw-bhima-koregaon-cases-against-activists |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= NIA took over the case from State government |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2020-11/india-jesuit-stan-swamy-prison-letter.html |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ৰাঁচীত একে ধৰণৰ অভিযোগত তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Fr Stan Swamy, priest arrested in Ranchi: 'False and fabricated' charges against me |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Fr-Stan-Swamy,-priest-arrested-in-Ranchi:-%E2%80%98False-and-fabricated%E2%80%99-charges-against-me-44861.html |access-date=11 October 2020 |agency=Asia News |date=9 June 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Barik |first1=Satyasundar |title='Stan Swamy's arrest a violation of human rights', say civil rights activists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stan-swamys-arrest-a-violation-of-human-rights-say-civil-rights-activists/article32817710.ece |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=10 October 2020}}</ref> পিপলছ ইউনিয়ন ফৰ চিভিল লিবাৰ্টিজ (পিইউচিএল), অল ইণ্ডিয়া কেথলিক ইউনিয়ন, কেথলিক বিচপছ কনফাৰেন্স অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া, কেৰালা কেথলিক বিচপছ কনফাৰেন্স (কেচিবিচি), কেৰালা লেটিন কেথলিক এছ'চিয়েচন (কেএলচিএ), কেৰালা জেচুইট প্ৰভিন্সিয়েল, ফেডাৰেচন অফ এছিয়ান বিচপছ কনফাৰেন্স (এফএবিচি),<ref>{{cite news |last1=ENS |title=Various Kerala church sects demand Father Stan Swamy's release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/11/various-kerala-church-sects-demand-father-stan-swamys-release-2208948.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=New Indian Express |date=11 October 2020}}</ref> আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জেচুইট সম্প্ৰদায়ে তেওঁৰ মুক্তিৰ বাবে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰততে ব্যাপক প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল।<ref name="va2">{{cite web |title=Asian bishops' solidarity with jailed Indian Jesuit |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2020-10/asia-bishops-fabc-bo-appeal-release-jesuit-stan-swamy.html |website=Vatican News |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jesuits Demand Immediate Release of Fr. Stan Swamy, SJ |url=https://www.jesuits.org/stories/jesuits-demand-immediate-release-of-fr-stan-swamy-sj/ |website=jesuits.org |publisher=The Jesuits |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="global">{{cite web |title=In Solidarity with Fr. Stan Swamy, a 83 year old Jesuit arrested in India |url=https://www.jesuits.global/2020/10/09/in-solidarity-with-fr-stan-swamy-a-83-year-old-jesuit-arrested-in-india/ |website=Jesuits Global |publisher=Jesuits |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> ৰাঁচী কেথলিক গীৰ্জাইও এক বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰি কয় যে তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰাৰ ধৰণত ই "দুঃখিত আৰু সমস্যাগ্ৰস্ত" বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল। আদিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত তেওঁৰ কাম, বিচাৰাধীন নিৰ্যাতিত বন্দী সংহতি সমিতিৰ মুক্তি<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj S.J. |first1=Fr. J. Felix |title=Stan Swamy's arrest 'politically motivated' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/elgaar-parishad-case-stan-swamys-arrest-politically-motivated/cid/1794478 |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=Telegraph India |date=12 October 2020}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য আদিৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰক ৰাজনৈতিক উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj S.J. |first1=Fr. J. Felix |title=Stan Swamy's arrest 'politically motivated' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/elgaar-parishad-case-stan-swamys-arrest-politically-motivated/cid/1794478 |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=Telegraph India |date=12 October 2020}}</ref> অন্যান্য সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মৰ নেতাসকলেও তেওঁৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰৰ প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Jhinuk|date=18 October 2020|title=Other brothers behind Stan Swamy|work=Telegraph India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/other-brothers-behind-fr-stan-swamy/cid/1795039}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ ২১ অক্টোবৰত এক প্ৰতিবাদত শশী থাৰুৰ, সীতাৰাম য়েচুৰী, ডি ৰাজা, সুপ্ৰিয়া চুলে আৰু কানিমোঝিৰ দৰে বিৰোধী ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেতাসকলৰ লগতে অৰ্থনীতিবিদ জিন ড্ৰেজ, ৰাঁচীস্থিত জেভিয়াৰ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ছ'চিয়েল চাইন্সৰ সঞ্চালক ড° জোচেফ মাৰিয়ানুছ কুজুৰ, সক্ৰিয়কৰ্মী দয়ামণি বাৰুপ আৰু ৰূপালী যাদৱ, অধিবক্তা মিহিৰ দেশাই ইত্যাদিয়ে তেওঁৰ মুক্তিৰ আহ্বান কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Sravasti |title=MPs Tharoor, Sule, Kanizmozhi join 8 others to seek UAPA repeal, release of Stan Swamy |url=https://theprint.in/india/mps-tharoor-sule-kanizmozhi-join-8-others-to-seek-uapa-repeal-release-of-stan-swamy/528112/ |access-date=21 October 2020 |agency=The Print |date=21 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Time To Break The Silence": Opposition Leaders Condemn Stan Swamy's Arrest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/time-to-break-the-silence-opposition-leaders-condemn-activist-stan-swamys-arrest-2313613 |access-date=21 October 2020 |agency=Press Trust of India |date=21 October 2020}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰত স্বামীয়ে পাৰ্কিনছন ৰোগৰ ভুক্তভোগী হোৱাৰ বাবে জামিনৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ জামিনৰ আবেদন একাধিকবাৰ নাকচ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Court rejects bail plea of Stan Swamy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/court-rejects-bail-plea-of-stan-swamy/article32932596.ece |access-date=24 October 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="bb27112020">{{cite news |last1=Joshi|first1=Neha|title=[Bhima Koregaon] Not likely to jump bail, arrest malafide: Father Stan Swamy moves Special NIA Court for bail |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/father-stan-swamy-bail-application-special-nia-court |access-date=27 November 2020 |agency=Bar And Bench|date=27 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="BailMarch2021">{{cite news |last1=Hakim |first1=Sharmeen |title=BREAKING : NIA Court Refuses Bail To Stan Swamy In Bhima Koregaon Case |url=http://livelaw.in/top-stories/stan-swamy-bombay-high-court-bail-bhima-koregaon-uapa-nia-171518 |access-date=22 March 2021 |agency=Livelaw}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ ৬ নৱেম্বৰত স্বামীয়ে বিশেষ আদালতত এটা ষ্ট্ৰ' আৰু চিপাৰ অনুৰোধ কৰি আবেদন দাখিল কৰে, য'ত কোৱা হয় যে পাৰ্কিনছনৰ বাবে তেওঁ গিলাচ ধৰিবলৈ অক্ষম। <ref name="TH06112020">{{cite news |last1=Saigal |first1=Sonam |title=Stan Swamy files plea to allow use of straw, sipper in Taloja jail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/stan-swamy-files-plea-to-allow-use-of-straw-sipper-in-taloja-jail/article33042730.ece |access-date=16 November 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=6 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="ndtv2611">{{cite news |last1=Roy|first1=Divyanshu Dutta|title=Not Till December. Stan Swamy's Wait For A Straw And Sipper Extended |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/stan-swamys-wait-for-a-straw-and-sipper-extended-not-till-december-2330570 |access-date=26 November 2020 |agency=NDTV |date=26 November 2020}}</ref> স্বামীৰ বাবে এটা ষ্ট্ৰ' আৰু চিপাৰ যোগাৰ ধৰাত পলম হোৱাৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াস্বৰূপে,<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 November 2020|title=NIA says it didn't seize Stan Swamy's straw and sipper|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/nia-says-it-didnt-seize-stan-swamys-straw-and-sipper/article33206122.ece|access-date=5 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ছ'চিয়েল মিডিয়া ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীসকলে অনলাইনত ষ্ট্ৰ আৰু চিপাৰ অৰ্ডাৰ দি সেইবোৰ এনআইএৰ মুম্বাই কাৰ্যালয় আৰু তালোজা কাৰাগাৰত বিতৰণ কৰি প্ৰতিবাদ জনাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2020|title=Why people are posting orders of straws and sippers for arrested tribal activist Stan Swamy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/netizens-send-straws-and-sipper-for-stan-swamy-after-nia-denies-confiscating-them-7070510/|access-date=5 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganapatye|first1=Shruti|title=Stan Swamy gets a sipper, finally |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/stan-swamy-gets-a-sipper-finally/articleshow/79470395.cms |access-date=29 November 2020 |agency=Mumbai Mirror |date=29 November 2020}}</ref> ==অসুস্থতা আৰু মৃত্যু== ষ্টেন স্বামী পাৰ্কিনছন ৰোগ আৰু অন্যান্য বাৰ্ধক্যজনিত ৰোগত ভুগিছিল।<ref name="wire" /> কাৰাগাৰত থাকোঁতে তেওঁ একাধিকবাৰ পৰিছিল।<ref name="ndtv2611" /> তেওঁ দুয়োখন কাণৰ শ্ৰৱণ শক্তি হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰ কৰাবলগীয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="midday">{{cite web |last1=Borges |first1=Jane |title='He's a torchbearer of the Constitution' say father Stan Swamy's peers |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/father-stan-swamy-associates-remember-his-struggles-to-uplift-marginalised-communities/23069274 |website=Mid-Day |access-date=1 November 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> পাৰ্কিনছনৰ বাবে তেওঁ গিলাচ এটা ধৰি বলৈ সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল আৰু কাৰাগাৰত থকা অৱস্থাত এটা চিপাৰ আৰু ষ্ট্ৰ' ৰখাৰ বাবে অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল।<ref name="TH06112020" /> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৮ মে'ত বোম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ত দাখিল কৰা এক টোকাত স্বামী কাৰাগাৰত গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ বুলি খবৰ পোৱা গৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/stan-swamy-bombay-high-court-ayurvedic-doctor-bhima-koregaon-case-medical-bail-174341|title='Ayurvedic Doctor At Prison Prescribed Allopathic Antipsychotic Drug' :Stan Swamy Tells Bombay High Court|first=Sharmeen|last=Hakim|date=19 May 2021|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref> স্বামীক পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ ন্যায়ালয়ে বিশেষজ্ঞ সমিতি গঠনৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/17/shift-jailed-stan-swamy-to-hospital-jharkhand-rights-group-to-maharashtra-govt-2303724.html|title='Shift jailed Stan Swamy to hospital': Jharkhand rights group to Maharashtra govt|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ২১ মে'ত ভিডিঅ' কনফাৰেন্সৰ সন্দৰ্ভত আদালতত হাজিৰ হোৱাৰ সময়ত স্বামীয়ে জে জে হস্পিটেল বা আন কোনো চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হ'বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰে আৰু কেৱল অন্তৱৰ্তীকালীন জামিনৰ বাবে অনুৰোধ কৰে যাতে তেওঁ দ্ৰুতগতিত অৱনতি হোৱা স্বাস্থ্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি ৰাঁচীত থকা তেওঁৰ ঘৰলৈ যাব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/elgaar-parishad-case-hc-directs-stan-swamys-health-checkup-at-j-j-hospital-7321561/|title=Elgaar Parishad case: Bombay HC directs Stan Swamy's health check-up at J J Hospital|date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bombay-hc-asks-jj-hospital-to-form-expert-panel-to-examine-stan-swamy/article34595309.ece|title=Send Stan Swamy to hospital for check-up on Thursday: Bombay High Court|first=Sonam|last=Saigal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 May 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ২৮ মে'ত বোম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ে মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ চৰকাৰক স্বামীৰ দ্ৰুত অৱনতি হোৱা স্বাস্থ্যৰ কথা বিবেচনা কৰি ১৫ দিনৰ বাবে ব্যক্তিগত চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তেওঁক মুম্বাইৰ হলি ফেমিলি হস্পিটেলত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bombay-high-court-allows-transfer-of-father-stan-swamy-to-holy-family-hospital-from-prison-for-15-days-7334074/|title=Bombay HC directs prison authorities to shift SwamySwamy to Holy Family Hospital|date=29 May 2021}}</ref> ইতিমধ্যে স্বামীৰ দেহত [[ক'ভিড-১৯]]ৰ অৱস্থিতি ধৰা পৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/fr-stan-swamy-tests-positive-for-covid-19/article34681377.ece|title=Fr. Stan Swamy tests positive for COVID-19|first=Sonam|last=Saigal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 May 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ৪ জুলাই তাৰিখে স্বামীক ভেণ্টিলেটৰ ৰখা হৈছিল কিয়নো তেওঁৰ স্বাস্থ্যৰ অৱনতি ঘটিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/elgaar-parishad-case-stan-swamy-health-ventilator-7388859/|title=Elgaar Parishad case: Stan Swamy put on ventilator support as health deteriorates|date=4 July 2021}}</ref> বোম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ত জামিনৰ শুনানিৰ পূৰ্বে ২০২১ চনৰ ৫ জুলাইত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=5 July 2021|title=Fr. Stan Swamy passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fr-stan-swamy-passes-away/article35143941.ece|access-date=5 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/father-stan-swamy-accused-in-elgar-parishad-case-passes-away-3927641.html | title=Elgar Parishad Case: Activist Stan Swamy, 84, Passes Away Ahead of Hearing on Bail Plea | publisher=News18 | date=5 July 2021 | accessdate=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/999349/tribal-activist-stan-swamy-dies-at-84|title=Tribal activist Stan Swamy dies at 84|work=Scroll.in|date=5 July 2021|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> ==বঁটা আৰু সন্মান== ২০২১ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ষ্টেন স্বামীয়ে মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনৰ মুকুন্দন চি. মেনন বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/award-for-fr-stan-swamy/article33652620.ece|title=Award for Fr. Stan Swamy|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 January 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজকৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ক'ভিড-১৯ বৈশ্বিক মহামাৰীত মৃত্যু হোৱা ব্যক্তি]] 4a7sy35vuie4mab53n3x4redyfq18n3 0 72987 604546 453467 2026-05-05T07:48:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Animita Daniel Zamudio.jpg|thumb|right|২৪ বছৰীয়া চিলিয়ান যুৱক ডেনিয়েল জমুডিঅ'ৰ কবৰ। যাক সমকামী বুলি গম পোৱাৰ পিছত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। ছাণ্টিয়াগোৰ ডাউনটাউনত এটা নিঅ'-নাজী দলৰ দ্বাৰা কেইবা ঘণ্টা ধৰি প্ৰহাৰ আৰু অত্যাচাৰ কৰাত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। ]] {{এলজিবিটি}} '''সমকামী পুৰুষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বৈষম্য''', বা '''গে'ফ'বিয়া''' {{en|Gayphobia}} হৈছে বিশেষকৈ সমকামী পুৰুষ, পুং সমকামিতা, বা নিজকে গে' বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পুৰুষৰ প্ৰতি নিৰ্দেশিত এক প্ৰকাৰৰ হমফ'বিক কুসংস্কাৰ, ঘৃণা, বা পক্ষপাতিত্ব,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clauss-Ehlers |first1=Caroline S. |title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780387717982 |page=524 |edition=2 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Cross_Cultural_School_Ps/PaO3jsaGkeYC?hl=en&gbpv=1 |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No More, No Less |url=https://www.csn.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/csn_no_more_no_less_anglais_final.pdf |website=Sexual and Gender Diversity |publisher=Confédération des syndicats nationaux |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="National Action Plan">{{cite web |title=2020-2023 National Action Plan to Promote Equal Rights and Combat Anti-LGBT+ Hatred and Discrimination |url=https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/contenu/piece-jointe/2020/12/dilcrah_plan-lgbt_2020-2023_en_0.pdf |website=# France LGBT+ |publisher=The Government of the French Republic |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=gayphobia |url=https://glosbe.com/en/en/gayphobia |website=Glosbe |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> এই বৈষম্য ফেম্মোফ'বিয়াৰ সৈতেও ওতপ্ৰোতভাৱে সম্পৰ্কিত, যি সমকামী, সমকামী পুৰুষ আৰু নাৰীসুলভ হিচাপে উপস্থাপন কৰা ব্যক্তিসকলক পছন্দ নকৰা বা তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচয় আৰু আচৰণৰ প্ৰতি থকা শত্ৰুতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Annie |title=Caribbean Culture: Soundings on Kamau Brathwaite |date=September 26, 2008 |publisher=University of the West Indies Press |isbn=9789766401504 |page=368 |edition=1}}</ref> সমকামী পুৰুষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বৈষম্যৰ কাৰণ এজন ব্যক্তিৰ নাৰীসুলভ আচৰণ, পোছাকৰ শৈলী আৰু আনকি কণ্ঠপঞ্জীৰ প্ৰতি বিৰোধী প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loftin |first1=Craig M. |title=Unacceptable Mannerisms: Gender Anxieties, Homosexual Activism, and Swish in the United States, 1945-1965 |journal=Journal of Social History |date=2007 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=577–596 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2007.0053 |jstor=4491939 |s2cid=143995645 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4491939 |access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barry |first1=Ben |last2=Martin |first2=Dylan |title=Gender rebels: inside the wardrobes of young gay men with subversive style |journal=Fashion, Style & Popular Culture |date=2016 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=225–250 |doi=10.1386/fspc.3.2.225_1 |url=http://www.refashioningmasculinity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/2016._Gender_rebels_inside_the_wardrobes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105062631/http://www.refashioningmasculinity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/2016._Gender_rebels_inside_the_wardrobes.pdf |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=2020-11-05 |archivedate=2020-11-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105062631/http://www.refashioningmasculinity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/2016._Gender_rebels_inside_the_wardrobes.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Meredith |first1=Natasha |title=Gay men who 'sound gay' encounter more stigma and discrimination from heterosexual peers |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/uos-gmw021521.php |website=EurekAlert! |publisher=University of Surrey |access-date=4 March 2021 |archivedate=4 March 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304170352/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/uos-gmw021521.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[এলজিবিটি]] সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ভিতৰত, [[সমকামিতা|সমকামী]], [[উভকামিতা|উভকামী]] আৰু [[ট্ৰান্সজেণ্ডাৰ]] পুৰুষসকলৰ মাজত পুৰুষত্বৰ সামাজিক প্ৰত্যাশা পূৰণ এক অভ্যন্তৰীণ সমস্যা হিচাপে পোৱা গৈছে।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=F. J. |first1=Sánchez |title=Masculinity issues among gay, bisexual, and transgender men |journal=APA Handbook of Men and Masculinities |date=2016 |page=339–356 |doi=10.1037/14594-016 |isbn=978-1-4338-1855-4 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-41535-016 |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> == কুইয়াৰ তত্ত্ব == ফ্ৰান্স শৈক্ষিক পৰিৱেশৰ কুইয়াৰ তত্ত্ববিদ সকলে কৰা এক অনন্য অধ্যয়ন অনুসৰি পিতৃতান্ত্ৰিক ব্যৱস্থাই পুৰুষ হিচাপে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা বা পুৰুষ হিচাপে উপস্থাপন কৰা এক শৰীৰত পুৰুষত্ব তথা বিপৰীতকামিতাক বলপূৰ্বক ভাৱে জাপি দিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। ফৰাচী কুইয়াৰ আৰু জাতি তত্ত্ববিদ লুই-জৰ্জেছ টিনে সমকামী পুৰুষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বৈষম্য, আৰু হমফ'বিয়াৰ বলিহোৱা পৰিয়াল সমূহৰ এলজিবিটি-সম্পৰ্কীয় বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ ভীতিৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশ পৰীক্ষা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ লিখিছে: {{cquote|হমফ'বিয়াৰ ধাৰণাটোৰ কেন্দ্ৰত অৰ্থৰ পাৰ্থক্যগত বৈপৰীত্যৰ ধাৰা এটা চলি আছে। নাৰী সমকামিতাৰ প্ৰতি মানুহৰ মনোভাৱৰ নিৰ্দিষ্টতাৰ বাবে তত্ত্বগত আলোচনাত লেচবফ'বিয়া শব্দটোৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যি শব্দই হমফ'বিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ ধাৰণাটোৱে আঁ‌ৰ কৰি ৰখা নিৰ্দিষ্ট প্ৰণালীসমূহ পোহৰলৈ আনে। এই পাৰ্থক্যই একেবাৰতেই গে'ফ'বিয়া শব্দটোক যুক্তিসঙ্গত কৰি তোলে, কিয়নো বাস্তৱ ক্ষেত্ৰত বহুতো হমফ'বিক আলোচনা কেৱল পুৰুষ সমকামিতাৰ সৈতেহে সম্পৰ্কিত। একেদৰে, বিপৰীতকামী আৰু সমকামী উভয় সম্প্ৰদায়ে হেয়জ্ঞান কৰা উভকামীসকলৰ একক পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত আলোকপাত কৰাৰ বাবে বাইফ'বিয়াৰ ধাৰণাটোও প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰা হৈছে। তদুপৰি, আমি ৰূপান্তৰকামী, ট্ৰান্সভেষ্টাইট আৰু ট্ৰান্সজেণ্ডাৰ ব্যক্তিৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বেলেগ বেলেগ বিষয়বোৰ বিবেচনা কৰিব লাগিব, যি ট্ৰান্সফ'বিয়াৰ ধাৰণাটো মনলৈ আনে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Dictionary_of_Homophobia/aK02DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover |title=The Dictionary of Homophobia: A Global History of Gay & Lesbian Experience |access-date=2021-03-03 }}</ref>}} == সামাজিক বৈষম্য == [[File:Wilfred De Bruijn wounded - Same-sex Marriage in France.JPG|thumb|upright|৭ এপ্ৰিল, ২০১৩ তাৰিখে আক্ৰমণৰ বলিহোৱা ৱিলফ্ৰেড ডি ব্ৰুইজন। ৱিলফ্ৰেড ডি ব্ৰুইজনক পেৰিছত তেওঁৰ বন্ধুৰ সৈতে খোজ কাঢ়ি থকা অৱস্থাত হমফ'বিক কাৰণত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ গোচৰটো সমকামী বিবাহৰ ওপৰত সংসদীয় আলোচনাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত আগবাঢ়িছিল আৰু তেওঁ এই আইনৰ সমৰ্থকসকলৰ বাবে হমফ'বিয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজৰ এক আইকন হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ]] ফ্ৰান্স চৰকাৰৰ মতে, সমকামী পুৰুষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বৈষম্য "এক প্ৰকাৰৰ হমফ'বিয়া, যি বিশেষভাৱে পুৰুষক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। যদিও ই মুখ্যতঃ সমকামী আৰু উভকামী পুৰুষক লক্ষ্য হিচাপে লয়, অৱশ্যে ই সমকামী বুলি গণ্য কৰা বিপৰীতকামী পুৰুষকো প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিব পাৰে। সমকামী পুৰুষসকল শাৰীৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ব পাৰে বা ফেমিনাইজেচন আৰু হাইপাৰচেক্সুৱেলাইজেচনৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত [[লিংগ দৃঢ়বদ্ধতা]] বোৰৰ দ্বাৰা অৱমূল্যায়ন হ'ব পাৰে। "<ref name="National Action Plan"/> সাংবাদিক পিয়েৰ বৌভিয়েৰে সমকামী পুৰুষ বিৰোধী ভাৱনাক লেচবফ'বিয়াৰ সমান্তৰাল বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। পাশ্চাত্য সংস্কৃতিত এই দুটা ভিন্ন ধৰণৰ হমফ'বিয়াই কেনেদৰে কাম কৰে সেই বিষয়ে উল্লেখ কৰি তেওঁ লিখিছিল,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bouvier |first1=Pierre |title=Pride march: 'Lesbians are not necessarily found in the speeches of many LGBT associations' |url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ghXxDqTvBpcJ:https://www.hebergementwebs.com/business/pride-march-lesbians-are-not-necessarily-found-in-the-speeches-of-many-lgbt-associations+&cd=128&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari |website=Hebergement |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>{{cquote|গে'ফ'বিয়া আৰু লেচবফ'বিয়াৰ প্ৰণালীৰ মাজত স্পষ্টভাৱে পাৰ্থক্য আছে, আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ আক্ৰমণলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়। য'ত সামূহিক কল্পনাই পৰ্যাপ্ত পুৰুষ বা বিষমকামী বুলি গণ্য নকৰা ল'ৰা আৰু পুৰুষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে শক্তিশালী মৌখিক তথা শাৰীৰিক হিংসা প্ৰয়োগ কৰে; আনহাতে, মহিলাসকলৰ বাবে, তেওঁলোকৰ সমকামী পৰিচয়ৰ দাবীক পিছলৈ অগ্ৰহণযোগ্য বুলি ধৰা হয় বা সমকামীতাক হ্ৰাস কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰা হয়, বা বিপৰীতকামী যৌনসম্বন্ধৰ বাবে হেঁচা প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। }} == শৈক্ষিক অধ্যয়ন== সমকামী পুৰুষ আৰু সমকামী মহিলা সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বৈষম্যৰ মাজত পৃথকে কৰা এক সহকৰ্মী-পৰ্যালোচনা বা অধ্যয়নত, গৱেষকসকলে সমকামী পুৰুষৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ মনোভাৱৰ সন্দৰ্ভত বিপৰীতকামী পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজত পৰিসাংখ্যিকভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পাৰ্থক্য বিচাৰি পাইছে।<ref name="Relations among gender">{{cite journal |last1=Gabriella |first1=Martino |title=Relations among gender, religiosity and personality traits in homophobia |journal=Journal of Clinical & Developmental Psychology |date=2019 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1-11 |doi=10.6092/2612-4033/0110-2046 |url=https://cab.unime.it/journals/index.php/JCDP/article/viewFile/2046/pdf |access-date=1 March 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> যদিও সমকামী সকলৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰিসাংখ্যিকভাৱে কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পাৰ্থক্য পোৱা নগ'ল, বিপৰীতকামী পুৰুষসকলে সমকামী বুলি গণ্য কৰা পুৰুষৰ প্ৰতি পৰিসাংখ্যিকভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উচ্চ স্তৰৰ বিদ্বেষ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে যিটো সমকামী নাৰীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কম।<ref name="Relations among gender"/> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Commonscat-inline|Gayphobia|গে'ফ'বিয়া}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অপৰাধ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভেদভাৱ]] 8m0qoug7vsduowbrqk666hdzbbybtyi 0 73048 604572 572330 2026-05-05T10:35:58Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | italic title = | name = সৌমাৰ নন্দিনী | image = [[চিত্ৰ:Cover page of Soumar Nandini.jpg|200px]] | image_size = 200px | border = | alt = | caption = | author = [[জুৰি শইকীয়া]] | audio_read_by = | title_orig = | orig_lang_code = | title_working = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = দিগন্ত বিজয় | country = ভাৰত | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | series = | release_number = | subject = ঐতিহাসিক | genre = উপন্যাস | set_in = মধ্যযুগীয় অসম্ | publisher = বনলতা প্ৰকাশন | publisher2 = | pub_date = ২০১৫ (দ্বিতীয় প্ৰকাশ ২০১৭) | english_pub_date = | published = | media_type = মুদ্ৰণ | pages = ২৮২ | awards = | isbn = 978-93-92750-78-9 | isbn_note = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = | native_wikisource = | wikisource = | notes = | exclude_cover = | website = }} '''সৌমাৰ নন্দিনী'''<ref name="জু">{{cite web | url=https://scientiabooks.in/product/nang-hing-mula-juri-saikia/ | title=কিতাপৰ বিজ্ঞাপন | accessdate=29 January 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> লেখিকা জুৰি শইকীয়াই লিখা এখন ঐতিহাসিক উপন্যাস। ২০১৫ চনত উপন্যাসখনে বনলতা প্ৰকাশনৰ বেনাৰত মুদ্ৰিত ৰূপ লাভ কৰে। ২০১৭ চনত উপন্যাসখন দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰকাশ পায়। উপন্যাসখনৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰিত্ৰ হৈছে চুতীয়াসকলৰ ৰাণী সাধনী। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত লেখিকাই বুৰঞ্জীত পোৱা সমল আৰু ক্ষেত্ৰ অধ্যয়ণৰ শেষত 'বীৰাংগনা সাধনী আৰু সূৰ্য উঠা দেশ' নামৰ এক বুৰঞ্জীমূলক প্ৰবন্ধ সংকলন প্ৰস্তুত কৰি বনলতাৰ স্বত্বাধিকাৰৰ কাষ চাপে। কিন্তু তেওঁ ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে এখন উপন্যাস লিখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়ে। এইদৰেই সৌমাৰ নন্দিনীৰ ৰচনাৰ সূত্ৰপাত ঘটে। ==লেখক পৰিচিতি== সৌমাৰ নন্দিনী লিখি পৰিচিত হৈ পৰা লেখিকা জুৰি শইকীয়াই নব্বৈ দশকৰপৰা প্ৰান্তিক, গৰীয়সী আদিত গল্প লেখি গল্পকাৰ হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ২০১৫ চনত বহুপঠিত উপন্যাস সৌমাৰ নন্দিনীৰ যোগেদি অসমীয়া উপন্যাস সাহিত্যত জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ সৰহসংখ্যক গ্ৰন্থ বনলতা আৰু অসম পাবলিচিং কোম্পানীয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।{{cn}} জুৰি শইকীয়া ভাৰতৰ অসম ৰাজ্যৰ এগৰাকী অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ লেখিকা। তেওঁ মূলতঃ বুৰঞ্জীমূলক, গৱেষণা ধৰ্মী তথা শিশু সাহিত্য সৃষ্টিত বিশেষভাৱে জড়িত। জুৰি শইকীয়া শিৱসাগৰ জিলাৰ আমগুৰিৰ হিলৈদাৰী গাঁৱৰ বাসিন্দা।{{cn}} ==লেখিকাৰ অন্যান্য সাহিত্য কৃতি== *সৌমাৰ নন্দিনী *সাঁজবাতি *ৰাধিকা *নাং হিং মূলা *নিষিদ্ধ যাত্ৰা *কামৰূপৰ বিক্ৰমাদিত্য মহাৰাজ নৰনাৰায়ণ *সূৰ্য্য উঠা দেশ আৰু বীৰাঙ্গনা সাধনী ===== শিশু গ্ৰন্থ===== *ড° ভীমৰাও আম্বেদকাৰ *অকণিৰ ভাগৱতৰ সাধু *যুগান্তৰৰ জয়মতী *শৰাইঘাটৰ লাচিত বৰফুকন *বিশ্ব মহাবীৰ চিলাৰাই *লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা *মণিৰাম দেৱান *শ্বহীদ কুশল কোঁৱৰ *সাহসী কনকলতা বৰুৱা *ৰত্নপীঠৰ ৰত্ন অম্বিকাচৰণ চৌধুৰী ''অইল ইণ্ডিয়া শিক্ষাৰত্ন বঁটা'' প্ৰাপক জুৰি শইকীয়াই দুই শতাধিক প্ৰবন্ধ আৰু তিনিকুৰিৰো অধিক গল্পৰ লেখিকা।{{cn}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া উপন্যাস]] gqjezrddnhmqs45u3zp1j4is9siitw2 0 74749 604574 523752 2026-05-05T10:45:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:breastfeeding infant.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|স্তন্যপান কৰি থকা এটি শিশু]] '''স্তন্যপান''' ({{Lang-en|Breastfeeding}}) বা '''নাৰ্চিং''' ({{Lang-en|Nursing}}) হৈছে মানৱ [[শিশু]]ক মাতৃদুগ্ধ খুৱাই দিয়াৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া, এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত শিশুক পোনপটীয়াকৈ স্তনৰ পৰা বা স্তনৰ পৰা গাখীৰ উলিয়াই ইয়াক দুধদানিৰ সহায়ত খুৱাই।<ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web |title = Breastfeeding and Breast Milk: Condition Information |url = https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |accessdate = 27 July 2015 |date = 19 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150727155223/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date = 27 July 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা]]ই দিয়া পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি কেঁচুৱা এটাৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰথম ঘণ্টাৰ ভিতৰত স্তন্যপান আৰম্ভ হ'ব লগে আৰু কেঁচুৱাটোৱে যিমান সঘনাই আৰু যিমান বিচাৰে সিমান পৰিমাণে এই পান কাৰ্য্য অব্যাহত ৰাখিব লাগে।<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web |url =https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/ |title = Infant and young child feeding Fact sheet N°342 |publisher = WHO |date = February 2014 |accessdate = 8 February 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208145357/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/ |archive-date = 8 February 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=AAP2012 /> জীৱনৰ প্ৰথম কেইসপ্তাহমানত কেঁচুৱাক প্ৰতিদিনে প্ৰায় প্ৰতি দুইৰ পৰা তিনি ঘণ্টা স্তন্যপান কৰিব লাগে, আৰু প্ৰতিটো স্তন্যপান কৰাৰ ম্যাদ দহৰ পৰা পোন্ধৰ মিনিট হ'ব লাগে।<ref name=NIH2014How>{{cite web |title = How do I breastfeed? Skip sharing on social media links |url = https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/how-is-it-done.aspx |accessdate = 27 July 2015 |date = 14 April 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150727155211/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/how-is-it-done.aspx |archive-date = 27 July 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> ডাঙৰ শিশুৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই হাৰ কম।<ref>{{cite web |title = What is weaning and how do I do it? |url = https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/weaning.aspx |accessdate = 27 July 2015 |date = 19 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102841/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/weaning.aspx |archive-date = 8 July 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> মাতৃসকলে গাখীৰ পাম্প কৰি উলিয়াব পাৰে যাতে স্তন্যপান সম্ভৱ নহ'লে ইয়াক পিছত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name=NIH2013 /> স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ মাতৃ আৰু কেঁচুৱা দুয়োৰে বাবে কেইবাটাও লাভালাভ আছে।<ref name=AAP2012 /><ref name=IP2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Trikalinos TA, Lau J | title = A summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's evidence report on breastfeeding in developed countries | journal = Breastfeeding Medicine | volume = 4 Suppl 1 | pages = S17-30 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19827919 | doi = 10.1089/bfm.2009.0050 }}</ref> নিম্ন আৰু মধ্যমীয়া উপাৰ্জনৰ দেশবোৰত স্তন্যপান প্ৰায় সৰ্বজনীন স্তৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰিলে বছৰি প্ৰায় ৮২০,০০০ পাঁচ বছৰৰ তলৰ শিশুৰ মৃত্যু প্ৰতিহত কৰিব পৰা যাব।<ref name=Lancet2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC | display-authors = 6 | title = Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10017 | pages = 475–90 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26869575 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7 | s2cid = 24126039 }}</ref> স্তন্যপানৰ দ্বাৰা বিকাশশীল আৰু উন্নত দেশ সমূহৰ কেঁচুৱাৰ শ্বাসনলীৰ সংক্ৰমণ আৰু ডায়েৰিয়াৰ আশংকা হ্ৰাস কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name=WHO2014 /><ref name=AAP2012 /> হাপানি, খাদ্য এলাৰ্জি আৰু মধুমেহ ৰোগৰ কম বিপদাশংকাৰ উপৰি অন্যান্য লাভালাভৰ তথ্য পোহৰলৈ আহিছে।<ref name=AAP2012 /> অৱশ্যে মেটা-বিশ্লেষণৰ অধিক শেহতীয়া ফলাফল অনুসৰি বিশেষ কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰভাৱ বিচাৰি পোৱা হোৱা নাই।<ref name=Lancet2016/> স্তন্যপান কৰালে জ্ঞানীয় বিকাশ উন্নত হ'ব পাৰে আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক অৱস্থাত মেদবহুলতাৰ আশংকা হ্ৰাস হ'ব পাৰে।<ref name=WHO2014 /> মাতৃসকলে স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ চাপ অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰে, অৱশ্যে উন্নত দেশ সমূহত সাধাৰণতে ফৰ্মুলাৰ সহায়ত দুধদানিৰ সহায়ত স্তন্যপান কৰিয়ে শিশু ডাঙৰ হয়।<ref>{{cite book |title = Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession |publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences |date = 1 January 2011 |isbn = 978-1-4377-0788-5 | vauthors = Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM |pages = 227–228 }}</ref> মাতৃৰ বাবে লাভালাভবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আছে প্ৰসৱৰ পিছত কম পৰিমাণে তেজৰ ক্ষৰণ, জৰায়ুৰ সংকোচন উন্নত হোৱা, আৰু প্ৰসৱোত্তৰ হতাশা হ্ৰাস হোৱা আদি।<ref name=AAP2012 /> স্তন্যপান কৰালে ঋতুস্ৰাৱ আৰু উৰ্বৰতা ঘূৰি অহাত পলম হয়, এই পৰিঘটনাক এমেনোৰিয়া বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name=AAP2012 /> মাতৃৰ বাবে দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী লাভালাভৰ ভিতৰত আছে স্তনৰ কৰ্কট ৰোগ, কাৰ্ডিওভাস্কুলাৰ ৰোগ, আৰু ৰিউমেটইড আৰ্থ্ৰাইটিছৰ আশংকা হ্ৰাস হয়।<ref name=AAP2012 /><ref name=Lancet2016 /> পোনপটীয়াকৈ কৰা স্তন্যপান নৱজাতকৰ স্তন সূত্ৰতকৈ কম ব্যয়বহুল।<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breastfeeding | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 100 | issue = 6 | pages = 1035–9 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9411381 | doi = 10.1542/peds.100.6.1035 | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/1035.full.pdf+html | url-status = live | df = dmy-all | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023001839/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/1035.full.pdf+html | archive-date = 23 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = What are the benefits of breastfeeding? |url = https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/benefits.aspx |accessdate = 27 July 2015 |date = 14 April 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150810214206/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/benefits.aspx |archive-date = 10 August 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাকে ধৰি অন্যান্য স্বাস্থ্য সংগঠনবোৰে শিশুক ছয় মাহৰ বাবে কেৱল স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।<ref name=WHO2014 /><ref name=AAP2012 /><ref name=Kr2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kramer MS, Kakuma R | title = Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2012 | issue = 8 | pages = CD003517 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22895934 | pmc = 7154583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2 }}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে এই সময় চোৱাত শিশুক ভিটামিন ডি-ৰ বাহিৰে আন কোনো খাদ্য বা পানীয় সাধাৰণতে দিয়া নহয়।<ref>{{cite web |title = What are the recommendations for breastfeeding? |url = https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/recommendations.aspx |accessdate = 27 July 2015 |date = 14 April 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150814050651/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/recommendations.aspx |archive-date = 14 August 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> ছয় মাহ বয়সত খাদ্য অভ্যাস কৰাৰ পিছত, একৰ পৰা দুই বছৰ বা অধিক বয়সলৈকে স্তন্যপান অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে।<ref name=WHO2014 /><ref name=AAP2012 /> বিশ্বব্যাপী, প্ৰায় ৩৮% নৱজাতকক তেওঁলোকৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰথম ছয় মাহত কেৱল স্তন্যপান কৰোৱা হয়। .<ref name=WHO2014 /> ২০১৫ চনত আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰত, ৮৩% মহিলাই স্তন্যপান কৰাইছিল, ইয়াৰে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে ৫৮% মহিলাই আৰু তাৰে কেৱল ২৫% মহিলাই হে প্ৰত্যক্ষ ভাৱে শিশুক কেৱল স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=CDC2018Rate>{{cite web |title=Results: Breastfeeding Rates |url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html |website=CDC |accessdate=9 December 2018 |language=en-us |date=1 August 2018}}</ref> স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ অনুমতি নিদিয়া চিকিৎসা সম্বন্ধীয় স্থিতি বিৰল।<ref name=AAP2012>{{cite journal | author = American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. | title = Breastfeeding and the use of human milk | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 129 | issue = 3 | pages = e827-41 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22371471 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2011-3552 | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827.long | url-status = live | df = dmy-all | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150805091230/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827.long | archive-date = 5 August 2015 }}</ref> কিছুমান ব্যক্তিগত মনোৰঞ্জক ঔষধ গ্ৰহণ কৰা মাতৃয়ে স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাটো শিশুৰ বাবে ক্ষতিকাৰক।<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx|title=Breastfeeding and Medication|website=AAP.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-12|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802213426/https://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nichd.nih.gov">{{cite web |title = Are there any special conditions or situations in which I should not breastfeed? |website = [[NICHD]] |url = https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx |accessdate = 27 July 2015 |date = 19 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102847/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx |archive-date = 8 July 2015 |df = dmy-all |archivedate = 8 July 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102847/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx |deadurl = yes }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা আৰু ইউনিচেফে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল যে মহিলাসকলে কোভিড-১৯ মহামাৰীৰ সময়তো স্তন্যপান কৰাই থাকিব লাগে যদিও তেওঁলোকে নিশ্চিত বা সন্দেহ কৰিছে (বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰমাণ ভিত্তিত) মাতৃদুগ্ধৰ জৰিয়তে কোভিড-১৯ সংক্ৰমণ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই।<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Agencies encourage women to continue to breastfeed during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/27-05-2020-countries-failing-to-stop-harmful-marketing-of-breast-milk-substitutes-warn-who-and-unicef |website=World Health Organization |accessdate=March 8, 2021}}</ref> ধপাত সেৱন কৰা আৰু সীমিত পৰিমাণৰ সুৰা পান কৰা আৰু/বা কফি খোৱা আদিয়ে স্তন্যপানত প্ৰভাৱ নেপেলায়।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close |title = Breastfeeding and alcohol |date = 2017-12-21 |website = NHS Choices |publisher = NHS |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160801110239/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close |archive-date = 1 August 2016 |df = dmy-all |access-date = 2021-09-14 |archivedate = 2016-08-01 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160801110239/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close |deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx |title = Breastfeeding and diet |date = 2018-03-26 |website = NHS Choices |publisher = NHS |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160807233307/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx |archive-date = 7 August 2016 |df = dmy-all |access-date = 2021-09-14 |archivedate = 2016-08-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160807233307/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx |deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/tobacco.htm |title = Tobacco Use &#124; Breastfeeding &#124; CDC |website = www.cdc.gov |accessdate = 4 August 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151407/http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/tobacco.htm |archive-date = 9 August 2016 |df = dmy-all |date = 2018-03-21 }}</ref> [[File:Namibie Himba 0703a.jpg|thumb|right|এগৰাকী হিম্বা মাতৃৰ নিজ শিশুক স্তন্যপান]] ==দুগ্ধ ক্ষৰণ== [[File:Lactation.jpg|thumb|গৰ্ভাৱস্থাত মানৱ স্তনৰ বিকাশ আৰু দুগ্ধ ক্ষৰণ]] গৰ্ভাৱস্থাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে হোৱা পৰিৱৰ্তনবোৰে স্তনক স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। স্তন মুখ্যতঃ এডিপজ (চৰ্বি) কোষকলাৰে গঠিত কিন্তু গৰ্ভধাৰণৰ আগতে এষ্ট্ৰোজেন, প্ৰজেষ্টেৰন, প্ৰলেক্টিন আৰু অন্যান্য হৰমনৰ প্ৰভাৱত, স্তনবোৰ কেঁচুৱাটোৰ বাবে গাখীৰ উৎপাদনৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তুত হয়। স্তনলৈ তেজৰ প্ৰবাহ বৃদ্ধি হয়। স্তনবৃন্ত আৰু এৰিওলাৰ ৰঞ্জকতাও বৃদ্ধি হয়। আকাৰো বৃদ্ধি হয়, কিন্তু স্তনৰ আকাৰ কেঁচুৱাটো জন্ম হোৱাৰ পিছত মাতৃয়ে উৎপাদন কৰিব পৰা গাখীৰৰ পৰিমাণৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত নহয়।<ref name="RennerAdewole2008">{{cite journal| vauthors = Renner JK, Adewole AO, Apena M |title=The Relationship between Breast Size and Breast Milk Volume of Nursing Primipara|journal=Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine|volume=14|issue=1|year=2008|issn=0189-2657|doi=10.4314/nqjhm.v14i1.12688}}</ref> মাতৃ স্তনত গৰ্ভাৱস্থাৰ ছমাহৰ পিছৰ পৰা, এক ডাঠ হালধীয়া তৰল এলভিঅ'লিতৰ উৎপাদন আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু জন্মৰ পিছত প্ৰথম কেইদিনমানৰ বাবে পাতল বগা গাখীৰ "উৎপাদন হোৱা" লৈকে এই হালধীয়া তৰলৰ উৎপাদন হৈ থাকে। সময় হিচাপত এই তৰলৰ উৎপাদন প্ৰসৱৰ প্ৰায় ৩০ ৰ পৰা ৪০ ঘণ্টা পৰ্যন্ত চলি থাকে। {{sfn|Lawrence|Lawrence|2015|pp=57—58}} <ref name="hurst">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hurst NM | title = Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II | journal = Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health | volume = 52 | issue = 6 | pages = 588–94 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17983996 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005 }}</ref>অক্সিটচিনে জন্মৰ সময়ত আৰু প্ৰসৱৰ পিছত জৰায়ুৰ মসৃণ পেশী সংকুচিত কৰে, যাক প্ৰসৱোত্তৰ সময় বুলি কোৱা হয়। স্তন্যপান কৰোঁতে অক্সিটচিনে নতুনকৈ উৎপাদিত স্তন্যস্ৰোতক নলী প্ৰণালীত নিঃসৰিত হ'বলৈ এলভিঅ'লিৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা বেণ্ড সদৃশ কোষবোৰৰ মসৃণ পেশীৰ তৰপটোক সংকুচিত কৰে। স্তন্য নিঃসৰণ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া স্তনপান কৰাৰ সঁহাৰিস্বৰূপে স্তন্যৰ প্ৰবাহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে অক্সিটচিন প্ৰয়োজনীয়। {{sfn|Henry|2016|page = 120}} ==মাতৃদুগ্ধ== [[File:Human Breastmilk - Foremilk and Hindmilk.png|thumb|upright=0.75|২৫ মিলিলিটাৰ মাতৃদুগ্ধৰ এক নমুনা। বাওঁ আহে পূৰ্ণ সন্তৰ পৰা নিঃসৰণ হোৱা আৰম্ভণিৰ গাখীৰ আৰু সোঁফালে প্ৰায় ৰিক্ত হৈ পৰা স্তনৰ পৰা নিঃসৰণ হোৱা 'হিণ্ডমিল্ক'।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.drpaul.com/breastfeeding/colostrum.php |title = Colostrum, Foremilk and Hindmilk | vauthors = Dobransky P |author-link = Dobransky |publisher = www.drpaul.com |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170703211227/http://drpaul.com/breastfeeding/colostrum.php |archive-date = 3 July 2017 |df = dmy-all |accessdate = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>]] মাতৃদুগ্ধৰ সকলো গুণাগুণ বুজি পোৱা কঠিন, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ পুষ্টিৰ পৰিমাণ তুলনামূলকভাৱে সুসংগত। মাতৃৰ প্ৰবাহিত তেজ আৰু শাৰীৰত জমা থকা পুষ্টিৰ পৰা মাতৃদুগ্ধ তৈয়াৰ হয়। ইয়াত চৰ্বি, চেনি, পানী আৰু প্ৰ'টিনৰ এক অনুকূল সন্তুলন আছে যি কেঁচুৱাৰ বিকাশ আৰু বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজন।<ref name="HHS">{{cite web|date=27 February 2009|title=Mothers and Children Benefit from Breastfeeding|url=http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316071541/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227|archive-date=16 March 2009|publisher=Womenshealth.gov|access-date=15 September 2021|archivedate=16 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316071541/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227|deadurl=yes}}</ref> স্তন্যপান কৰালে জৈৱৰাসায়নিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হয় যিয়ে এনজাইম, হৰমন, বিকাশকাৰক আৰু ইমিউনোলজিক পদাৰ্থবোৰক কেঁচুৱাৰ বাবে সংক্ৰামক ৰোগৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কাৰ্যকৰীভাৱে প্ৰতিৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সুযোগ দিয়ে। মাতৃদুগ্ধত দীঘল-শৃংখলৰ পলিআনচেচুৰেটেড ফেটি এচিড থাকে যি স্বাভাৱিক ৰেটিনা আৰু স্নায়ুবিকাশত সহায় কৰে।<ref name="Colen_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Colen CG, Ramey DM | title = Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons | journal = Social Science & Medicine | volume = 109 | pages = 55–65 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24698713 | pmc = 4077166 | doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.027 }}</ref> যদি মাতৃ গৰাকীৰ ভিটামিনৰ অভাৱ নহয় তেন্তে সম্ভৱতঃ ভিটামিন ডি-ৰ বাহিৰে মাতৃদুগ্ধই সাধাৰণতে তেওঁৰ কেঁচুৱাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা যোগান ধৰে। চিডিচি, আমেৰিকান একাডেমী অফ পেডিয়াট্ৰিস্ক, আৰু মায়ো ক্লিনিকে দিয়া পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি মাতৃয়ে কেৱল ভিটামিন-ডি থকা খাদ্য গ্ৰহণ কৰিলেও তেওঁৰ মাতৃদুগ্ধই কেঁচুৱাক পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ ভিটামিন ডি প্ৰদান নকৰে, তেওঁলোকে পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে যে জন্মৰ অলপ পিছতে বেছিভাগ কেঁচুৱাক ভিটামিন-ডি ৰ অতিৰিক্ত উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হ'য়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Breast Feeding |url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/diet-and-micronutrients/vitamin-d.html |website=CDD |accessdate=May 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents |url=https://www.naspghan.org/files/documents/pdfs/training/curriculum-resources/nutrition/sentinel-articles/Wagner_Prevention_of_rickets_and_vitamin_D_deficiency.pdf |website=American Academy of Pediatrics |accessdate=May 17, 2021}}</ref> কিছুমান অধ্যয়নে দাবী কৰে যে জন্মৰ সময়ত নাড়ীত চেপা মৰা কাৰ্য(cord clamp) নাড়ীৰ ধপধপনি বন্ধ নোহোৱালৈকে স্থগিত ৰাখিলে প্ৰথম ছমাহত শিশুৰ দেহত আইৰণৰ মাত্ৰাৰ সন্তুলন ঘটে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Breast-milk composition |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148970/ |website=NCBI |accessdate=May 15, 2021}}</ref> প্ৰতিবাৰত কিমান সময়ৰ বাবে কেঁচুৱা এটাই স্তন্যপান কৰিছে তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মাতৃদুগ্ধৰ গঠন সলনি হয়।<ref name="Hendrickson2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hendrickson RG, McKeown NJ | title = Is maternal opioid use hazardous to breast-fed infants? | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–14 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22148986 | doi = 10.3109/15563650.2011.635147 | s2cid = 207673799 }}</ref> সন্তান জন্মৰ প্ৰথম দিনত উৎপন্ন হোৱা প্ৰথম প্ৰকাৰৰ দুগ্ধক কলোষ্ট্ৰাম বুলি কোৱা হয়। কলোষ্ট্ৰাম হজম কৰিবলৈ সহজ যদিও ই পৰিপক্ব গাখীৰতকৈ অধিক ডাঠ। ইয়াৰ এক ৰেচক প্ৰভাৱ আছে যি কেঁচুৱাটোক প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ৰ শৌচ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সম্পন্ন কৰাত সহায় কৰে তথা অতিৰিক্ত বিলিৰুবিন ৰক্ষা কৰাত সহায় কৰে, যি জণ্ডিচ প্ৰতিৰোধক। ই কেঁচুৱাবোৰক বাহ্যিক পদাৰ্থৰ পৰা গেষ্ট্ৰোইনটেষ্টিঅনেল ট্ৰেক্ট বন্ধ কৰাত সহায় কৰে, যি কেঁচুৱাটোক মাতৃয়ে খোৱা খাদ্যৰ প্ৰতি সংবেদনশীল কৰিব পাৰে। যদিও কেঁচুৱাটোৱে ইতিমধ্যে প্লেচেণ্টাৰ জৰিয়তে মাতৃৰ পৰা কিছুমান এণ্টিবডী প্ৰাপ্ত কৰিছে, ইয়াৰোপৰি কলষ্ট্ৰামত থকা এক পদাৰ্থই নৱজাতকৰ বাবে নতুন, চিক্ৰেটৰী ইমিউনোগ্লোবিউলিন এ (আইজিএ) আই.জি.এ.-য়ে ডিঙি, হাঁওফাঁও আৰু অন্ত্ৰৰ শ্লেষ্মা আৱৰণত বীজাণুক প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰিবলৈ সহায় কৰে, এই অংশত বীজাণুৰ দ্বাৰা কেঁচুৱাটি আক্ৰমণৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা অধিক।<ref name="La Leche League">{{cite web |url = http://www.lalecheleague.org/faq/colostrum.html |title = What is colostrum? How does it benefit my baby? |publisher = La Leche League |accessdate = 28 November 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151127154000/http://www.lalecheleague.org/faq/colostrum.html |archive-date = 27 November 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> মাতৃ স্তনে জন্মৰ তৃতীয় বা চতুৰ্থ দিনৰ ওচৰা ওচৰিকৈ পৰিপক্ব গাখীৰ উৎপাদন আৰম্ভ কৰে। সেই সময়ত মাতৃ গৰাকীয়ে স্তনবোৰ ভৰ্তি অনুভৱ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কেঁচুৱাই স্তন্যপান কৰাৰ লগে লগে এই গাখীৰ নলীকাৰে শিশুৰ মুখলৈ প্ৰবাহিত হয়। এই সময়ত মাতৃয়ে এক জিনজিননিৰ দৰে অনুভৱ কৰে যি হয়টো যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালীও হ'ব পাৰে। লগতে, প্ৰসৱৰ পিছৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক দিনবোৰত মাতৃৰ দুগ্ধ নিঃসৰণ হোৱাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ জৰায়ু সংকুচিত হোৱা অনুভৱ কৰে, অত্যধিক ৰক্তক্ষৰণ প্ৰতিহত কৰাত সহায় কৰাৰ বাবে স্তন্যপান এক উপকাৰী ক্ৰেম্পিং। কেঁচুৱাটোক স্তন্যপান কৰাৰ বাহিৰেও আন প্ৰকাৰে আপোনা আপুনি দুগ্ধ নিঃসৰণ হ'ব পাৰে। উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে কেৱল কেঁচুৱাটোৱে স্তন্যপান কৰি থকা বুলি হোৱা অনুভৱৰ ফলত বা অন্যকোনো চাপৰ প্ৰভাৱত। মাতৃসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ 'ব্ৰা'ত ডিচপোজেবল পেড ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে বা এইদৰে নিঃসৰণ হোৱা গাখীৰ শোষিত হয়। ইয়াৰ বাবে ঘৰত বনোৱা পেডো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Let-down reflex (milk ejection reflex) |url=https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/early-days/let-down-reflex |website=Australian Breastfeeding Association |date=4 October 2011 |accessdate=May 17, 2021 |archivedate=17 May 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517104215/https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/early-days/let-down-reflex |deadurl=yes }}</ref> নাৰ্চিং প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, স্তনবোৰত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক দুগ্ধ উৎপাদিত হয়। ই এক পাতল গাখীৰ য'ত বহুতো প্ৰ'টিন আৰু ভিটামিন থাকে। কেঁচুৱাটোৱে নাৰ্চিং কৰি থাকা অৱস্থাত হিণ্ডমিল্ক উৎপন্ন হয়। হিণ্ডমিল্কৰ ৰং আৰু ক্ৰীমৰ দৰে গাঁথনি অধিক ডাঠ কিয়নো ইয়াত অধিক পৰিমাণে চৰ্বি থাকে।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.northeastern.edu/pharmcarebftutorial/expanding-the-pharmacists-role-in-breastfeeding-continuing-pharmacy-education-cpe-online-tutorial/module-1-breastfeeding-background/benefits-of-breastfeeding-for-society/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121207171849/http://www.northeastern.edu/pharmcarebftutorial/expanding-the-pharmacists-role-in-breastfeeding-continuing-pharmacy-education-cpe-online-tutorial/module-1-breastfeeding-background/benefits-of-breastfeeding-for-society/ |url-status = dead |archive-date = 7 December 2012 |location = Boston, MA |publisher = The Educational Technology Center |date = 2011 |title = Benefits of Breastfeeding: For Society |author = Northeastern University |access-date = 15 September 2021 |archivedate = 22 March 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150322190143/http://www.northeastern.edu/pharmcarebftutorial/expanding-the-pharmacists-role-in-breastfeeding-continuing-pharmacy-education-cpe-online-tutorial/module-1-breastfeeding-background/benefits-of-breastfeeding-for-society/ |deadurl = yes }}</ref> ==প্ৰক্ৰিয়া== ===সময়=== নৱজাতক শিশুৱে সাধাৰণতে প্ৰথম দুইৰ পৰা চাৰি সপ্তাহৰ বাবে প্ৰতি একৰ পৰা তিনি ঘণ্টাত (২৪ ঘণ্টাত ৮-১২ বাৰ) দুগ্ধপানৰ প্ৰৱণতা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="cpmc">{{cite web | url = http://www.cpmc.org/services/pregnancy/information/breastfeeding-frequency.html | title = Breastfeeding Frequency | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120628053233/http://www.cpmc.org/services/pregnancy/information/breastfeeding-frequency.html | archive-date = 28 June 2012 | publisher = California Pacific Medical Center | url-status = dead | access-date = 15 September 2021 | archivedate = 28 June 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120628053233/http://www.cpmc.org/services/pregnancy/information/breastfeeding-frequency.html | deadurl = yes }}</ref> নৱজাতকৰ পেটৰ ক্ষমতা অতি কম। এদিনীয়া বয়সত ই ৫-৭ মিলি, প্ৰায় ডাঙৰ মাৰ্বল এটাৰ আকাৰৰ; তৃতীয় দিনত ই ২২-৩৩ মিলি, প্ৰায় পিং-পং বল এটাৰ আকাৰৰ; আৰু সপ্তাহৰ অন্তত ই ৪৫-৬০ মিলি, ধাৰণৰ বাবে সক্ষম। কেঁচুৱাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা পূৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে উৎপন্ন হোৱা মাতৃদুগ্ধৰ পৰিমাণ নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা হয় যাতে প্ৰথম গাখীৰ কলোষ্ট্ৰাম অতি কম পৰিমাণে নিঃসৰণ হয়, ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কেঁচুৱাৰ পেটৰ ক্ষমতাৰ বিস্তাৰিত আকাৰ পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ এই পৰিমাণ বৃদ্ধি হয়।<ref name="La Leche League" /> বহুতো নৱজাতকে প্ৰতিটো স্তন ১০ ৰ পৰা ১৫ মিনিটৰ বাবে পান কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name=NIH2014How/> অৱশ্যে কেঁচুৱাটোৱে অধিক সময়ৰ বাবে নাৰ্চ কৰিব বিচাৰিলে প্ৰতিটো স্তন ৩০ মিনিট বা অধিক সময় পান কৰিব পাৰে, অৱশ্যে তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যাপ্ত গাখীৰ নাপাব পাৰে।<ref name=NIH2014How/> ===স্থিতি=== স্তনবৃন্তৰ বিষ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কেঁচুৱাটোক পৰ্যাপ্ত গাখীৰ পানৰ হেতু সঠিক স্থিতি আৰু কৌশলৰ প্ৰয়োজন।<ref>{{cite web |author = Healthwise Staff |title = Breast-feeding: Learning how to nurse |url = http://healthlinksbc.org/kb/content/actionset/ue5284.html |accessdate = 17 June 2009 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120321005052/http://healthlinksbc.org/kb/content/actionset/ue5284.html |archive-date = 21 March 2012 |df = dmy-all |archivedate = 21 March 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120321005052/http://healthlinksbc.org/kb/content/actionset/ue5284.html |deadurl = yes }}</ref> কেঁচুৱাবোৰে একাধিক স্থিতিৰ পৰা সফলতাৰে স্তনপান কৰিব পাৰে। প্ৰতিজন কেঁচুৱাই এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট স্থিতি পছন্দ কৰিব পাৰে। "ফুটবল" ধাৰণ স্থিতিত কেঁচুৱাটোৰ ভৰি মাতৃৰ কাষত থাকে আৰু কেঁচুৱাটো মাতৃৰ মুখামুখি হয়। "ক্ৰেডেল" বা "ক্ৰছ-বডী" হ'ল্ড স্থিতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি, মাতৃয়ে কেঁচুৱাটোৰ মুৰটো তেওঁৰ বাহুৰ দুৰ্বৃত্তই ধৰি থাকে। "ক্ৰছ-অভাৰ" হ'ল্ড স্থিতি ক্ৰেডেল হ'ল্ডৰ দৰে একে, কেৱল মাতৃয়ে কেঁচুৱাটো ধৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰা হাত খনেৰে কেঁচুৱাটোৰ মুৰটোক ধৰি ৰাখে। মাতৃয়ে তেওঁৰ কাষত থকা কেঁচুৱাটোৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ পিঠি বা একাষৰীয়াকৈ হেঁচা দিয়া স্থিতি এটাও বাছনি কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title = Positions and Tips for Making Breastfeeding Work |url = http://www.babycenter.com/0_positions-and-tips-for-making-breastfeeding-work_8784.bc |website = BabyCenter.com |accessdate = 27 October 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141027022837/http://www.babycenter.com/0_positions-and-tips-for-making-breastfeeding-work_8784.bc |archive-date = 27 October 2014 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - 1 12 - Life in Canjambari, Guinea-Bissau - Guinean mother breastfeeding her baby - 1973 (cropped).tiff|থিয়হৈ থকা অৱস্থাত এগৰাকী মাতৃয়ে তেওঁৰ সন্তানক দগ্ধ পান কৰাইছে, ১৯৭৩ File:Blausen 0118 Breastfeeding CorrectLatch-On 02.png|স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ সময়ত সঠিক লেচ-অন স্থিতি দেখুওৱা দৃষ্টান্ত। File:Breastfeeding - Cradle Hold.png|স্তন্যপান – ক্ৰেডেল হ'ল্ড File:Breastfeeding - Cross Cradle Position.png|স্তন্যপান – ক্ৰছ-ক্ৰেডেল স্থিতি File:Breastfeeding - Football Hold.png|স্তন্যপান – ফুটবল হ'ল্ড File:Breastfeeding - Incorrect vs Correct Latch-On.png|স্তন্যপা – শুদ্ধ আৰু অশুদ্ধ লেচ অন File:Breastfeeding - Semi-Reclining Position.png|স্তন্যপান – অৰ্ধ-হেলান স্থিতি। File:Breastfeeding - Side-Lying Position.png|স্তন্যপান -একাষৰীয়াকৈ লোৱা স্থিতি File:Breastfeeding - Supine Position.png|স্তন্যপান – চুপিন স্থিতি File:Breastfeeding - Twins, Cross Cradle Position I.png|স্তন্যপান – যমজ, ক্ৰছ-ক্ৰেডেল-১ স্থিতি File:Blausen 0134 Breastfeeding Twins FootballorClutchHold 02.png|স্তন্যপান– যমজ, ফুটবল হ'ল্ড স্থিতি File:Breastfeeding - Twins, Parallel Position II.png|স্তন্যপান – যমজ, সমান্তৰাল স্থিতি-২ </gallery> === দৰৱ === প্ৰায় সকলো ঔষধ কম পৰিমাণে মাতৃদুগ্ধলৈ যায়। কিছুমান ঔষধৰ কেঁচুৱাটোৰ ওপৰত কোনো প্ৰভাৱ নপৰে আৰু স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ সময়ত এনে ঔষধৰ সেৱন কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name=NIH2014>{{cite web |url = https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/breastfeeding/owh_fs_breastfeeding_7-25-2014.pdf |publisher = Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |date = 2014 |accessdate = 20 July 2017 |title = Breastfeeding |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170514000256/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/breastfeeding/owh_fs_breastfeeding_7-25-2014.pdf |archive-date = 14 May 2017 |df = dmy-all |archivedate = 14 May 2017 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170514000256/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/breastfeeding/owh_fs_breastfeeding_7-25-2014.pdf |deadurl = yes }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> বহুতো ঔষধে গাখীৰ উৎপাদন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে দমন কৰে বুলি জনা যায়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ছ্যুডোফেড্ৰিন, মূত্ৰনাশক, আৰু এষ্ট্ৰোজেন থকা গৰ্ভনিৰোধক আদি। {{sfn | Lawrence | Lawrence|2015 | pp=390—392}} আমেৰিকান একাডেমী অফ পেডিয়াট্ৰিস্কে (এ.এ.পি.) দাবী কৰে যে "মাতৃসকলে ধপাত সেৱন স্তন্যপানৰ প্ৰতিৰোধক নহয়। "<ref name="Gartner_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O'Hare D, Schanler RJ, Eidelman AI | title = Breastfeeding and the use of human milk | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 115 | issue = 2 | pages = 496–506 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15687461 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2004-2491 | s2cid = 5791615 }}</ref> এছ.আই.ডি.এছ.-ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ইয়াৰ সুৰক্ষামূলক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে ধূমপান কৰা মাতৃসকলক প্ৰকৃততে স্তন্যপান অব্যাহত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছে। {{sfn | Lawrence |Lawrence|2015|p=352}} সুৰাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত, এ.এ.পি.-য়ে কয় যে স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ সময়ত, "সংযমতাক নিশ্চিতভাৱে পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হয়" আৰু নাৰ্চিং বা পাম্প কৰিবলৈ সুৰাপান কৰাৰ পিছত ২ ঘণ্টা অপেক্ষা কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-toolkit/Pages/Frequently-Asked-Questions.aspx#ques24| title = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Toolkit Frequently Asked Questions | author = American Academy of Pediatrics |accessdate = 15 Nov 2017 }}</ref> ==পদ্ধতি== ===উৎপাদিত মাতৃ দুগ্ধ=== [[File:Manual Breast Pump 2005 SeanMcClean.jpg|thumb|হস্তচালিত ব্ৰেষ্ট পাম্প]] এগৰাকী মাতৃয়ে তেওঁৰ গাখীৰ সংৰক্ষণ আৰু পিছত ব্যৱহাৰৰ কৰিব পাৰে। মালিচ বা স্তন পাম্পৰ দ্বাৰা এই দুগ্ধ উলিয়াব পাৰি। ইয়াক শীতল সংৰক্ষিত মোনা বিশেষকৈ মাতৃদুগ্ধৰ বাবে তৈয়াৰ কৰা পাত্ৰ, পৰিপূৰক নাৰ্চিং প্ৰণালী, বা ব্যৱহাৰ যোগ্য বটলত সংৰক্ষণ কৰিব পাৰি। মাতৃদুগ্ধ ছয় ঘণ্টালৈকে কোঠাৰ সাধাৰণ উষ্ণতাত ৰাখিব পাৰি, আঠ দিনলৈকে ফ্ৰিজত ৰাখিব পাৰি বা ছয়ৰ পৰা বাৰ মাহৰ বাবে হিমায়িত কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.llli.org/faq/milkstorage.html |title = What are the LLLI guidelines for storing my pumped milk? |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701095138/http://www.llli.org/faq/milkstorage.html |archive-date = 1 July 2014 |df = dmy-all |accessdate = 27 January 2013 }}</ref> গৱেষণাৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সময়ৰ লগে লগে ইতিমধ্যে খিৰাই ৰখা মাতৃদুগ্ধত এণ্টিঅক্সিডেণ্টৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ হ্ৰাস হয়, কিন্তু নৱজাতকৰ ''দুগ্ধ সূত্ৰ''তকৈ এই গাখীৰৰ মান উচ্চ স্তৰৰ।<ref name="Hanna_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanna N, Ahmed K, Anwar M, Petrova A, Hiatt M, Hegyi T | title = Effect of storage on breast milk antioxidant activity | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = F518-20 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15499145 | pmc = 1721790 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2004.049247 }}</ref> ===ভাগ বতৰাৰে স্তন্যপান=== কেৱল জন্মদাত্ৰী মাতৃয়েই হে তেওঁৰ সন্তানক স্তন্যপান কৰাব পাৰিব এনে নহয়। তেওঁ স্তন্যপানৰ বাবে আন এগৰাকী মহিলাক নিযুক্তি দিব পাৰে, বা তেওঁ আন এগৰাকী মাতৃৰ সৈতে শিশু পালনৰ ভাগ বতৰা কৰিব পাৰে (ক্ৰছ-নাৰ্চিং)। এই দুয়োটাৰে ঐতিহাসিক উদাহৰণ পোৱা যায়। আফ্ৰিকাকে ধৰি কিছুমান উন্নয়নশীল দেশত এটি শিশুক একাধিক মহিলাই স্তন্যপান কৰোৱা এক জনপ্ৰিয়। ভাগ বতৰাৰে কৰোৱা স্তন্যপান নৱজাতকৰ এইচ.আই.ভি. সংক্ৰমণৰ বিপদাশংকাৰ এক প্ৰধান কাৰক।<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Alcorn K |title = Shared breastfeeding identified as new risk factor for HIV |publisher = [[aidsmap]] |date = 24 August 2004 |url = http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/72E08565-12B7-43CF-A71E-7A57292B30DF.asp |accessdate = 10 April 2007 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070406022432/http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/72E08565-12B7-43CF-A71E-7A57292B30DF.asp |archive-date = 6 April 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> ===টেণ্ডেম নাৰ্চিং=== এগৰাকী মাতৃয়ে ডাঙৰ সন্তানক স্তন্যপান কৰোৱা অব্যাহত ৰখাৰ লগতে নতুন কেঁচুৱাএটাকো স্তন্যপান কৰাই থকাটো সম্ভৱ; ইয়াক টেণ্ডেম নাৰ্চিং বুলি কোৱা হয়। গৰ্ভাৱস্থাৰ শেষৰ পৰ্যায়ত, মাতৃ দুগ্ধ কলোষ্ট্ৰামলৈ সলনি হয়। যদিও কিছুমান শিশুক এই পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সময়তো স্তন্যপান কৰাই থকা হয়, আন কিছুমানক অন্য সাধাৰণ খাদ্যৰে পৰিচয় কৰোৱা হয়। বেছিভাগ মাতৃয়ে টেণ্ডেম নাৰ্চিংৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত গাখীৰ উৎপাদন কৰিব পাৰে, কিন্তু নতুন কেঁচুৱাটোৱে পৰ্যাপ্ত কলষ্ট্ৰাম প্ৰাপ্ত কৰাটো নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰসৱৰ পিছত কমেও প্ৰথম কেইদিনমানৰ বাবে নৱজাতকক প্ৰথমে স্তন্যপান কৰাব লাগে। {{sfn|Lawrence |Lawrence|2015|pp=707–708}} কেঁচুৱাৰ ভোক নিবাৰণৰ বাবে স্তন্যপান কৰাই থকাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এবাৰতে তিনিটা বা অধিক সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া মাতৃৰ বাবে ই এক প্ৰত্যাহ্বান স্বৰূপ। মানৱ স্তনে চাহিদাৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি দিয়ে আৰু প্ৰয়োজন সাপেক্ষে অধিক পৰিমাণে গাখীৰ উৎপাদন কৰিব পাৰে; প্ৰাপ্ত তথ্য অনুসৰি মাতৃসকলে সফলতাৰে তিনিটা শিশুক স্তন্যপান কৰাই ডাঙৰ কৰিছে।<ref name="Grunberg_1992">{{cite journal |vauthors = Grunberg R |title = Breastfeeding multiples: Breastfeeding triplets |journal = New Beginnings |year = 1992 |volume = 9 |issue = 5 |pages = 135–6 |url = http://www.lalecheleague.org/NB/NBSepOct92p135.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041012041330/http://www.lalecheleague.org/NB/NBSepOct92p135.html |archive-date = 12 October 2004 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ABA">{{cite web|url=https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/higher|title=Breastfeeding triplets, quads and higher|date=13 July 2011|publisher=Australian Breastfeeding Association|accessdate=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brown, S">{{cite web | publisher = Association of Radical Midwives | url = http://www.radmid.demon.co.uk/tripletsbf.htm | title = Breastfeeding triplets | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071020150022/http://www.radmid.demon.co.uk/tripletsbf.htm | archive-date = 20 October 2007 | url-status = dead | access-date = 15 September 2021 | archivedate = 20 October 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071020150022/http://www.radmid.demon.co.uk/tripletsbf.htm | deadurl = yes }}</ref> <gallery> File:Breastfeeding newborn twins.jpg|নৱজাত যমজকক স্তন্যপান কৰোৱা হৈছে। File:Breastfeeding 2 year old twins.jpg|কিতাপ পঢ়ি থকা অৱস্থাত এগৰাকী মাতৃয়ে দুই বছৰীয়া যমজ সন্তানক স্তন্যপান কৰাইছে File:Tandem breastfeeding toddler and baby.jpg|এগৰাকী মহিলাৰ দ্বাৰা এটি নৱজাত আৰু এটি ডাঙৰ শিশুক কৰা টেণ্ডেম নাৰ্চিং </gallery> ===দত্তক স্তন্যপান=== প্ৰেৰিত বা দত্তক স্তন্যপান হৈছে সন্তান জন্ম নিদিয়া মহিলা এগৰাকীৰ দ্বাৰা স্তন্যপান আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া।<ref name="Wambach" /> ইয়াৰ বাবে সাধাৰণতে দত্তক মাতৃয়ে স্তনৰ বিকাশ আৰম্ভ কৰিবলৈ আৰু গাখীৰ উৎপাদনবৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ হৰমন আৰু অন্যান্য ঔষধ গ্ৰহণ কৰিব লাগে। কিছুমান সংস্কৃতিত, দত্তক শিশুক স্তন্যপান কৰালে দুগ্ধ-আত্মীয়তা সৃষ্টি হয় যি শ্ৰেণী আৰু অন্যান্য পদানুক্ৰমিক বন্ধনত সামূহিক বন্ধন গঢ়ি তোলে।<ref name="Wambach" /> ===পুনৰাই স্তন্যপান কৰোৱা=== পুনৰাই স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ অৰ্থ হৈ মাতৃ এগৰাকীয়ে স্তন্যপান পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া।<ref name="Wambach">{{cite book | vauthors = Morrison B, Wambach K |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=lDb3BQAAQBAJ|page=581}} | veditors = Wambach K, Riordan J |title= Breastfeeding and Human Lactation | publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4496-9729-7 |pages=581–588 |edition=5th |chapter=Women’s Health and Breastfeeding }}</ref> উন্নয়নশীল দেশবোৰত, ডায়েৰিয়াৰ বাবে মুখৰ দ্বাৰা কৰা ৰিহাইড্ৰেচন চিকিৎসাৰ পিছত মাতৃসকলে স্তন্যপান পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰিব পাৰে। উন্নত দেশবোৰত, আগতীয়া চিকিৎসা সমস্যা সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত, বা মাতৃ এগৰাকীে স্তন্যপান কৰোৱাৰ বিষয়ে মন সলনি কৰাৰ বাবে পুনৰ স্তন্যপান কৰাটো সচৰাচৰ সংঘটিত এক সাধাৰণ বিষয়। ===সম্প্ৰসাৰিত স্তন্যপান=== সম্প্ৰসাৰিত স্তন্যপান ৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ১২ বা ২৪ মাহ বয়সৰ পিছত স্তন্যপান কৰোৱা। [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], [[কানাডা]] আৰু [[গ্ৰেট ব্ৰিটেইন]]ৰ দৰে পশ্চিমীয়া দেশবোৰত, সম্প্ৰসাৰিত স্তন্যপান তুলনামূলকভাৱে অস্বাভাৱিক আৰু ই সমালোচনাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title = Breastfeeding: Data: Report Card |publisher = Center for Disease Control and Prevention |url = https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf |accessdate = 5 November 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160104135129/http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf |archive-date = 4 January 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Mayo Clinic">{{cite web |url = http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/extended-breastfeeding/art-20046962?pg=2 |title = Infant and toddler health |publisher = Mayo Clinic |accessdate = 12 May 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160502045713/http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/extended-breastfeeding/art-20046962?pg=2 |archive-date = 2 May 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰত, ২২.৪% শিশুক ১২ মাহৰ বাবে স্তন্যপান কৰোৱা হয়, যি হৈছে আমেৰিকান একাডেমী অফ পেডিয়াট্ৰিস্কৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত নিম্নতম সময়। ভাৰতত, মাতৃসকলে সাধাৰণতে ২ৰ পৰা ৩ বছৰ পৰ্যন্ত স্তন্যপান কৰায়।<ref name="Stein_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stein MT, Boies EG, Snyder D | title = Parental concerns about extended breastfeeding in a toddler | journal = Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics | volume = 25 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = S107-11 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15502526 | doi = 10.1097/00004703-200410001-00022 }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:স্বাস্থ্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:স্তন্যপান]] me9733if80746jdjg0acycqdw2lj4hu 0 79269 604540 453466 2026-05-05T07:19:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability}} [[চিত্ৰ:সত্যকাম বৰঠাকুৰ.png|thumb|'''সত্যকাম বৰঠাকুৰ (Satyakam Borthakur)''']] {{infobox writer | name =সত্যকাম বৰঠাকুৰ | image = | imagesize = 200px | alt = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | Parents_name = বাবুল বৰঠাকুৰ, বিমলা বৰঠাকুৰ | birth_year = ১৯৭৬ | birth_place = [[দুলীয়াজান]], [[অসম]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = | nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] | ethnicity = | citizenship = ভাৰতীয় | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | education = কটন কলেজৰ পৰা অসমীয়া সাহিত্যত স্নাতকোত্তৰ | alma_mater = | period = | genre = | subject = সাহিত্য | movement = | notableworks = | partner = ড॰ অম্বালিকা বৰঠাকুৰ | children = জলনিধিজা আৰু সাৰস্বত | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = }} '''সত্যকাম বৰঠাকুৰ''' ({{lang-en|Satyakam Borthaur}}; একাধাৰে কবি, প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ, সম্পাদক, অধ্যাপক ৷<ref>https://in.linkedin.com/in/satyakam-borthakur-a633b311b</ref> তেখেত বৰ্তমান ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ প্ৰাধ্যাপক৷ তেখেতে ইতিমধ্যেই চাৰিখনকৈ কবিতা পুথি প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে আৰু বহুকেইখন প্ৰবন্ধ পুথি লিখি উলিয়াইছে৷<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Satyakam-Borthakur</ref> সেইদৰে তেওঁ এঘাৰখনতকৈয়ো অধিক পুথি সম্পাদনা কৰিছে৷ সাহিত্য অকাদেমিৰ অসমীয়া উপদেষ্টা পৰিষদৰ সদস্য হিচাপেও বৰঠাকুৰে সেৱা আগবঢ়াইছিল৷<ref>https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/66{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==জন্ম আৰু শিক্ষা== তেখেতৰ জন্ম হয় [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]]ৰ দুলীয়াজান চহৰত ১৯৭৬ চনৰ ২৯ মে তাৰিখে ৷ পিতৃ স্বৰ্গীয় বাবুল বৰঠাকুৰ অইল ইণ্ডিয়া লিমিটেডৰ এগৰাকী কৰ্মচাৰী আছিল৷ মাতৃ বিমলা বৰঠাকুৰ৷ [[দুলীয়াজান]]ৰ উপকণ্ঠ মধুপুৰ তিনিআলি প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত প্ৰাথমিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পাছত টিপলিংঘাট উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা হাইস্কুল শিক্ষান্ত পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়৷ তাৰ পাছত [[দুলীয়াজান মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক আৰু স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷ ১৯৯৮ চনত তেওঁ গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনত কটন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷<ref>https://in.linkedin.com/in/satyakam-borthakur-a633b311b</ref> তাৰ পাছত ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ প্ৰাধ্যাপক [[নৱকুমাৰ সন্দিকৈ]]ৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত ‘‘চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিকৰ উপন্যাসৰ নাৰী চৰিত্ৰঃ এক সমীক্ষাত্মক অধ্যয়ন’’ শীৰ্ষক বিষয়ত ২০০৫ চনত পি.এইচ.ডি. ডিগ্ৰী গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷ ==বৃত্তি== তেওঁ সহকাৰী অধ্যাপক হিচাপে ২০০০ চনত দুলীয়াজান মহাবিদ্যালয়ত কৰ্মজীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰি ২০০৯ চনত ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ ৰীডাৰ হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে৷ ২০১৬ চনত একেটা বিভাগতে তেওঁ প্ৰাধ্যাপক ৰূপে নিযুক্ত হয়৷ তেওঁ ২০২১ চনলৈকে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ সাংবাদিকতা আৰু গণসংযোগ বিভাগৰ ভাৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সঞ্চালক আৰু অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰি আহিছিল<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/66 |access-date=2022-03-02 |archivedate=2022-03-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302064602/https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/66 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==সামাজিক জীৱন== শিক্ষকতাৰ লগতে তেওঁ ‘অসমীয়া প্ৰতিদিন’ কাকতৰ সংবাদ সেৱাৰ সৈতেও কিছুদিন জড়িত আছিল৷ তেওঁৰ লেখা [[গৰীয়সী]], [[সাতসৰী]], [[প্ৰকাশ]], [[প্ৰান্তিক]], [[অসমীয়া প্ৰতিদিন]], [[দৈনিক জনমভূমি]], [[আমাৰ অসম]], [[জনসাধাৰণ]] (অধুনালুপ্ত), [[The Assam Tribune]] আদি কাকত-আলোচনীত প্ৰকাশ পাই আহিছে৷<ref>https://in.linkedin.com/in/satyakam-borthakur-a633b311b</ref> তদুপৰি তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাপত্ৰ ভালেমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় তথা আন্তৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মানসম্পন্ন গৱেষণাপত্ৰত প্ৰকাশ পাই আহিছে৷ তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে দেশৰ আগশাৰীৰ অনুষ্ঠান যেনে- দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মুম্বাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, ইষ্টাৰ্ণ জ‘নেল কালচাৰেল চেণ্টাৰ (ক’লকাতা), নালচাৰ (হায়ৰাবাদ), সাহিত্য অকাদেমি আদিত বিদ্যায়তনিক অনুষ্ঠানৰ সমল ব্যক্তি হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ উপৰি এথেন্স ইনষ্টিটিউত ফ’ৰ এচুকেচন এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চৰ আমন্ত্ৰণক্ৰমে ২০০৯ চনত এথেন্সত অনুষ্ঠিত বিদ্যায়তনিক আলোচনাচক্ৰত ভাষণ প্ৰদান কৰে৷ তদুপৰি বিদ্যায়তনিক অধ্যয়নৰ বাবে বাংলাদেশ ভ্ৰমণ কৰে৷ এথেন্স ইনষ্টিটিউত ফ’ৰ এচুকেচন এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চৰ বিদ্যায়তনিক সদস্য আৰু সাহিত্য অকাদেমিৰ অসমীয়া উপদেষ্টা পৰিষদৰ সদস্য হিচাপেও সেৱা আগবঢ়াইছিল৷<ref>https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/66{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==সাহিত্যৰাজি== *নষ্ট সময়ৰ কথা (কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ, ১৯৯৮) *বৰ সহজতে এটা ঋতুৰ প্ৰেমত পৰিব পাৰি (কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ, ২০০২) *মোক তুমি আকাশৰ দৰে আৱৰি আছা (কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ, ২০০৫) *মৃত্যুমহাকাব্যিক (ভিন্ন গদ্য, ২০০৬) *শোক বৰষুণ (কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ, ২০০৮) *চৰিত্ৰহীনা কপাহী আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰসংগ (সাহিত্য বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ, ২০০৮) *জাতীয়তাবাদৰ জহন্নামযাত্ৰা (সমকাল বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ, ২০০৮) *শংকৰদেৱৰ নাটঃ বিশ্লেষণাত্মক অধ্যয়ন (শংকৰদেৱৰ কেউখন নাটৰ পূৰ্ণাংগ আলোচনা সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ, ২০১৪) *বিৰিঞ্চি কুমাৰ বৰুৱা (১৯৯৮) *Syed Abdul Malik (২০১৭) * অসমীয়া কবিতাৰ ইতিবৃত্ত(ধ্ৰুপদী যুগ), পূৰ্বাঞ্চল প্ৰকাশ, গুৱাহাটী,২০২৩ চন। ==সম্পাদিত গ্ৰন্থ== *লাহৰী পঁজাৰ বন্তি হিতেশ্বৰ নেওগ (যুটীয়াভাৱে সম্পাদনা, সাহিত্য অকাদেমি, ২০০৭) *পাৰিজাত হৰণ নাট (২০০৮) *ভোজনবিহাৰ নাট (২০০৮) *আধুনিক অসমীয়া সাহিত্যত শংকৰদেৱৰ সংগ্ৰহণ (সাহিত্য অকাদেমি, ২০০৮) *অসমীয়া সাহিত্যঃ পটভূমি আৰু বৈশিষ্ট্য (যুটীয়াভাৱে সম্পাদনা, ২০০৮) *প্ৰজ্ঞাৰ সাধক ড॰ নগেন শইকীয়া (যুটীয়াভাৱে সম্পাদনা, ২০০৮) *সীমাৰ পৰিধি ভাঙি কবিতা (যুটীয়াভাৱে সম্পাদনা, ২০১০) *অসমীয়া লোকনাট্য আৰুঅংকীয়া ভাওনা (যুটীয়াভাৱে সম্পাদনা, সাহিত্য অকাদেমি, ২০১০) *মিত্ৰদেৱ মহন্ত ৰচনাৱলী (যুটীয়াভাৱে সম্পাদনা, ২০১৩) *বেজবৰুৱা সমগ্ৰ (১৪টা খণ্ড) (যুটীয়াভাৱে সম্পাদনা, ২০১৫) *আনিছ উজ্‌ জামানৰ নিৰ্বাচিত কবিতা, ২০১৬<ref>https://www.scientiabooks.in/product/anis-uz-zamanor-nirbachita-kabita-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *আধুনিক অসমীয়া গদ্যঃ জোনাকীৰ পৰা জয়ন্তীলৈ (যুটীয়াভাৱে সম্পাদনা, সাহিত্য অকাদেমি, ২০২১) ==সম্পাদিত গৱেষণা প্ৰকল্প== *A Comparative Study on the Cultural life of the Bangladeshi Immigrants of Assam and their Ancestors”, Under Area Studies Programme of UGC *A Study on the history of Assamese Poetry’’ (Charyapada to Arunodoi) (Sponsored by UGC) ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া শিক্ষাবিদ]] b4bsu1vkx69dlxoh27p0yb986fqbrnx 0 79655 604528 592066 2026-05-05T04:49:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = শুচিব্ৰতা ৰায়চৌধুৰী | image = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = as | birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|9|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[গুৱাহাটী]], অসম, ভাৰত | death_date = {{death date and age|2009|12|2|1931|9|1|df=yes}} | death_place = [[গুৱাহাটী]], অসম, ভাৰত | death_cause = | occupation = প্ৰশাসনিক বিষয়া, সাহিত্যিক | years_active = ১৯৪২-২০০৩ | known_for = 'বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ আঁতিগুৰি আৰু বিকাশ' | parents = [[অম্বিকাগিৰী ৰায়চৌধুৰী]] (পিতৃ)<br> কৌশল্যা দেৱী (মাতৃ) | relatives = | awards = [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা|সাহিত্য অকাডেমি অনুবাদ বঁটা]], ২০০১ }} '''শুচিব্ৰতা ৰায়চৌধুৰী''' ({{lang-en|Suchibrata Raichoudhury}}, ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯২৯ – ২ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০৯)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2 December 2009|title=Suchibrata Raichoudhury no more|work=The Sentinel (Guwahati)|url=http://listserv.aoir.org/pipermail/assam-assamnet.org/2009-December/024361.html|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref> এগৰাকী অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক, কবি আৰু অসম প্ৰশাসনিক সেৱাৰ বিষয়া আছিল। তেওঁ অসম প্ৰশাসনিক সেৱাৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা বিষয়া। ইয়াৰ লগতে তেওঁ অসমৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা ন্যায়িক দণ্ডাধীশ আছিল।<ref name="PressReader.com 2020">{{cite web | title=Your favorite newspapers and magazines. | website=PressReader.com | date=2020-12-03 | url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-assam-tribune/20201203/281676847479370 | access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref> সুভিৰা জয়চৱালৰ ইংৰাজী গ্ৰন্থ 'অৰিজিন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট অফ ৱৈষ্ণৱিজম'ৰ অসমীয়া অনুবাদ 'বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ আঁতিগুৰি আৰু বিকাশ'ৰ বাবে তেওঁ ২০০১ চনত [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা|সাহিত্য অকাডেমি অনুবাদ বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="..">{{cite web | title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. | website=.. | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp | language=hr | access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref><ref name="Profiles 2003">{{cite web | last=Profiles | first=Teresa Rehman | title=Breaking free from fetters- PERSONALITY | website=Telegraph India | date=2003-03-27 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/breaking-free-from-fetters-personality/cid/1545832 | access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ১৯২৯ চনৰ ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ তাৰিখে গুৱাহাটীৰ পানবজাৰত শুচিব্ৰতা ৰায়চৌধুৰীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ স্বাধীনতা কৰ্মী আৰু কবি [[অম্বিকাগিৰী ৰায়চৌধুৰী]] আৰু মাতৃ কৌশল্যা দেৱী।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baruah|first1=Jyotshna|last2=Adhikary|first2=Gajendra|date=|title=Ambikagiri Roy Chowdhury and the revolutionary movement in the Brahmaputra valley|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/28088/10/10_chapter%204.pdf|journal=Gauhati University Department of History|chapter=4|type=Thesis|volume=|pages=|via=INFLIBNET Centre}}</ref> শুচিব্ৰতা চাৰিগৰাকী সন্তানৰ ভিতৰত জ্যেষ্ঠ সন্তান আছিল।<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Borah|first=Dr. Jayashree|url=https://www.scientiabooks.in/product/agni-ishnata/|title=Agnisnata|publisher=Aalibaat Publication|year=|isbn=|location=[[Guwahati]]|pages=|language=Assamese}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ শৈশৱৰ পৰায়ে গীত, কাহিনী, কবিতা আৰু প্ৰৱন্ধ লিখিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। পঞ্চম শ্ৰেণীত তেওঁ তেওঁৰ বন্ধু কমলা দাসৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম হাতেৰে লিখা আলোচনী 'বন্তি' প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":4" /> [[মহাত্মা গান্ধী]]ৰ ওপৰত আলোচনীখনত তেওঁ "সন্ন্যাসী" শিৰোনামেৰে কবিতা এটা লিখিছিল। চতুৰ্থ শ্ৰেণীত থাকোঁতে তেওঁ [[বৰগীত]] গাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ==শিক্ষা== তেওঁ গুৱাহাটীৰ পানবজাৰৰ বালিকা প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চতুৰ্থ শ্ৰেণীৰ পৰা তেওঁ পানবজাৰ গাৰ্লছ হাই স্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰে আৰু এই বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা ১৯৪৫ চনত তেওঁ মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়। একে বছৰতে তেওঁ বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে প্ৰতিভা দেৱী বঁটা আৰু নাৰায়ণী সন্দিকৈ বঁটাও লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Profiles 2003"/> ১৯৪৭ চনত তেওঁ [[সন্দিকৈ ছোৱালী মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়। ১৯৪৯ চনত তেওঁ একেখন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল।<ref name=":4" /> তেওঁ অল ইণ্ডিয়া ৰেডিঅ'ৰ বাবে নাটকো লিখিছিল। ==কৰ্মজীৱন== তেওঁ ১৯৫১ চনত তাৰিণী চৰণ ছোৱালী বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষকতাৰে কৰ্মজীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল।<ref name="Profiles 2003"/> ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ [[অসম লোকসেৱা আয়োগ|অসম লোকসেৱা আয়োগে]] অনুষ্ঠিত কৰা অসামৰিক সেৱা পৰীক্ষাত অৱতীৰ্ণ হয় আৰু ১৯৫৪ চনত তেওঁ এগৰাকী প্ৰশাসনিক বিষয়া হিচাপে অসম প্ৰশাসনিক সেৱাত যোগদান কৰে। <ref name=":0" /> ১৯৫৪ চনৰ ১৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত তেওঁ [[গুৱাহাটী উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়]]ৰ উপ দণ্ডাধীশ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত অসমৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত নিযুক্তি বিভিন্ন পদবীত নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3cfAQAAMAAJ|title=All India Civil List|date=1 July 1968|publisher=Published under the authority of the Government of India by the Associated Advertisers & Printers.|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ শ্বিলঙত অৱস্থিত পঞ্চায়ত বিভাগৰ উপ-সঞ্চালক পদত অধিষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত তেওঁ খাদি আৰু গ্ৰামোন্নয়ন ব'ৰ্ডৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী বিষয়া হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল। ১৯৭৬ চনত গুৱাহাটী বিভাগৰ উপ-বিভাগীয় আয়ুক্ত। ১৯৭৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮৩ চনলৈ তেওঁ ডিষ্ট্ৰিক গেজেটিয়াৰৰ সচিব আছিল <ref>{{Cite book|last=Assam (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS0LAQAAIAAJ|title=Assam District Gazetteers: Cachar district|date=1991|publisher=Government of Assam|language=en}}</ref> লগতে আকৌ এবাৰ তেওঁক গুৱাহাটীৰ খাদি আৰু গ্ৰামোন্নয়ন ব'ৰ্ডৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী বিষয়া হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল। ১৯৮৩ চনত তেওঁ শিক্ষা বিভাগৰ উপ সঞ্চালক আৰু ১৯৮৬ চনত সমাজ কল্যাণ বিভাগৰ সঞ্চালক পদত অধিষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। ১৯৮৯ চনৰ ৩১ আগষ্টত ৰাজহ বিভাগৰ বিষয়া হিচাপে তেওঁ অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> তেওঁ গোটেই জীৱন দুখীয়া-নিছলা সকলৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন কাৰ্যপন্থা হাতত লৈছিল। ইয়াৰ বাবে তেওঁ 'দীনবান্ধৱী' উপাধি লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Glowing tributes paid to Suchibrata Roychoudhury|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec0516/city062|access-date=2020-12-02|website=The Assam Tribune Online|archivedate=2016-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208014140/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec0516/city062|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Need for more old-age homes underlined|work=The Assam Tribune|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec0511/city07|url-status=live|access-date=|archivedate=2016-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313131151/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec0511/city07|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৬৮ চনত গুৱাহাটীৰ নাৰেংগীত শুচিব্ৰতা ৰায়চৌধুৰীৰ উদ্যোগতে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয় অসমৰ প্ৰথমটো 'ৱৰ্কিং ৱʼমেন হোষ্টেল'। তেওঁৰ বিশেষ প্ৰয়াসতে গুৱাহাটীৰ পাথৰকুঁৱেৰীত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয় অসমৰ প্ৰথমখন বৃদ্ধাশ্ৰম 'আমাৰ ঘৰ' । ==সাহিত্য কৰ্ম== শুচিব্ৰতাৰ সাহিত্যৰাজি সাধাৰণতে দেশপ্ৰেম আৰু সামাজিক ব্যাধিৰ বিষয়বস্তুৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D__VAAAAMAAJ|title=Contemporary Indian Literature: A Symposium|date=1968|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en}}</ref> তেওঁৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য সাহিত্যকৰ্ম কিছুমান হৈছে: ===নাটক=== * 'কোন বাটে' - তেওঁ স্কুলত পঢ়ি থাকোঁতে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথমখন নাটক অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছিল। নাটকখন পিছলৈ তেওঁৰ দেউতাকে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। এই নাটখন ৰেডিঅ'ত পৰিবেশন কৰা হৈছিল। লগতে আৰ্য নাট্য সমাজ আৰু [[সন্দিকৈ ছোৱালী মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ত পৰিবেশন কৰা হৈছিল। * 'যুগৰ দাবী' * 'গৰিমা' * 'ত্ৰয়ী' ===অনুবাদ=== ৰায়চৌধুৰীয়ে বহুতো গ্ৰন্থ আৰু নাটক অসমীয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰিছিল। * ভাৰতীয় ঐতিহাসিক গৱেষণা পৰিষদৰ অধীনত ইংৰাজীৰ পৰা অসমীয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰা এক ঐতিহাসিক জীৱনী 'গজনীৰ মাহমুদ' *জন ষ্টেইনবেকৰ দ্বাৰা 'দা মুন ইছ ডাউন'ৰ অসমীয়া অনুবাদ 'বেলি লহিয়ালে' * 'দা মুন এণ্ড ছিক্সপেন্স', চমাৰছেট মাউঘামৰ চুটি গল্পৰ সংকলন। * ৰাজা ৰাওৰ 'দা চাৰপেণ্ট এণ্ড দা ৰোপ' (২০০৫)ৰ অনুবাদ সাহিত্য অকাডেমীৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত 'জীৱনাতীত' * এণ্টন চেখভৰ 'চেৰী অৰ্চাৰ্ড' (২০০৫) * জে. বি. পুৰোহিতৰ 'ডেনজাৰ্ছ কৰ্ণাৰ'ৰ অসমীয়া অনুবাদ 'বিপদ সীমা' (১৯৯৪) * অ' হেনৰীৰ চুটি গল্পৰ সংকলন (১৯৯৯) * সুভিৰা জয়চৱালৰ 'অৰিজিন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট অফ ৱৈষ্ণৱিজম'ৰ অসমীয়া অনুবাদ 'বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ আঁতিগুৰি আৰু বিকাশ' (১৯৯৯) ===চুটি গল্প=== * 'সপ্তপৰ্ণা' (১৯৬০) * 'সোণালী পেৰা' (১৯৫৬) * 'বুধিয়ক কোন' (১৯৯১-৯৮) === উপন্যাস === * 'সুন্দৰ দেশ' (১৯৬০) * 'বাঁহ মাৰলী' (১৯৫৩-৫৪) * 'কামনাৰ জুই জ্বলিল যেতিয়া' (১৯৫৪) === কবিতা আৰু গীতৰ সংকলন === * 'মাথোঁ কথা' (১৯৮৮) * 'তুমি আৰু মই' (১৯৫০) * ''হাহাকাৰৰ গান'' (১৯৯৫) * 'সুহুৰি' (১৯৯৬) * 'গুঞ্জন' (১৯৯৬) * 'স্পন্দন' === অন্যান্য === * 'জীৱন প্ৰেমৰ আতন্দ্ৰ অনল'' (২০০০) * ''অগ্নিপথ'' (২০১০) তেওঁৰ পিতৃ অম্বিকাগিৰী ৰায়চৌধুৰীৰ জীৱনী * 'আইন আৰু আদালত' (২০০৬) * ''সাহিত্য মঞ্জৰী'' * 'চেতনাৰ চিন্তা' (১৯৯৯), [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত ''চেতনা'' আলোচনীখনৰ সম্পাদকীয়ৰ সংকলন।<ref name=":4" /> ==মৃত্যু== ২০০৯ চনৰ ২ ডিচেম্বৰ তাৰিখে গুৱাহাটীত শুচিব্ৰতা ৰায়চৌধুৰীৰ মৃত্যু হয়। ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্য অকাডেমি অনুবাদ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় মহিলা কবি]] lsxung8egdv5nk6vtndgdbtgjmszqqj 0 84855 604511 354640 2026-05-05T02:36:36Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = লীলাৱতী শইকীয়া বৰা | image = | image_size = 150px | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৯৪৮ | birth_place = [[নগাঁও জিলা|নগাঁও]] | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | other_names = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] | occupation = অধ্যাপক, ভাষাবিদ | parents = মোহন চন্দ্ৰ শইকীয়া (পিতৃ)<br />নিসাৰী শইকীয়া (মাতৃ) | website = | footnotes = }} '''লীলাৱতী শইকীয়া বৰা''' একাধাৰে ভাষাবিদ,অনুবাদক, গল্পকাৰ, কবি, সম্পাদক, অধ্যাপক৷ তেখেতে [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ পৰা অধ্যাপক হিচাপে অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷ তেখেতে অসমীয়া ভাষা-সাহিত্য বিষয়ক ১০খন তাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন কৰাৰ লগতে ৮খন গ্ৰন্থ সম্পাদনা কৰিছে৷ সৃষ্টিশীল সাহিত্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনতো তেওঁৰ অৱদান আছে৷ তেখেতে এখন চুটিগল্প বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ, তিনিখন কবিতা পুথি লিখাৰ উপৰি দুখনকৈ চুটিগল্পৰ গ্ৰন্থ, এখন উপন্যাস অনুবাদ কৰিছে৷ ==জন্ম আৰু বংশ পৰিচয়== তেখেতৰ জন্ম হয় ১৯৪৮ চনৰ ২৭ নৱেম্বৰত৷ জন্ম স্থান- চলচলি হালোৱাগাঁও, [[নগাঁও]]৷ পিতৃৰ নাম মোহন চন্দ্ৰ শইকীয়া আৰু মাতৃৰ নাম নিসাৰী শইকীয়া ==বৈবাহিক জীৱন== তেখেতৰ বিবাহ হয় ১৯৭৪ চনৰ ৮ ডিচেম্বৰ তাৰিখে৷ স্বামীৰ নাম গল্প সৌৰভ খ্যাত যতীন বৰা৷ ==শিক্ষা== *হাইস্কুল শিক্ষান্তঃ ১৯৬৬ চন৷ হালোৱাগাঁও গাৰ্লছ হাইস্কুল৷ *প্ৰাক্ স্নাতকঃ ১৯৬৭ চন৷ [[নগাঁও গাৰ্লছ কলেজ]] *স্নাতকঃ ১৯৭০ চন,নগাঁও গাৰ্লছ কলেজ৷ অসমীয়া বিষয়ত [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বোচ্চ নম্বৰ লাভ৷ *স্নাতকোত্তৰঃ ১৭৭২ চন৷ গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা ভাষা বিষয়ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম শ্ৰণীৰ প্ৰথম৷ ==প্ৰকাশিত সাহিত্যৰাজি== *ভাষা সাহিত্যৰ সুবাস, চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ, ১৯৯২ *মাধৱ কন্দলিৰ ৰামায়ণৰ ভাষা, অসম সাহিত্য সভা, ১৯৯৩ *সংস্কৃত পালি প্ৰাকৃত আৰু অসমীয়া ব্যাকৰণ, বনলতা, ২০০২ *অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ ৰূপতত্ত্ব, বনলতা, ২০০৬ *সাহিত্য আৰু সাহিত্যিকৰ ভাষা, ষ্টুডেণ্টচ্ ষ্ট’ৰচ্, ২০০৭ *ভাষা-সাহিত্য-বিচিত্ৰা, চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ, ২০১০ *গ্ৰন্থ সুবাস, বিশাল প্ৰকাশন, ২০১১ *Development of Assamese Prose, Panchajanya, 2015 *অসমীয়া ব্যাকৰণ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ, অসম সাহিত্য সভা, ২০১৬ *সোঁৱৰণীৰ সঁফুৰা, পাঞ্চজন্য, ২০১৭ ==কবিতা পুথি== *সোণালী পৃথিৱী, ১৯৮৮ *সোণালী সুঘ্ৰাণ, ২০০৪ *ত্ৰিতৰঙ্গ, ২০২০ ===গল্প সংকলন=== *বেলি লহিওৱাৰ পৰত, পাঞ্চজন্য প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৩ ===অনূদিত উপন্যাস=== *এতোৱা মুণ্ডাৰ যুদ্ধজয় (মূলঃ মহাশ্বেতা দেৱীৰ Etoa Munda won the Battle ), নেচনেল বুক ট্ৰাষ্ট, ১৯৯৮ ===অনূদিত চুটিগল্প=== *ৰক্তাক্ত ভল্গা, চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ, ২০২২ *ৰুছ যুদ্ধৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গল্প, ষ্টুডেণ্টছ্ ষ্ট’ৰ্চ, ২০০৮ ===সম্পাদিত গ্ৰন্থ=== *প্ৰবন্ধাৱলী, চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ, ১৯৯৯ *ভাষা-জিজ্ঞাসা, বনলতা, ২০০২ *জ্যোতি অন্বেষা, বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০০৩ *অসমীয়া চুটিগল্পৰ সুবাস, গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্ৰকাশন, ২০০৩<ref name="অসমীয়া চুটি গল্পৰ প্ৰবাহ">{{cite web | url=https://as.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=লীলাৱতী_শইকীয়া_বৰা&action=edit | title=Asomiya Chuti Galpar Prabah edited by Dr. Lilabati Saikia Borah | accessdate=24 December 2022}}</ref> *বডু চণ্ডীদাসৰ শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণকীৰ্তন, অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ, ২০০৭<ref name="বড়ু চণ্ডীদাসৰ শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণকীৰ্ত্তন">{{cite web | url=https://www.scientiabooks.in/product/baru-chandidasar-srikrishnakirtan/ | title=https://www.scientiabooks.in/ | accessdate=24 December 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *ডঃ গোলোক চন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামীঃ ভাষাৰ আজীৱন সাধক, ২০১০ *আধুনিক অসমীয়া গদ্য,প্ৰথম খণ্ড, ২০১৩ *গল্প সৌৰভ, যতীন বৰা ৰচনাৱলী, পাঞ্চজন্য প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৪ ===সম্পাদিত আলোচনী=== *উদ্দীপনাঃ সদৌ অসম লেখিকা সমাৰোহ সমিতিৰ জালুকবাৰী শাখাৰ মুখপত্ৰ, ১৯৯৮,২০০০ *অন্বেষণ, গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যায়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ গৱেষণা পত্ৰিকা, ২০০০ *The Ramayana: Its Impact of Life and Culture, ২০০৩ ==বঁটা আৰু সন্মান== *২০১২ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ ‘শ্ৰমিকপ্ৰাণ সৰ্বেশ্বৰ বৰদলৈ অসম সাহিত্য সভা বঁটা’ *২০১৪ চনত ‘মাণিক চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা বঁটা’ *২০১৭-১৮ চনত সদৌ অসম লেখিকা সমাৰোহ সমিতিৰ ‘কাব্যশ্ৰী নলিনীবালা দেৱী বঁটা’ *অসম চৰকাৰৰ সাহিত্যিক পেঞ্চন, ২০১৯-২০ বৰ্ষ ==ৰাজহুৱা কাম-কাজ== ১০ বছৰ গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ সাহিত্য চ’ৰাৰ সভানেত্ৰী (১৯৯৫-২০০৫) ১৮ বছৰ [[জালুকবাৰী]] শাখা লেখিকা সমাৰোহ সমিতিৰ প্ৰিতষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী (১৯৯৬-২০১৩) হাতীগাঁও মহিলা অধ্যয়ন চক্ৰৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী, ২০১৫ গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ষ্টাফ কলেজত তিনিটা অনুশীলন পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ সংযোজক৷ ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অতিথি অধ্যাপক ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া গল্পকাৰ]] 2f1zjr0003g4t1swt713z3fa3dm91s3 0 86288 604575 455799 2026-05-05T11:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:Dr. Swati Piramal.JPG|thumb|স্বাতী অজয় পিৰামল শ্বাহ]] '''স্বাতী অজয় পিৰামল শ্বাহ''' ({{lang-en | Swati Ajay Piramal Shah}}) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় বিজ্ঞানী আৰু উদ্যোগপতি৷ তেওঁ স্বাস্থ্যসেৱাৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ জনস্বাস্থ্য আৰু উদ্ভাৱনৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে। তেখেতে ঔষধ, বিত্তীয় সেৱা, ৰিয়েল এষ্টেট আৰু কাঁচৰ পেকেজিঙৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহী ব্যৱসায়িক সংস্থা “পিৰামল গ্ৰুপ’’ৰ ’ভাইচ চেয়াৰপাৰ্চন’। তেওঁৰ জন্ম হয় ২৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৫৬ চনত৷<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stock Quote News - Stock Market Quotes, Online Stock Quotes, India|url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102134640/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2020-09-17|website=in.reuters.com|archivedate=2020-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102134640/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Partnerships to Advance Public Health and the Economy in the COVID-19 Era |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/partnerships-to-advance-public-health-and-the-economy-in-the-covid-19-era/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US |archivedate=2022-11-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117114244/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/partnerships-to-advance-public-health-and-the-economy-in-the-covid-19-era/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ নাম আছিল নিৰঞ্জন শ্বাহ আৰু মাতৃৰ নাম অৰুনিকা শ্বাহ৷<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Piramal Family's Purposeful Philanthropy |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/philanthropy-awards-2014/the-piramal-familys-purposeful-philanthropy/39303/0 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> ==কৃতিত্ব== বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তি ব্যৱসায়ত আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবে ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয়ে ২০১২ চনত তেওঁক ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swati Piramal - Most Powerful Women in 2012 - Fortune India|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/swati-piramal?year=2012|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en}}</ref> স্বাতী অজয় পিৰামলে ভাৰতৰ এপেক্স চেম্বাৰ অৱ কমাৰ্চৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা সভানেত্ৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=The SME Times News|date=2018-01-20|title=Swati Piramal- The first woman President of India's Apex Chamber of Commerce, ASSOCHAM|url=http://thesmetimes.com/swati-piramal-first-woman-president-indias-apex-chamber-commerce-assocham/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=The SME Times|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218160125/https://thesmetimes.com/swati-piramal-first-woman-president-indias-apex-chamber-commerce-assocham/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড ব'ৰ্ড অৱ অভাৰচিয়াৰৰ সদস্য আৰু হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড বিজনেছ স্কুল আৰু জনস্বাস্থ্যৰ ডীনৰ উপদেষ্টা হিচাপেও কাম কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2012-05-28|title=Swati Piramal elected to Harvard board of overseers|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/swati-piramal-elected-to-harvard-board-of-overseers-112052800144_1.html|access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref> স্বাতী অজয় পিৰামলে ১৯৮০ চনত মুম্বাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানত এম বি বি এছ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ তেওঁ হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ Public Health Schoolৰ প্ৰাক্তন ছাত্ৰী৷ তেওঁ তাৰপৰা ১৯৯২ চনত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ তেওঁ পিৰামল গ্ৰুপৰ “চেয়াৰমেন’’ অজয় পিৰামলক বিয়া কৰায়৷ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stock Quote News - Stock Market Quotes, Online Stock Quotes, India|url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102134640/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2020-09-17|website=in.reuters.com|archivedate=2020-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102134640/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni News and Features|url=https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu/s/1319/02-HSPH/20/interior.aspx?sid=1319&gid=2&pgid=252&cid=1285&ecid=1285&ciid=2757&crid=0|access-date=2020-09-17|website=alumni.sph.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref> পিৰামলে কম বয়সৰ পৰাই দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া ৰোগাক্ৰান্ত লোকৰ জীৱন উন্নত কৰাৰ ইচ্ছা পুহি ৰাখিছিল আৰু সেয়ে স্কুল আৰু কলেজত সেইমতে পঢ়ি তেওঁ চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ ডিগ্ৰী গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Dr. Swati A Piramal a women[sic] Business tycoon|url=https://magazine.xpert.tv/dr-swati-a-piramal-a-women-business-tycoon/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Xpert Magazine|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> বিবাহ আৰু সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ পিছতহে তেওঁ হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত জনস্বাস্থ্যৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰম গ্ৰহণ কৰি স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-01|title=Swati Piramal: What makes her special|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/swati-piramal-what-makes-her-special/15344153|access-date=2020-09-17|website=mid-day|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৭০ চনৰ মাজভাগত পিৰামলে পলিঅ’ ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত এগৰাকী ছোৱালীক লগ পায়৷ তাৰপিছত তেওঁ মেডিকেল স্কুলৰ সহপাঠী বন্ধুসকলৰ লগত মিলি এটা পলিঅ’ চেণ্টাৰ স্থাপন কৰে। প্ৰথম বছৰত তেওঁলোকে ২৫ হাজাৰ শিশুক চিকিৎসা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলক নিজৰ সন্তানক প্ৰতিষেধক প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ পতিয়ন নিয়াবলৈ পিৰামল আৰু তেওঁৰ বন্ধুসকলে পলিঅ’ প্ৰতিষেধকৰ উপকাৰীতাৰ বিষয়ে ৰাজপথত “বাটৰ নাট’’ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। ঘৰে ঘৰে গৈ পৰিয়ালবোৰকো শিক্ষা দিছিল। তেওঁলোকে শিশুৰ চিকিৎসা কৰিছিল, বেছিভাগেই বিনামূলীয়াকৈ। দহ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰতিষেধক বা চিকিৎসাৰ প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিয়ে প্ৰতিষেধক লাভ কৰিছিল। লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাৰ পিছত কেন্দ্ৰটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Piramal Healthcare Director runs the business with a smile|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-swati-piramal/story/18325.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== স্বাতী শ্বাহ আৰু অজয় পিৰামলৰ এজন পুত্ৰ আনন্দ পিৰামল৷ তেওঁ মুকেশ আম্বানী আৰু নীতা আম্বানীৰ একমাত্ৰ কন্যা ঈশা আম্বানীক বিয়া কৰায়৷ <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=Isha Ambani and Anand Piramal {{!}} Mumbai {{!}} Celebrity Weddings |url=https://www.weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/isha-ambani-and-anand-piramal-mumbai/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=WeddingSutra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 12, 2018 |title=Who is Anand Piramal, the man Mukesh Ambani's daughter Isha is marrying?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/who-is-anand-piramal-mukesh-ambani-isha-1406111-2018-12-10|access-date=2022-02-11|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> অজয় আৰু স্বাতীৰ এগৰাকী কন্যাও আছে৷ তেওঁৰ নাম নন্দিনী পিৰামল৷ তেওঁ আমেৰিকান নাগৰিক পিটাৰ ডি ইয়ঙৰ সৈতে বিয়া হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interesting things about Nandini Piramal you need to know - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/interesting-things-about-nandini-piramal-you-need-to-know/articleshow/70073776.cms|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>বোৱাৰী ঈশাই বিয়াৰ পিছত উপহাৰ দিয়া মুম্বাইৰ “গুলিতা’’ নামৰ ঘৰত বৰ্তমান শ্বাহ-পিৰামল থাকে৷<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-15 |title=Isha Ambani and Anand Piramal to move into ₹450 cr Mumbai bungalow |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/antilia-isha-ambani-anand-piramal-mumbai/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref> তেওঁ মুম্বাইৰ “গোপিকৃষ্ণ পিৰামল হাস্পতাল’’ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Swati Piramal joins Nestle Board of Directors|date=2 August 2010|url=https://www.nestle.in/asset-library/documents/profile/swati_a_piramal_profileandloa.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>“পিৰামল ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন’’ৰ সঞ্চালিকা হিচাপে তেওঁ “এইচ এম আৰ আই’’ৰ জৰিয়তে ভাৰতৰ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলত স্বাস্থ্যৰ প্ৰসাৰত সহায়ক হোৱাকৈ এটা “ভ্ৰাম্যমাণ স্বাস্থ্য সেৱা’’ ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Piramal|first1=Swati|title=Swati Piramal {{!}} The foundation for a family|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/x9LaUEgIY4mqjN6VogiGPO/My-work-to-support-adolescent-girls-in-India.html|accessdate=23 September 2016|website= Livemint.com |date=23 February 2014}}</ref>[[মহিলা সৱলীকৰণ]] প্ৰকল্প, আৰু যুৱ নেতা সৃষ্টি কৰাত স্থানীয় শিক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা সমৰ্থন কৰে। তদুপৰি তেওঁ বিশুদ্ধ পানীৰ আঁচনি ’সৰ্বজল ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন’ৰ পৰিচালক৷<ref>{{cite news|last1=Of India|first1=Press Trust|title=Assocham appoints Swati Piramal as its new president|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/assocham-appoints-swati-piramal-as-its-new-president-109100900176_1.html|accessdate=23 September 2016|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 October 2009}}</ref> বৰ্তমান তেওঁ হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড School of Public Health আৰু "হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড বিজনেছ স্কুল'' দুয়োটাৰে ডীন এডভাইজাৰী ব’ৰ্ডত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আছে। তেওঁ আই আই টি বম্বে, আৰু হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ দৰে ভাৰতীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ ব'ৰ্ডত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰে৷<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kanga|first1=Fareeda|title=Swati Piramal: What makes her special|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/swati-piramal-what-makes-her-special/15344153|accessdate=23 September 2016|agency=Mid-Day|publisher=Mid-Day Infomedia Ltd|date=1 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:চিকিৎসাবিদ]] dhsudeymxs8i704o7szty87dxsajdmq 0 86327 604428 603582 2026-05-04T16:25:30Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মেক লাভ নট স্কাৰছ''' ({{lang-en| Make Love Not Scars }} ; অসমীয়া অৰ্থ: প্ৰেম কৰা, দাগ নহয়) হৈছে নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত এটা ভাৰতীয় অলাভজনক সংস্থা।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/762840/an-indian-acid-attack-survivor-is-taking-her-inspiring-story-to-new-york-fashion-week/|title=An Indian acid attack survivor is taking her inspiring story to New York Fashion Week|last=Thomas|first=Maria|work=Quartz|access-date=2017-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> [[এচিড আক্ৰমণ]]ৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা লোকৰ বাবে কাম কৰা এই সংস্থাটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল ৰিয়া শৰ্মাই। তানিয়া সিং এই সংস্থাটোৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী বিষয়া।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/attack-survivors-suffer-trauma/article28452659.ece|title=Attack survivors suffer trauma|first=K. Shiva|last=Shanker|date=15 July 2019|access-date=28 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> সংস্থাটোৱে এচিড আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা লোকসকলৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰ্বাসনত সহায় কৰে আৰু এচিদ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা প্ৰাণ ৰক্ষা পৰা সকলক আৰ্থিক, আইনী আৰু শৈক্ষিক সহায় প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>Madrid, Isis, Sakuntala Narasimhan, and WeNews Staff. "This 23-year-old woman just opened India’s first rehab clinic for acid attack survivors." Women's eNews. N.p., 6 April 2016. Web. 14 March 2017</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ ৬ নৱেম্বৰলৈকে ই সমগ্ৰ ভাৰততে প্ৰায় ৭০ জন জীৱিত লোকক সহায় কৰিছিল।<ref>"Life beyond the acid burn." ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 March 2017</ref> শেহতীয়াকৈ এই বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থাটোৱে ধন সংগ্ৰহ কৰি ভুক্তভোগীলৈ প্ৰেৰণ নকৰাৰ বাবে নজৰদাৰীত আছে।<ref name="mid-day.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-cheating-fir-against-ngo-founder-for-duping-acid-attack-victims-of-lakhs/18884198|title=Mumbai: Cheating FIR against NGO founder for duping acid attack victims of lakhs|date=2018-01-03|website=Mid-day.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিডছ কলেজ অৱ আৰ্টৰ ফেশ্বন ছাত্ৰী হৈ থকাৰ সময়তে ২০১৪ চনত ৰিয়া শৰ্মাই মেক লাভ নট স্কাৰছ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। চূড়ান্ত বৰ্ষৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ অংশ হিচাপে তেওঁ ভাৰতত [[এচিড আক্ৰমণ]]ৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা লোকসকলৰ ওপৰত এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ লয়। <ref>"Ria Sharma." Leeds College of Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 March 2017</ref> কিন্তু ভাৰতত এচিড আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা লোকৰ ভয়াবহ পৰিস্থিতি প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ তথ্যচিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে এটা সংগঠন আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। ‘আইছিচ মাদ্ৰিদ পাব্লিক ৰেডিঅ’ ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল’ক তেওঁ কয় যে, “তথ্যচিত্ৰখনৰ শ্বুটিং কৰি থাকোঁতে মই চৰকাৰী হস্পিতাল এখনৰ বাৰ্নৱাৰ্ড এটাত যাবলগীয়া হৈছিল। ৱাৰ্ডত যি দেখিলো, তাৰপিছত বহু কথাই চিৰদিনৰ বাবে সলনি হৈ গ'ল। একেলগে ইমান দুখজনক কাহিনীৰ সাক্ষী কেতিয়াও হবলগীয়া হোৱা নাছিল। ইমান বেদনাদায়ক কথাই কেতিয়াও মোক স্পৰ্শ কৰা নাছিল। আপুনি যেতিয়া তেনে পৰিস্থিতি মুখামুখী হয়, আপোনাৰ হাতত দুটা বিকল্প থাকে; হয় আপুনি নিজৰ আৰামদায়ক জীৱনলৈ ঘুৰি যাব, নহ’লে আপুনি আন কাৰোবাৰ জীৱনক আৰমদায়ক কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিব।” <ref>"This 23-year-old woman just opened India's first rehab clinic for acid attack survivors." Public Radio International. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 March 2017</ref> প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপকগৰাকীক মিথাক কাজিমীৰ কনভাৰ্চেচন শ্ব’ত দেখা গৈছিল, য’ত ৰিয়াই সামাজিক সক্ৰিয়তাৰ সৈতে যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক সম্পৰ্কিত হোৱাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰ বিষয়ে বাখ্যা কৰিছিল, যাতে যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলে বিভিন্ন সামাজিক ব্যাধি নিৰাময়ত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে। ==সমলোচনা== এচিড আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা ধনৰ অপব্যৱহাৰৰ অভিযোগত সংস্থাটো নজৰদাৰীৰ আওতালৈ আহিছে। ''মিড-ডে'' নামৰ এখন বাতৰি কাকতে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে কেনেকৈ সংস্থাটোৱে ভুক্তভোগীক সহায় কৰাৰ অজুহাতত অনুদান সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সকলো বা বেছিভাগ টকা আত্মসাৎ কৰিছিল। বাতৰিটো প্ৰকাশ হোৱাৰ পিছত সংস্থাটোৱে ভুক্তভোগীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰাপ্য ধন দিয়াৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিয়ে। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-another-acid-attack-victim-claims-money-from-ngo-never-reached-her/18781189|title=Mumbai: Another acid attack victim claims money from NGO never reached her|date=2017-11-29|website=Mid-day.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক ৰিয়া শৰ্মাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ ৰুজু কৰে মুম্বাই আৰক্ষীয়ে। ''মিড-ডে''ক দিয়া ভাষ্যৰ জৰিয়তে ৰিয়াই নিজৰ নিৰ্দোষতা সাব্যস্ত কৰিছিল। অনলাইন মিডিয়া এজেন্সী ''দ্য লজিকেল ইণ্ডিয়ান''ই চলোৱা এক তদন্তত দেখা গ'ল যে মিড-ডেৰ তথ্যসমূহ সত্য আধাৰিত নহয়। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/fact-check/make-love-not-scars/|title=Mid-Day Accuses NGO Of Fraudulent Fund Raiser; Facts Read Otherwise|first=Poorbita|last=Bagchi|date=1 December 2017|website=Thelogicalindian.com|access-date=28 December 2021|archivedate=17 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317060948/https://thelogicalindian.com/fact-check/make-love-not-scars/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> অৱশেষত ৰিয়াই নিজৰ অফিচিয়েল ফেচবুক হেণ্ডেলত বাতৰি কাকততে অসত্য বাতৰি প্ৰকাশ কৰাক লৈ এক বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তেওঁৰ পোষ্টটোৱে প্ৰচণ্ড জনসমৰ্থন লাভ কৰে আৰু যাৰ ফলত ''মিড-ডে''ই এক বুজাপৰা কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fria13sharma%2Fposts%2F10156278311842990%3F__tn__%3DK-R|title=Log into Facebook|website=Facebook.com|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> মিড-ডেৰ বাতৰিটোত আলোকিত কৰি ডি.এন.এ কাকতে ৰিয়াৰ পক্ষ লয়। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-acid-attack-activist-ria-sharma-accuses-paper-of-biased-reporting-after-getting-booked-for-duping-acid-attack-victims-2592485|title=Acid attack activist Ria Sharma accuses paper of 'biased reporting' after getting booked for duping victims|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত [[মুম্বাই]] আৰক্ষীয়ে ৰিয়াক সকলো অভিযোগৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰে। <ref name="mid-day.com" /> ==তথ্যউৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী সংগঠন]] m7dcm8mhui12vd98e2osr8qycnyr4pp 0 86857 604555 349500 2026-05-05T09:12:57Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name =সুনিধি চৌহান | image = Sunidhi Chauhan Voice India.jpg |image_size=150px | caption =চৌহান, ২০১৫ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|08|14}} | birth_place = নতুন দিল্লী | occupation = কণ্ঠশিল্পী | years_active = ১৯৯৬- বৰ্তমানলৈ | spouse = {{plain list| *{{Marriage|ববী খান|2002|2003|reason=divorced}} *{{Marriage|হিতেশ চোনিক|2012}} }} | children = ১ | relatives = | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * ফিল্মী * পপ * ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীত * ৰক * হিপহ'প * ছুফী * জাজ * ব্লুজ * ডিস্কো }} | instrument = | label = {{flatlist| }} | website = }} | signature = }} '''সুনীধি চৌহান''' ({{lang-en|Sunidhi Chauhan}}; জন্ম: ১৪ আগষ্ট ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী। দিল্লীত জন্মগ্ৰহণ সুনিধিয়ে ৫ বছৰ বয়সৰ পৰাই স্থানীয় অনুষ্ঠানত সংগীত পৰিবেশন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৩ বছৰ বয়সত ''শাস্ত্ৰ'' (১৯৯৬) ছবিৰ জৰিয়তে কৰ্মজীৱনত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে। একেটা বছৰতে মেৰী আৱাজ শুনো শীৰ্ষক প্ৰথমটো গানৰ ৰিয়েলিটি শ্ব'ত জয়ী হয় আৰু ''মস্ত''ৰ (১৯৯৯) ‘ৰুকি ৰুকি ছি জিন্দগী’ বাণীবদ্ধ কৰি এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট সংগীত শিল্পী হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হয়। গীতটোৱে তেওঁলৈ নতুন সংগীত প্ৰতিভালৈ আগবঢ়োৱা [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা|ফিল্মফেয়াৰ আৰ ডি বৰ্মন বঁটা]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/filmfare/annual/2000/nominations.shtml |title=46th Annual Filmfare Awards nominations out |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 February 2001 |access-date=31 March 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331150942/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2000/nominations.shtml |archive-date=31 March 2001}}</ref> কঢ়িয়াই আনে আৰু শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ বঁটাৰ বাবে বাবে মনোনীত হয়। এক বহুমুখী কণ্ঠৰ বাবে তেওঁ পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-14 |title=Happy Birthday Sunidhi Chauhan: 5 songs that prove the mastery of this versatile singer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-sunidhi-chauhan-5-songs-that-prove-the-mastery-of-this-versatile-singer-4796019/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ২০০০ চনত ''ফিজা''ৰ ‘মেহবুব মেৰে’ গীতটোৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে আৰু ''ধূম''ৰ (২০০৪) ‘ধূম মচালে’ গীতটোৰ বাবে সুনিধিয়ে তৃতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে ফিল্মফেয়াৰৰ মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত আৰু দুবাৰ- ''পৰিণীতা''ৰ ‘কেইছী পহেলী’ আৰু ''দশ''ৰ (২০০৫) ‘দিদাৰ দে’ত ফিল্মফেয়াৰ মনোনয়ন পায়। ২০০৬ চনত ''ওমকাৰা''ৰ ‘বীদি’ গীতটোৱে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে তেওঁক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা আনি দিয়ে। ইয়াৰোপৰি একেটা বছৰতে আৰু দুবাৰ তেওঁ ফিল্মফেয়াৰ মনোনয়ন পাইছিল; ''অকসৰ''ৰ (২০০৬) ‘ছোনিয়ে’ আৰু ''৩৬ চাইনা টাউন''ৰ (২০০৬) ‘আচিকি মেঁই’ৰ বাবে।<ref name=naturally>{{cite news |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/music-happened-to-me-naturally--sunidhi-chauhan.html?page=all |title=Music happened to me naturally: Sunidhi Chauhan |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=27 October 2011 |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105254/https://in.news.yahoo.com/music-happened-to-me-naturally--sunidhi-chauhan.html?page=all |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=know>{{cite news |last=Kaushal |first=Ruchi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/Sunidhi-Chauhan-Things-you-may-not-know-about-the-singer/photostory/47796655.cms |title=Sunidhi Chauhan: Things you may not know about the singer |work=The Times of India |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702122749/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/Sunidhi-Chauhan-Things-you-may-not-know-about-the-singer/photostory/47796655.cms |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> পিছৰ বছৰত চৌহানে ''আজা নাচলে''ৰ (২০০৭) শীৰ্ষগীত আৰু "হনীমুন ট্ৰেভেলচ্ প্ৰাইভেট লিমিটেড"ৰ ‘সাজনজী ৱাৰি ৱাৰি’ বাণীবদ্ধ কৰে, যিয়ে সমালোচক আৰু ব্যৱসায়িক দিশৰ পৰাও ভাল সহাৰি পাইছিল। সুনিধিয়ে ''ৰব নে বনা দি জোড়ী''ৰ ‘ডান্স পে ডান্স’ আৰু ''লাভ আজ কাল''ৰ (২০০৯) ‘চোৰ বজাৰী’ বাবেও ফিল্মফেয়াৰ মনোনয়ন পাইছিল। ২০১০ চনত আইটেম গীত ‘শীলা কী জৱানী’য়ে (২০১০) তেওঁলৈ দ্বিতীয়টো ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা আনি দিয়ে আৰু ''গুজাৰিছ''ৰ (২০১০) ‘উদি’ শীৰ্ষক গীতটো ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ষ্টাইলড কাৰ্নিভেল চঙৰ বাবে মনোনীত হয়। ২০১০ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগীতত তেওঁ পদাৰ্পন কৰে; এনৰিক ইগলেছিয়াছৰ "হাৰ্টবিট" গীতটোৰ এটা বিকল্প সংস্কৰণত তেওঁ কণ্ঠদান কৰে। নেপথ্য গায়নৰ উপৰিও চৌহানে কেইবাটাও টেলিভিছনৰ ৰিয়েলিটি শ্ব’ত বিচাৰক হিচাপে দায়িত্ব লোৱাৰ উপৰিও বহু কেইটা মিউজিক ভিডিঅ’ত তেওঁ অংশ লৈছে। সংগীতৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ উপৰিও বিভিন্ন দাতব্য সংস্থা আৰু সামাজিক কামৰ সৈতেও তেওঁ জড়িত।<ref name="dad" /> ২০১২-ৰ পৰা ২০১৫-লৈ ভাৰতৰ ফৰ্বছ চেলিব্ৰিটি ১০০ তালিকাত চাৰিবাৰকৈ তেওঁৰ নাম অন্তৰ্ভূক্ত হৈছে। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ১৯৮৩ চনৰ ১৪ আগষ্টত ভাৰতৰ নতুন দিল্লীত সুনিধি চৌহানৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="crazily">{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-get-crazily-happy-when-I-am-nominated-Sunidhi-Chauhan/articleshow/21455668.cms |title=I get crazily happy when I am nominated: Sunidhi Chauhan |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 July 2013 |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030234641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-get-crazily-happy-when-I-am-nominated-Sunidhi-Chauhan/articleshow/21455668.cms |archive-date=30 October 2017}}</ref> তেওঁৰ পিতৃ দুষ্যন্ত কুমাৰ চৌহান উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ ব্যক্তি আছিল আৰু তেওঁ আছিল শ্ৰীৰাম ভাৰতীয় কলা কেন্দ্ৰৰ নাট্য ব্যক্তিত্ব। তেওঁৰ মাতৃ এগৰাকী গৃহিণী, যিয়ে সুনিধিক সংগীতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কেৰিয়াৰ গঢ়িবলৈ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ এগৰাকী ভনীয়েকো আছে।<ref name=journey>{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Rene |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sunidhi-chauhan-talks-about-her-struggle-her-success-bad-marriage-marriage-with-hitesh-sonic-bollywood-career-her-father-and-fitness/1/456439.html |title=Birthday Special: Sunidhi Chauhan's journey from a singer to a rockstar TV judge |work=[[India Today]] |date=5 August 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113133250/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sunidhi-chauhan-talks-about-her-struggle-her-success-bad-marriage-marriage-with-hitesh-sonic-bollywood-career-her-father-and-fitness/1/456439.html |archive-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> চাৰি বছৰ বয়সত সুনিধিয়ে প্ৰতিযোগিতা আৰু স্থানীয় অনুষ্ঠানত পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পিতৃৰ বন্ধুসকলে সুনিধিৰ গায়কী প্ৰতিভাক গুৰুত্ব সহকাৰে ল'বলৈ পতিয়ন নিয়াইছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ লাইভ শ্ব' কৰি আছিল আৰু কেছেট আৰু চিডি শুনি নিয়মীয়া ৰেৱাজ অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল।<ref name=dad>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/my-dad-has-been-the-guiding-force-in-my-life-says-sunidhi-chauhan/238440 |title=My dad has been the guiding force in my life, says Sunidhi Chauhan |work=[[Mid-Day]] |last=Rao |first=Nilesh |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=1 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135901/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/my-dad-has-been-the-guiding-force-in-my-life-says-sunidhi-chauhan/238440 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archivedate=22 December 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135901/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/my-dad-has-been-the-guiding-force-in-my-life-says-sunidhi-chauhan/238440 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==তথ্যউৎস== {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name|id=0154298|name=Sunidhi Chauhan}} {{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:তামিল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:তেলেগু চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কানাড়া চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মাৰাঠী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] adtr4jwkqwk1pg98lv0gjbail989uhs 0 87810 604407 583303 2026-05-04T13:06:57Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604407 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:Mariem_the_Peul_girl_in_Dogon_country_by_Ferdinand_Reus.jpg|thumb|মাৰিয়েম,মালিৰ ডগন উপত্যকাৰ কানি কম্বোলেৰ এগৰাকী পেউল ছোৱালী।]] জাতিগত সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বিভিন্ন পৰম্পৰাৰ জটিল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া, মহান ছাহেলিয়ান ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ উত্থান-পতন, [[ফ্ৰান্স|ফৰাচী]] ঔপনিৱেশিক শাসন, স্বাধীনতা, নগৰায়ন, আৰু উত্তৰ-ঔপনিৱেশিক সংঘাত আৰু প্ৰগতিৰ ফলত মালিৰ নাৰীৰ ({{lang-en|Women in Mali}}) মৰ্যাদা আৰু সামাজিক ভূমিকা গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। মালিৰ আধাতকৈও কম জনসংখ্যা গঠন কৰা মালিয়ান মহিলাসকল কেতিয়াবা মেট্ৰিলিনিয়াল সমাজৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে যদিও এই বৃহৎ পৰিমাণে গ্ৰাম্য, কৃষিভিত্তিক সমাজখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক গাঁথনিৰ বাবে সদায় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈ আহিছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ধৰ্মক লৈ হোৱা সংঘাতৰ ফলত তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিকা গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে, কিয়নো ১১০০–১৯০০ চনৰ সময়ছোৱাত এনিমিষ্ট সমাজসমূহে ক্ৰমান্বয়ে ইছলামৰ ঠাই ল’লে। শেহতীয়া বছৰবোৰত ধৰ্মীয় মৌলবাদৰ উত্থানে মহিলাৰ মংগলৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/mali-unmarried-couple-stoned-death-islamic-law-break-militants-al-qaeda-kidal-france-un-advance-a7742221.html|title=Unmarried couple stoned to death in Mali for breaking 'Islamic law'|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> মালিত মহিলাসকলে সন্মুখীন হোৱা সমসাময়িক সমস্যাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে হিংসাৰ হাৰ অধিক৷<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Rising-violence-against-women-in-Mali-20140620-3|title=Rising violence against women in Mali}}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে [[বাল্য বিবাহ|বাল্যবিবা]]হ<ref name="girlsnotbrides.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/mali/|title=Atlas|access-date=2023-04-08|archivedate=2019-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209224911/https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/mali/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰু [[মহিলাৰ যৌনাংগ বিকৃতকৰণ]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="unicef.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/media_centre_7809.html|title=UNICEF Mali - Media centre - End violence, stop female genital mutilation|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127064703/https://www.unicef.org/mali/media_centre_7809.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=27 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127064703/https://www.unicef.org/mali/media_centre_7809.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == সাংস্কৃতিক পটভূমি == মালি পশ্চিম [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ এখন ভূমি আবদ্ধ দেশ। ১৯৬০ চনত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ পৰা মালিয়ে স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে। উত্তৰ মালিৰ সংঘাতে দেশখনক অস্থিৰ কৰি পেলাইছিল। মালিৰ বাসিন্দা ১.৮ নিযুততকৈও অধিক আৰু ই জাতিগতভাৱে বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু ই তলত দিয়া গোটসমূহৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত: বাম্বাৰা ৩৪.১%, ফুলানী (পেউল) ১৪.৭%, চাৰাকোলে ১০.৮%, চেনুফো ১০.৫%, ডগন ৮.৯%, মালিংকে ৮.৭%, ববো ২.৯%, ছংহাই ১.৬%, টুয়াৰেগ ০.৯%, অন্যান্য মালিয়ান ৬.১%৷ পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকান ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সদস্য ০.৩%, আৰু অন্যান্য ০.৪%। জনসংখ্যাৰ বিপুল সংখ্যকে [[ইছলাম]] ধৰ্ম অনুসৰণ কৰে। নগৰায়নৰ হাৰ ৪২.৪%। প্ৰজননৰ হাৰ প্ৰায় ৬ টা সন্তান/মহিলা, যিটো বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰতে সৰ্বাধিক।<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |archivedate=2021-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == শিক্ষা == {{multiple image | total_width = 500 | background color = #BBDD99 | image_style = border:none | direction = horizontal | image1 = Going_to_High_School.jpg | caption1 = <center>স্কুললৈ যোৱা মালিয়ান ছোৱালী</center> | image2 = Mali1974-004 hg.jpg | caption2 = <center>মালিৰ গ্ৰাম্য বজাৰত মহিলা</center> | image3 = Mali - Women at work.jpg | caption3 = <center>মালিত কাপোৰ ধোৱা মহিলা।</center> }} ছয় বছৰৰ পৰা ১৫ বছৰ বয়সলৈকে শিক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। কিন্তু বহু শিশু স্কুললৈ নাযায়৷ দৰিদ্ৰতা, ল’ৰা শিক্ষাত অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ, [[বাল্য বিবাহ|বাল্যবিবাহ]] আৰু [[যৌন নিৰ্যাতন]]ৰ দৰে কাৰকৰ বাবে সকলো স্তৰতে ছোৱালীৰ নামভৰ্তি ল’ৰাতকৈ কম। <ref name="United States Department of State">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#section6women United States Department of State]</ref> মহিলাৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ (১৫ বছৰ আৰু তাতকৈ অধিক বয়স) পুৰুষতকৈ যথেষ্ট কম: মহিলাৰ ২২.২%, আনহাতে পুৰুষৰ ৪৫.১% (২০১৫ চনৰ অনুমান মতে)।<ref name="cia.gov" /> == স্বাস্থ্য সেৱা == মালি বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম দৰিদ্ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ৷ ইয়াৰ স্বাস্থ্য তথা অনাময় ব্যৱস্থাৰ দুৰ্বলতাৰ বাবে দেশখনৰ স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছে। মহিলাৰ স্বাস্থ্যৰ ওপৰত নেতিবাচক প্ৰভাৱ বিদ্যমান৷ যদিও চৰকাৰে উভয় লিংগৰ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্কৰ লগতে শিশুৰ লগতে ৰাজসাহায্যযুক্ত চিকিৎসা সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়। মালিৰ সংবিধানে স্বাস্থ্যৰ অধিকাৰৰ নিশ্চয়তা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="access2insulin.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.access2insulin.org/malis-health-system.html|title=Mali's Health System|access-date=2023-04-08|archivedate=2018-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022537/http://www.access2insulin.org/malis-health-system.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref>নীতি সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ জড়িতকৰণ, খৰচ আদায় আৰু অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় ঔষধৰ উপলব্ধতাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা গঢ় লৈ উঠে আৰু ইয়াক স্বাস্থ্য মন্ত্ৰালয়ে প্ৰস্তুত কৰে৷ আনহাতে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্বাস্থ্য সঞ্চালকালয়ে কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে।<ref name="access2insulin.org"/> মালিত মাতৃৰ মৃত্যু আৰু শিশুৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ অতি বেছি। আগতীয়া বিবাহ, পৰিয়াল পৰিকল্পনাৰ অভাৱ, অতি উচ্চ প্ৰজনন ক্ষমতা, মহিলাৰ যৌনাংগ বিকৃত কৰা আদিয়ে মহিলাৰ অসুস্থতাত অৰিহণা যোগাই আহিছে। ==পৰিয়াল আইন== বিশেষকৈ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ আৰু উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত মহিলাৰ সমান মৰ্যাদা আৰু অধিকাৰ নাই। আইনে বহুবিবাহৰ অনুমতি দিয়ে। মহিলাসকল স্বামীৰ কথা মানিবলৈ আইনগতভাৱে বাধ্য আৰু বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ, সন্তানৰ তত্ত্বাৱধান আৰু উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিশেষভাৱে স্পৰ্শকাতৰ। আনকি নাৰীৰ যি সীমিত অধিকাৰ আছে, সেইবোৰো প্ৰায়ে বলবৎ কৰা নহয়৷ শিক্ষা আৰু তথ্যৰ অভাৱৰ লগতে নাৰীক হীন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় সাংস্কৃতিক দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ বাবে। আইন অনুসৰি মহিলা, পৰিয়াল আৰু শিশুৰ প্ৰসাৰ মন্ত্ৰালয়ে মহিলাৰ আইনী অধিকাৰ নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব লয়।<ref name="access2insulin.org"/><ref name="access2insulin.org" /> == বিবাহ == মালিত [[বাল্য বিবাহ নিষেধ আইন, ২০০৬|বাল্যবিবাহ]] সাধাৰণ কথা আৰু ইয়াক শিথিল আইন, আৰু আনকি বৰ্তমানৰ আইনসমূহো বলবৎ নকৰাৰ দ্বাৰা ইন্ধন যোগোৱা হয়। পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ সন্মতি অবিহনে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হোৱাৰ নূন্যতম বয়স ছোৱালীৰ ১৬ আৰু ল’ৰাৰ ১৮ বছৰ। ১৫ বছৰীয়া ছোৱালীয়ে পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ সন্মতি সাপেক্ষে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হ'ব পাৰে যদিহে দেৱানী ন্যায়াধীশে অনুমোদন জনায়।<ref name="2009-2017.state.gov">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#section6children United States Department of State]</ref> মালিৰ এটা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থাই প্ৰতিবেদন আগবঢ়াইছে যে-২০০৫ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৭ চনৰ মে’ মাহৰ ভিতৰত কমেও ১০ গৰাকী ছোৱালীয়ে (কিছুসংখ্যকৰ বয়স ১৩ বছৰৰ তলৰ) আগতীয়া বিবাহৰ ফলত হোৱা চিকিৎসাজনিত জটিলতাৰ বাবে প্ৰাণ হেৰুৱাইছিল। মালিত ১৪ বছৰ বয়সলৈকে প্ৰায় ৭৫% ছোৱালী আৰু ১৫-৪৯ বছৰ বয়সৰ ৮৯% মহিলাই যৌনাংগ বিকৃতি (FGM) কৰা বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, যিটো প্ৰথাই তেওঁলোকৰ স্বাস্থ্য বিপন্ন কৰে।<ref name="unicef.org" /> ==ছোৱালীৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্যাতন আৰু শোষণ== [[চিত্ৰ:Tuareg_woman_from_Mali_January_2007.jpg|thumb|মালিৰ টুয়াৰেগ মহিলা, জানুৱাৰী ২০০৭]] ছোৱালীৰ ওপৰত হোৱা নিৰ্যাতনৰ ভিতৰত বাল্যবিবাহ আৰু নাৰীৰ যৌনাংগ বিকৃত কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। শিশু নিৰ্যাতন সম্পৰ্কে চৰকাৰী বিস্তৃত পৰিসংখ্যা নাই, যিটো সমস্যা ব্যাপক। শিশুৰ ওপৰত হোৱা নিৰ্যাতন সাধাৰণতে ৰিপ'ৰ্ট কৰা নহয়। সংহতি তথা মানৱীয় কাৰ্য মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু সমাজ সেৱা বিভাগে শিশু নিৰ্যাতন বা অৱহেলাৰ কিছুমান ৰিপৰ্ট কৰা গোচৰৰ তদন্ত আৰু হস্তক্ষেপ কৰিছে।<ref name="2009-2017.state.gov" /><ref>Wing, S. D. , (2002) [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p66413_index.html "Women's Rights in West Africa: Legal Pluralism and Constitutional Law"], Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston Marriott Copley Place, Sheraton Boston & Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Massachusetts Online Retrieved 15 September 2008</ref> মালিত বাল্যবিবাহ অতি প্ৰচলিত৷ গৰিষ্ঠসংখ্যক ছোৱালীয়ে ১৮ বছৰৰ আগতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়।<ref name="girlsnotbrides.org" /> বাল্যবিবাহ আৰু শিক্ষাৰ অভাৱৰ লগতে বহুবিবাহৰ মাজত অতি শক্তিশালী সম্পৰ্ক আছে আৰু বাল্য কইনা দ্বিতীয়, তৃতীয় বা চতুৰ্থ পত্নী হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি।<ref name="girlsnotbrides.org" /> ২০০৪ চনত ৪৫০টা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ লোৱা চৰকাৰী অধ্যয়নত দেখা গৈছে যে যৌন শোষণৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ বেছি বিপদত পৰা শিশুসকল হৈছে ১২ৰ পৰা ১৮ বছৰৰ ভিতৰৰ ছোৱালী যিয়ে ৰাজপথৰ ব্যৱসায়ী বা ঘৰুৱা চাকৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল, বা যিসকল গৃহহীন শিশু বা শিশু সৰবৰাহৰ বলি হৈছিল। জনসংখ্যা আৰু অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰবাহ থকা অঞ্চল যেনে-সীমান্ত অঞ্চল বা পৰিবহন পথত থকা চহৰ বা খনন অঞ্চলত এনে শোষণ বেছিকৈ প্ৰচলিত আছিল। অধ্যয়নটোৱে লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে যৌন শোষণৰ বেছিভাগ গোচৰেই ৰিপৰ্ট কৰা হোৱা নাছিল আৰু শিশুক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ দেশখনে নিজৰ আইন শক্তিশালী কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিছিল।<ref name="report">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78745.htm Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] (6 March 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> ==বেশ্যা ব্যৱসায় আৰু সৰবৰাহ== বেশ্যাবৃত্তি বৈধ, কিন্তু তৃতীয় পক্ষৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপ (ক্ৰয়) অবৈধ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali+-+code+penal.pdf|title=Droit-Afrique - Portail du droit des 24 pays d'Afrique francophone|website=Droit-Afrique|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=9 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009235615/http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20code%20penal.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=9 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009235615/http://www.droit-afrique.com/images/textes/Mali/mali%20-%20code%20penal.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মালিৰ চহৰসমূহত বেশ্যাবৃত্তি সাধাৰণ আৰু সশস্ত্ৰ সংঘাতৰ বাবে ই বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Prostitution-increasing-in-Mali/44841370449159/|title=Prostitution increasing in Mali}}</ref> মালি হৈছে বলপূৰ্বক শ্ৰম আৰু যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ বলি হোৱা প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক আৰু শিশুৰ উৎস, ট্ৰেনজিট আৰু গন্তব্যস্থান। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সৰবৰাহৰ তুলনাত আভ্যন্তৰীণ সৰবৰাহ অধিক সাধাৰণ। পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ অন্যান্য দেশ বিশেষকৈ [[নাইজেৰিয়া]] আৰু বেনিনৰ মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীকো মালিত বেশ্যাবৃত্তি আৰু যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত শোষণ কৰা হয়। এই মহিলাসকলক প্ৰায়ে বামাকোত বৈধ চাকৰিৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দি নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয় যদিও তাৰ পিছত চীনৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হোটেলকে ধৰি সমগ্ৰ মালিত যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত শোষণ কৰা হয় আৰু বিশেষকৈ সৰু সৰু খনন সম্প্ৰদায়ত। স্থানীয় আৰক্ষী আৰু জেণ্ডাৰমৰ মাজত দুৰ্নীতি আৰু সহযোগিতাৰ বাতৰি পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name="web.archive.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230448/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282703.htm United States Department of State]</ref> ==মহিলাৰ যৌনাংগ বিকৃত কৰা== গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলত [[মহিলাৰ যৌনাংগ বিকৃতি]] (Female Genital Mutilation, FGM) সাধাৰণতে দেখা যায় আৰু ছমাহৰ পৰা ছয় বছৰৰ ভিতৰৰ ছোৱালীৰ ওপৰত কৰা হয়। ১৪ বছৰ বয়সলৈকে প্ৰায় ৭৫% ছোৱালী আৰু ১৫-৪৯ বছৰ বয়সৰ ৮৯% মহিলাই এফ জি এম কৰা বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="unicef.org" /> ছোৱালীৰ বিবাহ প্ৰায়ে ১৩–১৫ বছৰ বয়সত হয়, গতিকে এই বয়সৰ আগতেই এফ জি এম কৰা হয়।<ref name="plan-international.org">{{Cite web|url=https://plan-international.org/blog/2016/02/working-communities-stop-fgm-mali|title=Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত চৰকাৰে এফজিএম নিৰ্মূল কৰাৰ বাবে দুটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পৰিকল্পনা আৰম্ভ কৰিছে। এফজিএমৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিয়া স্থানীয় মানৱ অধিকাৰ সংস্থাসমূহৰ মতে চহৰসমূহত শৈক্ষিক পৰ্যায় (কৰ্মশালা, ভিডিঅ’, আৰু থিয়েটাৰ) অব্যাহত আছে আৰু শিক্ষিত অভিভাৱকৰ শিশুৰ মাজত এফজিএম বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে। বহুক্ষেত্ৰত এফজিএম অভ্যাসকাৰীসকলে অন্যান্য আয় সৃষ্টিকাৰী কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ বিনিময়ত এই প্ৰথা বন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সন্মত হৈছে।<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/print.asp?ReportID=41684 MALI: Excision practiced where pre-Islamic traditions strongest], IRIN, 28 October 2006.</ref> '''নেচনেল কমিটি এগেইনষ্ট ভিলেন্স টুৱাৰ্ডছ ৱমেন'-এ'' এফজিএমৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিয়া সকলো বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থাক সংযোগ কৰিছিল,<ref name="report" />আৰু ''এছ'চিয়েচন ফৰ দ্য প্ৰগ্ৰেছ এণ্ড ডিফেন্স অৱ ৱমেন'' (এপিডিএফ)ৰ সভানেত্ৰী প্ৰাক্তন শিক্ষক সংঘৰ নেত্ৰী ফাটৌমাটা ছাইৰে ডায়াকিটেৰ উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ কামে এই প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছে৷<ref>[http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/voices_from_the_field/story.php?StoryID=396 The Struggle Against FGM in Mali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813131829/http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/voices_from_the_field/story.php?StoryID=396|date=13 August 2012}}, [[United Nations Development Fund for Women]], 24 November 2000</ref> মালিত বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰতে এফজিএমৰ হাৰ সৰ্বাধিক৷ আংশিকভাৱে এইটোৱেই যে জনসাধাৰণৰ মাজত এই প্ৰথাৰ প্ৰতি অতি উচ্চ সমৰ্থন আছে: মালিৰ মাত্ৰ ২০% মহিলা আৰু ২১% পুৰুষেহে এই প্ৰথা শেষ হ’ব লাগে বুলি ভাবে। <ref name="plan-international.org" /> ==মহিলাৰ প্ৰেচাৰ গোট (Pressure Group)== [[চিত্ৰ:Aminata_Traore_IMG_0245.jpg|thumb|মালিৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট ৰাজনীতিবিদ, লেখিকা আৰু কৰ্মী আমিনাটা ট্ৰাওৰে। মালিৰ সামান্য সংখ্যক মহিলা সমাজৰ উচ্চতম স্তৰলৈ উন্নীত হৈছে আৰু তেওঁও তাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।]] কেইবাটাও মহিলা অধিকাৰ সংগঠন, যেনে: এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ মালিয়ান উইমেন ল'য়াৰ্ছ, এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ উইমেন ইন ল এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট, কালেকটিভ অৱ উইমেনছ এছ'চিয়েচন, আৰু এছ'চিয়েচন ফৰ দ্য ডিফেন্স অৱ ৱমেনছ ৰাইটছ (এছ'চিয়েচন প'ৰ লে প্ৰগ্ৰেছ এট লা ডিফেন্স ডেছ ড্ৰ'ইটছ ডেছ ফেমছ)। Maliennes – APDF), আইনী বৈষম্যসমূহক নিৰীক্ষণ কৰিবলৈ কাম কৰিছে৷ এই গোটসমূহে মহিলাসকলক আইনী সহায় আগবঢ়াইছিল আৰু মহিলাৰ অধিকাৰৰ প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে শৈক্ষিক প্ৰসাৰত দণ্ডাধীশ, আৰক্ষী বিষয়া তথা ধৰ্মীয় আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত নেতাসকলক লক্ষ্য কৰি লৈছিল।<ref name="report" /> ==অৰ্থনৈতিক অধিকাৰ আৰু প্ৰৱেশ== মহিলাসকলৰ কৰ্মসংস্থাপন আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক তথা শৈক্ষিক সুবিধাৰ সুবিধা সীমিত। শ্ৰম আইনত জাতি, লিংগ, ধৰ্ম, ৰাজনৈতিক মতামত, জাতীয়তা বা জাতিগত ভিত্তিত নিয়োগ আৰু বৃত্তিৰ বৈষম্য নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে; কিন্তু ইয়াক ফলপ্ৰসূভাৱে বলবৎ কৰা নহয়।<ref name="ReferenceA">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#section7eacceptable United States Department of State]</ref> মালিৰ বেছিভাগ মহিলাই অনানুষ্ঠানিক খণ্ড আৰু কৃষি কৰ্মত কাম কৰে। আনুষ্ঠানিক খণ্ডৰ প্ৰধান নিয়োগকৰ্তা চৰকাৰে মহিলাসকলক একেধৰণৰ কামৰ বাবে পুৰুষৰ দৰেই দৰমহা দিয়ে বুলি কোৱা হয়, কিন্তু চাকৰিৰ বৰ্ণনাৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ফলত দৰমহাৰ বৈষম্যৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="ReferenceA" /> ২০০৪–০৮ চনত মহিলাৰ মৰ্যাদা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কাৰ্য্য পৰিকল্পনাৰ অধীনত চৰকাৰে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজত বৈষম্য হ্ৰাস কৰাৰ লগতে পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকান ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ভিতৰত আৰু সমগ্ৰ আফ্ৰিকাত মহিলাৰ মাজত সংযোগ সৃষ্টিৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল।<ref name="report" /> ==ৰাজনীতিত নাৰী== মালিৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট ৰাজনীতিবিদ, লেখিকা আৰু কৰ্মী হৈছে আমিনাটা ট্ৰাওৰে। মালিৰ সামান্য সংখ্যক মহিলা সমাজৰ উচ্চতম স্তৰলৈ উন্নীত হৈছে।মালিৰ সামান্য সংখ্যক মহিলাই ব্যৱসায়, শিক্ষা আৰু চৰকাৰৰ উচ্চতম পৰ্যায়ত উপনীত হৈছে৷ মালিৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিধানসভাত মহিলাসকলে কেইবাটাও চৰকাৰী মন্ত্ৰী পদ আৰু আসন লাভ কৰিছে। লেখিকা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী আমিনাতা ড্ৰামানে ট্ৰাওৰে মালিৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰ্যটন মন্ত্ৰী, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ উন্নয়ন কাৰ্যসূচীৰ সমন্বয়ক আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰেছ সেৱাৰ ব’ৰ্ডৰ সদস্য হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আহিছে।<ref name="Cisse">Almahady Cissé, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250484.html "A Presidential Election That Breaks With Tradition"], Inter Press Service (allAfrica.com), 24 April 2007.</ref> বামাকো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপিকা ছিডিবে আমিনাটা ডায়েলো পৰিৱেশ শিক্ষা আৰু বহনক্ষম উন্নয়নৰ বাবে আন্দোলন ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেত্ৰী আৰু ২০০৭ চনত ২০০৭ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত আঠজন প্ৰাৰ্থীৰ ভিতৰত এগৰাকী হিচাপে মালিৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি পদত অৱতীৰ্ণ হোৱা প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয় <ref name="Cisse2">Almahady Cissé, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250484.html "A Presidential Election That Breaks With Tradition"], Inter Press Service (allAfrica.com), 24 April 2007.</ref>নিৰ্বাচনত ডায়েলোৱে ১২,০০০ৰো অধিক ভোট লাভ কৰে, যিটো মুঠ ভোটৰ ০.৫৫%।<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?art_cle=36776 "Présidentielle au Mali: la Cour constitutionnelle valide la réélection de Touré"], AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), 12 May 2007</ref> ==তথ্যউৎস== {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:দেশভেদে নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰচলিত প্ৰথা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে হিংসা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীৰ স্বাস্থ্য]] pnd12bl3m7pe7sxzgkfnj4fpv6eia5a 0 95720 604564 517243 2026-05-05T10:13:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}{{Infobox person | name = সোণম কাপুৰ | image = Sonam-Kapoor-attends-Condé-Nast-Traveller-India-event.jpg | caption = ২০১৭ চনত সোণম কাপুৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|6|9|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[মুম্বাই]], [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], ভাৰত | alma_mater = | spouse = {{marriage|আনন্দ আহুজা|2018}} | children = ১ | parents = [[অনিল কাপুৰ]] (দেউতা) | relatives = [[ৰিয়া কাপুৰ]] (ভনী)<br />[[হৰ্ষবৰ্দ্ধন কাপুৰ]] (ভায়েক)<br />[[:w:en:List of Hindi film families#Kapoor family (of Surinder Kapoor)|কাপুৰ পৰিয়াল]] | yearsactive = ২০০৭–বৰ্তমানলৈ | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী }} '''সোণম কাপুৰ''' (জন্ম: ৯ জুন, ১৯৮৫) [[হিন্দী]] ছবিত কাম কৰা এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী। ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা আৰু ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰি ২০১২ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৬ চনলৈকে আয় আৰু জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ভিত্তিত ফৰ্বছ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ চেলিব্ৰিটি ১০০ তালিকাত স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="SonamHighestPaid">{{cite news |author=Kajol Mathur|title=The Top 10 highest paid actresses in Bollywood|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/10-highest-paid-bollywood-actresses-29200-11.html |work=Filmfare.com |accessdate=22 November 2019}}</ref> অভিনেতা [[অনিল কাপুৰ]]ৰ কন্যা সোণত কাপুৰে ২০০৫ চনত চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা [[সঞ্জয় লীলা ভাঞ্চালী]]ৰ ছবি ব্লেকত সহকাৰী পৰিচালক হিচাপে নিজৰ কেৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে। বক্স অফিচত ফ্লপ হোৱা ভাঞ্চালীৰ ৰোমাণ্টিক নাটক সাৱৰিয়া (২০০৭) ত অভিনয়ত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ৰোমাণ্টিক কমেডী আই হেট লুভ ষ্ট’ৰীছ (২০১০)ৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰথম বাণিজ্যিক সফলতা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ব্যৱসায়িক বিফলতা আৰু পুনৰাবৃত্তিমূলক ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে, যিয়ে তেওঁৰ নেতিবাচক সমালোচনা লাভ কৰে। ২০১৩ চনৰ বক্স অফিচত হিট ছবি ৰঞ্জনাই কাপুৰৰ কেৰিয়াৰত এক টাৰ্নিং পইণ্ট হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল, কেইবাটাও বঁটা প্ৰদান অনুষ্ঠানত প্ৰশংসা আৰু শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰিছিল। কাপুৰে বায়’পিক ভাগ মিলখা ভাগ (২০১৩) আৰু সঞ্জু (২০১৮)ত সহযোগী চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি, আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ প্ৰেম ৰতন ধন পায়ো (২০১৫) ত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি ব্যৱসায়িক সফলতা লাভ কৰিছিল; যোৱা দুখন ছবিয়ে সৰ্বাধিক উপাৰ্জন কৰা বলীউডৰ ছবিৰ ভিতৰত স্থান লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৬ চনৰ জীৱনীমূলক থ্ৰিলাৰ নীৰজাত নীৰজা ভানোটৰ প্ৰশংসিত চৰিত্ৰই তেওঁক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – বিশেষ উল্লেখ আৰু শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে (সমালোচক), আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ ২০১৮ চনৰ মহিলা বন্ধু ছবি ভীৰ ডি ৱেডিংত অভিনয় কৰে, যি দুয়োখনেই মহিলা নেতৃত্বাধীন হিন্দী ছবিৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বাধিক উপাৰ্জনকাৰী ছবিৰ ভিতৰত স্থান লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতে দুখন মহিলা নেতৃত্বাধীন ছবি আৰু বিৰতিৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। স্তন কেন্সাৰ আৰু এলজিবিটি অধিকাৰৰ সজাগতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কাপুৰে সমৰ্থন কৰে। স্পষ্টবাদী ব্যক্তিত্বৰ বাবে সংবাদ মাধ্যমত পৰিচিত কাপুৰ প্ৰায়ে ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত ট্ৰলিঙৰ বিষয় হৈ পৰে। ব্যৱসায়ী আনন্দ আহুজাৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হৈ তেওঁৰ এটি পুত্ৰ সন্তান আছে। ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== অনিল কাপুৰ আৰু সুনীতা কাপুৰৰ কন্যা সোণম কাপুৰ। চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা সুৰিন্দৰ কাপুৰৰ নাতিনী। প্ৰযোজক বনী কাপুৰ, অভিনেতা সঞ্জয় কাপুৰ আৰু সন্দীপ সন্দীপ মাৰৱাহৰ ভতিজী। তিনিজন ভাই-ভনীৰ ভিতৰত সোণম ডাঙৰ; তেওঁৰ পিছতে ভগ্নী ৰিয়া আৰু ভাতৃ হৰ্ষবৰ্ধন। ইষ্ট লণ্ডন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰি ইউনাইটেড ৱৰ্ল্ড কলেজ অৱ চাউথ ইষ্ট এছিয়াত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভৰ বাবে নামভৰ্তি কৰে। পিছত সোণমে মুম্বাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মেজৰ আছিল ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞান আৰু অৰ্থনীতি। ইংৰাজী, হিন্দী আৰু পাঞ্জাবী ভাষাত তেওঁ পাকৈত। ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্য আৰু বিভিন্ন লেটিন নৃত্যৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনৰ ৮ মে’ত ব্যৱসায়ী আনন্দ আহুজাৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sonam-kapoor-and-anand-ahuja-are-married-now-live-updates-1228858-2018-05-08|title= Sonam Kapoor and Anand Ahuja are married now: Meet the newlyweds|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= India Today|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> == আৰম্ভণি জীৱন আৰু পটভূমি == [[File:Anil Kapoor and Sonam Kapoor at film screening.jpg|thumb|ডানফালে|২০১১ চনত মুম্বাইত এটা চিনেমা প্ৰদৰ্শনত তেওঁৰ দেউতা [[অনিল কাপুৰ]]ৰ সৈতে কাপুৰ]] কাপুৰৰ জন্ম হৈছিল চেমবুৰ, [[মুম্বাই|বোম্বে]] (বৰ্তমান মুম্বাই)ত ৯ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/67133/does-sonam-kapoors-name-change-make-her-any-less-of-a-feminist/ |title=Does Sonam Kapoor's name change make her any less of a feminist? |date=22 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524080909/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/67133/does-sonam-kapoors-name-change-make-her-any-less-of-a-feminist/ |archive-date=24 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="biography">{{cite news |title=Sonam Kapoor |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Celebrity/Sonam-Kapoor/894295-Profile.aspx |access-date=12 November 2013 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211031321/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Celebrity/Sonam-Kapoor/894295-Profile.aspx |archive-date=11 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archivedate=11 December 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211031321/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Celebrity/Sonam-Kapoor/894295-Profile.aspx |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁৰ দেউতা হৈছে অভিনেতা আৰু প্ৰযোজক [[অনিল কাপুৰ]] আৰু তেওঁৰ মাক সুনীতা, এগৰাকী পূৰ্বৰ মডেল আৰু ডিজাইনেৰ।<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonam Kapoor: My love life has been unsuccessful |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/sonam-kapoor-my-love-life-has-been-unsuccessful-1.1198577 |access-date=3 October 2015 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004031815/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/sonam-kapoor-my-love-life-has-been-unsuccessful-1.1198577 |archive-date=4 October 2015}}</ref> কাপুৰৰ দুজন কনিষ্ঠ ভায়েক-ভগ্নী আছে: চিনেমা প্ৰযোজক [[ৰিয়া কাপুৰ]] আৰু ভায়েক [[হৰ্ষবৰ্দ্ধন কাপুৰ]]।<ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=In pics: The Boney–Anil–Sanjay Kapoor Family Tree |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/in-pics-the-boney-anil-sanjay-kapoor-family-tree-824669.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116120804/http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/in-pics-the-boney-anil-sanjay-kapoor-family-tree-824669.html |archive-date=16 January 2016 |archivedate=16 January 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116120804/http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/in-pics-the-boney-anil-sanjay-kapoor-family-tree-824669.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Film producer Surinder Kapoor dies |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-film-producer-surinder-kapoor-dies-2457355.html |access-date=27 September 2015 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725064240/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-film-producer-surinder-kapoor-dies-2457355.html |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archivedate=25 July 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725064240/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-film-producer-surinder-kapoor-dies-2457355.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anil Kapoor Films Company |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/company/type/view/id/38831 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 April 2002 |access-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704020022/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/company/type/view/id/38831 |archive-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I am not an actor, so I can be a star |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/i-am-not-an-actor-so-i-can-be-a-star/ |access-date=5 October 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006203925/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/i-am-not-an-actor-so-i-can-be-a-star/ |archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> তেওঁ জুহুৰ আৰ্য বিদ্যা মন্দিৰ বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল,<ref name="Guddi">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-guddi-inspired-sonam-kapoors-school-girl-act-in-raanjhnaa-1839019 |title='Guddi' inspired Sonam Kapoor's school girl act in Raanjhanaa |work=DNA India |date=2 July 2013 |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711054453/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-guddi-inspired-sonam-kapoors-school-girl-act-in-raanjhnaa-1839019 |archive-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> আৰু পাছত যুৱ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মুম্বাইত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছে। == মিডিয়াত == [[File:Sonam Kapoor at first look launch of Neerja (09).jpg|thumb|upright|২০১৭ চনত কাপুৰ]] এজন প্ৰসিদ্ধ অভিনেতা পৰিয়ালত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা কাপুৰ ছোৱালীখন সৰুৰে পৰা মিডিয়াত উপস্থিত হৈ আহিছে,<ref name="rediff1">{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Priyanka |title=Sonam Kapoor is Bollywood’s fashion icon |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sonam-kapoor-is-bollywoods-fashion-icon/20130228.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> আৰু ব’লিউডৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰমহা লোৱা অভিনেত্ৰীসকলৰ অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Sneha |title=These are Bollywood's 16 highest paid actors in 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/16-highest-paid-actors-in-bollywood/story-cWDaYbiDBnnSKLD0G4HZbO.html |access-date=7 February 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208111532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/16-highest-paid-actors-in-bollywood/story-cWDaYbiDBnnSKLD0G4HZbO.html |archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> ''ৰঞ্জনা'' আৰু ''ভাগ মিল্কা ভাগ''ৰ সফলতাৰ পিছত, ছুভাষ কে. ঝাইয়ে তেওঁৰ ভাৰতৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীসকলৰ ভিতৰত গণনা কৰিছিল,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Sonam blossoms into mature acting with Raanjhanaa & Bhaag Milkha Bhaag |work=SKJ Bollywood News |date=5 August 2013 |url=http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2013/08/sonam-blossoms-into-mature-acting-with-raanjhanaa-bhaag-milkha-bhaag/411419.html |publisher=Skjbollywoodnews.com |access-date=2 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423060314/http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2013/08/sonam-blossoms-into-mature-acting-with-raanjhanaa-bhaag-milkha-bhaag/411419.html |archive-date=23 April 2015 |archivedate=23 April 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423060314/http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2013/08/sonam-blossoms-into-mature-acting-with-raanjhanaa-bhaag-milkha-bhaag/411419.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> যদিও Rediff.comৰ এটা সমালোচকে কয় যে তেওঁৰ বহু ছবিয়ে বাণিজ্যিকভাৱে বিফল হৈছে।<ref name="rediff1" /> ২০০৯ চনত তেওঁ প্ৰথম ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী হৈ ''The Hollywood Reporter''ৰ "Next Generation: Asia Class" তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonam Kapoor only Indian in Hollywood Reporter's Asia edition |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sonam-kapoor-only-indian-in-hollywood-reporters-asia-edition/473761/ |access-date=29 September 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204185810/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sonam-kapoor-only-indian-in-hollywood-reporters-asia-edition/473761/ |archive-date=4 February 2018}}</ref>। মুকলি ভাষাত কথা কোৱা কাপুৰে ভাৰতীয় চিনেমা উদ্যোগৰ সমসাময়িক আৰু আন লোকৰ বিষয়ে কেতিয়াবা বিতৰ্ক উত্থাপন কৰিছে।<ref name="controversies">{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |title=Sonam Kapoor speaks up on nepotism, diversity in Bollywood |work=The Times of India |date=15 September 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sonam-kapoor-speaks-up-on-nepotism-diversity-in-bollywood/articleshow/65787552.cms |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sinha |first=Ananya |title=Sonam Kapoor and the nepotism debate |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 October 2017 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-and-the-nepotism-debate/story-p5QkBSM71ezI3GHRlgSO7H.html |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rohit |title=Sonam Kapoor’s controversial statements on Bollywood |work=India Today |date=20 December 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sonam-kapoor-controversy-358391-2016-12-20 |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Neha |title=Sonam Kapoor faces backlash over statements |work=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-faces-backlash-over-statements-4467859/ |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ এখন সাক্ষাৎকাৰত তেওঁ কৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ মতামলে কেতিয়াবা সমস্যা সৃষ্টি কৰে, কিন্তু তেওঁ বিশ্বাস কৰে যে "দীঘলীয়া সময়ত সঁচা হওঁতে লাভ হয়।" <ref>{{cite interview |last=Kapoor |first=Sonam |title=Interview: Sonam Kapoor on controversies and her voice |work=The Indian Express |date=23 August 2015 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/interview-sonam-kapoor-controversies-voice-2979851/ |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> কাপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ভাৱে এজন জনপ্ৰিয় ব্যক্তি, আৰু ২০০৯ চনৰ পৰা তেওঁৰ [[টুইটাৰ]] আৰু [[ফেচবুক]]ত যথেষ্ট অনুসৰণকাৰী আছে।<ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Faheem |title=Sonam Kapoor Twitter follower count crosses 5 million |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 October 2014 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-twitter-follower-count-crosses-5-million/ |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Neha |title=Sonam Kapoor's Facebook page hits 4 million likes |work=NDTV |date=10 December 2013 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sonam-kapoors-facebook-page-hits-4-million-likes-540445 |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনত তেওঁ ''The Huffington Post''ৰ "১০০জন আটাইতকৈ প্ৰভাৱশালী মহিলা টুইটাৰত" তালিকাত স্থান পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaur |first=Simran |title=The 100 Most Influential Women on Twitter |work=The Huffington Post India |date=8 March 2015 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-100-most-influential-women-on-twitter_n_6845654 |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> মিডিয়াই তেওঁক এটা ফেশ্বন আইকন বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে,<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Anjali |title=Sonam Kapoor: Bollywood's fashion icon |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2016 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-bollywood-fashion-icon-2741651/ |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="fashionista">{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Neelam |title=Sonam Kapoor: Bollywood's Fashionista |website=Fashionista India |date=3 September 2015 |url=https://fashionistaindia.com/sonam-kapoor-bollywood-fashionista/ |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> আৰু Rediff.comৰ ২০১২ আৰু ২০১৩ চনৰ "ব’লিউডৰ আটাইতকৈ ভাল পোছাক পৰিধান কৰা অভিনেত্ৰী" তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Priyanka |title=Best dressed Bollywood actresses 2012 |work=Rediff.com |date=15 December 2012 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/best-dressed-bollywood-actresses-2012/20121215.htm |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Priyanka |title=Best dressed Bollywood actresses 2013 |work=Rediff.com |date=20 December 2013 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/best-dressed-bollywood-actresses-2013/20131220.htm |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> ২০১৩ চনত ''Hindustan Times'' আৰু ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৰণৰ ''Vogue'' আলোচনীয়ে তেওঁক Reader’s Choice ৰূপে ষ্টাইল আইকন আৰু বছৰৰ সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Anupama |title=Sonam Kapoor wins Reader’s Choice Award |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 March 2013 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-wins-reader-s-choice-award/story-MHxRmZMTJ1XomnxqRo6xBP.html |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vogue India Readers’ Choice Awards 2013 |work=Vogue India |date=15 April 2013 |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/vogue-india-readers-choice-awards-2013 |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> যদিও কাপুৰে তেওঁৰ পোছাক আৰু ষ্টাইলৰ বাবে প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰিছে, তেওঁ কিছুসময় পৰম্পৰাগত ভাৰতীয় বস্ত্ৰ পৰিধান কৰাত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল।<ref name="fashionista" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Sayantani |title=Traditional outfit controversy for Sonam Kapoor |work=Mid-Day |date=19 October 2014 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sonam-kapoor-controversy-over-traditional-outfit/15570194 |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mehta |first=Rina |title=Sonam Kapoor's fashion statement sparks debate |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sonam-kapoors-fashion-statement-sparks-debate/articleshow/45296121.cms |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> কাপুৰে ''The Times of India''ৰ ২০১০ চনৰ "সৰ্বাধিক আকৰ্ষণীয় মহিলা" তালিকাত সপ্তম স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল, আৰু তাৰ পিছৰ তিনি বছৰত ১৪, ২৮ আৰু ১৪ সংখ্যক স্থানত আছিল,<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Megha |title=Most Desirable Women 2010 |work=The Times of India |date=28 December 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/most-desirable-women-2010/articleshow/7138933.cms |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Megha |title=Most Desirable Women 2011 |work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/most-desirable-women-2011/articleshow/11491015.cms |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Megha |title=Most Desirable Women 2012 |work=The Times of India |date=30 December 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/most-desirable-women-2012/articleshow/17894793.cms |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> আৰু ২০১১ৰ পৰা ২০১৪ চনলৈ ইউকেৰ ''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ আই'' মেগাজিনৰ "বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ কামোৰী এছিয়ান মহিলা" তালিকাত শীৰ্ষ ১০ত আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Sarah |title=Top 10 Most Desirable Asian Women |work=Eastern Eye |date=15 January 2012 |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/top-10-most-desirable-asian-women/ |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Sarah |title=Top 10 Most Desirable Asian Women 2013 |work=Eastern Eye |date=15 January 2013 |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/top-10-most-desirable-asian-women-2013/ |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Sarah |title=Top 10 Most Desirable Asian Women 2014 |work=Eastern Eye |date=15 January 2014 |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/top-10-most-desirable-asian-women-2014/ |access-date=18 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == সক্ৰিয়তা == [[File:Sonam-graces-Cuddles-Foundation-2.jpg|thumb|upright|কাপুৰ আগষ্ট ২০১৬ চনত কডলছ ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ তহবিল সংগ্ৰহ কাৰ্যসূচীত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে]] কাপুৰে বিভিন্ন কাৰণৰ বাবে চৰিত্ৰমূলক সংস্থাসমূহক সহায় কৰে। ২০০৯ চনত, তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় চিনেমা উদ্যোগৰ বিধৱা আৰু অনাথসকলৰ সহায়ৰ বাবে আয়োজিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ইণ্ডিয়ান ফিল্ম একাডেমী এৱাৰ্ডছৰ ফেশ্বন শ্ব'ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hassen |first1=Fakir |title=Glittering fashion show, flat jokes at IIFA charity event |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/glittering-fashion-show-flat-jokes-at-iifa-charity-event/story-4tC2RIu026GPwr8kPpYu0O.html |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115058/http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/glittering-fashion-show-flat-jokes-at-iifa-charity-event/story-4tC2RIu026GPwr8kPpYu0O.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ''People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals'' (PETA)ৰ পক্ষত, তেওঁ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ গৃহ মন্ত্ৰী আৰ আৰ পাতিলক কাচেৰে আবৃত মঞ্জা ব্যৱহাৰৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অভিযোগ পত্ৰ পঠিয়াইছিল, যি পখীসমূহক মৰণৰ বাবে উদ্ভৱ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonam Kapoor joins PETA to save birds |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sonam-kapoor-joins-peta-to-save-birds/story-6mGyNwvlXFREOuHk3CAOIK.html |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115208/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sonam-kapoor-joins-peta-to-save-birds/story-6mGyNwvlXFREOuHk3CAOIK.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০১৮ চনত ছলমান খানক সমৰ্থন জনাই কিছু বিতৰ্কৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, যেতিয়া খানক ব্লেকবাক শিকাৰৰ দণ্ডিত হৈছিল, যদিও আগতে তেওঁ বিৰল প্ৰাণী শিকাৰৰ সমালোচনা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2018/04/salman-khan-support-bollywood-hypocrisy/ |title=The Power of Salman Khan Shows Bollywood Hypocrisy at its Finest |date=18 April 2018 |magazine=Brown Girl |access-date=8 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185148/https://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2018/04/salman-khan-support-bollywood-hypocrisy/ |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archivedate=8 May 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185148/https://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2018/04/salman-khan-support-bollywood-hypocrisy/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১২ চনত, কাপুৰে নিজৰ জন্মদিনত অনুৰাগীসকলক ওগান কেঞ্চাৰ ফাউণ্ডেচনলৈ দান দিবলৈ ক’বলে আৰু স্তন কেঞ্চাৰৰ বিষয়ে জনসচেতনতা বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Sonam Kapoor asks fans for a special birthday gift |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-asks-fans-for-a-special-birthday-gift-605396 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072142/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-asks-fans-for-a-special-birthday-gift-605396 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=1 October 2015 |date=8 June 2012 |archivedate=4 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072142/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-asks-fans-for-a-special-birthday-gift-605396 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ এল্লে স্তন কেঞ্চাৰ অভিযনৰ ব্ৰেণ্ড এম্বেছেডৰ।<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonam Kapoor lends support to breast cancer awareness |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-lends-support-to-breast-cancer-awareness/ |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925092102/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-lends-support-to-breast-cancer-awareness/ |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> কাপুৰে ভাৰতত এলজিবিটিক অধিকাৰৰ পক্ষত স্পষ্টভাৱে মত ব্যক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonam Kapoor LGBT rights are human rights |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/to-be-gay-or-lesbian-is-a-basic-human-right-sonam-kapoor-2820182/ |access-date=26 May 2016 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526101533/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/to-be-gay-or-lesbian-is-a-basic-human-right-sonam-kapoor-2820182/ |archive-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> তেওঁ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৭ চনত ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম নিস্তব্ধ সমলিঙ্গীয়া প্ৰেম কাহিনী ''''সিসাক'''' ছবিখনৰ ট্ৰেইলাৰ নিজৰ টুইটাৰ একাউণ্টৰ জৰিয়তে মুকলি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/sonam-kapoor-launch-sisak-film-100705170.html |title=Sonam Kapoor to launch Sisak&nbsp; — A film on LGBTQ community |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130919/https://in.news.yahoo.com/sonam-kapoor-launch-sisak-film-100705170.html |archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> কাপুৰে ২০১২ চনত ষ্টাইলিষ্ট পৰ্ণিয়া কুৰেশীৰ অনলাইন ফেশ্বন বুটিক 'পৰ্ণিয়াৰ পপ-আপ শ্বপ'ত তেওঁৰ কিছুমান কাপোৰ নিলামত বিক্ৰী কৰিছিল। সংগৃহীত ধন শিশু কল্যাণ সংস্থা স্মাইল ফাউণ্ডেচনলৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonam Kapoor's clothes on auction for charity |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sonam-kapoors-clothes-on-auction-for-charity/1/238014.html |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=India Today |date=16 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925161201/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sonam-kapoors-clothes-on-auction-for-charity/1/238014.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত, তেওঁ ৰবুল নাগী আৰ্ট ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ দ্বাৰা আয়োজিত এটা চৰিত্ৰমূলক শিল্প প্ৰদৰ্শনীত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Radhika |title=Sonam Kapoor shines at event to support street kids |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sonam-kapoor-shines-at-event-to-support-street-kids/1/357294.html |access-date=27 September 2015 |work=India Today |date=24 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928015804/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sonam-kapoor-shines-at-event-to-support-street-kids/1/357294.html |archive-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> আৰু ''In Defense of Animals''ৰ বাবে অনুদান সংগ্ৰহৰ ৱেবছাইটলৈ কাপোৰ আৰু আভৰণ দান কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dsouza |first1=Mignonne |title=When second hand buy is actually first rate |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/when-second-hand-buy-is-actually-first-rate/story-0XEqUEVjgFHyFSXKU5ToDL.html |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925073546/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/when-second-hand-buy-is-actually-first-rate/story-0XEqUEVjgFHyFSXKU5ToDL.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> কাপুৰে ২০১৫ চনত মণীশ মালহোত্ৰাৰ ফেশ্বন শ্ব'ত মিজৱান ৱেলফেয়াৰ ছ’চাইটীৰ বাবে ৰেম্পত পাৰি, যি ছোৱালীসকলক শক্তিশালী কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঠিত এটা অলাভজনক সংস্থা।<ref>{{cite news |title=Bachchans, Sinhas, Kapoors walk the ramp for Shabana Azmi's Mijwan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bachchans-Sinhas-Kapoors-walk-the-ramp-for-Shabana-Azmis-Mijwan/articleshow/46812851.cms?imageid=46811410#slide5 |access-date=24 April 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=6 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407001234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bachchans-Sinhas-Kapoors-walk-the-ramp-for-Shabana-Azmis-Mijwan/articleshow/46812851.cms |archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> == চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় == === ছবিসমূহ === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center; " ! scope="col" | বছৰ ! scope="col" | শিৰোনাম ! scope="col" | চৰিত্ৰ ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | টোকা |- | ২০০৭ ! scope="row" | ''ছাৱৰিয়া'' | ছাকিনা | |- | ২০০৯ ! scope="row" | ''ডেলহি-৬'' | বিট্টু শৰ্মা | |- | rowspan="2" | ২০১০ ! scope="row" | ''আই হেট লাভ ষ্টৰিজ'' | ছিমৰণ | |- ! scope="row" | ''আইশা'' | ঐশা কাপুৰ | |- | rowspan="2" | ২০১১ ! scope="row" | ''থেংক ইউ'' | সঞ্জনা মালহোত্ৰা | |- ! scope="row" | ''মৌসম'' | আয়াত ৰছুল | |- | ২০১২ ! scope="row" | ''প্লেয়াৰ্ছ'' | নাইনা ব্ৰাগাঞ্জা | |- | rowspan="3" | ২০১৩ ! scope="row" | ''বোম্বে টকীজ'' | নিজেই | "অপনা বোম্বে টকীজ" গীতত বিশেষ উপস্থিতি<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/watch-stars-shine-in-apna-bombay-talikes-song-605539.html |title=Watch: Stars shine in 'Apna Bombay Talikes' song |date=26 April 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=6 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820160528/http://www.news18.com/news/india/watch-stars-shine-in-apna-bombay-talikes-song-605539.html |archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''ৰাঞ্জনা'' | জয়া হায়দৰ | |- ! scope="row" | ''ভাগ মিলখা ভাগ'' | বিৰো | |- | rowspan="2" | ২০১৪ ! scope="row" | ''বেৱকুফিয়াঁ'' | মায়েৰাহ সেৱাল | |- ! scope="row" | ''খুবছুৰত'' | ডাঃ মৃণালিনী "মিলি" চক্ৰৱৰ্তী | |- | rowspan="2" | ২০১৫ ! scope="row" | ''ডলি কী ডলি'' | ডলি | |- ! scope="row" | ''প্ৰেম ৰতন ধন পায়ো'' | ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈথিলী দেৱী | |- | ২০১৬ ! scope="row" | ''নীৰজা'' | নীৰজা ভানোত | |- | rowspan="3" | ২০১৮ ! scope="row" | ''পেড মেন'' | পাৰি ৱালিয়া | |- ! scope="row" | ''ভিৰে দি ৱেডিং'' | অৱনী শৰ্মা | |- ! scope="row" | ''সঞ্জু'' | ৰুবি | |- | rowspan="2" | ২০১৯ ! scope="row" | ''এক লডকী কো দেখা তো এইছা লাগা'' | স্বীটি চৌধুৰী | |- ! scope="row" | ''দ্য জয়া ফেক্টৰ'' | জয়া সিং সোলাঙ্কী | |- | ২০২০ ! scope="row" | ''একে ভি এছ একে'' | নিজেই | Cameo উপস্থিতি |- | ২০২৩ ! scope="row" | ''ব্লাইণ্ড'' | গিয়া সিং | |} === সংগীত ভিডিঅ' === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center; " ! scope="col" | বছৰ ! scope="col" | শিৰোনাম ! scope="col" | শিল্পী |- | ২০১৫ ! scope="row" | "ধীৰে ধীৰে" | Honey Singh |- | ২০১৬ ! scope="row" | "হিম্ন ফৰ দ্য উইকেণ্ড" | Coldplay |} == বঁটা আৰু মনোনয়নসমূহ == কাপুৰে ছবাৰকৈ ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰিছে যদিও এবাৰহে বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁ ''নিৰজা'' ছবিৰ বাবে সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী - সমালোচকসকলৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name="ff17">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |title=62nd Filmfare Awards 2017: Winners' list |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017 |access-date=15 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114235906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |archive-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{IMDb name|name=Sonam Kapoor}} * {{Instagram|sonamkapoor}} * {{BH person|sonam-kapoor|Sonam Kapoor Ahuja}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনয় শিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] hana9411k5y149e4fyhoisfxu5avh2k 0 98100 604561 541255 2026-05-05T09:49:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = সুৰজিৎ গিৰি | image = | image_size = 180px | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date ={{Birth date|1977|07|04}} | birth_place = দিচাংমুখ, [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা|শিৱসাগৰ]] | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | other_names = | ethnicity = <!-- Ethnicity should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = [[অসম চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয়]] | occupation = চিকিৎসক, সক্ৰিয়কৰ্মী | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | influences = | influenced = | home_town = | television = | title = | term = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | awards = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''সুৰজিৎ গিৰি''' ({{lang-en|Surajit Giri}}; ৪ জুলাই ১৯৭৭) অসমৰ ডিমৌ আদৰ্শ চিকিৎসালয় ও সামূহিক স্বাস্থ্য কেন্দ্ৰৰ এগৰাকী বিশেষজ্ঞ চিকিৎসক(সংজ্ঞাহাৰক বিশেষজ্ঞ)<ref>{{cite web |author=A Correspondent |date=30 July 2023 |title=Demow Model Hospital treats 1500 snakebite cases till July |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/demow-model-hospital-treats-1500-snakebite-cases-till-july-660462 |website=The Sentinel Assam |publisher=Sentinel Digital Desk |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> আৰু এজন ভাৰতীয় সক্ৰিয়কৰ্মী (activist)। তদুপৰি তেওঁ সৰ্প দংশনৰ এজন সক্ৰিয় সামাজিক কৰ্মকৰ্তা। যদিও বৃত্তিগত ভাবে তেওঁ এজন সংজ্ঞাহাৰক বিশেষজ্ঞ, ২০২২ চনলৈ অসমৰ এখন বিশেষ পৰিগাঁথনি নথকা গ্ৰাম্য চিকিৎসালয়ত তেওঁ ১২০০তকৈও<ref>{{cite web |author=Ratnadip Choudhury |date=24 June 2022 |title=Assam's Snake Doctor: Saving Lives In Rural Areas |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assams-snake-doctor-saving-lives-in-rural-areas-3089390 |website=NDTV |publisher=NDTV |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="express">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/this-assam-doctor-is-on-a-mission-to-ensure-no-one-dies-of-snakebites-7873086/ | title=This Assam doctor is on a mission to ensure no one dies of snakebites | publisher=indianexpress.com | accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref> অধিক সৰ্পদংশনত আক্ৰান্ত ৰোগীক চিকিৎসা কৰি সুস্থ কৰি তুলিছে আৰু বিভিন্ন মাধ্যমৰ যোগে যুগ যুগ ধৰি সমাজত চলি অহা সৰ্পদংশন সম্পৰ্কীয় অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিৰুদ্ধে জনসচেতনা গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ প্ৰয়াস অব্যাহত ৰাখিছে।<ref name="mukto-1" /> এই প্ৰয়াসৰে অংশ হিচাপে তেওঁ ''সাপ আৰু আমি'' নামেৰে এখন গ্ৰন্থও ৰচনা কৰিছে।<ref name="book">{{cite book | url=https://www.scientiabooks.in/product/hap-aru-ami-book-on-snake-bite-awareness-by-dr-surajit-giri/ | title=সাপ আৰু আমি | publisher=পূৰ্বায়ন প্ৰকাশন | author=সুৰজিৎ গিৰি | isbn=978-93-95103-31-2 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="book name of him">{{cite web |author=PTI |date=20 September 2022 |title=Assam doctor seeks to bridge gaps in snake bite management to ensure zero deaths by 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/assam-doctor-seeks-to-bridge-gaps-in-snake-bite-management-to-ensure-zero-deaths-by-2024/1135352/ |website=ThePrint |publisher=Printline Media Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ১৯৭৭ চনৰ ৪ জুলাইত [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা|শিৱসাগৰ]]ৰ দিচাংমুখত গিৰিৰ জন্ম হয়। ১৯৯২ চনত শিৱসাগৰৰ পৰা হাইস্কুল শিক্ষান্ত পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়। ২০০০ চনত [[অসম চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এমবিবিএচত উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ<ref>{{cite web |author=Dr. Surajit Giri |date=2019 |title=Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Surajit Giri |url=https://aoraindia2019.com/faculty-cv/surajit-giri.pdf |website=AORA India 2019 |publisher=AORA India |access-date=26 April 2025 |archivedate=29 June 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629152333/https://aoraindia2019.com/faculty-cv/surajit-giri.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> নিয়োগ বিচাৰি দিল্লীলৈ যায়। কাৰণ দিল্লীৰ হাস্পাতালবোৰে অসমৰ তুলনাত বেছি দা-দৰমহা আগবঢ়াইছিল। কিন্তু তাত কোনো এখন হাস্পাতালতে নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা নাপাই পুনৰ অসমলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। ২০০৩ বৰ্ষত তেওঁ অসম চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নাক-কাণ-ডিঙি (ENT) বিভাগৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰমত ভৰ্তি হয়। কিন্তু নাক-কাণ-ডিঙি বিভাগত তেওঁ পাৰদৰ্শিতা অৰ্জন কৰিব নোৱাৰিব বুলি ভাবিয়ে কেইমাহমান পিছতে সুবিধা এটা পাই সংজ্ঞাহৰণ বিভাগত নামভৰ্তি কৰে আৰু ২০০৬ চনত এই পাঠ্যক্ৰম সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |author=Dr. Surajit Giri |date=2019 |title=Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Surajit Giri |url=https://aoraindia2019.com/faculty-cv/surajit-giri.pdf |website=AORA India 2019 |publisher=AORA India |access-date=26 April 2025 |archivedate=29 June 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629152333/https://aoraindia2019.com/faculty-cv/surajit-giri.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="mukto-1">{{cite web | url=https://muktosinta.org/dr_surajit_girir_xaite/ | title=ডাঃ সুৰজিৎ গিৰিৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎকাৰ (প্ৰথম অংশ) (কৌশিক দাস আৰু অদিতি বৰুৱা) | publisher=muktosinta.org | accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref> ==কৰ্মজীৱন== স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লোৱাৰ পাছত শিৱসাগৰৰ এখন ব্যক্তিগত হাস্পাতালৰ জৰুৰীকালীন বিভাগত সংজ্ঞাহাৰক বিশেষজ্ঞ হিচাপে কামত সোমায়। তেনেতে এদিন প্ৰথমে বেজৰ ওচৰলৈ নি জৰাফুকা কৰা, সাপে দংশন কৰা মহিলা এগৰাকীক হাস্পাতাললৈ লৈ অহা হ’ল। কিন্তু সৰ্পদংশনৰ প্ৰট’কলৰ বিষয়ে জ্ঞাত নোহোৱা গিৰিয়ে ৰোগীগৰাকীক অসম চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয় হাস্পাতাললৈ পঠিয়াই দিয়ে। কিন্তু ৰাষ্টাতে ৰোগীগৰাকীৰ মৃত্যু হয়। এই ঘটনাটোৱে গিৰিৰ মনত বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পেলায়।<ref name="mukoto-2">{{cite web | url=https://muktosinta.org/dr_surajit_giri_r_saite/ | title=ডাঃ সুৰজিৎ গিৰিৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎকাৰ (দ্বিতীয় অংশ) (কৌশিক দাস আৰু অদিতি বৰুৱা) | publisher=muktosinta.org | accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ সৰ্পদংশনৰ চিকিৎসাৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ পৰে। ২০০৮ চনত পিট ভাইপাৰ সাপে দংশন কৰা এখন লোকক তেওঁ সুস্থ কৰি তোলে। [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা]]ৰ ডিমৌ আদৰ্শ চিকিৎসালয়ত চিকিৎসক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি পোৱাৰ পিছত [[সৰ্পদংশন]]ত আক্ৰান্ত ৰোগীৰ চিকিৎসাত অধিক মনোনিবেশ কৰে। আক্ৰান্তসকলক উন্নত চিকিৎসা প্ৰদান কৰি তেওঁ ৰাইজৰ আস্থা অৰ্জন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। প্ৰথমে বেজ-ওজাৰ ওপৰত বিশ্বাস কৰা ওচৰ-পাজৰৰ গাঁৱবাসী আৰু ক্ৰমাৎ দূৰ-দূৰণিৰ লোকো সৰ্পদংশনত আক্ৰান্ত লোকো তেওঁৰ ওচৰলৈ আহিবলৈ ধৰিলে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাতে সেই গ্ৰাম্য চিকিৎসালয়খন এটা সৰ্পদংশন ৱাৰ্ড স্থাপন কৰাৰ লগতে আক্ৰান্তসকলক ত্বৰিৎগতিত চিকিৎসা আগবঢ়াবলৈ চিকিৎসালয়খনৰ চিকিৎসক আৰু স্বাস্থ্যকৰ্মীসকলক লৈ এটা 'ফাষ্ট ৰেচপন্স টীমো' গঠন কৰা হয়। আনহাতে ৰাইজ আৰু পৰিবেশকৰ্মীসকলক লৈ গঠন কৰা হয় 'ভেনম ৰেচপন্স টীম', যাতে সৰ্পদংশনত আক্ৰান্ত ৰোগীক বেজ-ওজাৰ ওচৰলৈ নি সময় নষ্ট নকৰাকৈ চিকিৎসালয়লৈ আনিব পৰা যায়। ২০২২ চনলৈ ডিমৌ আদৰ্শ চিকিৎসালয়ত ১২০০তকৈও অধিক সৰ্পদংশনত আক্ৰান্ত ৰোগীক চিকিৎসা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="aamar">{{cite web | url=https://aamarasom.com/detail-news/3728/সৰ্পদংশনতআৰুমৃত্যুনহ’ব!অসমীয়াচিকিৎসকৰঅভিযান | title=সৰ্পদংশনত আৰু মৃত্যু নহ’ব! অসমীয়া চিকিৎসকৰ অভিযান | publisher=aamarasom.com | date=19 April 2022 | accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref> চিকিৎসাৰ সমান্তৰালকৈ তেওঁ সৰ্পদংশন সম্পৰ্কে সমাজত প্ৰচলিত অন্ধবিশ্বাসসমূহ দূৰ কৰিবলৈও সভা-সমিতি, প্ৰচাৰমাধ্যম, সামাজিক মাধ্যম আদিৰ যোগে প্ৰচাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিছে। তেওঁ বিভিন্ন চেমিনাৰ, কৰ্মশালাৰ যোগেদিও সৰ্পদংশন চিকিৎসা সম্পৰ্কীয় জ্ঞানৰ ভাগ-বাতোৱাৰা কৰে। আনকি যিবোৰ হাস্পাতালে প্ৰথমে তেওঁক নিযুক্তি দিব বিচৰা নাছিল, সেই হাস্পাতালবোৰেও পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বক্তৃতা, প্ৰশিক্ষণ আদি দিবলৈ তেওঁক আমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছে। সৰ্পদংশন সম্পৰ্কীয় সচেতনতা বঢ়োৱা প্ৰয়াসৰ অংশ স্বৰূপে তেওঁ ''[[সাপ আৰু আমি]]'' শীৰ্ষক এখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰে। ২০২২ চনৰ ছেপ্তেম্বৰত গ্ৰন্থখন প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশ হয়।<ref name="niyomia">{{cite web | url=https://niyomiyabarta.com/assam/purbayan-publications/ | title=পূৰ্বায়ন প্ৰকাশনৰ উদ্যোগত গুৱাহাটী প্ৰেছক্লাৱত ডাঃ সুৰজিৎ গিৰিৰ "সাপ আৰু আমি" শীৰ্ষক গ্ৰন্থ উন্মোচন | date=19 September 2022 | accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="book name of him"/> ==বঁটা-বাহন== *কৃষ্ণচূড়া বঁটা (২০২৪–২৫) *প্ৰাইড অৱ শিৱসাগৰ বঁটা (২০২৪) *সমাজ সজ্জন খিতাপ (২০২৩)<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=16 October 2023 |title=Renowned Anaesthesiologist Dr. Surajit Giri Honoured with Samaj Sajjan Title in Jorhat |url=https://thehillstimes.in/assam/renowned-anaesthesiologist-dr-surajit-giri-honoured-with-samaj-sajjan-title-in-jorhat?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=The Hills Times |location=Assam |publisher=The Hills Times |access-date=26 April 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গৌৰৱ বঁটা (২০১৬) *Rashtriya Gaurav Award (২০১৬) *GARC Public Awareness Award(২০১৮) ==তথ্য উৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ চিকিৎসক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় স্বাস্থ্যকৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া চিকিৎসক]] g6wnrkv24vfdmzvji8kpmvphz7a4oa7 0 98730 604515 463630 2026-05-05T03:17:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | name = লোক কল্পদৃষ্টি | title_orig = | translator = | image = | author = [[নীলমণি ফুকন (কনিষ্ঠ)|নীলমণি ফুকন]] | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[ভাৰত]]{{flagicon|IND}} | language = [[অসমীয়া]] | series = | genre = সমালোচনামূলক গ্ৰন্থ | publisher = | release_date = | media_type = মুদ্ৰণ | pages = | isbn = | congress = | oclc = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''লোক কল্পদৃষ্টি''' [[নীলমণি ফুকন (কনিষ্ঠ)|নীলমণি ফুকন]] ৰচিত এখন গ্ৰন্থ৷ ১৯৮৭ চনত অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদে গ্ৰন্থখনৰ প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে৷ গ্ৰন্থখনত অসমীয়া লোক কলাসম্পদৰ ঐতিহ্য, চৰ্চা আৰু আধুনিক চিত্ৰকলাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে৷ তেখেতে এই গ্ৰন্থখনত অসমৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত সিচৰতি হৈ থকা লোক সম্পদ সমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ কৰি তাৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু সংৰক্ষণ কৰিছে৷<ref name="লোক কল্পদৃষ্টি">{{cite web | title=লোক কল্পদৃষ্টি | publisher=অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ | date=১৯৮৭ | accessdate=27 September 2023 | author=নীলমণি ফুকন | pages=আগকথা}}</ref> ==লেখকৰ পৰিচয়== [[নীলমণি ফুকন (কনিষ্ঠ)|নীলমণি ফুকন]] [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ]] এজন কবি, সাহিত্যিক, কলা-সমালোচক আৰু অধ্যাপক। তেওঁ [[অসমীয়া]] কবিতাত প্ৰতীকবাদ আৰু চিত্ৰকল্পবাদৰ সুদূৰপ্ৰসাৰী প্ৰভাৱ পেলায়। নীলমণি ফুকনৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য কৰ্ম হ’ল ‘সূৰ্য হেনো নামি আহে এই নদীয়েদি’, ‘কবিতা’ আৰু ‘গোলাপী জামুৰ লগ্ন’ আদি। ‘কবিতা’ শীৰ্ষক স্ব-নিৰ্বাচিত কাব্যগ্ৰন্থৰ কাৰণে তেওঁক ১৯৮১ চনত [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। ১৯৯০ চনত [[ভাৰত]] চৰকাৰে [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] সন্মানেৰে সন্মানিত কৰে। ইয়াৰোপৰি ১৯৯১ চনত [[ছগনলাল জৈন বঁটা]], ১৯৯৭ চনত [[অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা]] আৰু ২০০২ চনত [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি]]ৰ ফালৰ পৰা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সাহিত্যিক সন্মান [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমিৰ ফেল’]] প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news | title=কাব্যঋষি : ১৯৩৩-২০২৩ | date=২০ জানুৱাৰী, ২০২৩ | agency=অসমীয়া প্ৰতিদিন | accessdate=২২ জানুৱাৰী, ২০২৩ | author=[[মৃদুল হালৈ]] | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]]}}</ref><ref>জানানে, শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা, ২০০৬</ref> কবি ফুুুুকনক ২০১৯ বৰ্ষৰ ১৯ আগষ্ট তাৰিখে ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে সন্মানীয় ‘ডি লীট’ উপাধি প্ৰদান কৰে। নতুন দিল্লীস্থিত ভাৰতীয় জ্ঞানপীঠে ২০২১ চনত, নীলমণি ফুকনক সাহিত্যক্ষেত্ৰলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা তেওঁৰ অসামান্য অৱদানৰ বাবে ২০২০ বৰ্ষৰ [[জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটা]] প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="thefederal.com">{{cite web | url=https://thefederal.com/news/damodar-mauzo-critic-of-right-wing-terror-nilmani-phookan-win-jnanpith-award/ | title=Damodar Mauzo, critic of ‘right-wing terror’ & Nilmani Phookan win Jnanpith award | publisher=https://thefederal.com/ | date=7 December 2021 | accessdate=7 December 2021}}</ref> এই বঁটা লাভ কৰা তেওঁ তৃতীয় গৰাকী অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক। ==বিৱৰণ== লোক কল্পদৃষ্টি<ref name="Scientia.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.scientiabooks.in/product/loka-kalpadrishti-folk-vision/ | title=Loka Kalpadrishti (Folk Vision) লোক কল্পদৃষ্টি, অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ | publisher=অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ | date=১৯৮৭ | accessdate=27 September 2023 | author=নীলমণি ফুকন }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> গ্ৰন্থখনত অসমৰ বিভন্ন অঞ্চলৰ লোক সম্পদসমূহৰ বিৱৰণ, বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু তাৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে উল্লখে আছে৷ গ্ৰন্থখনৰ শেষৰফালে লোক সম্পদসমূহৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে৷ মানৱ জীৱনত শিল্পকলাৰ গুৰুত্ব, ইয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰিক আৰু প্ৰায়োগিক দিশ, গুৰুত্ব, লোক সা-সঁজুলি নিৰ্মাণৰ ধৰণ-কৰণ, গ্ৰাম্য অনাখৰী লোকৰ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ প্ৰসংগ গ্ৰন্থখনত আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে৷ বিভিন্ন জাতি-জনগোষ্ঠী অঞ্চল ভেদে লোক শিল্পৰ বৈচিত্ৰ্য আৰু পৃথকতাৰ লগতে বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰৰ লোক শিল্পকলাৰ সৈতে অসমৰ শিল্পকলাৰ সাদৃশ্য-পাৰ্থক্য আদিৰ সন্দৰ্ভতো গ্ৰন্থখনত আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে৷<ref name="অন্যযুগ ই আলোচনী">{{cite web | url=https://www.anyayug.com/p/article-may-2022_23.html | title=নীলমণি ফুকনৰ শিল্প সমালোনাৰ বিষয়ে যৎকৃঞ্চিত | publisher=অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ | accessdate=27 September 2023}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ]] ca20vt49pu6l5mnxwg2mp3v5s0rf7e6 0 99272 604533 599782 2026-05-05T05:42:14Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translate}} {{ইছলাম}} {{Usul al-fiqh}} '''''শ্বৰীয়ত''' বা '''শ্বৰীয়াহ''''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə}}; {{lang-ar|شَريعَة|sharīʿa}} {{IPA-ar|ʃaˈriːʕa|}}) হৈছে [[ইছলাম|ইছলামিক]] পৰম্পৰাৰ এটা অংশ হিচাপে গঠিত ধৰ্মীয় আইনৰ এটা শৰীৰ।<ref name="Bassiouni">{{cite book|author-last=Bassiouni|author-first=M. Cherif|author-link=M. Cherif Bassiouni|year=2014|origyear=2013|chapter=The ''Sharīa'', Sunni Islamic Law (''Fiqh''), and Legal Methods (''Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh'')|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbj1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|editor-last=Bassiouni|editor-first=M. Cherif|title=The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace|location=[[Cambridge]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=18–87|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139629249.003|isbn=9781139629249|lccn=2013019592|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017234851/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbj1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oxforddic">{{cite web|title=British & World English: sharia|url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=4 December 2015|location=Oxford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120345/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead|archivedate=8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120345/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia|deadurl=yes}}</ref>{{sfn|Dahlén|2003|loc=chpt. 2a}} ইছলামৰ ধৰ্মীয় উপদেশৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা আৰু ইছলামৰ পবিত্ৰ শাস্ত্ৰ বিশেষকৈ [[কোৰআন]] আৰু [[হাদিছ]]ৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bassiouni" /> [[আৰবী ভাষা]]ত শ্বৰীয়াহ শব্দটোৱে [[আল্লাহ]]ৰ অপৰিৱৰ্তিত ঐশ্বৰিক বিধানক বুজায় আৰু ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ফিকহ]], যিয়ে ইয়াৰ মানৱীয় পণ্ডিতৰ ব্যাখ্যাক বুজায়।<ref name="ODI">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Islamic Law|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154513/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} সময়ৰ লগে লগে আইনী বিদ্যালয়ৰ উত্থান ঘটিছে, যিয়ে বিশেষ সমাজ আৰু [[চৰকাৰ]]ৰ পছন্দৰ লগতে ইছলামিক পণ্ডিত বা [[ইমাম]]সকলে আইন আৰু নিয়মৰ তাত্ত্বিক (উছুল) আৰু ব্যৱহাৰিক প্ৰয়োগ (ফুৰু’/[[ফতোৱা]])ৰ ওপৰত কৰা কামৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিছে। কিন্তু ইছলামত শ্বৰীয়ত কেতিয়াও একমাত্ৰ বৈধ আইনী ব্যৱস্থা হোৱা নাই, আৰু আৰম্ভণিৰে পৰাই ইয়াক সদায় উৰ্ফ (প্ৰথাগত আইন)ৰ কাষত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>"Customary law has also been an important part of Islamic law from the beginning. It was used to resolve disputes that were not covered by sharia, and it also helped to adapt sharia to the needs of different societies and cultures." Islamic Law: An Introduction by John Esposito (2019) Esposito, John. Islamic Law: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. Page 31</ref><ref>"Another key principle that the early Islamic jurists developed was the concept of urf, or customary law. Urf is the customary practices of a particular community. The early jurists recognized that urf could be used to supplement or complement Islamic law. For example, if there was no clear ruling on a particular issue in the Quran or hadith, the jurists could look to urf for guidance." The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law; Emon, Anver M., and Rumee Ahmed, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 25.</ref> '''''শ্বৰীয়ত''' বা '''শ্বৰীয়াহ''''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə}}; {{lang-ar|شَريعَة|sharīʿa}} {{IPA-ar|ʃaˈriːʕa|}}) হৈছে [[ইছলাম|ইছলামিক]] পৰম্পৰাৰ এটা অংশ হিচাপে গঠিত ধৰ্মীয় আইনৰ এটা শৰীৰ।<ref name="Bassiouni"/><ref name="oxforddic"/>{{sfn|Dahlén|2003|loc=chpt. 2a}} ইছলামৰ ধৰ্মীয় উপদেশৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা আৰু ইছলামৰ পবিত্ৰ শাস্ত্ৰ বিশেষকৈ [[কোৰআন]] আৰু [[হাদিছ]]ৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bassiouni" /> [[আৰবী ভাষা]]ত শ্বৰীয়াহ শব্দটোৱে [[আল্লাহ]]ৰ অপৰিৱৰ্তিত ঐশ্বৰিক বিধানক বুজায় আৰু ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে ফিকহ, যিয়ে ইয়াৰ মানৱীয় পণ্ডিতৰ ব্যাখ্যাক বুজায়।<ref name="ODI"/>{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} সময়ৰ লগে লগে আইনী বিদ্যালয়ৰ উত্থান ঘটিছে, যিয়ে বিশেষ সমাজ আৰু [[চৰকাৰ]]ৰ পছন্দৰ লগতে ইছলামিক পণ্ডিত বা [[ইমাম]]সকলে আইন আৰু নিয়মৰ তাত্ত্বিক (উছুল) আৰু ব্যৱহাৰিক প্ৰয়োগ (ফুৰু’/[[ফতোৱা]])ৰ ওপৰত কৰা কামৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিছে। কিন্তু ইছলামত শ্বৰীয়ত কেতিয়াও একমাত্ৰ বৈধ আইনী ব্যৱস্থা হোৱা নাই, আৰু আৰম্ভণিৰে পৰাই ইয়াক সদায় উৰ্ফ (প্ৰথাগত আইন)ৰ কাষত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>"Customary law has also been an important part of Islamic law from the beginning. It was used to resolve disputes that were not covered by sharia, and it also helped to adapt sharia to the needs of different societies and cultures." Islamic Law: An Introduction by John Esposito (2019) Esposito, John. Islamic Law: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. Page 31</ref><ref>"Another key principle that the early Islamic jurists developed was the concept of urf, or customary law. Urf is the customary practices of a particular community. The early jurists recognized that urf could be used to supplement or complement Islamic law. For example, if there was no clear ruling on a particular issue in the Quran or hadith, the jurists could look to urf for guidance." The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law; Emon, Anver M., and Rumee Ahmed, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 25.</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Ibnhanbal.jpg|thumb|250x250px|ইবন হানবালৰ আইনী লেখাৰ এখন পাণ্ডুলিপি, ৮৭৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত প্ৰস্তুত কৰা]] ইছলামিক ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰম্পৰাগত তত্ত্বই শ্বৰীয়তৰ চাৰিটা উৎসক স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে: [[কোৰআন]], [[ছুন্নাহ]] (প্ৰামাণিক [[হাদিছ]]), [[কিয়াছ]] (উপমান যুক্তি),,{{refn|[[Twelver]] Shia jurisprudence does not recognize the use of qiyas, but relies on reason (''ʿaql'') in their place. {{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4c|2003}} {{sfn|Schneider|2014}}|group=note}} আৰু [[ইজমা]] (বিধিগত ঐকমত্য)।<ref name="Esposito, John 2001">[[John Esposito|John L. Esposito]], [[Natana J. DeLong-Bas]] (2001), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MOmaDq8HKCgC&pg=PA2 Women in Muslim family law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019170646/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOmaDq8HKCgC&pg=PA2|date=19 October 2017}}'', p. 2. [[Syracuse University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0815629085}}. Quote: "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the ''Quran'', the ''Sunnah'' of the Prophet, ''qiyas'' (analogical reasoning), and ''ijma'' (consensus)."</ref> [[ইস্তিহাদ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত প্ৰক্ৰিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি পাঁচটা ছুন্নী মাজহাব ([[ছুন্নী ইছলাম]]ৰ আইনী বিদ্যালয়), [[হানাফি]], [[মালিকি]], [[শ্বাফি]], [[হাম্বালি]] আৰু [[জাহিৰি]]য়ে শাস্ত্ৰীয় উৎসৰ পৰা শ্বৰীয়ত ৰায় উলিয়াবলৈ ছুন্নী পদ্ধতি উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল।<ref name="ODI" />{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} পৰম্পৰাগত ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানে (ফিকহ) আইনৰ দুটা প্ৰধান শাখা [[ইবাদত]] (আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ) আৰু [[মুআমালাত]] (সামাজিক সম্পৰ্ক)ক পৃথক কৰে, যিবোৰে একেলগে বহুতো বিষয়ক সামৰি লয়।<ref name="ODI" />{{sfn|Calder|2009}} ইয়াৰ ৰায়দানসমূহ আইনী নীতিৰ সৈতেও সিমানেই নৈতিক মানদণ্ডৰ সৈতে জড়িত,{{sfn|Coulson|El Shamsy|2019}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|p=145}} কাৰ্য্যসমূহক পাঁচটা শ্ৰেণীৰ ভিতৰত এটাত নিযুক্ত কৰা হয়: [[ফৰজ|বাধ্যতামূলক]], পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া, নিৰপেক্ষ, ঘৃণনীয় আৰু [[হাৰাম|নিষিদ্ধ]]।<ref name="ODI" />{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} ফিকহক শতিকাজুৰি যোগ্য আইনবিদ ([[মুফতি]])সকলে জাৰি কৰা আইনী মতামত ([[ফতোয়া]])ৰ দ্বাৰা বিশদভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে শাসক নিযুক্ত ন্যায়াধীশসকলে শ্বৰীয়ত আদালতত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="ODI" />{{sfn|Calder|2009}} ইয়াৰ পৰিপূৰক আছিল [[মুছলমান]] শাসকসকলে জাৰি কৰা বিভিন্ন অৰ্থনৈতিক, অপৰাধমূলক আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক আইন।{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=500}} একবিংশ শতিকাত শ্বৰীয়তৰ ভূমিকা সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে ক্ৰমান্বয়ে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতামূলক বিষয় হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} আধুনিক যুগত ইয়াৰ প্ৰয়োগৰ ধৰণ [[মৌলবাদ|মুছলমান মৌলবাদী]] আৰু আধুনিকতাবাদীৰ মাজত বিতৰ্কৰ বিষয় হৈ আহিছে।<ref name="oxforddic" />{{sfn|Amanat|2009|ps=: "Muslim fundamentalists [...] claim that Shari’a and its sources [...] constitute a divine law that regulates all aspects of Muslim life, as well as Muslim societies and Muslim states [...]. Muslim modernists, [...] on the other hand, criticize the old approaches to Shari’a by traditional Muslim jurists as obsolete and instead advocate innovative approaches to Shari’a that accommodate more pluralist and relativist views within a democratic framework."}} [[গণতন্ত্ৰ]], [[মানৱ অধিকাৰ]], সংখ্যালঘুৰ অধিকাৰ, চিন্তাৰ স্বাধীনতা, [[নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰ]] আৰু [[বেংক|বেংকিঙ]]ৰ লগত শ্বৰীয়ত সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ বুলি যুক্তি দিয়া প্ৰগতিশীল লোক আছে।<ref name="naim96">{{cite book|first1=Abdullahi A|last1=An-Na'im|chapter=Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights|chapter-url={{Google books|aqyWwF5YA1gC |page=337 |plainurl=yes}}|title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives|pages=337–59|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Witte|editor2-first=Johan D.|editor2-last=van der Vyver|year=1996|isbn=978-9041101792}}</ref><ref name="hajjar2004">{{cite journal|last1=Hajjar|first1=Lisa|title=Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis|journal=Law & Social Inquiry|volume=29|issue=1|year=2004|pages=1–38|jstor=4092696|doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x|s2cid=145681085}}</ref><ref>Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). ''Arab and western conceptions of democracy; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East'' (Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; {{ISBN|978-0253209399}}{{page needed|date=April 2016}}</ref> মানৱ অধিকাৰ সংগঠনৰ মতে কিছুমান পৌৰাণিক শ্বৰীয়ত প্ৰথাত মৌলিক মানৱ অধিকাৰ, লিংগ সমতা আৰু মত প্ৰকাশৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গুৰুতৰ উলংঘা জড়িত হৈ থাকে আৰু শ্বৰীয়ত পৰিচালিত দেশসমূহৰ প্ৰথাক সমালোচনা কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ ধাৰণা" [[ইৰান]] আৰু [[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ দৰে দেশৰ চৰকাৰে ইয়াক ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ আৰু পশ্চিমীয়া মূল্যবোধৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি দোষীভাৱে বাদ দিব পাৰে,<ref>Gontowska, Luiza Maria, "Human Rights Violations Under the Sharia'a : A Comparative Study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran" (2005). Honors College Theses. Paper 13.</ref> আৰু ইছলামিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থাই এই বিষয়ত কায়ৰো সন্মিলনে ঘোষণা কৰে যে মানৱ অধিকাৰ [[ইছলাম]]ৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ হ’লেহে সন্মান কৰিব পৰা যাব।<ref>https://rwi.lu.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-OIC-Declaration-of-Human-Rights.pdf</ref> ষ্ট্ৰাছবাৰ্গৰ ইউৰোপীয় মানৱ অধিকাৰ আদালতে কেইবাটাও গোচৰত ৰায় দিছিল যে শ্বৰীয়ত “গণতন্ত্ৰৰ মৌলিক নীতিৰ সৈতে অসঙ্গতিপূৰ্ণ”।<ref>See ''Refah Partİsİ (The Welfare Party) And Others V. Turkey'' (Applications nos. 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98), Judgment, Strasbourg, 13 February 2003, No. 123 (siehe S. 39): "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy, since principles such as pluralism in the political sphere and the constant evolution of public freedoms have no place in it and a regime based on sharia clearly diverges from Convention values"; see Alastair Mowbray, ''Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the European Convention on Human Rights'', OUP Oxford, 2012, p 744, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XWyq09yJho8C&pg=PA744 Google-Books preview].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Janisch|first=Wolfgang|title=EuGH - Gegen Scheidungen nach Scharia-Recht|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/europaeischer-gerichtshof-gegen-scheidungen-nach-scharia-recht-1.3666617|access-date=2023-02-03|website=Süddeutsche.de|language=de}}</ref> আধুনিক যুগত মুছলমান দেশসমূহত ইউৰোপীয় আৰ্হিৰ সৈতে পৰম্পৰাগত আইনসমূহ বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=19}} ন্যায়িক পদ্ধতি আৰু আইনী শিক্ষাকো একেদৰেই ইউৰোপীয় প্ৰথাৰ লগত মিলাই অনা হৈছে।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} বেছিভাগ মুছলমান সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ ৰাজ্যৰ সংবিধানত শ্বৰীয়তৰ উল্লেখ আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ নিয়মসমূহ বহুলাংশে কেৱল পৰিয়াল আইনতহে ৰখা হৈছে।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইছলামিক পুনৰুজ্জীৱনে ইছলামিক আন্দোলনসমূহে শ্বৰীয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে কাৰ্যকৰী কৰাৰ আহ্বান আনিছিল, য’ত শিলগুটিৰ দৰে হুদুদ শাৰীৰিক শাস্তিও আছিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Mayer|2009}} == ব্যুৎপত্তি আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ == === সমসাময়িক ব্যৱহাৰ === মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যৰ আৰবী ভাষী জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহে এটা ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণীমূলক ধৰ্মক সৰ্বমুঠভাৱে বুজাবলৈ ''শ্বৰীআহ'' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, শ্বৰীয়তত [[মুছা]]ৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল মোচিৰ বিধান বা ধৰ্ম আৰু ''শ্বৰী-আতু-না'' যিকোনো একশ্বৰবাদী বিশ্বাসৰ উল্লেখত "আমাৰ ধৰ্ম" বুজাব পাৰে। ইছলামিক বক্তৃতাৰ ভিতৰত শৰীয়াহ মুছলমানসকলৰ জীৱন নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰা ধৰ্মীয় নিয়মক বুজায়।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} বহু মুছলমানৰ বাবে এই শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ কেৱল "ন্যায়" আৰু তেওঁলোকে ন্যায় আৰু সমাজ কল্যাণৰ প্ৰসাৰ কৰা যিকোনো আইনক শ্বৰীয়তৰ অনুকূল বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} জান মিচিয়েল অট্টোৱে ধৰ্মীয়, আইনী আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক বক্তৃতাত শ্বৰীয়ত শব্দটোৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰা চাৰিটা ইন্দ্ৰিয়ৰ পাৰ্থক্য কৰিছে:{{sfn|Otto|2008|pp=9–10}} * ''আল্লাহীয়'', ''বিমূৰ্ত শ্বৰীয়ত'': মানৱ জাতিৰ বাবে আল্লাহৰ পৰিকল্পনা আৰু আচৰণৰ নীতি-নিয়ম যিয়ে ইছলামিক সম্প্ৰদায়ক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিব। বিভিন্ন দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ মুছলমানসকলে শ্বৰীয়তৰ বিমূৰ্ত ধাৰণাটোৰ প্ৰতি সন্মানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত একমত যদিও এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰিক প্ৰভাৱ কেনেকৈ বুজি পায় তাত তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য আছে। * ''প্ৰাচীন শ্বৰীয়ত'': [[ইছলাম|ইছলামৰ]] প্ৰথম শতিকাত ইছলামিক ফকীহসকলে বিশদভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰা নিয়ম আৰু নীতিৰ শৰীৰ। * ''ঐতিহাসিক শ্বৰীয়ত(সমূহ)'': ইছলামিক ইতিহাসৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়ছোৱাত বিকশিত হোৱা নিয়ম আৰু ব্যাখ্যাৰ অংগ, ব্যক্তিগত বিশ্বাসৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি ৰাজ্যিক আইনলৈকে আৰু মতাদৰ্শগত বৰ্ণালীৰ মাজেৰে ভিন্ন। প্ৰাচীন শ্বৰীয়ত এই ভিন্নতাসমূহৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে উল্লেখযোগ্য বিন্দু হিচাপে কাম কৰি আহিছে যদিও ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াৰ সময় আৰু স্থানৰ প্ৰভাৱো প্ৰতিফলিত হৈছে। * ''সমসাময়িক শ্বৰীয়ত(সমূহ)'': বৰ্তমান বিকশিত আৰু প্ৰচলিত নিয়ম আৰু ব্যাখ্যাৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ বৰ্ণালী। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইউৰোপীয় ব্যৱহাৰৰ পৰা ধাৰ কৰা আল-কানুন আল-ইছলামী (القانون الإسلامي, ইছলামিক আইন) এটা আনুষংগিক শব্দ মুছলমান বিশ্বত আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত আইনী ব্যৱস্থাক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। === ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান === š-r-ʕ মূলৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা আৰবী শব্দ šarīʿah ৰ অৰ্থৰ প্ৰাথমিক পৰিসৰ ধৰ্ম আৰু ধৰ্মীয় আইনৰ সৈতে জড়িত।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} অভিধান পৰম্পৰাত ব্যৱহাৰৰ দুটা প্ৰধান ক্ষেত্ৰ লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে য’ত šarīʿah শব্দটো ধৰ্মীয় অৰ্থহীনভাৱে দেখা দিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=326}} [[পশুপালন]] বা যাযাবৰী পৰিৱেশৰ উদগনি দিয়া গ্ৰন্থসমূহত এই শব্দটো আৰু ইয়াৰ ব্যুৎপত্তিসমূহে স্থায়ী পানীৰ গাঁত বা সাগৰৰ পাৰত [[জীৱ]]-[[জন্তু]]ক পানী দিয়াক বুজায়, তালৈ অহা জীৱ-জন্তুৰ বিশেষ উল্লেখ কৰে।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=326}} ব্যৱহাৰৰ আন এটা ক্ষেত্ৰ টানি লোৱা বা দীঘলীয়াৰ ধাৰণাটোৰ সৈতে জড়িত।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=326}} This range of meanings is cognate with the Hebrew ''saraʿ''{{clarify|date=August 2021}} এই অৰ্থৰ পৰিসৰ [[হিব্ৰু ভাষা]]ৰ saraʿ ৰ সৈতে জড়িত আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি "পথ" হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=326}} এই দুয়োটা ক্ষেত্ৰতে ধৰ্মীয় অৰ্থৰ কিছুমান দিশৰ জন্ম দিয়া বুলি দাবী কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=326}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে šarīʿah শব্দটোক "অনুসৰণ কৰিবলগীয়া পথ" (হিব্ৰু শব্দ Halakhah ["যাবলৈ যোৱা পথ"])<ref name="haqq">Abdal-Haqq, Irshad (2006). ''Understanding Islamic Law&nbsp; – From Classical to Contemporary'' (edited by Aminah Beverly McCloud). Chapter 1 ''Islamic Law&nbsp; – An Overview of its Origin and Elements''. [[AltaMira Press]]. p. 4.</ref> বা "পানীৰ গাঁতলৈ যোৱা পথ" বুজোৱা এটা প্ৰাচীন আৰবী শব্দ বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে<ref name="Hashim1">{{cite book|last1=Hashim Kamali|first1=Mohammad|author-link=Mohammad Hashim Kamali|title=Shari'ah Law: An Introduction|date=2008|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=978-1851685653|pages=2, 14}}</ref><ref name="weiss1998">Weiss, Bernard G. (1998). ''The Spirit of Islamic Law''. Athens, Georgia: [[University of Georgia Press]]. p. 17. {{ISBN|978-0820319773}}.</ref> আৰু যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ইয়াক উপমা হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছে কাৰণ শুষ্ক [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰিৱেশত [[পানী]]ৰ গুৰুত্বৰ পৰাই আল্লাহৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত জীৱনশৈলীৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="weiss1998" /> === ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থত ব্যৱহাৰ === [[কোৰআন]]ত শ্বৰীয়াহ আৰু ইয়াৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় ছিৰাহ এবাৰকৈ পোৱা যায়, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "পথ।" {{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} মধ্যযুগত আৰবী ভাষী ইহুদীসকলে šarīʿah শব্দটো বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, দশম শতিকাৰ আৰবী ভাষাত Saʿadya Gaon দ্বাৰা তৌৰাত অনুবাদত শব্দটোৰ আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ অনুবাদ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} এই শব্দটোৰ একেধৰণৰ ব্যৱহাৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান লেখকসকলৰ মাজতো পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] অভিব্যক্তি Sharīʿat Allāh (شريعة الله "আল্লাহৰ বিধান") תורת אלוהים ([[হিব্ৰু ভাষা]]ত 'আল্লাহৰ বিধান') আৰু νόμος τοῦ θεοῦ (নতুন নিয়মত [[গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ত আল্লাহৰ বিধান')ৰ এটা সাধাৰণ অনুবাদ [ৰোম. ৭: ২২] ).<ref>Ullmann, M. (2002), Wörterbuch der griechisch-arabischen Übersetzungen des neunten Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden, p. 437. Rom. 7: 22: ‘συνήδομαι γὰρ τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ θεοῦ’ is translated as ‘أني أفرح بشريعة الله’</ref> মুছলমান সাহিত্যত শ্বৰীয়তত কোনো নবী বা আল্লাহৰ নিয়ম বা বাৰ্তাক বুজায়, ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ফিকহ]], যি পণ্ডিতবোৰে ইয়াৰ ব্যাখ্যাক বুজায়।{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=322}} ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে/২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা]]ৰ আইন সম্পৰ্কীয় পুৰণি গ্ৰন্থসমূহত শ্বৰীয়তৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটো আছিল শ্বেৰী।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Corps de Droit Ottoman|journal=[[Law Quarterly Review]]|volume=21|publisher=Stevens and Sons|date=October 1905|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8jUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443 443]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=8jUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA444 44]}}, Number LXXXIV "The religious law of the ''Sheri'', of which the ultimate source is the Koran,[...]" – A review of ''[[Corps de Droit Ottoman]]''</ref> ইয়াক [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]] ৰূপৰ chéri-ৰ সৈতে [[অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই [[তুৰস্ক|তুৰ্কী]] শ্বেৰ’(ই)ৰ পৰা আহিছে।<ref>{{cite book|last=Strauss|first=Johann|chapter-url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true|year=2010|chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the ''Kanun-ı Esasi'' and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages|editor=Herzog, Christoph|editor2=Malek Sharif|title=The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy|location=[[Würzburg]]|pages=21–51|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011233851/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true|url-status=live|archivedate=11 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011233851/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true}} ([http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 info page on book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920231333/http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645|date=20 September 2019}} at [[Martin Luther University]]) // Cited: p. 39 (PDF p. 41/338) // ""Chéri" may sound ambiguous in French but the term, used in our context for Islamic law (Turkish: şer’(i), is widely used in the legal literature at that time."</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক উৎপত্তি == একেধৰণৰ আইনী ধাৰণা চকুৰ বিপৰীতে চকু প্ৰথমে হাম্মুৰাবীৰ সংহিতাত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰাক-ইছলামিক আৰব সমাজত আন্তঃজনজাতি সংঘাতত সমাধানৰ আহিলা হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা এটা প্ৰথা আছিল [[কিছাছ]]। এই সংকল্পৰ ভিত্তি আছিল যে হত্যাকাৰীজন যিটো জনগোষ্ঠীৰ অন্তৰ্গত সেই জনগোষ্ঠীৰ এজন সদস্যক হত্যা কৰা ব্যক্তিজনৰ সামাজিক মৰ্যাদাৰ সমতুল্য মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ বাবে ভুক্তভোগীৰ পৰিয়ালক গতাই দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=KIRAZLI|first=SADIK|date=2011|title=Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the pre-Islamic Arab Society|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41932575|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=50|issue=1|pages=25–53|jstor=41932575|issn=0578-8072}}</ref> "সামাজিক সমতুল্যতাৰ চৰ্ত"ৰ অৰ্থ আছিল হত্যাকাৰীৰ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ কোনো সদস্যক হত্যা কৰাজনৰ সমতুল্য মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া, কাৰণ হত্যা কৰা ব্যক্তিজন [[পুৰুষ]] বা [[মহিলা]], [[দাস প্ৰথা|দাস]] বা মুক্ত, অভিজাত বা সাধাৰণ [[মানুহ]]। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, দাসৰ বাবে মাত্ৰ এজন দাসক [[হত্যা]] কৰিব পৰা গ’ল, আৰু এগৰাকী নাৰীৰ বাবে এগৰাকী নাৰীক হত্যা কৰিব পৰা গ’ল। আন কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত হত্যা কৰা ব্যক্তিজনৰ পৰিয়ালক ক্ষতিপূৰণ (দিয়া) দিব পৰা যাব। এই প্ৰাক-ইছলাম বুজাবুজিৰ ওপৰত ইছলামিক যুগত এজন [[কাফিৰ|অমুছলমান]]ৰ বাবে এজন মুছলমানক ফাঁচী দিব পাৰি নেকি সেই সম্পৰ্কে বিতৰ্কও সংযোজন কৰা হ’ল। ইছলামত ৰূপায়ণৰ বাবে মূল আয়াত হৈছে আল বাকাৰা, ১৭৮ [[আয়ত]]: "মুমিনসকল! হত্যা কৰা লোকসকলৰ সন্দৰ্ভত তোমালোকৰ বাবে প্ৰতিশোধ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। মুক্ত বনাম মুক্ত, বন্দী বনাম বন্দী, নাৰী বনাম নাৰী। যাক বধ কৰা লোকৰ ভাতৃয়ে ক্ষমা কৰে।" মূল্যৰ বিনিময়ত, তেওঁ ৰীতি-নীতি পালন কৰক আৰু মূল্য ভালদৰে দিয়ক।" পৰম্পৰাবাদী (আথাৰী) [[মুছলমান]] মত অনুসৰি শ্বৰীয়তৰ প্ৰধান নিয়মসমূহ "ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশ" নোহোৱাকৈ ইছলামিক নবী মুহাম্মাদৰ পৰা পোনপটীয়াকৈ প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Forte-1978-8">{{cite journal|last1=Forte|first1=David F.|title=Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht|journal=Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review|date=1978|volume=1|page=8|url=http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420073952/http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> আৰু ইছলামিক [[ফিকহ]]ৰ উত্থানও মুহাম্মাদৰ জীৱনকালৰ পৰাই আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} এই দৃষ্টিত তেওঁৰ সহযোগী আৰু অনুগামীসকলে তেওঁ কৰা আৰু অনুমোদন জনোৱা কামক আৰ্হি ([[ছুন্নাহ]]) হিচাপে লৈ এই তথ্য [[হাদিছ]]ৰ ৰূপত পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰজন্মলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} এই প্ৰতিবেদনসমূহে প্ৰথমে অনানুষ্ঠানিক আলোচনা আৰু তাৰ পিছত পদ্ধতিগত আইনী চিন্তাৰ সূচনা কৰে, যিটো অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাত মাষ্টাৰ [[ইমাম]] [[আবু হানিফা]], মালিক ইবনে আনাছ, আল-শ্বাফী আৰু আহমদ ইবনে হানবালে সৰ্বাধিক সফলতাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰে, যিসকলক... ছুন্নী ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ [[হানাফী]], [[মালিকী]], [[শ্বাফী]] আৰু [[হাম্বলি]] আইনী বিদ্যালয় ([[মাজহাব]])ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} আধুনিক ইতিহাসবিদসকলে [[ফিকহ]] গঠনৰ বিকল্প তত্ত্ব দাঙি ধৰিছে।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} প্ৰথমতে পশ্চিমীয়া পণ্ডিতসকলে পৰম্পৰাবাদী বিৱৰণীৰ সাধাৰণ ৰূপৰেখা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Jokisch|2015}} ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইগনাক গোল্ডজিহেৰে এক প্ৰভাৱশালী সংশোধনীবাদী অনুমান আগবঢ়ায় আৰু ২০ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত জোচেফ শ্বাচে বিশদভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} শ্বাষ্ট আৰু অন্যান্য পণ্ডিতসকলে<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Daniel W.|author-link=Daniel W. Brown|title=Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521570770|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown|access-date=10 May 2018|ref=DWBRTMIT1996|pages=18–24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321033206/https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown|archive-date=21 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> যুক্তি দিছিল যে ইতিমধ্যে বিদ্যমান আইন আৰু আইনী প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰে বহুত বেছি জনবহুল কৃষি আৰু নগৰীয়া সমাজ জয় কৰি আইনী নীতি প্ৰণয়নৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মুছলমান প্ৰচেষ্টাত{{refn|"...the essential features of old Muhammadan jurisprudence, such as the idea of the 'living tradition' of the ancient schools of law [local practices of early Muslim communities]; a body of common doctrine expressing the earliest effort to systematize; legal maxims which often reflect a slightly later stage, and an important nucleus of legal traditions... it is safe to say that [this] Muhammadan legal science started in the later part of the Umaiyad period, taking the legal practice of the time as its raw material and endorsing, modifying, or rejecting it"<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-190>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year=1950 |year=1959 |page=190 }}</ref>|group=note}} [[কোৰআন]] আৰু{{refn|Islamic "law did not derive directly from the Koran but developed... out of popular and administrative practices under the Umayyads, and this practice often diverged from the intentions and even the explicit wording of the Koran... Norms derived from the Koran were introduced into Muhammadan law almost invariably at a secondary stage"<ref name=128-schacht>Schacht, Origins, p. 224</ref>|group=note}} [[মুহাম্মাদ]]ৰ [[হাদিছ]]ক কেৱল আইনৰ এটা উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল,{{refn|"In the time of Shafi’i, traditions from the Prophet were already recognized as one of the material bases of Muhammadan law. Their position in the ancient schools of law was, as we have seen, much less certain."<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-40>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=40 }}</ref> Another example is that an early major works of fiqh—[[Muwatta Imam Malik]] (edited by Shaibani)—contains 429 ahadith by Muhammad but 750 by the [[Sahabah|Companions]], [[Tabi‘un|Successors]] and others,<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-22>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=22 }}</ref> in contrast to later works by al-Bukhari, Muslim, etc. that contain only ahadith by Muhammad.|group=note}} য'ত আইনবিদ ব্যক্তিগত মতামত আছিল, বিজয়ী জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ আইনী প্ৰথা, আৰু [[খলিফা]]সকলৰ আদেশ আৰু সিদ্ধান্তসমূহো বৈধ উৎস।<ref name="Jokisch-2018-393">{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs90DwAAQBAJ&q=schacht+competing+schools+of+law&pg=PA394|editor1=Anver M. Emon|editor2=Rumee Ahmed|page=393|last1=Jokisch|first1=Benjamin|chapter=Origins of and influences on Islamic Law|access-date=11 November 2019|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191668265|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213724/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs90DwAAQBAJ&q=schacht+competing+schools+of+law&pg=PA394|url-status=live}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Imam_Shafii_Tomb.jpg|thumb|250x250px|কায়ৰোৰ ইমাম শ্বাফিয়ৰ সমাধি]] এই তত্ত্ব অনুসৰি বেছিভাগ নীতিগত হাদিছৰ উৎপত্তি মুহাম্মাদৰ পৰা হোৱা নাছিল বৰঞ্চ প্ৰকৃততে পিছৰ কালত সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল, হাদিছ পণ্ডিতসকলে ৰচনাক অপতৃণ কৰি পেলোৱাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা চলোৱাৰ পিছতো।{{refn|"...a great many traditions in the classical and other collections were put into circulation only after Shafi'i's time; the first considerable body of legal traditions from the Prophet originated towards the middle of the second century..."<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-4>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=4 }}</ref>|group=note}} আইনী নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে শাস্ত্ৰৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি হ’ব লাগিব বুলি মানি লোৱাৰ পিছত [[হাদিছ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত [[ফিকহ]]ৰ নিয়মৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে হাদিছৰ সংক্ৰমণৰ শৃংখলসমূহ মুহাম্মাদৰ সহযোগীসকললৈ ঘূৰাই আনিব।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} তেওঁৰ মতে [[ইছলামিক ন্যায়বিজ্ঞান]]ৰ প্ৰকৃত স্থপতি আছিল আল-শ্বাফী (মৃত্যু ৮২০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ/২০৪ হিজৰী), যিয়ে এই ধাৰণা (যে আইনী নীতিসমূহ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে শাস্ত্ৰীয় উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি হ’ব লাগিব) আৰু প্ৰাচীন আইনী তত্ত্বৰ অন্যান্য উপাদানসমূহ প্ৰণয়ন কৰিছিল তেওঁৰ কাম আল-ৰিছালা,{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Jokisch|2015}} কিন্তু যাৰ আগতে [[মুহাম্মাদ]]ৰ হাদিছৰ প্ৰাধান্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নথকা ইছলামিক আইনৰ এটা গোট আছিল। হাদিছৰ উৎপত্তি বিদ্বান বিতৰ্কৰ বিষয় হৈয়েই থাকিলেও এই তত্ত্বই (গোল্ডজিহেৰ আৰু শ্বাখ্টৰ) আপত্তিৰ জন্ম দিছে আৰু আধুনিক ইতিহাসবিদসকলে সাধাৰণতে অধিক সতৰ্ক, মধ্যৱৰ্তী স্থিতি গ্ৰহণ কৰে,{{sfn|Jokisch|2015}} আৰু সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে আদিম ইছলামিক ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ ঘটিছিল ক ইছলামৰ ধৰ্মীয় আৰু নৈতিক নিয়মৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত প্ৰশাসনিক আৰু জনপ্ৰিয় পদ্ধতিৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ।{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} ই আৰম্ভণিৰ বিজয়ৰ পিছত মুছলমান শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ অহা ভূমিসমূহৰ প্ৰাক-ইছলামী আইন আৰু ৰীতি-নীতিৰ কিছুমান দিশ অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু অন্যান্য দিশসমূহৰ সংশোধন কৰিছিল, ইয়াৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল ইছলামিক আচৰণৰ নীতি-নিয়ম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ ব্যৱহাৰিক প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা পূৰণ কৰা আৰু আৰম্ভণিতে উদ্ভৱ হোৱা বিবাদসমূহৰ বিচাৰ কৰা [[মুছলমান|মুছলমান সম্প্ৰদায়]]।{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=125}} অধ্যয়ন মহলত ক্ৰমান্বয়ে ন্যায়িক চিন্তাৰ বিকাশ ঘটিছিল, য’ত স্বতন্ত্ৰ পণ্ডিতসকলে স্থানীয় এজন মাষ্টৰৰ পৰা শিকিবলৈ আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিষয়ত আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ মিলিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=125}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=31–35}} প্ৰথমতে এই বৃত্তসমূহৰ সদস্য সংখ্যা তৰল আছিল, কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে পদ্ধতিগত নীতিৰ ভাগ-বতৰা গোটৰ চাৰিওফালে সুকীয়া আঞ্চলিক আইনী বিদ্যালয়সমূহে স্ফটিকীয় হৈ পৰিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=31–35}} বিদ্যালয়সমূহৰ সীমা স্পষ্টভাৱে নিৰ্ধাৰণ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ইয়াৰ মতবাদী নীতিৰ কৰ্তৃত্ব পূৰ্বৰ সময়ৰ এজন নিপুণ আইনবিদৰ হাতত ন্যস্ত হ’বলৈ ধৰিলে, যিজনক এতিয়াৰ পৰা বিদ্যালয়খনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হ’ল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=31–35}} ইছলামৰ প্ৰথম তিনিটা শতিকাৰ কালছোৱাত সকলো আইনী বিদ্যালয়ে প্ৰাচীন আইনী তত্ত্বৰ বহল ৰূপৰেখা গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ মতে ইছলামিক আইন কোৰআন আৰু হাদিছত দৃঢ়ভাৱে শিপাই থাকিব লাগিছিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=130}} == পৰম্পৰাগত ন্যায়বিজ্ঞান ''(ফিকহ)'' == {{Main|ফিকহ}} ফিকহক পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ফিকহৰ তাত্ত্বিক নীতিসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰা [[ইছলামিক ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ নীতি|উছুল আল-ফিকহ]] (আৰ্থিক অৰ্থত ফিকহৰ শিপা) আৰু ফুৰুআল-ফিকহ (আক্ষৰতঃ ফিকহৰ শাখাসমূহ)ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ভাগ কৰা হয়, যিটো ৰায়দানৰ বিশদ বিৱৰণৰ বাবে নিবেদিত এই নীতিসমূহৰ ভিত্তিত।{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}} === ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ নীতি ''(উছুল আল-ফিকহ)'' === {{Main|ইছলামিক ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ নীতি}} প্ৰাচীন আইনবিদসকলে মানৱ যুক্তি আল্লাহৰ পৰা পোৱা উপহাৰ বুলি ধৰি লৈছিল যিটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সামৰ্থ্যৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উচিত।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=15}} কিন্তু তেওঁলোকে বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে সঠিক আৰু ভুলৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য কৰিবলৈ কেৱল যুক্তিৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অপৰ্যাপ্ত, আৰু যুক্তিবাদী যুক্তিয়ে ইয়াৰ বিষয়বস্তু [[কোৰআন]]ত অৱতীৰ্ণ হোৱা অতিক্ৰমণীয় জ্ঞানৰ শৰীৰৰ পৰা আৰু [[মুহাম্মাদ|মহম্মদ]]ৰ [[ছুন্নাহ]]ৰ জৰিয়তে ল’ব লাগিব।{{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4c|2003}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=15}} ইছলামিক ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰম্পৰাগত তত্ত্বই ভাষাবিজ্ঞান আৰু অলংকাৰিকতাৰ দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা শাস্ত্ৰসমূহৰ ব্যাখ্যা কেনেকৈ কৰিব লাগে সেই বিষয়ে বিশদভাৱে উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} ইয়াত [[হাদিছ]]ৰ সত্যতা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ বাবে আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত অৱতীৰ্ণ হোৱা কোনো অংশৰ দ্বাৰা কোনো শাস্ত্ৰৰ আইনী শক্তি কেতিয়া বাতিল কৰা হয় সেইটো নিৰ্ণয় কৰাৰ পদ্ধতিও সন্নিবিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} [[কোৰআন]] আৰু [[ছুন্নাহ]]ৰ উপৰিও ছুন্নী ফিকহৰ প্ৰাচীন তত্ত্বই আইনৰ আন দুটা উৎসক স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে: ন্যায়িক সহমত (ijmaʿ) আৰু উপমামূলক যুক্তি (qiyas)।{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} সেয়েহে ই উপমাৰ প্ৰয়োগ আৰু সীমাৰ লগতে সহমতৰ মূল্য আৰু সীমাৰ লগতে অন্যান্য পদ্ধতিগত নীতিও অধ্যয়ন কৰে, যাৰ কিছুমান কেৱল আইনী বিদ্যালয়েহে গ্ৰহণ কৰে।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} এই ব্যাখ্যাত্মক যন্ত্ৰটোক ইজতিহাদৰ ৰুব্ৰীকৰ অধীনত একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে, যিয়ে কোনো বিশেষ প্ৰশ্নৰ ওপৰত ৰায়দানৰ প্ৰয়াসত এজন ন্যায়িকৰ পৰিশ্ৰমক বুজায়।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} দ্বাদশ ছিয়া ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ তত্ত্ব, ছুন্নী বিদ্যালয়ৰ তত্ত্বৰ সমান্তৰালভাৱে কিছুমান পাৰ্থক্য আছে, যেনে কিয়াৰ ঠাইত যুক্তি (ʿaql)ক আইনৰ উৎস হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া আৰু [[ইমাম]]সকলৰ পৰম্পৰাক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিবলৈ [[ছুন্নাহ]]ৰ ধাৰণাটো সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰা।{{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4c|2003}}{{sfn|Kamali|1999|pp=121–22}} ==== শ্বৰীয়তৰ উৎস ==== {{Main|শ্বৰীয়তৰ উৎস}} ইছলামিক পণ্ডিত ছায়িদ ৰছিদ ৰিদাই (১৮৬৫ - ১৯৩৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) ইছলামিক আইনৰ চাৰিটা মূল উৎসৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছে, যিবোৰৰ ওপৰত সকলো ছুন্নী মুছলমানে একমত হৈছে:<blockquote>"ইছলামত আইন প্ৰণয়নৰ [সুপৰিচিত] উৎস চাৰিটা: [[কোৰআন]], [[ছুন্নাহ]], [[উম্মাহ]]ৰ সহমত আৰু দক্ষ [[ফিকহ]]বিদসকলে গ্ৰহণ কৰা [[ইস্তিহাদ]]।" <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rashīd Riḍā|first=Muhammad|title=The Muhammadan Revelation|publisher=Al-Saadawi Publications|year=1996|isbn=1-881963-55-1|location=Alexandria, VA|page=127}}</ref></blockquote> কিছুমান গৱেষকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে যে পৰম্পৰাগত জ্ঞানৰ বিপৰীতে প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহৰ বিৱৰ্তন ফিকহৰ দৰেই হ’ব পাৰে; গেৰ্ড আৰ পুইন, লৰেন্স কনৰাড, পেট্ৰিচিয়া ক্ৰ’ন আৰু জোচেফ শ্বাক্টে ক্ৰমে ছিৰাহৰ কিতাপ,<ref>"well into the second century A.H. [Islamic] scholarly opinion on the birth date of the Prophet displayed a range of variance of 85 years. On the assumption that chronology is crucial to the stabilization of any tradition of historical narrative, whether transmitted orally or in writing, one can see in this state of affairs a clear indication that ''[[sīra]]'' studies in the second century were still in a state of flux" Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> হাদীছৰ পৰিভাষা<ref>"short reports (sometimes just a line or two) recording what an early figure, such as a companion of the prophet or Muhammad himself, said or did on a particular occasion, preceded by a chain of transmitters". However, she adds that "nowadays, hadith almost always means hadith from Muhammad himself." Crone, Patricia (10 June 2008). "What do we actually know about Muhammad?". Open Democracy. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</ref> আৰু হাদীছৰ বৰ্ণনাৰ শৃংখল<ref>[[Reza Aslan]] quotes Schacht's maxim: `the more perfect the isnad, the later the tradition`, which he (Aslan) calls "whimsical but accurate" Future of Islam by Reza Aslan, (Random House, 2005) p.16</ref> পৰীক্ষা কৰি এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হয়। * ''[[কোৰআন]]:'' ইছলামত কোৰআনক আইনৰ আটাইতকৈ পবিত্ৰ উৎস বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=16–18}} প্ৰাচীন আইনবিদসকলে ইয়াৰ পাঠ্য অখণ্ডতাক সন্দেহৰ বাহিৰত বুলি ধৰি লৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াক প্ৰতিটো প্ৰজন্মৰ বহু লোকে প্ৰদান কৰি আহিছে, যিটোক "পুনৰাবৃত্তি" বা "সমান্তৰাল সংক্ৰমণ" (তাৱাতুৰ) বুলি জনা যায়।{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=16–18}} {{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4b|2003}} কোৰআনৰ মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ [[আয়াত]]হে প্ৰত্যক্ষ আইনী প্ৰাসংগিকতা আছে, আৰু ইয়াক উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ দৰে কেইটামান নিৰ্দিষ্ট ক্ষেত্ৰত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত কৰা হৈছে, যদিও অন্যান্য অংশসমূহক সাধাৰণ নীতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে যাৰ আইনী শাখা-প্ৰশাখাসমূহ অন্য উপায়েৰে বিশদভাৱে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=16–18}} * ''[[হাদিছ]]'': হাদিছত অধিক বিশদ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰিক আইনী নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়া হৈছে যদিও আৰম্ভণিতে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হৈছিল যে সকলোবোৰেই প্ৰামাণিক নাছিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=16–18}} আদিম ইছলামিক পণ্ডিতসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সংক্ৰমণ শৃংখলত তালিকাভুক্ত ব্যক্তিসকলৰ বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা মূল্যায়ন কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ সত্যতা মূল্যায়নৰ বাবে এক পদ্ধতি উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=16–18}} এই মাপকাঠীসমূহে ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণীমূলক পৰম্পৰাৰ বিশাল কৰ্পাছটোক সংকুচিত কৰি কেইবা হাজাৰ "শুদ্ধ" হাদিছলৈ লৈ গ'ল, যিবোৰ কেইবাটাও নীতিগত সংকলনত সংগ্ৰহ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=16–18}} যিবোৰ হাদিছ সমান্তৰালভাৱে সংক্ৰমণ লাভ কৰিছিল, সেইবোৰক নিঃসন্দেহে প্ৰামাণ্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল; কিন্তু হাদিছৰ বিপুল সংখ্যক মাত্ৰ এজন বা কেইজনমান ট্ৰেন্সমিটাৰেহে প্ৰেৰণ কৰিছিল আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ পৰা কেৱল সম্ভাৱ্য জ্ঞানহে পোৱা গৈছিল।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=16-18}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} কিছুমান হাদীছ আৰু কোৰআনৰ অংশত সন্নিৱিষ্ট ভাষাৰ অস্পষ্টতাই অনিশ্চয়তা আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি কৰিলে। পাঠ্য উৎসসমূহৰ আপেক্ষিক গুণগত মান আৰু ব্যাখ্যাৰ ওপৰত মতানৈক্যই আইনী পণ্ডিতসকলক বিকল্প ৰায়দান প্ৰণয়নত যথেষ্ট স্বচ্ছতাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} * ''[[ইজমা]]'': নীতিগতভাৱে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দিয়া ৰায়দানক নিৰপেক্ষ নিশ্চয়তালৈ উন্নীত কৰিব পৰা ঐকমত্য।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} এই প্ৰাচীন মতবাদে ইয়াৰ কৰ্তৃত্ব লাভ কৰিছিল যে [[ইছলাম|ইছলামিক]] সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেতিয়াও কোনো ভুল হাদিছৰ শৃংখলাৰ ওপৰত একমত হ’ব নোৱাৰে।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=21–22}} এই ধৰণৰ সহমতক কাৰিকৰীভাৱে সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰা হৈছিল যিকোনো বিশেষ প্ৰজন্মৰ সকলো দক্ষ আইনবিদৰ চুক্তি, যিয়ে সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰতিনিধি হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Kamali|1999|p=146}} কিন্তু এনে চুক্তি লাভ আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাত ব্যৱহাৰিক অসুবিধাৰ অৰ্থ আছিল যে ইয়াৰ আইনী বিকাশত বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} বিশিষ্ট আইনবিদসকলৰ ৰচনাৰ পৰামৰ্শ লৈ নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰাকৈ অধিক প্ৰাগমেটিক ধৰণৰ সহমতৰ ৰূপ এটা ৰায় নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যাতে ইয়াক অধিক আলোচনাৰ বাবে পুনৰ মুকলি কৰিব পৰা নাযায়।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} যিবোৰ গোচৰৰ বাবে একমতৰ হিচাপ আছিল, সেইবোৰে প্ৰাচীন ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ ১ শতাংশতকৈও কম অংশ গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=21–22}} * ''[[কিয়াছ]]'': শাস্ত্ৰভিত্তিক নিয়মৰ সৈতে উপমা কৰি শাস্ত্ৰত সম্বোধন নকৰা পৰিস্থিতিৰ বাবে এটা ৰায় উলিয়াবলৈ উপমামূলক যুক্তি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} এটা ক্লাছিক উদাহৰণত, কোৰআনত [[মদ]] খোৱাৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞা কৰা হৈছে। সকলো মাদক পদাৰ্থলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰা হৈছে, এই পৰিস্থিতিসমূহে ভাগ কৰা "কাৰণ" (ʿilla)ৰ ভিত্তিত, যিটো এই ক্ষেত্ৰত মদ্যপান বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} যিহেতু কোনো নিয়মৰ কাৰণ স্পষ্ট নহ’বও পাৰে, সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নিৰ্বাচনে সাধাৰণতে বিতৰ্ক আৰু ব্যাপক বিতৰ্কৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। [[ছুন্নী মুছলমান]]ৰ গৰিষ্ঠসংখ্যকে [[কিয়াছ]]ক [[ইস্তিহাদ]]ৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তম্ভ হিচাপে লয়।<ref name="overview">{{cite book|author1=Irshad Abdel Haqq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&q=Islamic+law%3A+An+Overview+of+Its+Origins+and+Elements&pg=PA1|title=Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary|publisher=Rowman Altamira|year=2006|isbn=9780759109919|editor1-last=Ramadan|editor1-first=Hisham M.|author-link1=Islamic law: An Overview of Its Origins and Elements|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920215257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&q=Islamic+law:+An+Overview+of+Its+Origins+and+Elements&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref> আনহাতে; [[জাহিৰী]], [[আহমদ ইবনে হাম্বাল]], [[ছহীহ আল বুখাৰী|আল-বুখাৰী]], [[হাম্বলি|আদিম হাম্বলি]] আদিয়ে ছুন্নীসকলৰ মাজত কিয়াছক নাকচ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last=B. Hallaq|first=Wael|title=The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-80332-8|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=124, 127}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lucas|first1=Scott C.|date=2006|title=The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam|journal=Islamic Law and Society|volume=13|issue=3|page=292|doi=10.1163/156851906778946341}}</ref><ref>Mansoor Moaddel, ''Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse'', pg. 32. [[Chicago]]: [[University of Chicago Press]], 2005.</ref> বাৰটা ছিয়া ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানেও কিয়াছৰ ব্যৱহাৰক স্বীকৃতি নিদিয়ে, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ ঠাইত যুক্তি (ʿ'Aql)ৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4c|2003}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}} ==== ইস্তিহাদ ==== {{Main|ইস্তিহাদ}} ইজতিহাদৰ প্ৰাচীন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াই এই সাধাৰণতে স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত নীতিসমূহক অন্যান্য পদ্ধতিৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰিছিল, যিবোৰ সকলো আইনী বিদ্যালয়ে গ্ৰহণ কৰা নাছিল, যেনে [[ইস্তিহছান]] (বিধিগত পছন্দ), [[ইস্তিছলাহ]] (জনস্বাৰ্থৰ বিবেচনা) আৰু [[ইস্তিশাব]] (ধাৰাবাহিকতাৰ অনুমান)।{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} [[ইস্তিহাদ]] কৰাৰ যোগ্যতা থকা [[ফাক্বীহ]]ক [[মুজতাহিদ]] বুলি জনা যায়। {{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4d|2003}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} কোনো ৰায়ত উপনীত হ’বলৈ স্বাধীন যুক্তিৰ ব্যৱহাৰক [[তাকলিদ]] (অনুকৰণ)ৰ সৈতে বিপৰীতমুখী কৰা হয়, যিটোৱে [[মুজতাহিদ]]ৰ ৰায় অনুসৰণ কৰাটো বুজায়।{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} দশম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছুন্নী ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশে আগশাৰীৰ ন্যায়িকসকলক এই কথা ক’বলৈ প্ৰেৰণা দিছিল যে মূল আইনী প্ৰশ্নসমূহৰ সমাধান কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইস্তিহাদৰ পৰিসৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে সীমিত হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}} ১৮ শতিকাৰ পৰাই আগশাৰীৰ মুছলমান সংস্কাৰকসকলে তাকলিদ পৰিত্যাগ আৰু ইস্তিহাদৰ ওপৰত পুনৰ গুৰুত্ব দিয়াৰ আহ্বান জনাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে, যিটো তেওঁলোকে প্ৰাথমিক ইছলামিক ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ সজীৱতালৈ ঘূৰি অহা বুলি ভাবে।{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}} ==== সিদ্ধান্তৰ প্ৰকাৰ ''(আখম)'' ==== {{Main|আখম}} ফিকহে আইনী নীতি-নিয়মৰ সৈতে যিমানেই চিন্তিত সিমানেই নৈতিক মানদণ্ডৰ প্ৰতিও চিন্তিত, কেৱল বৈধ আৰু অবৈধ্য, নৈতিকভাৱে কি সঠিক আৰু ভুল সেইটোও প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিব বিচাৰে।{{sfn|Coulson|El Shamsy|2019}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|p=145}} শ্বৰীয়ত ৰায়দান "পাঁচটা সিদ্ধান্ত" (''আল-আহকাম আল-খামছা'') নামেৰে জনাজাত পাঁচটা শ্ৰেণীৰ ভিতৰত এটাত পৰে: বাধ্যতামূলক ([[ফৰজ]] বা [[ৱাজিব]]), পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া (মণ্ডুব বা [[মুস্তাহাব]]), নিৰপেক্ষ ([[মুবাহ]]), নিন্দনীয় ([[মাক্ৰুহ]]), আৰু নিষিদ্ধ ([[হাৰাম]])।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}} [[হাৰাম|নিষিদ্ধ]] কাম কৰা বা [[ফৰজ|বাধ্যতামূলক]] কাম নকৰাটো [[গুনাহ|পাপ]] বা অপৰাধ।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} নিন্দনীয় কাম পৰিহাৰ কৰিব লাগে, কিন্তু আদালতত সেইবোৰ পাপ বা শাস্তিযোগ্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয়।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=20}} নিন্দনীয় কাৰ্য্য পৰিহাৰ কৰা আৰু পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাটো পৰলোকত [[জান্নাত|পুৰস্কাৰ]]ৰ বিষয় বুলি ধৰা হয়, আনহাতে নিৰপেক্ষ কাৰ্য্যত আল্লাহৰ পৰা কোনো বিচাৰৰ প্ৰয়োজন নহয়।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=20}} [[হালাল]] শব্দটোৱে প্ৰথম তিনিটা বা প্ৰথম চাৰিটা শ্ৰেণী সামৰি লয় সেই সম্পৰ্কে ন্যায়বিদসকলৰ মতানৈক্য আছে। আইনী আৰু নৈতিক ৰায়দান নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে কাৰ্য্যটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰ বাবে সংঘটিত হৈছে নে নাই (দৰুৰা) আৰু অন্তৰ্নিহিত উদ্দেশ্য (নিয়্যা)ৰ ওপৰত, যিটো আইনী নীতিত প্ৰকাশ পাইছে "কাৰ্য্যসমূহ উদ্দেশ্য অনুসৰি [মূল্যায়ন কৰা হয়]।" {{sfn|Vikør|2014}} বহু উদাহৰণত দেখা পোৱাৰ দৰে শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আপেক্ষিক। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, আউলিয়াৰ অস্তিত্ব আৰু অলৌকিকতাত বিশ্বাস কৰাটো আল-তাহাৱী আৰু নাছাফীৰ দৰে বহু বিশিষ্ট ছুন্নী ধৰ্মমত লেখকে গতানুগতিক ইছলামৰ বাবে "চৰ্ত" হিচাপে উপস্থাপন কৰিছে<ref name="Jonathan A.C. Brown 2012 p. 123">Jonathan A. C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints", ''Journal of Sufi Studies'' 1 (2012), p. 123</ref><ref name="Christopher Taylor 1999 pp. 5-6">Christopher Taylor, ''In the Vicinity of the Righteous'' (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6</ref> আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত ছুন্নী আৰু ছিয়া ধৰ্মত গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু এই বুজাবুজিক সন্মান প্ৰকাশ আৰু সন্তসকলৰ কবৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ লগতে ছালাফীবাদ, ৱাহাবীবাদ আৰু ইছলামিক আধুনিকতাবাদৰ দৰে পিউৰিটানিক আৰু পুনৰুজ্জীৱনবাদী ইছলামিক আন্দোলনসমূহে অগ্ৰাহ্য পাষণ্ডতা হিচাপে লয়।<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2012|editor4-first=Thierry |editor4-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Clifford Edmund |editor2-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=Emeri Johannes |editor3-last=van Donzel|editor1-first=Wolfhart |editor1-last=Heinrichs|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === শ্বৰীয়ত আৰু জনস্বাৰ্থৰ লক্ষ্য === {{Main|মকাছিদ|মাছলাহ}} শ্বৰীয়তৰ [[মকাছিদ]] (লক্ষ্য বা উদ্দেশ্য) আৰু [[মাছলাহ]] (কল্যাণ বা জনস্বাৰ্থ) দুটা সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰাচীন মতবাদ যিয়ে আধুনিক যুগত ক্ৰমান্বয়ে বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা পালন কৰিবলৈ আহিছে।{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}{{sfn|Brown|2009}}{{sfn|Gleave|2012}} প্ৰথমে এইবোৰ স্পষ্টভাৱে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আল-গাজালি (মৃত্যু ১১১১)য়ে, যুক্তি দিছিল যে মাছলাহ হৈছে [[আল্লাহ]]ৰ বিধান প্ৰকাশৰ সাধাৰণ উদ্দেশ্য আৰু ইয়াৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট লক্ষ্য আছিল [[মানুহ]]ৰ মংগলৰ পাঁচটা প্ৰয়োজনীয় বস্তু সংৰক্ষণ কৰা: [[ধৰ্ম]], [[জীৱন]], [[বুদ্ধিমত্তা]], [[সন্তান]], আৰু [[সম্পত্তি]]।{{sfn|Opwis|2007|p=65}} যদিও প্ৰাচীন যুগৰ বেছিভাগ ন্যায়িকে [[মাছলাহ]] আৰু [[মকাছিদ]]ক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আইনী নীতি হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিছিল, ইছলামিক আইনত তেওঁলোকে ল’বলগীয়া ভূমিকা সম্পৰ্কে তেওঁলোকৰ মতামত বেলেগ আছিল।{{sfn|Gleave|2012}} কিছুমান আইনবিদে ইয়াক শাস্ত্ৰৰ উৎস আৰু উপমামূলক যুক্তিৰ দ্বাৰা বাধাগ্ৰস্ত সহায়ক যুক্তি হিচাপে লয়।{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}{{sfn|Opwis|2007|pp=66–68}} আন কিছুমানে তেওঁলোকক আইনৰ এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰিছিল, যাৰ সাধাৰণ নীতিয়ে শাস্ত্ৰৰ আখৰৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট অনুমানক অতিক্ৰম কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}{{sfn|Opwis|2007|pp=68–69}} পিছৰ মতামতটো প্ৰাচীন আইনবিদৰ সংখ্যালঘু লোকে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল যদিও আধুনিক যুগত ইয়াক বিভিন্ন ৰূপত বিশিষ্ট পণ্ডিতসকলে চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ কৰিবলৈ ধৰিলে যিসকলে পৰম্পৰাগত ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ বৌদ্ধিক ঐতিহ্যৰ আধাৰত ইছলামিক আইনক পৰিৱৰ্তিত সামাজিক পৰিস্থিতিৰ লগত খাপ খুৱাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}}{{sfn|Brown|2009}} এই পণ্ডিতসকলে মকাছিদৰ তথ্য-পাতি সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰি শ্বৰীয়তৰ লক্ষ্য যেনে সংস্কাৰ আৰু নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰ (''ৰছিদ ৰিদা''); ন্যায় আৰু স্বাধীনতা (''মুহাম্মাদ আল-গাজালি''); আৰু মানৱ মৰ্যাদা আৰু অধিকাৰ (''ইউছুফ আল-কাৰাদাৱী'')।{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}} === আইনৰ শাখা ''(ফুৰু আল-ফিকহ)'' === {{Further|শ্বৰীয়ত আইনৰ বিষয়}} ফুৰু আল-ফিকহ (আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থত ফিকহৰ শাখা)ৰ ডমেইন পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে [[ইবাদত]] (আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ বা ইবাদত) আৰু মুআমালাত (সামাজিক সম্পৰ্ক)ত বিভক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} বহুতো আইনবিদে বস্তুনিষ্ঠ ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ শৰীৰটোক আৰু অধিক "চাৰিটা চতুৰ্থাংশ"ত ভাগ কৰিছে, যাক আচাৰ-[[অনুষ্ঠান]], [[বিক্ৰী]], [[বিবাহ]] আৰু [[আঘাত]] বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=28–30}} এই প্ৰতিটো শব্দই ৰূপকভাৱে বিভিন্ন বিষয়ৰ বাবে থিয় দিছিল।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=28–30}} উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, বিক্ৰীৰ ত্ৰৈমাসিকত অন্যান্য বিষয়ৰ লগতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব, নিশ্চয়তা, উপহাৰ, আৰু উইল আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=28–30}} ন্যায়িক ৰচনাবোৰ এনে সৰু সৰু বিষয়ৰ ক্ৰম হিচাপে সজোৱা হৈছিল, প্ৰত্যেককে "কিতাপ" ''(kitab)'' বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=28–30}} ইয়াৰ আলোচনা সদায় কামৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ৰাখি অনুষ্ঠানৰ বিশেষ তাৎপৰ্য্য চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছিল ।{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=28–30}} কিছুমান [[:শ্ৰেণী:ইতিহাসবিদ|ইতিহাসবিদে]] ইছলামিক অপৰাধ আইনৰ এটা ক্ষেত্ৰক পৃথক কৰে, য’ত কেইবাটাও পৰম্পৰাগত শ্ৰেণীৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}} শাস্ত্ৰত নিৰ্ধাৰিত শাস্তি থকা কেইবাটাও অপৰাধক ''হুদুদ'' বুলি জনা যায়।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} আইনবিদসকলে বিভিন্ন নিষেধাজ্ঞা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল যিবোৰে বহু ক্ষেত্ৰত সেইবোৰ প্ৰয়োগ কৰাটো কাৰ্যতঃ অসম্ভৱ কৰি তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} ইচ্ছাকৃতভাৱে শাৰীৰিক আঘাতৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্যান্য অপৰাধসমূহৰ বিচাৰ লেক্স টালিওনিছৰ সংস্কৰণ অনুসৰি কৰা হয় যিয়ে অপৰাধৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ শাস্তি ([[কিছাছ]]) নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে, কিন্তু ভুক্তভোগী বা তেওঁলোকৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীয়ে আৰ্থিক ক্ষতিপূৰণ ([[দিয়ত (ইছলাম)|দিয়ত]]) গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰে বা ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে অপৰাধীক ক্ষমা কৰিব পাৰে; কেৱল অইচ্ছাকৃত ক্ষতিৰ বাবেহে দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}} আন আন অপৰাধমূলক গোচৰসমূহ [[তাজিৰ]] শ্ৰেণীৰ অন্তৰ্গত, য'ত শাস্তিৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে অপৰাধীক সংশোধন বা পুনৰ্বাসন আৰু ইয়াৰ ৰূপ বহুলাংশে ন্যায়াধীশৰ বিবেচনাৰ ওপৰত এৰি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}} কাৰ্যক্ষেত্ৰত [[ইছলামৰ ইতিহাস|ইছলামিক ইতিহাস]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰে পৰাই অপৰাধমূলক গোচৰসমূহ সাধাৰণতে শাসক প্ৰশাসিত আদালত বা স্থানীয় আৰক্ষীয়ে এনে পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি চম্ভালিছিল যিবোৰ কেৱল শ্বৰীয়তৰ সৈতে শিথিলভাৱে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}} ফুৰু সাহিত্যৰ দুটা প্ৰধান ধাৰা হ'ল ''মুখতাছাৰ'' (আইনৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত সাৰাংশ) আৰু ''মাবছুত'' (বিস্তৃত ধাৰাবাহিক)।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} ''মুখতাছাৰ'' আছিল চুটি বিশেষ গ্ৰন্থ বা সাধাৰণ আভাস যিবোৰ শ্ৰেণীকোঠাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি বা বিচাৰকৰ পৰামৰ্শ ল’ব পাৰি।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=10–11}} প্ৰায়ে গোচৰৰ প্ৰসাৰ আৰু ধাৰণাগত পাৰ্থক্যৰ সৈতে সাধাৰণতে ''মুখতাছাৰ''ৰ ওপৰত ধাৰাবাহিকতা প্ৰদান কৰা আৰু কেইবা ডজন বৃহৎ খণ্ডলৈকে বিস্তৃত হ'ব পৰা ''মাবছুত'' এটাই বিকল্প ৰায়দানৰ ন্যায্যতাৰ সৈতে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=10–11}} ন্যায়িক সাহিত্যৰ পৰিভাষা ৰক্ষণশীল আছিল আৰু ব্যৱহাৰিক প্ৰাসংগিকতা হেৰুৱাই পেলোৱা ধাৰণাবোৰ সংৰক্ষণ কৰাৰ প্ৰৱণতা আছিল।{{sfn|Calder|2009}} একে সময়তে সংক্ষিপ্তকৰণ আৰু ধাৰাভাষ্যৰ চক্ৰই প্ৰতিটো প্ৰজন্মৰ আইনবিদসকলক পৰিৱৰ্তিত সামাজিক পৰিস্থিতি পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত আইনৰ এটা গোট আৰ্টিকুলেট কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল।{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|pp=10–11}} আন আন ন্যায়িক ধাৰাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে কাৱাইদ (ছাত্ৰক সাধাৰণ নীতিসমূহ মনত ৰখাত সহায়ক হোৱাকৈ সংক্ষিপ্ত সূত্ৰ) আৰু কোনো বিশেষ পণ্ডিতৰ [[ফতোৱা]] সংগ্ৰহ।{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} প্ৰাচীন ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানক "ইছলামৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান বৌদ্ধিক কৃতিত্ব"<ref name="Lewis-ME-223">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|title=The Middle East, a brief history of the last 2000 years |date=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=NY|isbn=978-0684832807|page=223}}</ref> বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইছলামত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বক [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ত ধৰ্মতত্ত্বৰ সৈতে তুলনা কৰা হৈছে। === আইন বিদ্যালয় === {{main|মাজহাব}} [[File:Ibnhanbal.jpg|thumb|[[আবু দাউদ]] আৰু [[ইবনে হাম্বলি]]ৰ মাজত ন্যায়িক আদান-প্ৰদান। ৮৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ অক্টোবৰ ইছলামিক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম পুৰণি সাহিত্যিক পাণ্ডুলিপি।]] প্ৰধান ছুন্নী আইন (মাজহাব) হ’ল [[হানাফি]], [[মালিকি]], [[শ্বাফী]] আৰু [[হাম্বলি]] মাজহাব।{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত এইবোৰৰ উত্থান ঘটিছিল আৰু দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় সকলো ন্যায়িকে এক বিশেষ মাজহাবৰ লগত মিলি গৈছিল।{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} এই চাৰিখন মাজহাবে ইজনে সিজনৰ বৈধতাক স্বীকাৰ কৰে আৰু ইহঁতে শতিকাজুৰি আইনী বিতৰ্কত পাৰস্পৰিক ক্ৰিয়া-কলাপ কৰি আহিছে।{{sfn|Hussin|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in Lower Egypt, East Africa, and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs.{{sfn|Calder|2009}} The [[Zahiri]] school, which is commonly identified as extinct, continues to exert influence over legal thought.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}}{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} The development of Shia legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in formation of the [[Twelver]], [[Zaidiyyah|Zaidi]] and [[Ismaili]] madhhabs, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} The [[Ibadi]] legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs, is predominant in Oman.{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} State law codification commonly utilized the methods of ''takhayyur'' (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular madhhab) and ''talfiq'' (combining parts of different rulings on the same question).{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional [[ulema]] as interpreters of the resulting laws.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different madhhabs and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation by the [[Salafi]] and [[Wahhabi]] movements.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} Other currents, such as networks of Indonesian ulema and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries, have advanced liberal interpretations of Islamic law without focusing on traditions of a particular madhhab.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} == তথ্যসমূহ == === নোট === {{reflist|group=note}} === উদ্ধৃতি === {{reflist}} === উৎস === {{div col|colwidth=50em}} * {{cite book|first=Nisrine|last=Abiad|title=Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations: A Comparative Study|publisher=British Institute of International and Comparative Law|year=2008}} * {{Cite book|first=Kecia|last=Ali|author-link=Kecia Ali|year=2010|title=Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam|publisher=Harvard University Press}} * {{Cite book|first=Abbas|last=Amanat|chapter=Preface|title=Shari'a: Islamic Law in the Contemporary Context|editor1=Abbas Amanat|editor2=Frank Griffel|publisher=Stanford University Press (Kindle Edition)|year=2009}} * {{Cite book|last=An-Na'im|first=Abdullahi Ahmed|author-link=Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im|editor-last=Witte|editor-first=John Jr.|editor2-last=Van der Vyver|editor2-first=Johan David|date=1996|title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives|chapter=Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights|chapter-url=http://www.law.emory.edu/aannaim/pdfiles/dwnld15.pdf|volume=1|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|place=The Hague / Boston / London|isbn=9789041101761|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116094053/http://www.law.emory.edu/aannaim/pdfiles/dwnld15.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2014|access-date=19 October 2023|archivedate=16 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116094053/http://www.law.emory.edu/aannaim/pdfiles/dwnld15.pdf}} * {{cite encyclopedia|first1=Maurits S.|last1=Berger|title=Fatwa|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|editor=Emad El-Din Shahin|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t342/e0003|url-access=subscription|access-date=2023-10-19|archive-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417225013/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t342/e0003|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|first=Jonathan Porter|last=Berkey|year=2003|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite encyclopedia|first=Jonathan A. 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Edinburgh: Edinburgh U.P. * Potz, Richard (2011), [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/richard-potz-islamic-law-and-the-transfer-of-european-law?set_language=en&-C= ''Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law''], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO – European History Online], Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php |date=2016-02-19 }}, retrieved: 25 March 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1036230066/34 pdf]). * [[Joseph Schacht|Schacht, Joseph]] (1964). ''An Introduction to Islamic Law''. Oxford: Clarendon == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons category}}{{Wiktionary}}{{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 "Islamic law"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033813/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |date=2017-02-03 }} – in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', via Oxford Islamic Studies Online * [http://sharialaw.com Sharia Law] – information and misconceptions about sharia law * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 "Sharia" by Knut S. Vikør] – In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics'', via Bridging Cultures, National Endowment for the Humanities & George Mason University * [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 "Law" by Norman Calder et al.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 |date=2008-11-21 }} – In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World'', via Oxford Islamic Studies * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142056/https://www.unaa.org.au/brunei-implements-sharia-law.html Brunei implements sharia law] – UNAA (United Nations) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140905022923/http://yulr.org/sharia-law-in-the-international-legal-sphere/ Sharia Law in the International Legal Sphere] – Yale University * [http://bostonreview.net/john-bowen-private-arrangements-sharia-England "Private Arrangements: 'Recognizing Sharia' in Britain"] – anthropologist John R. Bowen explains the working of Britain's sharia courts in a ''[[Boston Review]]'' article * [http://www.quraanicstudies.com/no-error-in-qur-an-division-of-inheritance-according-to-quran/ Division of Inheritance According to Qur'an] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220104104/http://www.quraanicstudies.com/no-error-in-qur-an-division-of-inheritance-according-to-quran/|date=20 February 2015}}) * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6895 Explanation of "The Reward of the Omnipotent"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602075007/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/6895/ |date=2019-06-02 }} is a manuscript, in Arabic, from the late 19th or early 20th century about Sharia {{Portal bar|Law}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইছলামী সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইছলামিক আইন]] qcj7wyi2wxuk45t75lf9scso87xp909 0 100775 604552 557512 2026-05-05T08:58:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. --> | name = সুগতাকুমাৰী | image = Sugathakumari.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = সুগতাকুমাৰী | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|01|22}} | birth_place = আৰামুলা, ট্ৰাভাংকৰ | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|12|23|1934|01|22|df=yes}} | death_place = তিৰুৱন্তপুৰম, [[কেৰালা]], [[ভাৰত]] | resting_place = | occupation = {{hlist|[[কবি]]|পৰিৱেশবিদ|সমাজকৰ্মী}} | language = [[মালায়ালম]] | education = | alma_mater = ইউনিউভাৰচিটি কলেজ, তিৰুৱন্তপুৰম; চৰকাৰী মহিলা মহাবিদ্যালয়, তিৰুৱন্তপুৰম | genre = | period = ১৯৫৭-২০২০ | notableworks = ''ৰাত্ৰিমাঝা'', ''আম্বালামণি'', ''মানালেঝুথ'' | spouse = {{Marriage|ড° কে ৱেলয়ুধন নেয়ৰ||2003|end=died}} | children = ১ | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | parents = বোধেশ্বৰণ (দেউতাক) | awards = {{ublist|১৯৬৮&nbsp; কবিতাৰ বাবে কেৰালা সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা|১৯৭৮&nbsp;[[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]]|২০০৬&nbsp;[[পদ্মশ্ৰী]]|২০০৯&nbsp; এজুথাচন পুৰস্কাৰ|২০১২&nbsp; [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]]}} }} '''সুগতা কুমাৰী''' (২২ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৩৪ – ২৩ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় [[কবি]] আৰু সমাজকৰ্মী আছিল। তেওঁ দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ [[কেৰালা|কেৰালাৰ]] পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক আৰু [[নাৰীবাদ|নাৰীবাদী]] আন্দোলনৰ এগৰাকী শীৰ্ষস্থানীয় নেত্ৰী আছিল। সুগতা কুমাৰীৰ পিতৃ কবি আৰু স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী বোধেশ্বৰণ আৰু মাতৃ [[সংস্কৃত]] পণ্ডিত ভি কে কাৰ্তিয়ায়িনী আম্মা। তেওঁ প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ সমিতি আৰু মানসিক ৰোগী তথা অসহায় মহিলাক আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান '''অভয়া'''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক আছিল। কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক মহিলা আয়োগৰো তেওঁ অধ্যক্ষ আছিল।<ref name=VanithaCommission>{{cite news|title=Status of women declining: Sugathakumari|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/0403404f.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020129215035/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/0403404f.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2002|work=The Hindu|date=3 November 2000|access-date=27 May 2013|archivedate=29 January 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020129215035/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/0403404f.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ ''নীৰৱ উপত্যকাক ৰক্ষা কৰা'' (চেভ চাইলেণ্ট ভেলী) আন্দোলনত এক উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। সুগতা কুমাৰীৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে; ''মুথুচিপিকাল'', ''পথিৰাপুক্কাল'', ''কৃষ্ণা কবিতাকাল'', ''ৰাত্ৰিমাঝা'', আৰু ''মানালেঝুথ''। তেওঁ কেৰালা সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা (১৯৬৮), কেন্দ্ৰ সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা (১৯৭৮), ওডাক্কুঝাল বঁটা (১৯৮২), ভায়ালাৰ বঁটা (১৯৮৪), ইন্দিৰা প্ৰিয়দৰ্শিনী বৃক্ষ মিত্ৰ বঁটা (১৯৮৬), আসান পুৰস্কাৰ (১৯৯১), বল্লথল বঁটা (২০০৩), কেৰালা সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেলোশ্বিপ (২০০৪), এজুথাচন পুৰস্কাৰ (২০০৯), [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]] (২০১২), মাতৃভূমি সাহিত্য বঁটা (২০১৪) আৰু অ’ এন ভি লিটাৰেৰী এৱাৰ্ড (২০১৭)কে ধৰি অসংখ্য বঁটা আৰু স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০০৬ চনত তেওঁক দেশৰ চতুৰ্থ সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান [[পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা|পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটাৰে]] সন্মানিত কৰা হয়। ==সাহিত্যিক জীৱন== ১৯৫৭ চনত, এখন সাপ্তাহিক আলোচনীত ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ পোৱা সুগতা কুমাৰীৰ প্ৰথম কবিতাটোৱে পঢ়ুৱৈৰ ব্যাপক মনোযোগ আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=profileatEOIL>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot, Volume 5|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|editor=Mohan Lal|pages=4211, 4212}}</ref> ১৯৬৮ চনত সুগতা কুমাৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ কাম ''পথিৰাপুক্কাল'' (মাজনিশাৰ ফুল) বাবে, কবিতাৰ বাবে প্ৰদান কৰা কেৰালা সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sugathakumari (1934- 2020): A nature loving poet, liberal feminist and activist|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/12/23/sugathakumari-obit-profile.html|access-date=24 December 2020|website=OnManorama}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''ৰাত্ৰিমাঝা'' (নিশাৰ বৰষুণ)ৰ বাবে ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam poet-activist Sugathakumari dies of COVID-19|url=https://www.sify.com/news/malayalam-poet-activist-sugathakumari-dies-of-covid-19-news-national-umxiahhccfaei.html|access-date=24 December 2020|website=Sify|language=en}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> তেওঁৰ অন্যান্য সংকলনসমূহ হ’ল; ''পাৱম মানৱহৃদয়ম'', ''মুথুচিপ্পি'', ''মানালেঝুথ'', ''ইৰুলচিৰাকুকাল'' আৰু ''স্বপ্নভূমি''।<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sugathakumari-dead-7116387/lite/|title=Renowned Malayalam poet-activist Sugathakumari dies of covid-19 complications|newspaper=Indian Express |date=23 December 2020 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> সুগতা কুমাৰীৰ আগৰ কবিতাসমূহত বেছিভাগ প্ৰেমৰ কৰুণ অন্বেষণৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই কবিতাসমূহ তেওঁৰ পিছৰ কবিতাসমূহতকৈ অধিক গীতিমূলক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়, তেওঁৰ পিছৰ কবিতাসমূহত গীতিমূলক সংবেদনশীলতাৰ সলনি সামাজিক অসমতা আৰু অন্যায়ৰ প্ৰতি নাৰীবাদী প্ৰতিবাদ লক্ষ্য কৰা যায়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sugathakumari, Eminent Malayalam Poet And Activist Dies|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sugathakumari-eminent-malayalam-poet-and-activist-dies-2342445|access-date=24 December 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&q=sugathakumari+feminist+responses+to+social+disorder+and+injustice&pg=PA399|title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century|last2=Lalita|first2=Ke|date=1991|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-029-3|language=en}}</ref> পাৰিপাৰ্শ্বিক সমস্যা আৰু অন্যান্য সমসাময়িক সমস্যাবোৰো তেওঁৰ কবিতাত তীক্ষ্ণভাৱে চিত্ৰিত হৈছে।<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Eminent poet-activist Sugathakumari no more|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/eminent-poetactivist-sugathakumari-no-more/1997982|access-date=24 December 2020|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2020|title=Eminent poet-activist Sugathakumari passes away|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/eminent-poet-activist-sugathakumari-passes-away|access-date=24 December 2020|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref> সুগতা কুমাৰীয়ে শিশু সাহিত্যও লিখিছিল, ২০০৮ চনত তেওঁ ষ্টেট ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ চিল্ড্ৰেনচ্‌ লিটাৰেচাৰৰপৰা শিশু সাহিত্যলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা জীৱনজোৰা অৱদানৰ বাবে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিছিল। <ref name=Children>{{cite news|title=Award for Sugathakumari|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/23/stories/2008042355141000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100729/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/23/stories/2008042355141000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2008|date=23 April 2008|access-date=27 May 2013|work=The Hindu|location=Thiruvananthapuram, India|archivedate=1 December 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100729/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/23/stories/2008042355141000.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ বহুতো কাম মালায়ালমলৈ অনুবাদ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sugathakumari, the 'greenest' poet of Kerala who fought for nature and women|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2020/12/23/sugathakumari-the-greenest-poet-of-kerala-who-fought-for-nature-and-women.html|access-date=24 December 2020|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Raju|first=Anupama|date=1 February 2018|title=An evergreen voice in verse|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/sugathakumari-a-force-to-reckon-with/article22608028.ece|access-date=24 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> তেওঁ তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য কৰ্মৰ বাবে আন বহুতো সাহিত্য বঁটাৰ লগতে [[কেৰালা]] চৰকাৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ সাহিত্য সন্মান ''ভায়ালাৰ বঁটা'' আৰু ''এজুথাচন পুৰস্কাৰ'' লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Ezhuthachan>{{cite news|title=Ezhuthachan Puraskaram for Sugathakumari|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/14/stories/2009111455520700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124231733/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/14/stories/2009111455520700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2009|access-date=27 May 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 November 2009|archivedate=24 November 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124231733/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/14/stories/2009111455520700.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০৪ চনত তেওঁক কেৰালা সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেলোশ্বিপ প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name=Fellowship1>{{cite news|title=Award for Sugathakumari|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/13/stories/2004031302410500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040504053234/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/13/stories/2004031302410500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2004|date=13 March 2004|access-date=27 May 2013|work=The Hindu|location=Trichur, India|archivedate=4 May 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040504053234/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/13/stories/2004031302410500.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name=Fellowship2>{{cite news|title=Antony to present Akademi Fellowship|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/10/stories/2004081003460300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040924202212/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/10/stories/2004081003460300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2004|date=10 August 2004|access-date=27 May 2013|work=The Hindu|location=Trichur, India|archivedate=24 September 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040924202212/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/10/stories/2004081003460300.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০১২ চনত [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]] লাভ কৰিছিল; এই বঁটা লাভ কৰা তেওঁ আছিল তৃতীয়গৰাকী মালায়ালম লেখক। তেওঁ পণ্ডিত ''কৰুপ্পন বঁটা''ও লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=SSKaumudi/> সুগতা কুমাৰী কেৰালাৰ তিৰুৱন্তপুৰমৰ জৱাহৰ বালভৱনৰ অধ্যক্ষ আছিল। লগতে কেৰালা ষ্টেট ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ চিল্ড্ৰেনচ্‌ লিটাৰেচাৰৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত শিশু আলোচনী ''থালিৰু''ৰ তেওঁ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক মুখ্য সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref name=SSKaumudi>{{cite news|url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=33585|title=Saraswati Samman for Sugathakumari|date=18 March 2013|newspaper=Kerala Kaumudi|publisher=Kaumudiglobal.com|access-date=27 May 2013|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223646/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=33585|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} {{সৰস্বতী সন্মান}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মালায়ালম ভাষাৰ সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সৰস্বতী সন্মান বিজয়ী]] ed3f01z4p9jqktjuoauhn5hsa96p6yt 0 104803 604421 565487 2026-05-04T14:50:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox criminal | name = মিথিংগা দৈমাৰী | image_name = Mithinga Daimary, former publicity secretary of ULFA. (cropped).jpg | image_size = 200px | image_alt = | image_caption = ২০২৩ চনত মিথিংগা দৈমাৰী | birth_name = দীপক কছাৰী | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|05|17}} | birth_place = নিজ জুলুকী, [[বাক্সা জিলা|বাক্সা]], [[অসম]] | death_date = | death_place = | cause = | alias = দীপক দাস, মেগন কছাৰী | motive = | charge = | conviction = | conviction_penalty = | conviction_status = পেৰ’লত মুক্তি | occupation = | spouse = | parents = | children = }} '''মিথিংগা দৈমাৰী''' (ওৰফে দীপক দাস, ওৰফে কবি মেগন কছাৰী) ১৯৯২ চনত পূৰ্বৰ প্ৰচাৰ সম্পাদক সিদ্ধাৰ্থ ফুকনৰ আত্মসমৰ্পণৰ পিছত নিষিদ্ধ সংগঠন [[আলফা]]ৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় প্ৰচাৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref name="ab">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyId=20829 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103120831/http://www.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyId=20829 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |title=Who's afraid of the ULFA? |date=2007-01-13 |publisher=Indianexpress.com |access-date=2009-10-13 }}</ref><ref name="cd">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/Archives/2_23.htm|title=South Asia Intelligence review|last=Hussain|first=Wasbir|publisher=Satp.org|access-date=2009-10-13}}</ref><ref name="ef">{{cite web|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/assam@assamnet.org/msg06882.html|title=ULFA leader creates poetry in the time of guns|last=Borpujari|first=Utpal|date=2006-08-16|access-date=2009-10-13}}</ref> তেওঁৰ জন্ম হৈছিল [[অসম]]ৰ [[নলবাৰী]] জিলাৰ বৰমা গাঁৱত<ref name="ab" /><ref name="ij">{{cite web|url=http://www.flipkart.com/melodies-guns-indira-goswami-poems/8174765806-0v23fslf4c|title=Melodies And Guns: Poems Of Megan Kachari|publisher=Flipkart.com|access-date=2009-10-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123064438/http://www.flipkart.com/melodies-guns-indira-goswami-poems/8174765806-0v23fslf4c|archive-date=23 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ১৯৬৭ চনৰ ১৭ মে'ত<ref name="ij" /><ref name="gh">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/06/stories/2006110601010300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105122320/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/06/stories/2006110601010300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-05|title=Negotiating with guns and roses|last=Barooah Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta|date=2006-11-06|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-10-13|archivedate=2012-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105122320/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/06/stories/2006110601010300.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰু জন্ম নাম আছিল দীপক কছাৰী।<ref name="gh" /> ==শিক্ষা== দৈমাৰীয়ে ১৯৮৬ চনত গুৱাহাটীৰ [[বি বৰুৱা মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ত নামভৰ্তি কৰে। কিন্তু সেই বছৰতে আলফাত যোগদান কৰি আণ্ডাৰগ্ৰাউণ্ডলৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে তেওঁ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ এই সংগঠনৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় প্ৰচাৰ সম্পাদক হয়।<ref name="ij" /> ==গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ== ২০০৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত [[অপাৰেচন অল ক্লিয়াৰ]]ৰ সময়ত [[ৰয়েল ভূটান আৰ্মী]]য়ে তেওঁক বন্দী কৰে।<ref name="ab" /><ref name="cd" /> ভূটান আৰ্মীয়ে তেওঁক ভাৰতীয় সেনাবাহিনীৰ হাতত গতাই দিয়ে আৰু ২০০৩ চনৰ ২০ ডিচেম্বৰত তেওঁক অসম আৰক্ষীৰ হাতত গতাই দিয়ে।<ref name="cd" /> ‘‘মই চৰকাৰৰ আগত আত্মসমৰ্পণ নকৰোঁ আৰু শেষলৈকে যুঁজিম,’’ নলবাৰীৰ মুখ্য ন্যায়িক দণ্ডাধীশৰ সম্মুখত হাজিৰ হোৱাৰ সময়ত দৈমাৰীয়ে আত্মপক্ষ সমৰ্থনত এনেদৰে কয়। তেওঁ আৰু কয় যে, [[ভূটান]]ৰ এই অভিযান একেবাৰে অপ্ৰত্যাশিত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/37747/|title=Daimary says he won't surrender|date=2003-12-22|publisher=Indianexpress.com|access-date=2009-10-13}}</ref> ভাৰত চৰকাৰ আৰু আলফাৰ মাজত শান্তি আলোচনাৰ বাবে তেওঁ এতিয়া জেলৰ পৰা মুকলি কৰি দিয়া হৈছে।<ref name="gh" /> গ্ৰেপ্তাৰৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী হৈছিল অপূৰ্ব বৰুৱা। ==কবিতা== দৈমাৰীয়ে ''মেগন কছাৰী'' ছদ্মনামেৰে কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ তিনিখন কবিতা সংকলন আছে। ২০০৬ চনত ফ্ৰেংকফৰ্টৰ বিশ্ব গ্ৰন্থমেলাত তেওঁৰ কিছুমান কবিতাৰ ইংৰাজীত মুকলি অনুবাদ কৰা হয়।<ref name="ab" /> Melodies and Guns (ISBN 9788174765802) হৈছে [[জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটা]] বিজয়ী [[মামণি ৰয়ছম গোস্বামী]]ৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি জনাই ইউবিএছপিডিয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা তেওঁৰ কবিতা সংকলন। ''মেমচাহাব পৃথিৱী'' হৈছে তেওঁৰ অসমীয়া কবিতা সংকলন<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookfinder.com/dir/i/Melodies_and_Guns-Poems_of_Megan_Kachari/8174765808/|title=Melodies and Guns: Poems of Megan Kachari|publisher=BookFinder.com|access-date=2009-10-13|archive-date=8 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608013008/http://www.bookfinder.com/dir/i/Melodies_and_Guns-Poems_of_Megan_Kachari/8174765808/|url-status=dead|archivedate=2011-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608013008/http://www.bookfinder.com/dir/i/Melodies_and_Guns-Poems_of_Megan_Kachari/8174765808/|deadurl=yes}}</ref>) যিখন প্ৰদীপ আচাৰ্য আৰু মঞ্জীত বৰুৱাই "Melodies and Guns" নামেৰে ইংৰাজীলৈ অনুবাদ কৰিছে। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা ড° গোস্বামীয়ে নিজেই লিখিছে।<ref name="ef" /><ref name="gh" /> ১৯৮০ চনত আলফাত যোগদান কৰাৰ আগৰে পৰাই তেওঁ কবিতা লিখি আহিছে।<ref name="ef" /> "কেম্পত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ পোহনীয়া জন্তু হিচাপে কেইটামান চৰাই আছিল। আত্মগোপনৰ নিশা যেতিয়া সকলোৱে পলাই গৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ সেইবোৰক লগত লৈ যাব বিচাৰিছিল। শুই থকা দেখি তেওঁ সিহঁত সাৰ পোৱালৈ অপেক্ষা কৰিছিল, কিন্তু সেয়াই বহুত দেৰি হৈছিল।" - ডাঃ মামনি ৰয়ছম গোস্বামীয়ে কয়।<ref name="gh" /> ==কাব্য সংকলন== * মেহচাহাব পৃথিৱী<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scientiabooks.in/product/memsahab-prithivi/|title=Memsaheb Prithivi|website=Scientia Books|access-date=20 August 2025}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ৰূপৰ নাকফুলি সোণৰ খাৰু<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scientiabooks.in/product/rupor-nakfuli-sunor-kharu-poems-by-megan-kachary/|title=Rupor Nakfuli Sunor Kharu (Poems by Megan Kachary)|website=Scientia Books|access-date=20 August 2025}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[:en:Melodies and Guns|Melodies and Guns]] (ইংৰাজীলৈ অনূদিত) ==পৰিয়ালৰ হত্যা== ২০০০ চনত তেওঁৰ সমগ্ৰ পৰিয়াল - মাতৃ, ডাঙৰ ভাই, ভগ্নী, গৰ্ভৱতী ভনীয়েক – সকলোকে অচিনাক্ত বন্দুকধাৰীয়ে হত্যা কৰে<ref name="ab" /><ref name="gh" /> যিটো তেতিয়াৰ অগপ চৰকাৰে কৰা গোপন হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ অংশ বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name="ab" /> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কবি]] jlms079lw0oj9sxjh3ukszawjt8bvda 0 109699 604403 541103 2026-05-04T12:58:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ | image = MalayanTiger.jpg | image_caption = মালয়েছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চিৰিয়াখানাত এটা মালয়েছিয়া বাঘ |domain=Eukaryota |regnum= Animalia |phylum= Chordata |classis= Mammalia |ordo= Carnivora |subordo= Feliformia |familia= Felidae |subfamilia= Pantherinae |genus= Panthera |species= tigris |subspecies= tigris |trinomial= P. t. tigris | status = CR | status_system = [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia]] | status_ref =<ref>{{cite book |title=Red List of Mammals For Peninsular Malaysia |date=2017 |author=Perhilitan |place=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia. Version 2.0 |url=http://www.wildlife.gov.my/images/document/penerbitan/lainlain/REDLIST_OL%20(M)_2018%20edited.pdf |access-date=2024-12-04 |archivedate=2023-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018001249/https://www.wildlife.gov.my/images/document/penerbitan/lainlain/REDLIST_OL%20(M)_2018%20edited.pdf }}</ref> | range_map = Panthera tigris jacksoni distribution map 2.png | range_map_caption = মালয়েছিয়া বাঘৰ এলেকা }} <!--The wording of the first sentence is the result of the RFC [[Talk:Bengal_tiger#Request_for_comment_on_the_first_sentence_of_articles_about_subpopulations)]]. Do not change it without new consensus. --> '''মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ''' ({{lang-en|'''Malayan tiger'''}}), ([[বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম]]: ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'') মালয় উপদ্বীপ অঞ্চলত পোৱা বাঘৰ এটা উপপ্ৰজাতি। ২০০৩ চনৰ হিচাপ অনুসৰি বৰ্তমান ৪৯৩ৰ পৰা ১,৪৮০টা প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক বাঘ জীয়াই থকাৰ বাবে ২০০৮ চনত ইয়াক [[ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ইউনিয়ন ফৰ কনজাৰ্ভেচন অৱ নেচাৰ এণ্ড নেচাৰেল ৰিচ'ৰ্ছ|আই ইউ চি এন]] দ্বাৰা সংকটজনকভাৱে বিপন্ন বুলি ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। এই উপপ্ৰজাতিটোৰ মুঠ ২৫০টা পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক বাঘ আছে আৰু ই বিলুপ্তিৰ পথত।<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN |assessors= Kawanishi, K., Lynam, T. |year=2008 |title=Panthera tigris subsp. jacksoni |id=136893 |version=2013.2}}</ref>। এই বাঘ মালয়েছিয়াৰ জাতীয় প্ৰাণী।[[মালয় ভাষা]]ত বাঘক ''হৰিমউ'' '' Harimau'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপত ''ৰিমউ'' '' Rimau'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=R. J. |year=1901 |title=A Malay-English dictionary |publisher=Kelly & Walsh Limited |location=Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama |url=https://archive.org/stream/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu#page/352/mode/2up}}</ref>ইয়াক দক্ষিণ ইণ্ডোচাইনিজ বাঘ বুলিও জনা যায়, উত্তৰ দিশৰ [[ম্যানমাৰ]] আৰু [[থাইলেণ্ড]]ৰ ইণ্ডোচাইনিজ বাঘৰ পৰা ই বংশগতভাৱে পৃথক প্ৰজাতিৰ বাঘ <ref name=Luo04>{{cite journal |author=Luo, S.-J. |author2=Kim, J.-H. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=van der Walt, J. |author5=Martenson, J. |author6=Yuhki, N. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |author8=Uphyrkina, O. |author9=Goodrich, J. M. |author10=Quigley, H. B. |author11=Tilson, R. |author12=Brady, G. |author13=Martelli, P. |author14=Subramaniam, V. |author15=McDougal, C. |author16=Hean, S. |author17=Huang, S.-Q. |author18=Pan, W. |author19=Karanth, U. K. |author20=Sunquist, M. |author21=Smith, J. L. D. |author22=O'Brien, S. J. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |doi-access=free}}</ref>। == বৈশিষ্ট্য == [[File:Malay tiger.jpg|thumb|সন্মুখৰ পৰা মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘৰ মূৰ]] মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ আৰু [[ইণ্ডোচাইনিজ বাঘ]]ৰ মাজত কোনো স্পষ্ট পাৰ্থক্য দেখা পোৱা নাযায়, দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ বাঘৰ তুলনামূলক অধ্যয়নত কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট পাৰ্থক্য বিচাৰি পোৱা নাই।<ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal|last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Groves |first2=C. P. |year=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313144127/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-13 }}</ref> মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ [[ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ]]তকৈ সৰু।১১টা মতা আৰু ৮টা মাইকী বাঘৰ জোখৰ পৰা উলিওৱা এটা মতা বাঘৰ গড় দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৮ ফুট ৬ ইঞ্চি (২৫৯ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ) আৰু বাঘিনীৰ গড় দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৭ ফুট ১০ ইঞ্চি (২৩৯ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ)<ref>{{cite book |author=Locke, A. |year=1956 |title=The tigers of Terengganu |publisher=Museum Press Ltd. |location=London}}</ref>।[[তেৰেংগানু|তেৰেংগানু ৰাজ্য]]ৰ ১৬টা মাইকী বাঘৰ শৰীৰৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১৮০ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ পৰা ২৬০ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আৰু গড় দৈৰ্ঘ্য ২০৩ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আছিল । ইহঁতৰ উচ্চতা ৫৮ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ পৰা ১৯৫ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আৰু ইহঁতৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন ২৪ কিলোগ্ৰামৰ পৰা ৮৮ কিলোগ্ৰামৰ ভিতৰত আছিল, আৰু ২১ টা মতা বাঘৰ তথ্যই দেখুৱাইছে যে ইহঁতৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১৯০ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ পৰা ২৮০ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ ভিতৰত, গড়ে ২৩৯ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আৰু ইহঁতৰ উচ্চতা ৬১ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ পৰা ১১৪ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ ভিতৰত আৰু ইহঁতৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন ৪৭. ২ কিলোগ্ৰামৰ পৰা ১৯২. ১ কিলোগ্ৰামৰ ভিতৰত আছিল। ===শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন=== ১৭৫৮ চনত '' Felis tigris'' নামটো [[কাৰ্ল লিনিয়াছ| কাৰ্ল লিনিয়াছে]] বাঘৰ [[বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম]] হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |page=41 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref>। ১৯৬৮ চনত ভ্ৰাতিচলাভ মাজাকে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ বাঘৰ উপপ্ৰজাতিৰ বাবে ''Panthera tigris corbetti'' নামটো প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mazak1968>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=V. |year=1968 |title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est |journal=Mammalia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=104−112 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104|s2cid=84054536 }}</ref><ref name=Khan1986>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=M.K.M. |year=1986 |title=Tigers in Malaysia |journal=The Journal of Wildlife and Parks |volume=V |pages=1–23}}</ref>।২০০৪ চনত ''P. t. corbetti'' ৰ জিনীয় বিশ্লেষণৰে মালয়েছিয়া বাঘক ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'' উপপ্ৰজাতি হিচাপে নামাকৰণ কৰে। <ref name=Luo04/> ২০১৭ চনৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞান শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনৰ পুনৰীক্ষণৰ পিছৰে পৰা মালয়েছিয়া বাঘক '' P. t. tigris'' বুলি নামাকৰণ কৰা হয়, কিন্তু ২০১৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত এক জেনেটিক অধ্যয়নে ৩২ টা নমুনাৰ বিশ্লেষণ আগবঢ়াই, আৰু মালয় বাঘ অন্যান্য মূল ভূখণ্ড এছিয়া বাঘৰ নমুনাৰ পৰা পৃথক যেন দেখা গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Y.-C. |first2=X. |last2=Sun |first3=C. |last3=Driscoll |first4=D. G. |last4=Miquelle |first5=X. |last5=Xu |first6=P. |last6=Martelli |first7=O. |last7=Uphyrkina |first8=J. L. D. |last8=Smith |first9=S. J. |last9=O’Brien |first10=S.-J. |last10=Luo |title=Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=23 |year=2018 |pages=3840–3849 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019 |pmid=30482605|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018CBio...28E3840L }}</ref> ==নামকৰণ== ২০০৪ চনত মালয় উপদ্বীপৰ বাঘৰ জনসংখ্যাক এক সুকীয়া উপপ্ৰজাতি হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয় , তেতিয়া ''মালয়েছিয়ান এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চিৰিয়াখানা, উদ্যান আৰু একুৰিয়া''ৰ অধ্যক্ষই যুক্তি দিছিল যে ইয়াৰ ভৌগলিক পৰিসৰৰ প্ৰতিফলক হিচাপে নতুন উপ-প্ৰজাতিটোৰ নাম ''Panthera tigris malayensis'' ''পেন্থেৰা টাইগ্ৰিছ মালয়েন্সিছ'' ৰখা উচিত <ref>{{cite news |last=Peng |first=L. Y. |title=Research team: Malayan tiger a new subspecies |newspaper=The Star Online |location=Malacca |date=2004 |access-date=2019-08-10 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/04/research-team-malayan-tiger-a-new-subspecies#SM2vgF1vy1Amjzrm.99}}</ref>.। সমিল-মিল হিচাপে ই স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ নাম '' মালয়ান বাঘ'' (Malayan tiger) আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম ''জেকচনি'' (jacksoni) লাভ কৰে, যিয়ে বাঘ সংৰক্ষণবিদ [[পিটাৰ জেকচন (সংৰক্ষণবাদী)|পিটাৰ জেকচন]]ক সন্মান জনায়।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O’Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Luo |first2=S.-J. |last3=Kim |first3=J.-H. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |year=2005 |title=Molecular Genetic Analysis Reveals Six Living Subspecies of Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' |journal=Cat News |volume=42 |pages=6−8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=McMullin, A. |year=2005 |url=http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/news_by_date/?3487/IUCN-Tiger-Specialist-Peter-Jackson-Earns-His-Stripes |title=IUCN tiger specialist Peter Jackson earns his stripes |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], Gland |access-date=2024-12-05 |archivedate=2022-12-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205050255/https://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/news_by_date/?3487/IUCN-Tiger-Specialist-Peter-Jackson-Earns-His-Stripes |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==পৰিৱেশ আৰু আচৰণ== [[File:Malayan Tiger Cubs.jpg|thumb|খেলি থকা অবস্থাত দুটা মাইকী পোৱালি বাঘ]] এছিয়ান ক'লা ভালুক আৰু গছ ভালুকৰ দৰে মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘে [[দল-হৰিণা]], [[সুগৰী পহু ]], ভাৰতীয় সুগৰী হৰিণা, নল-গাহৰি, বৰ্ণিয়ান দাড়ি থকা গাহৰি আৰু [[ দেও ছাগলী ]] চিকাৰ কৰে।<ref name=KawanishiSunquist2004>{{cite journal |author1=Kawanishi, K. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |date=2004 |title=Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=329–344 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.005|bibcode=2004BCons.120..329K }}</ref> ==ভাবুকি== উন্নয়ন প্ৰকল্প আৰু কৃষি কাৰ্য্যৰ বাবে বাসস্থানৰ খণ্ডিতকৰণ এক গুৰুতৰ ভাবুকি।১৯৮৮ চনৰ পৰা ২০১২ চনৰ ভিতৰত মালয়েছিয়া উপদ্বীপত প্ৰায় ১৩,৫০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক অৰণ্য ভূমি হেৰাই গৈছে । প্ৰায় ৬৪,৮০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ এলেকা ঔদ্যোগিক বাগিচালৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হৈছিল, মূলতঃ [[পাম তেল]] উৎপাদনৰ বাবে।ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮,৩০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ এলেকা বাঘৰ প্ৰধান বাসস্থান আছিল ।.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shevade, V.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, P.V. |author3=Harris, N.L. |author4=Loboda, T.V. |year=2017 |title=Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=747 |doi=10.3390/rs9070747 |bibcode=2017RemS....9..747S |doi-access=free |hdl=1903/31503 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>বাঘ থকা প্ৰায় সকলো ৰাষ্ট্ৰতে চোৰাং চিকাৰ বিভিন্ন মাত্ৰাত হোৱা দেখা যায়। মালয়েছিয়াত শেহতীয়া বছৰবোৰত বাঘৰ মাংস আৰু বাঘৰ হাড়ৰ পৰা নিৰ্মিত ঔষধৰ বিভিন্ন ঘৰুৱা গঢ়ি উঠিছে।<ref name=Nowell07>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=K. |year=2007 |url=http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/abc_report.pdf |title=Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations |publisher=[[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic International]] |location=[[Cambridge]], UK}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ পৰা ২০১২ চনৰ ভিতৰত মালয়েছিয়াত কমেও ১০০ টা বাঘৰ শৰীৰৰ অংগ জব্দ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০০৮ চনত আৰক্ষীয়ে এখন চিৰিয়াখানাত ১৯টা ফ্ৰ’জেন বাঘৰ পোৱালি উদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল। ২০১২ চনত ২২ টা বাঘৰ ছাল আৰু হাড় জব্দ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shepherd, C. R. S. |author2=Khan, S. |author3=Krishnasamy, K. |year=2013 |title=Largest Tiger seizure ever in Malaysia |journal=Cat News |issue=59 |page=11}}</ref>চীনা পৰম্পৰাগত চিকিৎসাত ব্যৱহৃত বাঘৰ শৰীৰৰ অংগৰ চাহিদাই ভিয়েটনাম, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ চোৰাংচিকাৰীকো আকৰ্ষণ কৰে যেন লাগে। ২০১৪ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত চোৰাং চিকাৰ বিৰোধী ইউনিটসমূহে সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১,৪০০ চিকাৰী ফান্দ আঁতৰাই পেলাইছিল।<ref name="FMT 07-2019">{{cite news |work=[[Bernama]] |title=Poachers, limited prey push Malayan tiger to brink of extinction |publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-limited-prey-push-malayan-tiger-to-brink-of-extinction/ |date=2019 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="TSO 07-2019">{{cite news |last=Yahaya |first=A. M. |title=Poachers and limited prey driving Malayan Tiger to extinction |newspaper=[[The Star Online]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-and-limited-prey-driving-malayan-tiger-to-extinction |date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="NST 08-2019">{{cite news |last=Arif |first=Z. M. |title=Malayan tiger teetering on the brink of extinction; 23 left in Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |location=[[Gerik]] |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/509651/malayan-tiger-teetering-brink-extinction-23-left-belum-temenggor-forest |date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> == সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা == মালয় বাঘ মালয়েছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰাণী। <ref name="DiPiazza2006">{{cite book |author=DiPiazza, F. |title=Malaysia in Pictures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1Yhov_ejW0C&pg=PA14 |year=2006 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-2674-2}}</ref>১৯ শতিকাৰ কাল্পনিক জলদস্যু '' Sandokan'' 'ৰ '' Emilio Salgari'' 'ৰ উপন্যাসৰ নায়কজনক '' মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ'' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |author=Adami, S. |date=2006 |editor=Marrone, G. |editor2=Puppa, P. |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, London |pages=1654–1655 |chapter=Emilio Salgari (1862–1911) |isbn=9781135455309 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1654}}</ref> == সংৰক্ষণ == মালয়েছিয়া বাঘক '''বন্য প্ৰাণী আৰু উদ্ভিদৰ লুপ্তপ্ৰায় প্ৰজাতিসমূহৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক বাণিজ্যৰ নিয়মাৱলী'''ৰ প্ৰথম তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰি ইয়াৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্য নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে। সকলো টাইগাৰ ৰেঞ্জ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু গ্ৰাহক থকা দেশসমূহে ঘৰুৱা বাণিজ্যও নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছে। “মালয়েছিয়ান কনজাৰ্ভেচন এলায়েন্স ফৰ টাইগাৰছ” (MYCAT) হৈছে [[:en:Malaysian Nature Society|মালয়েছিয়ান নেচাৰ ছ'চাইটি]]ৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহৰ গোট (MNS), ট্ৰেফিক (সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যসূচী)দক্ষিণ -পূব এছিয়া, বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ সমিতি-মালয়েছিয়া কাৰ্যসূচী আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ বাবে বিশ্বব্যাপী পুঁজি (WWF-মালয়েছিয়া) ।"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|title=Take action with Maybank Wild Tiger Run|last=Shahar|first=F. M.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025085303/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বন্যপ্ৰাণী আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান বিভাগ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|title=Tigers, our heritage|last=Sundararaj|first=A.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025083302/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত তেওঁলোকে বাঘ সম্পৰ্কীয় অপৰাধ, যেনে চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ '' হটলাইন ৰূপায়ণ'' কৰে। <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|title=Tiger hotline gets good response from public|author=<!-- Staff -->|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2007|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730025048/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|archive-date=2017-07-30|url-status=dead|archivedate=2017-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730025048/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|deadurl=yes}}</ref>চোৰাং চিকাৰক বাধা দিবলৈ তেওঁলোকে '' কেট ৱাক''ৰ আয়োজন কৰে, যিটো বিপদজনক অঞ্চলত তাৰ নাগৰিকে টহল দিয়ে। .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|title=Nature lovers trail after poachers in bid to deter illegal hunting|last=Heing|first=N.|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030430/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|archive-date=2016-03-15|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030430/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|deadurl=yes}}</ref> MYCAT ৰ লক্ষ্য বাঘৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা। <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/15/Malayan-tiger-critically-endangered/|title=Malayan tiger now critically endangered, numbering as few as 250|last=Lee|first=P. |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=2014 |access-date=2014-09-18}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মালয়েছিয়াৰ কেবিনেট মালয় বাঘৰ অস্তিত্ব নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ নটা সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান কৌশল (২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত) আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে; কৌশলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে টহল বলবৎ কৰা, মালয় বাঘৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক বাসস্থান সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সংৰক্ষণ; বন্যপ্ৰাণী আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান উপদ্বীপ মালয়েছিয়া বিভাগৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণ ইউনিটৰ অধীনত ইয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় টাস্ক ফ'ৰ্চ স্থাপন কৰা; ৰয়েল মালয়েছিয়া পুলিচৰ অধীনত বন্যপ্ৰাণী অপৰাধ ব্যুৰো আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্যপ্ৰাণী ফৰেনছিক বিজ্ঞান পৰীক্ষাগাৰক ইয়াৰ ''এক্স চিটু সংৰক্ষণ'', আৰু মালয় বাঘৰ বাসস্থানৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ বাবে সাহস কৰা হৈছিল। আঁচনিসমূহ সক্ষম কৰা হৈছে। চৰকাৰে অন্য দেশৰ চিৰিয়াখানা আৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ সৈতেও সহযোগিতা কৰি অন্তঃপ্ৰজননৰ ওপৰত অধিক গৱেষণা কৰে, আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণীত এৰি দিয়াৰ আগতে বাঘক সাময়িকভাৱে ৰখাৰ বাবে এটা মালয় বাঘ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। হৰিণ চিকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিষেধাজ্ঞা বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Govt going all out to prevent extinction of Malayan Tiger, Dewan Rakyat told|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-going-all-out-to-prevent-extinction-of-malayan-tiger-dewan-rakyat-told-FA8552788|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en-MY|archivedate=2021-11-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111091422/https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-going-all-out-to-prevent-extinction-of-malayan-tiger-dewan-rakyat-told-FA8552788|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==উৎস== {{div col |2}} [[শ্ৰেণী:স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বাঘ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মাংসভোজী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বন্যপ্ৰাণী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মালয়েছিয়াৰ জীৱ]] 6yiwr94iwmptlon39fjqbeolgnfnag6 0 109782 604456 508334 2026-05-04T17:22:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Burmese noodle soup of rice noodles and fish}} {{Infobox food | name = মোহিঙ্গা | image = File:Mohnga.jpg | caption = ফ্ৰিটাৰৰ সৈতে মোহিঙ্গা | alternate_name = মণ্ট হিন গাৰ | country = ম্যানমাৰ | region = | national_cuisine = বাৰ্মিজ ৰন্ধনপ্ৰণালী | creator = | course = জলপান | main_ingredient = চাউলৰ ভাৰ্মিচিলি, কেটফিছ | minor_ingredient = মাছৰ চছ, মাছৰ পেষ্ট, আদা, কলৰ কাণ্ড, লেমনগ্ৰাছ, পিঁয়াজ, নহৰু, বুটৰ আটা | variations = অন্যান্য,চাওক [[#Regional_varieties|Regional varieties]] below | other = }} '''মোহিঙ্গা''' ({{lang_en|Mohinga}}; বাৰ্মিজ: မုန့်ဟင်းခါး)স্থানীয় ভাৱে মণ্ট হিন গাৰ বুলিও কোৱা হয়। মোহিঙ্গা হৈছে [[ম্যানমাৰ]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ব্যঞ্জন। মোহিঙ্গা হৈছে চাউল নুডলছৰ সৈতে তৈয়াৰ কৰা মাছৰ চুপ, যাক সাধাৰণতে ৰাতিপুৱাৰ আহাৰ হিচাপে পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়। ইয়াত লেমনগ্ৰাছ, হালধি আৰু মাছৰ চছৰ সৈতে সোৱাদ যুক্ত এক সমৃদ্ধ সোৱাদ থাকে। ইয়াৰ লগতে প্ৰায়ে সিজোৱা হয় কণী, চিলেণ্ট্ৰো আদি।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.foodrepublic.com/2017/02/22/burmese-food-primer/|title=Burmese Food Primer: Essential Dishes To Eat In Myanmar|date=2017-02-22|work=Food Republic|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602225915/https://www.foodrepublic.com/2017/02/22/burmese-food-primer/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-19|title=Super bowls: Burmese recipes by the Rangoon Sisters|url=http://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jul/19/super-bowls-burmese-recipes-by-the-rangoon-sisters|access-date=2021-09-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723235702/https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jul/19/super-bowls-burmese-recipes-by-the-rangoon-sisters|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Aye|first=MiMi|title=Mandalay: Recipes & Tales from a Burmese Kitchen|publisher=Bloomsbury Absolute|year=2020|isbn=9781472959492|pages=107–108}}</ref>মোহিঙ্গা দেশৰ বেছিভাগ ঠাইত সহজে উপলব্ধ, ডাঙৰ চহৰবোৰত পদৰ বিক্ৰেতা আৰু পথৰ কাষৰ দোকান আদিত বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়। মোহিঙ্গা পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ৰাতিপুৱাৰ আহাৰত খোৱা হয় যদিও বৰ্তমানৰ যিকোনো সময়তে খোৱা হয়। ব্যঞ্জনবিধত কণী, পিঁয়াজ বা বনৌষধি যোগ দিব পাৰি। ===বিৱৰণ আৰু উপাদানসমূহ=== মোহিঙ্গা প্ৰস্তুতৰ মুখ্য উপাদানবোৰ হৈছে ময়দা বা চাউলৰ গুড়ি, নহৰু, শ্বেলট বা পিঁয়াজ, লেমনগ্ৰাছ, আদা, মাছৰ পেষ্ট, মাছৰ চছ, আৰু কেটফিছ (বা অন্যান্য প্ৰকাৰৰ মাছ, যেনে মৃগাল কাৰ্প)।<ref name=":7" /> এই সকলো উপাদান ৰান্ধি আৰু উতলাই এক ডাঠ জোল প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয়। [<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bush|first=Austin|title=10 foods to try in Myanmar -- from tea leaf salad to Shan-style rice|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/myanmar-foods-try/index.html|access-date=2020-05-31|website=CNN|date=12 July 2017 |language=en|archive-date=2020-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804130226/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/myanmar-foods-try/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>মোহিঙ্গা চাউলৰ ভাৰ্মিচিলি, মাছৰ চছৰ সৈতে, নেমুৰ ৰস, মচমচীয়াকৈ ভজা পিঁয়াজ, ধনিয়া, গোলাকৃতিকৈ কটা পিঁয়াজৰ ৰিং,গুড়ি কৰা শুকান জলকীয়া আৰু বৈকল্পিক উপাদান হিচাপে, ভালদৰে ভজা বাৰ্মিজ ফ্ৰিটাৰ যেনে বুট, মাটি দাইল,লাও, ইউটিয়াওৰ টুকুৰা, লগতে সিজোৱা কণী আৰু ভজা নাগাপি মাছৰ সৈতে সুন্দৰকৈ সজাই পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়। মোহিঙ্গাক চীনা চুপ চামুচেৰে খোৱা হয়, যাক বাৰ্মিজ ভাষাত মোহিঙ্গা জুন বা 'মহিঙ্গা চামুচ' বুলি কোৱা হয়। মোহিঙ্গা হৈছে ম্যানমাৰত পোৱা এক সচৰাচৰ ৰাতিপুৱাৰ আহাৰৰ ব্যঞ্জন, আৰু ম্যানমাৰৰ বহুতো চহৰ আৰু মহানগৰত সমগ্ৰ দিনৰ জলপানৰ আহাৰ হিচাপে উপলব্ধ।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-17|title=The best thing I ate in 2017|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/dec/17/best-thing-i-ate-in-2017-jamie-oliver-nadiya-hussain|access-date=2021-09-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710222523/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/dec/17/best-thing-i-ate-in-2017-jamie-oliver-nadiya-hussain|url-status=live}}</ref>মোহিঙ্গা ম্যানমাৰৰ সকলোতে উপলব্ধ। পদপথৰ বিক্ৰেতা সকলে প্ৰায়ে মোহিঙ্গা বিক্ৰী কৰে, কিছুমানে কান্ধৰ খুটাৰ এফালে ষ্টোভত চুপ কলহ কঢ়িয়াই লৈ বিক্ৰী কৰা দেখা যায় আৰু আনফালে চাউলৰ ভাৰ্মিচেলি আৰু অন্যান্য উপাদান, লগতে বাটি আৰু চামুচ। <gallery mode="packed"> File:Mandalay trishaw peddler.jpg|মান্দালয়ৰ মোহিঙ্গা বিক্ৰেতাৰ তিনিচকীয়া বাহন এখন গ্ৰাহকৰ বাবে ৰৈ আছে। File:Mohinga stall, Mandalay, Myanmar.JPG|মোহিঙ্গা মান্দালয়ৰ দৰে ফুটপাথৰ দোকানত গোটেই দিনটো উপলব্ধ। File:Mohinga.jpg|চুপ ৰান্ধিবলৈ ৰেডিমেড মোহিঙ্গা পাউডাৰৰ থকা সাজু পেকেজবোৰো বজাৰত উপলব্ধ। File:IMG mohinga0948.JPG|মান্দালয়ৰ পদপথৰ মোহিঙ্গা বিক্ৰেতা </gallery> ===ইতিহাস আৰু উৎপত্তি=== বিদ্যমান ৰেকৰ্ডৰ অনুপস্থিতিত মোহিঙ্গাৰ উৎপত্তি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা কঠিন। পিয়ু চহৰ-ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ চাউল ৰখাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত খাদ্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ সঁজুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016-04-05|title=မုန့်ဟင်းခါး အကြောင်း သိကောင်းစရာ|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/%e1%80%99%e1%80%af%e1%80%94%e1%80%b9%e1%82%94%e1%80%9f%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%81%e1%80%ab%e1%80%b8-%e1%80%a1%e1%80%b1%e1%81%be%e1%80%80%e1%80%ac%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8-%e1%80%9e%e1%80%ad/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109093622/http://myfoodmyanmar.com/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%82%94%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%81%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8-%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD|archive-date=2018-01-09|access-date=2021-01-09|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my|archivedate=2018-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109093622/http://myfoodmyanmar.com/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%82%94%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%81%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8-%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তাৰ পৰা গম পোৱা যায় যে মোহিঙ্গাত ব্যৱহৃত মূল শ্বেতসাৰ চাউল ৰন্ধনৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ এক দীঘলীয়া ইতিহাস আছে। মোহিঙ্গাৰ প্ৰাচীনতম প্ৰসংগটো কনবাং ৰাজবংশৰ কবি ইউ পোন্নিয়াৰ 'আলিঙ্গা 'পদ্য কবিতাত দেখা যায়। বাৰ্মাৰ ইতিহাসৰ ইতিহাসবিদ খিন মাউং নিউণ্টে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছে যে প্ৰাক-ঔপনিৱেশিক সময়ত মোহিঙ্গা সম্ভৱতঃ সাধাৰণ লোকৰ ব্যঞ্জন আছিল। কিয়নো মোহিঙ্গাৰ বিষয়ে কোনো আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীৰ ৰাজকীয় ৰেকৰ্ড বা ৰন্ধনৰ কিতাপত পোৱা নাযায়। বাগিদাওৰ শাসনকালৰ শেষাৰ্ধত ইউ মিন নামৰ এজন কবিয়ে 'মণ্ট দি' (မုန့်တီ) বাক্যাংশ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মোহিঙ্গাৰ বিষয়ে লিখিছিল। যদিও মণ্ট দি য়ে এতিয়া সাধাৰণতে আন এক প্ৰকাৰৰ চাউলৰ ভাৰ্মিচেলি ব্যঞ্জন বুজায়। এক ক্ষুদ্ৰ সংখ্যালঘুলোকে মোহিঙ্গাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত 'মণ্ট টি' শব্দৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিছে। দেশৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলত মোহিঙ্গাক 'মণ্ট' (မုန့်) বা 'মণ্ট হিন' (မုန့်ဟင်း) বুলি কোৱা হয়। ===আঞ্চলিক বিভিন্নতা=== উপাদানৰ উপলব্ধতা আৰু ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীৰ পছন্দৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সমগ্ৰ ম্যানমাৰত বিভিন্ন আঞ্চলিক প্ৰকাৰৰ মোহিঙ্গা আছে। উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে, ৰাখাইন মোহিঙ্গাত অধিক মাছৰ পেষ্ট আৰু কম চুপ থাকে। আটাইতকৈ সচৰাচৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰা সংস্কৰণটো নামনি ম্যানমাৰৰ পৰা আহিছে। য'ত সতেজ মাছ অধিক ব্যৱহৃত হয়। এই প্ৰকাৰৰ মোহিঙ্গা ইৰাৱতী বদ্বীপৰ পৰা উৎপন্ন হৈছে আৰু এইবিধ মোহিঙ্গাক প্ৰায়ে তাওচেট মোহিঙ্গা বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thinn Thiri San|date=2019-07-24|title=မုန့်ဟင်းခါး နှင့် မြန်မာလူမျိုး|url=https://yangon.style/item_cat/read-bread/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021128/https://yangon.style/item_cat/read-bread/|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Yangon Style|language=my|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021128/https://yangon.style/item_cat/read-bread/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ৰেঙ্গুনৰ কেইবাখনো প্ৰসিদ্ধ মোহিঙ্গাৰ দোকানত ইৰাৱতী ডেল্টা শৈলীৰ মোহিঙ্গা পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে মায়াউংমিয়া দাও চো আৰু বগালে দাও নিয়ো। <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=ငြိမ်းအိအိထွေး|date=2018-08-29|title=ရန်ကုန်မြို့က နာမည်ကျော် မုန့်ဟင်းခါးဆိုင် ၁ဝ ဆိုင်|url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/restaurant-reviews/114715.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015918/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/restaurant-reviews/114715.html|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=The Myanmar Times|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015918/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/restaurant-reviews/114715.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> '''ইৰাৱতী বদ্বীপ'''ৰ মোহিঙ্গাৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ ভিতৰত #বোগালে মোহিঙ্গা – মাছ আৰু প্ৰচুৰ জালুকৰ জোল দি ৰন্ধা, #মায়াউংমিয়া মোহিঙ্গা – তিনি প্ৰকাৰৰ মাছৰ সৈতে ৰন্ধা, যেনে পটিযুক্ত স্নেকহেড, খোজ কঢ়া কেটফিছ, আৰু হেমিল্টনৰ কাৰ্প<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-12-13|title=မြောင်းမြမုန့်ဟင်းခါး|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/myaung-mya-mont-hinn-khar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015855/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/myaung-mya-mont-hinn-khar/|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015855/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/myaung-mya-mont-hinn-khar/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> #পাইপন মোহিঙ্গা,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-08-13|title=ဒေသအစားအစာ တစ်ခုဖြစ်သည့် တောင်ငူမုန့်ဟင်းခါး|url=http://www.timeayeyar.com/2018/08/blog-post_747.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020001/http://www.timeayeyar.com/2018/08/blog-post_747.html|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=TimeAyeyar|language=my|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020001/http://www.timeayeyar.com/2018/08/blog-post_747.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> #পাথেইন মোহিঙ্গা,<ref name=":4"/> #ৰেঙ্গুন মোহিঙ্গা – কেটফিছ, চিনাবাদামৰ জোলত ৰন্ধা।<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-12-29|title=ရန်ကုန် မုန့်ဟင်းခါး|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/yangon-mont-hin-ga/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045029/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/yangon-mont-hin-ga/|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045029/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/yangon-mont-hin-ga/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> '''বাগো অঞ্চল'''ৰ পৰা মোহিঙ্গাৰ প্ৰকাৰবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আছে: #হিন্থাদা মোহিঙ্গা – কেটফিছৰ সলনি হিলছাৰে ৰন্ধা<ref>{{Cite web|last=San San Oo|date=2017-07-25|title=ဟင်္သာတမုန့်ဟင်းခါး|url=http://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/contributors/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A4%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%82%94%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006073848/http://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/contributors/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A4%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%82%94%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8/|archive-date=2018-10-06|access-date=|website=FOOD Magazine Myanmar|language=my|archivedate=2018-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006073848/http://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/contributors/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A4%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%82%94%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> #মাদাউক মোহিঙ্গা – পৰম্পৰাগত মিছামাছৰ আচাৰৰ সৈতে ৰন্ধা, আৰু কেঁচা বিলাহীৰ সৈতে পৰিৱেশন কৰা,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016-04-05|title=မဒေါက် မုန့်ဟင်းခါး|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/ma-dout-mont-hinn-khar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111043313/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/ma-dout-mont-hinn-khar/|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111043313/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/ma-dout-mont-hinn-khar/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> #নিয়াউংলেবিন আৰু পিউণ্টাজা মোহিঙ্গা – মাছৰ সৈতে ৰন্ধা,বগৰীৰ আচাৰৰ সৈতে পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=လှမြိုင်|date=2019-08-06|title=မုန့်ဟင်းခါး ဋီကာ (ဒါဖတ်ပြီးမှ မုန့်ဟင်းခါး စားပါ)|url=http://www.lwinpyin.com/2019/08/mote-hin-kar-about-q.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023206/http://www.lwinpyin.com/2019/08/mote-hin-kar-about-q.html|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Lwin Pyin News|language=my}}</ref> #টাউংগু মোহিঙ্গা – শুকান নুডল চালাডৰ দৰে পাতল জোলেৰে পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়, কেঁচা বিলাহী, কটা সেউজীয়া মাহ, আৰু পিকল্ড বগা জুজুবৰ এটা ফালৰ সৈতে।<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016-03-08|title=တောင်ငူ မုန့်ဟင်းခါး ရေကျဲ|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/taunggu-mont-hinn-khar-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111030447/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/taunggu-mont-hinn-khar-2/|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111030447/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/taunggu-mont-hinn-khar-2/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> '''উজনি ম্যানমাৰত''' মোহিঙ্গাৰ প্ৰকাৰবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আছে: #আন্য মহিঙ্গা – ভজা চাউলৰ আটাৰ সলনি কুকুৰাৰ মাংস, মাছ আৰু বুটৰ আটাৰ জোলত ৰন্ধা হয়। ম্যানমাৰৰ উজনি চহৰ যেনে মনিৱা, ৱেটলেট, শ্বেবো, কিয়াউকপাডাউং, আৰু মিংগিয়ানৰ সচৰাচৰ এই মোহিঙ্গা দেখা যায়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016-04-04|title=ညောင်ပင်ကြီး မုန့်ဟင်းခါး (သို့) အညာ မုန့်ဟင်းခါး|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/rural-style-mont-hinn-khar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021134/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/rural-style-mont-hinn-khar/|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021134/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/rural-style-mont-hinn-khar/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> #মোহিঙ্গাত – কেটফিছ আৰু সেউজীয়া পিঁয়াজৰ জোৰেৰে সৈতে ৰন্ধা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016-04-04|title=အင်းမုန့်ဟင်းခါး (သို့) အင်းမုန့်တီ|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/inn-mont-hinn-khar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111043743/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/inn-mont-hinn-khar/|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111043743/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/inn-mont-hinn-khar/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> '''দক্ষিণ আৰু পূৱ ম্যানমাৰ'''ৰ ভিতৰত থকা প্ৰকাৰবোৰ হ'ল:-- #দাৱেই মোহিঙ্গা – পৰম্পৰাগত মোহিঙ্গাৰ দৰে, পাপৰিকাৰ সলনি ক'লা জালুকৰ সৈতে ৰন্ধা হয়।<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-02-01|title=မုန့်ဟင်းခါးချက်နည်းအမျိုးမျိုး|url=https://yangonlife.com.mm/mm/article/60814|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021027/https://yangonlife.com.mm/mm/article/60814|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Yangon Life|language=my|archivedate=2021-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021027/https://yangonlife.com.mm/mm/article/60814|deadurl=yes}}</ref> #কাইন মোহিঙ্গা –মিঠা বা মচলাযুক্ত স্বাদ, ধনিয়াৰ সলনি কেঁচা বিলাহী,গজালি ওলোৱা মাহ, সেউজীয়া বীন আৰু পুদিনাৰ সৈতে পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়। #মাওলামাইন মোহিঙ্গা – সিজোৱা মটৰ, সেউজীয়া মাহ, পদিনা, মাছৰ পিঠা আৰু গুড়ৰ সৈতে পাতল জোলেৰে স্থিৰতাত ৰন্ধা হয়। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী: ম্যানমাৰ]][[শ্ৰেণী: ম্যানমাৰৰ খাদ্য]] 4fhbtdjav77rylfosthkob6z8d9tqnm 0 110093 604476 467052 2026-05-04T17:50:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Moriones soldier.jpg|thumb|right|মৰিয়নেছ সৈনিক]] '''মৰিয়নেছ উৎসৱ''' ({{lang-en|Moriones Festival}}) হৈছে [[ফিলিপাইনছ]]ৰ [[মেৰিণ্ডুক দ্বীপ]]ত প্ৰতি বছৰে [[পবিত্ৰ সপ্তাহ]] বা [[গ্ৰেট উইক]]ত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা লেণ্টেন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় উৎসৱ। ফিলিপাইনছৰ স্থানীয় লোকে ব্যাখ্যা কৰা মতে "মৰিয়ানছ" হৈছে [[বাইবেল]]ৰ ইম্পেৰিয়েল ৰোমান সৈন্য সকলে পৰিধান কৰা [[সাজ-পোছাক]]ৰ প্ৰতিলিপি আৰু [[মুখা]] পিন্ধা পুৰুষ-মহিলা সকল। মৰিয়নেছ পৰম্পৰাই ফিলিপাইনছ বাসীক আন আন বহু উৎসৱ পালন কৰিবৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰি আহিছে যাৰ ফলত তেওঁলোকৰ সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰথা সমূহক ৰাজপথৰ উৎসৱলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>[http://www.marinduque.gov.ph/tourism.htm ''MARINDUQUE'S THRUST FOR CULTURAL & TOURISM DEVELOPMENT''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621140344/http://www.marinduque.gov.ph/tourism.htm |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> ই ফিলিপাইনছৰ মেৰিণ্ডুক দ্বীপত উদযাপন কৰা এক বৃহৎ বৰ্ণিল উৎসৱ। উৎসৱত অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰা লোকসকলে ''মৰিয়ন'' মুখা পৰিধান কৰি [[খ্ৰীষ্টৰ যন্ত্ৰণাৰ কাহিনী]]ৰ লগত জড়িত ৰোমান সৈনিক আৰু ছিৰিয়ান ভাড়াতীয়া সৈনিকক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যিসকলে যীশুখ্ৰীষ্টৰ মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ সময়ত মূল কাহিনীৰ অংশ হিচাপে উপস্থিত আছিল। মৰিয়ন মুখা বোৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৈনিকসকলৰ ভয়ংকৰ আৰু কঠোৰ ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়, যি খ্ৰীষ্টৰ দুৰ্গতিৰ কাহিনীৰ গভীৰতাক অধিক প্ৰকট কৰি তোলাৰ লগতে উৎসৱৰ আকৰ্ষণ বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে আৰু অঞ্চলটোৰ এক সুকীয়া পৰিচয় দাঙি ধৰিছে॥ এই মুখাবোৰৰ নাম ১৬শ আৰু ১৭শ শতিকাৰ [[মৰিয়ান হেলমেট]]ৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cinco|first1=Maricar|title=Last of Moriones mask makers looking for heirs|url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/156898/last-of-moriones-mask-makers-looking-for-heirs|accessdate=17 October 2014|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=13 April 2014}}</ref> এই উৎসৱত মৰিয়নাছ সকলে মুখা আৰু সাজ-পোছাক পৰিধান কৰি সেই সময়ৰ অনুতাপকাৰীসকলক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু পৌৰাণিক কাহিণীত থকাৰ দৰে লংগিনাছক বিচাৰি সাত দিন চহৰখনৰ চাৰিওফালে ঘূৰি ফুৰে। মৰিয়নসকলে পবিত্ৰ সোমবাৰৰ পৰা ইষ্টাৰ দেওবাৰলৈকে চহৰৰ ৰাজপথত ঘূৰি ফুৰি শিশুসকলক ভয় খুৱাই, বা অঞ্চল বাসীৰ মনোযোগ আকৰ্ষণ কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান আচৰিত কৰ্ম কাণ্ডত লিপ্ত হয়। এইটো এটা লোক-ধৰ্মীয় উৎসৱ যাৰ জৰিয়তে এটা চকু অন্ধ ৰোমান শতপতি [[চেণ্ট লংগিনাছ]]ৰ কাহিনী পুনৰাবৃত্তি কৰা হয়। এই উৎসৱৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে ৰঙীন ৰোমান সাজ-পোছাক, ৰং কৰা মাস্ক আৰু হেলমেট, আৰু উজ্জ্বল ৰঙৰ টিউনিক পৰিধান কৰা। মেৰিণ্ডুক দ্বীপৰ ব’য়াক, গাছান, চাণ্টা ক্ৰুজ, বুয়েনাভিষ্টা আৰু মগপগ চহৰৰ এটা বিশাল অঞ্চলত এই উৎসৱ পালন কৰাহয়। এই নিয়ম সমূহ [[মাৰিণ্ডুক]]ৰ লেণ্টেন উৎসৱৰ অংশ হিচাপে বিবেচিত হয়। পবিত্ৰ সপ্তাহৰ সময়ত অনুষ্ঠিত এই পৰম্পৰাবোৰে অঞ্চলটোৰ ধৰ্মীয় ভক্তি আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে। এই সময়চোৱাত মেৰিণ্ডুক দ্বীপৰ গাঁৱে গাঁৱে খ্ৰীষ্টৰ দুৰ্গতিবোৰ বৰ্ননা কৰি এক অনন্য পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰে, যাক পাবাছা বোলা হয়। এই পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টৰ দুৰ্গতিকাহিনী সমূহ আনকি পদ্য ৰূপেও পাঠ বা আবৃত্তি কৰা হয়। এই কাৰ্য্যসমূহ পৱিত্ৰ সপ্তাহৰ সময়ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক আয়োজন হিচাপে গণ্য হয়।<ref name="free">[http://www.freedomhealthrecovery.com/marinduque/moriones.html ''One of the Philippines most Colorful Festivals'']</ref> তাৰ পিছত গুড ফ্ৰাইডেৰ বিয়লি তিনি বজাত ছাণ্টো চেপুলক্ৰ’ পালন কৰা হয়, য’ত বুঢ়ী মহিলাসকলে মৃত খ্ৰীষ্টৰ পিছত থিয় হৈ বাইবেলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পদৰ আদান-প্ৰদান কৰে। এই উৎসৱৰ অন্যতম আকৰ্ষণীয় দিশ হ’ল [[ভিয়া ক্ৰুচিছ]],য’ত হয় খ্ৰীষ্টই কালভাৰীলৈ যোৱাৰ পথত হোৱা দুখ-কষ্টৰ পুনৰাবৃত্তি। মানুহে পিঠিত চাবুকেৰে কোবাই, কাঠৰ ক্ৰুচ লয় আৰু কেতিয়াবা ক্ৰুচবিদ্ধ কৰিও নিজৰ ওপৰত দুখ-যান্ত্ৰনা জাপি সহ্য কৰে। তেওঁলোকে এই কাৰ্য্যক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপৰ প্ৰায়শ্চিত্ত ৰূপে বিবেচনা কৰে। এই সপ্তাহজোৰা উদযাপন পবিত্ৰ সোমবাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু ইষ্টাৰ দেওবাৰে শেষ হয় বাবে ইয়াক ‘পবিত্ৰ সপ্তাহ’ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>[http://www.wowparadisephilippines.com/moriones-festival-marinduque.html ''Moriones Festival-Marinduque'']{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==পৃষ্ঠভূমি== ১৯৬০ চনত সংবাদ মাধ্যমে মৰিয়নেছ শব্দটো ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলে মূল শব্দটো মৰিয়নেন হিচাপে ৰাখিছে। বহুতো কৃষক আৰু মাছমৰীয়া লোকে যুগ যুগ ধৰি চলি অহা এই পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি যীশুখ্ৰীষ্টৰ প্ৰতি তপস্যা বা ধন্যবাদৰ ব্ৰত হিচাপে লিপ্ত হৈ অনুশীলনকৰি আহিছে। খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি লংগিনাছক সাধাৰণতে এক দৃষ্টিহীন ৰোমান সৈনিক বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁ যীশুখ্ৰীষ্টক ক্ৰুশত বিদ্ধ কৰা সময়ত তেওঁৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত বাণেৰে আঘাত কৰিছিল। কাহিনী মতে, সেই আঘাতৰ ফলত যীশুখ্ৰীষ্টৰ ৰক্ত আৰু পানী লংগিনাছৰ চকুত পৰি তেওঁ অলৌকিকভাৱে দৃষ্টিশক্তি লাভ কৰে। এই অলৌকিকতাই লংগিনাছক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। ফলত তেওঁৰ সতীৰ্থ শতাধিকাৰীৰ ক্ষোভৰ বলি হৈছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে লংগিনাছক ধৰি আনি মূৰটো কাটি পেলাইছিল। লংগিনাছৰ এই অলৌকিক ঘটনাক খ্ৰীষ্টৰ দুৰ্গতিৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। খ্ৰীষ্টৰ জীৱন আৰু মৃত্যুত হোৱা অলৌকিক ঘটনাৰ সৈতে লংগিনাছৰ কাহিনীয়ে পৰম্পৰাগত খ্ৰীষ্টীয়কাহিনীত এক উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থান লাভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fuhrmann|first1=Christopher|title=Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order|date= 11 April 2014|edition= Reprint|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199360017|page=231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yspXtgPVoJQC&q=Longinus++&pg=PA231}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস= স্পেইনৰ ভেলেন্সিয়া নামৰ ঠাইত ও ফেষ্টিভেল ডি মৰ’ছ ৱাই ক্ৰিষ্টিয়ানছ (মূৰ আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান উৎসৱ) নামৰ একেধৰণৰ উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা হয়। মৰিয়নেছ শব্দটো মৰ’ছৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে বুলি ইতিহাসবিদ সকল প্ৰায় নিশ্চিত। আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য ব্যুৎপত্তি হৈছে স্পেনিছ শব্দ "murió" (মূল ক্ৰিয়া:morir) অৰ্থাৎ"(তৃতীয় ব্যক্তি একবচন) মৃত্যুবৰণ"ৰ পৰা। এই উৎসৱৰ উৎপত্তি মগপগ আৰু ১৮৮৭ চনত উক্ত চহৰৰ পেৰিছৰ পুৰোহিত ডাইঅ'নিচিঅ' ছাণ্টিয়াগোৱে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে আয়োজন কৰাৰ পৰাই পৰম্পৰাগত ভাবে উদযাপন কৰা হৈ আহিছে বুলি অনুমান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=''The Moriones Festival of Marinduque'' |url=http://www.cockatoo.com/english/philippines/philippines_islands_marinduque.htm |access-date=2024-12-13 |archivedate=2013-01-19 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130119194120/http://www.cockatoo.com/english/philippines/philippines_islands_marinduque.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *ফিলিপাইনছত পবিত্ৰ সপ্তাহ *বাহ্যিক সংযোগসমূহ *ননঅফিচিয়েল মেৰিণ্ডুক পৰ্যটন ৱেবছাইট *Youtube-মৰিয়নেছ উৎসৱ *Youtube-মৰিয়নেছ উৎসৱ *মৰিয়নেছত ক্ৰুছিছৰ জৰিয়তে ইউটিউব *মৰিয়নেছ উৎসৱৰ ৩৬০টা দৃশ্য ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} pv0vv30yfsr9uagyk1lqkt9cjiqu61x 0 115571 604467 491031 2026-05-04T17:37:07Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 604467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = আম পান্না | image = Aam Panna - Summer Cooler.JPG | caption = আম পান্না/আম ঝোৰা পানীয় [[ভাৰত]] | alternate_name = | country = [[ভাৰত]] | national_cuisine = [[ভাৰতীয় খাদ্য|ভাৰত]] | creator = | course = পানীয় | served = ঠাণ্ডা | main_ingredient = কেঁচা [[আম]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''আম পান্না''', আম ঝোৰা(আম ঝোৰাⓘ), বা পানহা হৈছে ভাৰতীয় পানীয়, পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে গ্ৰীষ্মকালত উপভোগ কৰা হয়। কেঁচা আমৰপৰা তৈয়াৰী আৰু ইয়াৰ ৰং পাতল সেউজীয়া। প্ৰায়ে পানীয়ত পদিনা পাত যোগ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ সেউজীয়া ৰং বৃদ্ধি পায়। কাঁচা আম পেকটিনৰ এক সমৃদ্ধ উৎস, আমৰ গুটি সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে গঠিত হোৱাৰ পাছত ইয়াৰ পৰিমাণ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে হ্ৰাস পায়। কেঁচা আম টেঙা স্বাদযুক্ত হয়, ইয়াৰ কাৰণ হ'ল ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত অক্সেলিক অ্যাসিড, চিট্ৰিক অ্যাসিড, আৰু মেলিক অ্যাসিডৰ উপস্থিতি। আম পান্না বা আম ঝোৰা কেঁচা আম, জিৰা, আৰু বিভিন্ন মচলাৰে তৈয়াৰ কৰা এক সুস্বাদু পানীয়।<ref>{{cite news|title=Aam Panna/Jhora Recipe|url=https://trickymart.com/aam-panna-recipe-of-2022|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221132216/https://trickymart.com/aam-panna-recipe-of-2022/|url-status=dead|archivedate=21 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221132216/https://trickymart.com/aam-panna-recipe-of-2022/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> এই পানীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালত শৰীৰৰপৰা অতিপাত ঘাম বাহিৰ হোৱা ফলত ছ’ডিয়াম ক্ল’ৰাইড আৰু আয়ৰণৰ অতিৰিক্ত ক্ষয় ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ সহায়ক।<ref>{{cite book |last=Narayanan |first=Vidhu |year=2010 |title= Longman Active Science |publisher=Pearson |pages=147 |chapter=Chapter 11: Circulation and Excretion in Animals |isbn= 978-81-317-2841-3}}</ref> মূলত উত্তৰ ভাৰতত খোৱা এই পানীয় পেটৰ অসুখ,জঠৰসংক্ৰান্তীয় যি কোনো অসুখৰ চিকিৎসাত সহায়ক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ইয়াত ভিটামিন B1, B2, নিয়াচিন, আৰু ভিটামিন C যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে থাকে। ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতিত, আম পান্নাক এক প্ৰাকৃতিক টনিক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়, যি যক্ষ্মা, ৰক্তহীনতা, কলেৰা, আৰু অমাশয়ৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সহায়ক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ==ৰেচিপি== [[File:Smoked Aam Panna.jpg|thumb|right|ধোঁৱা দিয়া আম পান্না]] উৎস:<ref>{{Cite web |title=CLASSIC AAM PANNA RECIPE |url=https://frombowltosoul.com/classic-aam-panna-recipe/}}</ref> '''সামগ্ৰীসমূহ:''' *২টা ডাঙৰ কেঁচা আম *১/২ কাপ চেনি *১ চামুচ ৰোষ্ট কৰা জিৰাৰ গুড়ি *১/২ চামুচ ক’লা নিমখ *১ চামুচ ক’লা জলকীয়াৰ গুড়ি *১০-১২টা সতেজ পদিনা পাত *৪ কাপ পানী *বৰফৰ টুকুৰা (ঐচ্ছিক) '''প্ৰস্তুতি প্ৰণালীঃ-''' ১.আম উতলা: কেঁচা আম ২ কাপ পানীত ধুই কোমল হোৱালৈকে উতলাই ল’ব লাগে। ঠাণ্ডা হোৱাৰ পিছত আমৰ গুটিটো উলিয়াই সজ্জাখিনি উলিয়াই লবলাগে। <br/>২.সজ্জা বনাওক: আমখিনি মসৃণ হোৱালৈকে মিহলাই লওক। <br/>৩.চিৰাপ প্ৰস্তুত কৰক: আমৰ গুড়িখিনি, চেনি, জিৰাৰ গুড়ি, ক’লা নিমখ, ক’লা জলকীয়াৰ গুড়ি, আৰু পদিনা পাত মিহলাই এটা মিশ্ৰণ তৈয়াৰ কৰি ল’ব লাগে। পুনৰ ফেটি ল’ব লাগে যাতে ভাল দৰে <br/>৪.সকলোখিনি বস্তু মিহলি হৈ যায়। <br/>৫.পাতল কৰক: ২ কাপ পানী দি মিঠা আৰু নিমখ সোৱাদ অনুসৰি দি মিশ্ৰণটো তৈয়াৰ কৰিব লাগে। <br/>৬.পৰিৱেশন কৰক: গিলাচত ঢালি ইচ্ছা কৰিলে বৰফ দিব আৰু পদিনা পাতেৰে সজাই লৈ পৰিৱেশন কৰিব পাৰি। ==লগতে চাওক== *ভাৰতীয় পানীয়ৰ তালিকা ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} cn2y7g3fzkpuci53c4wm30p9tlaw19h 0 117207 604479 497294 2026-05-04T18:00:39Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sculpture in Kerala, India}} {{Infobox artwork | image_file = File:Malampuzha Yakshi - മലമ്പുഴ യക്ഷി 02.JPG | painting_alignment = | image_size = 300 px | title = যক্ষী | alt = | other_language_1 = | other_title_1 = | other_language_2 = | other_title_2 = | artist = [[কানায়ী কুঁহিৰমন]] | year = {{Start date|1969}} | height_metric = | width_metric = | length_metric = | height_imperial = ৩০ | width_imperial = | length_imperial = | diameter__metric = | diameter_imperial = | imperial_unit = ft | metric_unit = cm | city = [[মালম্পুজা]], [[পলাক্কাদ]]। | museum = | coordinates = | owner = [[কেৰালাৰ চৰকাৰ]] }} '''যক্ষী''' ({{lang-en|Yakshi (sculpture)}}) হ'ল ভাৰতৰ কেৰালা ৰাজ্যৰ মালমপুজা বান্ধৰ কাষতে থকা পলাক্কাডৰ মালমপুজা উদ্যানত থকা এটি ভাস্কৰ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-04|title=Yakshi, The Iconic Nude Female Statue In Kerala To Get A Facelift After 50 Years|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/yakshi-the-iconic-nude-female-statue-in-kerala-to-get-a-facelift-after-50-years-361577.html|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> কানায়ী কুঁহিৰমনে ১৯৬৯ চনত এই ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে‍।<ref>{{Cite web|last=thomas|first=elizabeth|date=2019-04-10|title=Kanayi Kunhiraman's Yakshi is secular|url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/100419/kanayi-kunhiramans-yakshi-is-secular.html|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=The Asian Age}}</ref> ই হৈছে‍এগৰাকী নগ্ন মহিলা যক্ষীৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত ৩০ ফুট (৯.১ মিটাৰ) ওখ ভাস্কৰ্য (হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ মহিলা আত্মা), যাৰ ভৰি মেলা আছে, স্তন ওপৰলৈ তুলা, চকু আকাশলৈ অৰ্ধ-তন্দ্ৰা অৱস্থাত চাই থকা আৰু চুলিত আঙুলি বুলাই আছে।<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-08|language=en-IN|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/woman-who-posed-for-yakshi-dead/article32801267.ece|dead-url=2022-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanayi's enigmatic 'Yakshi' continues to kick up a row, this time on Instagram|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2022/06/15/kanayis-yakshi-kicks-up-row-over-kerala-tourism-insta-post.html|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=OnManorama}}</ref> ভাস্কৰ্যটো এটা টুকুৰাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Of Malampuzha, the yakshi and memories|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/06/30/malampuzha-dam-gardens-yakshi-memories-palakkad-travel-destination.html|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=www.onmanorama.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ২০১৯ চনত ভাস্কৰ্যটোৰ ৫০ সংখ্যক বাৰ্ষিকী উপলক্ষে কেৰালা চৰকাৰ কুন্হীৰামনক সন্মানিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=Oct 10, 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/iconic-yakshi-to-get-a-park-courtesy-kanayi/articleshow/78581761.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr|title=Iconic Yakshi to get a park, courtesy Kanayi|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=The Times of India}}</ref> == সমালোচনা == এই ভাস্কৰ্যটোৰ নগ্নতাৰ বাবে একাংশ লোকে সমালোচনা কৰিছে। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Priya|first=Krishna|date=2021-09-30|title=Nudity In Art: Analysing The Politics Of Nakedness Through The Sculptures Of Kanayi Kunhiraman|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2021/10/01/nudity-in-art-analysing-the-politics-of-nakedness-through-the-sculptures-of-kanayi-kunhiraman/|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=Feminism in India|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=നഗ്നയായ യക്ഷിയെ തുണിയുടുപ്പിക്കാന്‍ ഇറങ്ങിത്തിരിച്ചവർ അറിയാൻ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2022/06/08/social-discussion-on-kanayi-kunhiramans-yakshi.html|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাস্কৰ্য]] dxkbrgz86p83mhjabrkbnuij7v48wbj 0 118064 604405 504003 2026-05-04T13:03:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মালিনা জোশী | image = Malina Joshi 2014-03-19 17-14.jpeg | caption = ২০১৪ চনত মালিনা জোশী | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|1|27}} | birth_place = ধৰণ, [[নেপাল]] | nationality = [[নেপালী]] | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল | years_active = ২০১১–বৰ্তমান | title = মিছ নেপাল ২০১১ | website = }} '''মালিনা জোশী''' (জন্ম: ২৭ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৮৯) এগৰাকী নেপালী অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। তেওঁ ২০১১ চনত মিছ নেপাল খিতাপ অৰ্জন কৰে<ref name="wikipedia">{{cite web|title=Malina Joshi|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malina_Joshi|website=Wikipedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Malina+Joshi+stands+tall+as+Miss+Nepal+2011&NewsID=301096|title=Malina Joshi stands tall as Miss Nepal 2011|access-date=12 August 2021|archivedate=23 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623055905/https://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Malina+Joshi+stands+tall+as+Miss+Nepal+2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xnepali.net/miss-nepal-2011-malina-joshi/amp/|title=Miss Nepal 2011: Malina Joshi|date=15 March 2021|access-date=12 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Nepals join hands to help orphans |url=https://annapurna-express.prixa.net/news/miss-nepals-join-hands-to-help-orphans-3448/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Annapurna Express |language=Nepali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malina Joshi |url=https://www.lensnepal.com/profile/malina-joshi.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Lens Nepal}}</ref> আৰু মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ড ২০১১-ত নেপালক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ অন্তিম দিনটোত নেপালী লোকনৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ বিউটি উইথ এ পাৰ্পজ খিতাপৰ বাবেও শীৰ্ষ ৩০ৰ ভিতৰত আছিল, যিটো মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ডৰ এটা ডাঙৰ বঁটা। == জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মজীৱন == মালিনা জোশীয়ে ধৰান হায়াৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত অধ্যয়ন কৰে আৰু পাছত এইচ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ মেনেজমেণ্টৰ পৰা মাৰ্কেটিংত এমবিএ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref name="wikipedia"/> তেওঁ ২০১০ চনৰ মিছ এঞ্জেল প্ৰতিযোগিতাত শীৰ্ষ ৫ ফাইনেলিষ্টৰ অন্যতম আছিল।<ref name="wikipedia"/> ২০১৩ চনত, তেওঁ মিছ এছিয়া পেছেফিক বিশ্ব প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে, য'ত তেওঁ শীৰ্ষ ১৫ অৰ্ধ-ফাইনেলিষ্টৰ অন্যতম আছিল।<ref name="wikipedia"/> == চলচ্চিত্ৰ তালিকা == {| class="wikitable" |- ! বৰ্ষ!! চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নাম!! ভূমিকা!! মন্তব্য |- | ২০১৪ || ৰিতু || || আৰম্ভণি চলচ্চিত্ৰ |- | ২০১৬ || দ্য উইন্নাৰ || || |- | ২০১৬ || ঝুমকি || || থাৰু মহিলাৰ চৰিত্ৰত |- | ২০১৭ || ৰাণী || || |- | ২০২৩ || ছক্কা পাঞ্জা ৪ || || |} <ref name="wikipedia"/> == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://www.instagram.com/malinajoshi11/ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰামত মালিনা জোশী] * [https://www.facebook.com/malinajoshiofficialpage/ ফেচবুকত মালিনা জোশী] * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZydQFuNcZ8ohU6PGAgx4qQ ইউটিউবত মালিনা জোশী] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালী অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি]] g6rs3ih1k0n65jq7a4dahbfk6f3qu45 604406 604405 2026-05-04T13:03:52Z KiranBOT 45247 AMP-Tracking URLs ৰ পৰা আঁতৰোৱা হৈছে ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|বিশদ]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|ভুল প'ৰিবেশ]]) v2.2.9s 604406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মালিনা জোশী | image = Malina Joshi 2014-03-19 17-14.jpeg | caption = ২০১৪ চনত মালিনা জোশী | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|1|27}} | birth_place = ধৰণ, [[নেপাল]] | nationality = [[নেপালী]] | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল | years_active = ২০১১–বৰ্তমান | title = মিছ নেপাল ২০১১ | website = }} '''মালিনা জোশী''' (জন্ম: ২৭ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৮৯) এগৰাকী নেপালী অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। তেওঁ ২০১১ চনত মিছ নেপাল খিতাপ অৰ্জন কৰে<ref name="wikipedia">{{cite web|title=Malina Joshi|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malina_Joshi|website=Wikipedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Malina+Joshi+stands+tall+as+Miss+Nepal+2011&NewsID=301096|title=Malina Joshi stands tall as Miss Nepal 2011|access-date=12 August 2021|archivedate=23 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623055905/https://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Malina+Joshi+stands+tall+as+Miss+Nepal+2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xnepali.net/miss-nepal-2011-malina-joshi/|title=Miss Nepal 2011: Malina Joshi|date=15 March 2021|access-date=12 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Nepals join hands to help orphans |url=https://annapurna-express.prixa.net/news/miss-nepals-join-hands-to-help-orphans-3448/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Annapurna Express |language=Nepali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malina Joshi |url=https://www.lensnepal.com/profile/malina-joshi.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Lens Nepal}}</ref> আৰু মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ড ২০১১-ত নেপালক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ অন্তিম দিনটোত নেপালী লোকনৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ বিউটি উইথ এ পাৰ্পজ খিতাপৰ বাবেও শীৰ্ষ ৩০ৰ ভিতৰত আছিল, যিটো মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ডৰ এটা ডাঙৰ বঁটা। == জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মজীৱন == মালিনা জোশীয়ে ধৰান হায়াৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত অধ্যয়ন কৰে আৰু পাছত এইচ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ মেনেজমেণ্টৰ পৰা মাৰ্কেটিংত এমবিএ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref name="wikipedia"/> তেওঁ ২০১০ চনৰ মিছ এঞ্জেল প্ৰতিযোগিতাত শীৰ্ষ ৫ ফাইনেলিষ্টৰ অন্যতম আছিল।<ref name="wikipedia"/> ২০১৩ চনত, তেওঁ মিছ এছিয়া পেছেফিক বিশ্ব প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে, য'ত তেওঁ শীৰ্ষ ১৫ অৰ্ধ-ফাইনেলিষ্টৰ অন্যতম আছিল।<ref name="wikipedia"/> == চলচ্চিত্ৰ তালিকা == {| class="wikitable" |- ! বৰ্ষ!! চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নাম!! ভূমিকা!! মন্তব্য |- | ২০১৪ || ৰিতু || || আৰম্ভণি চলচ্চিত্ৰ |- | ২০১৬ || দ্য উইন্নাৰ || || |- | ২০১৬ || ঝুমকি || || থাৰু মহিলাৰ চৰিত্ৰত |- | ২০১৭ || ৰাণী || || |- | ২০২৩ || ছক্কা পাঞ্জা ৪ || || |} <ref name="wikipedia"/> == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://www.instagram.com/malinajoshi11/ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰামত মালিনা জোশী] * [https://www.facebook.com/malinajoshiofficialpage/ ফেচবুকত মালিনা জোশী] * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZydQFuNcZ8ohU6PGAgx4qQ ইউটিউবত মালিনা জোশী] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালী অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি]] 9la74nhxa1x4kpa7r7j76vc9jwjkfep 0 118090 604562 495247 2026-05-05T10:00:52Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pageant titleholder | name = সৃষ্টি শ্ৰেষ্ঠ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|10|18}} | photo = Shristi Shrestha 02 (cropped).jpg | caption = চিসো এছট্ৰে চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ প্ৰিমিয়াৰত সৃষ্টি শ্ৰেষ্ঠ | title = Miss Chitwan 2012 <br /> Miss Nepal World 2012 <br /> Miss World 2012 চতুৰ্থাংশ ফাইনেলিষ্ট (২০তম স্থান) <br /> শীৰ্ষ ১০ বিচ বিউটি Miss World 2012 <br /> শীৰ্ষ ১০ মাল্টিমিডিয়া এৱাৰ্ড Miss Nepal 2012 <br /> শীৰ্ষ ১০ নৃত্যশিল্পী Miss World 2012 | nationalcompetition = Miss Nepal 2012<br />(বিজয়ী)<br />Miss World 2012<br />(শীৰ্ষ ৩০) | eye_color = | hair_color = | domestic_partner = সৌগত মাল্ল (২০১৬–২০২৩) }} '''সৃষ্টি শ্ৰেষ্ঠ''' (सृष्टि श्रेष्ठ) এগৰাকী নেপালী অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shristi Shrestha |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8619216/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতা বিজয়ী। তেওঁ ''মিচ নেপাল ২০১২'' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ বিজয়ী আছিল। == কেৰিয়াৰ == === প্ৰতিযোগিতা === সৃষ্টিয়ে ২০১২ চনত ''Miss Chitwan' হিচাপে ''মিচ নেপাল ২০১২'' প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ মুকুট লাভ কৰাৰ উপৰি ''Miss Confidence'' খিতাপো অৰ্জন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Shristi Shrestha – Miss Nepal 2012 |url=http://bossnepal.com/shristi-shrestha-miss-world-2012/ |website=Boss Nepal |access-date=2025-03-16 |archivedate=2024-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518103739/http://bossnepal.com/shristi-shrestha-miss-world-2012/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> সৃষ্টি প্ৰথমগৰাকী ''মিচ নেপাল'' বিজয়ী যিয়ে মিচ ৱাৰ্ল্ডৰ চতুৰ্থাংশ ফাইনেলত উপনীত হৈছিল। তেওঁ সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ২০তম স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল, বিচ বিউটিত অষ্টম স্থান, আৰু মাল্টিমিডিয়া এৱাৰ্ডৰ শীৰ্ষ ১০ম স্থান পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nepal |first=Anand |date=18 August 2012 |title=Miss World 2012 is Miss China, Shristi top 10 in Beach Beauty |url=http://xnepali.net/miss-world-2012-is-miss-china-shristi-top-10-in-beach-beauty/ |access-date=30 June 2016 |website=xnepali.net |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === অভিনয় === সৃষ্টিয়ে "গজালু" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে অভিনয়ত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল, য’ত তেওঁৰ বিপৰীতে অনমোল কে চি আছিল। মঞ্চত তেওঁ ওফেলিয়া হিচাপে [[উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ]]ৰ ''হেমলেট'' নাটকত অভিনয় কৰিছিল। নাটকখন [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ থিয়েটাৰ ভিলেজত এক মাহ ধৰি মঞ্চস্থ হৈছিল আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ কাউঞ্চিলে প্ৰযোজনা কৰিছিল। নাটকখনৰ পৰিচালক আছিল গ্ৰেগৰী থমছন।<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2019 |title=रिलिज डेट तोक्दै सार्दै निर्माता |work=Online Khabar |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/01/653614 |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> == পুৰস্কাৰ == সৃষ্টিয়ে National Film Awards, Kamana Film Awards, Dcine Awards, আৰু FAAN Awards-ৰ পৰা "শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নতুন অভিনেত্ৰী" বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shristi Shrestha |url=https://www.lensnepal.com/profile/shristi-shrestha/awards.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Lens Nepal}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == সৃষ্টি সপ্তম গৰাকী WWF নেপালৰ "Young Conservation Ambassador" হিচাপে নিযুক্ত হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=Miss Nepal 2012 Shristi Shrestha is WWF's Young Conservation Ambassador |url=https://wwf.panda.org/?unewsid=205581 |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=WWF}}</ref> আৰু তেওঁ তুষাৰ নাহৰফুটুকী সংৰক্ষণ প্ৰকল্পৰ লগত জড়িত।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2012 |title=Shristi Shrestha the Seventh 'Young Conservation Ambassador' |url=http://fridayweekly.com.np/hall-of-frame/shristi-shrestha-the-seventh-young-conservation-ambassador |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107041646/http://fridayweekly.com.np/hall-of-frame/shristi-shrestha-the-seventh-young-conservation-ambassador |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=Friday Weekly |archivedate=7 January 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107041646/http://fridayweekly.com.np/hall-of-frame/shristi-shrestha-the-seventh-young-conservation-ambassador |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ ২০১৬-২০২৩ সময়সীমালৈকে সৌগত মাল্লৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কত আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=No more camaraderie as relationship breaks |url=https://en.nepalkhabar.com/news/detail/3474/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Nepal Khabar |language=en-gb}}</ref> == চলচ্চিত্ৰ তালিকা == === চলচ্চিত্ৰ === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! বছৰ ! শিৰোনাম ! চৰিত্ৰ ! পৰিচালক ! টোকা |- | ২০১৬ | গজালু | সুজাতা শাক্য | হেম ৰাজ বিসি | |- | ২০১৮ | ৰোমিঅ' এণ্ড মুনা | মুনা | নৰেশ কে. চি. | |- | ২০১৮ | বন্ধ মায়ালে | শৰদা | শবীৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ | |- | ২০১৯ | পই পৰ্যো কালে | | শিশিৰ ৰানা | |- | ২০১৯ | মাচ্চা মাচ্চা | | সুনীল গুৰুঙ | |- | ২০২২ | চিসো এছট্ৰে | সালিন্তা | দিন্স পাল্পালি | |- | ২০২২ | দ্য চিক্ৰেটছ অফ ৰাধা | ৰাধা | সুবৰ্ণ ঠাপা | |- | ২০২৩ | দ্য ৰেড চুটকেছ | | ফিদেল দেভকোটা | |} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালী অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 198ztgx27992vvw7l0pubivtw2vj7lk 0 118284 604531 493409 2026-05-05T05:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character | name = শ্বেহেৰাজাদে{{pb}}{{lang|ar|شهرزاد}} | series = [[এহেজাৰ এনিশা (লোকগাথা)]] | image = Scheherazade.tif | caption = ১৯ শতিকাৰ শ্বফী এণ্ডাৰছনে অঁকা শ্বেহেৰাজাদে, | portrayer = | occupation = ৰাণী | spouse = [[শ্বাহৰয়াৰ]] | gender = নাৰী | family = | children = ৩ পুত্ৰ আৰু সম্ভৱ ১জনী কন্যা | lbl21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = শ্বেহেৰাজাদে, শ্বেহৰজাদ }} '''শ্বেহেৰাজাদে'''<ref name=":0" /> এক হাজাৰ আৰু এক ৰাতি নামেৰে জনাজাত মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যৰ কাহিনী সংকলনৰ ফ্ৰেম আখ্যানৰ এটা প্ৰধান চৰিত্ৰ আৰু সাধু কওঁতা। ==নাম== আধুনিক পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মতে শ্বেহেৰাজাদে নামটো মধ্য পাৰ্চী নাম Čīhrāzād ৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে, যিটো čīhr ('বংশ') আৰু āzād ('উন্নত, উচ্চ') শব্দৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph |first=Ulrich |title=Arabian Nights |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=3rd |editor1=Kate Fleet |editor2=Gudrun Krämer|editor3=Denis Matringe |editor4=John Nawas |editor5=Everett Rowson |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2017 |quote=[T]he narrator's name is of Persian origin, the Arabicised form Shahrazād being the equivalent of the Persian Chehr-āzād, meaning "of noble descent and/or appearance". |doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021 }}</ref><ref name=iranica>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Ch. Pellat |title=Alf Layla wa-Layla |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alf-layla-wa-layla |year=2011 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] }}</ref><ref name=EI2>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hamori |first=A. |title=S̲h̲ahrazād |year=2012 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6771 }}</ref> আৰবী উৎসত শ্বেহেৰাজাদেৰ নামৰ প্ৰাচীন ৰূপসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আল-মাছুদিত শ্বিৰাজাদ (আৰবী: شيرازاد, ৰোমানীকৃত: শ্বিৰাজাদ) আৰু ইবন আল-নাদিমত শ্বাহৰাজাদ আদি অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite book |title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion |author=Robert Irwin |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks |year=2004 |page=944 (Kindle loc) }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ishkaliyat al-Tarjamah fi al-Adab al-Muqaran |script-title=ar:إشكالية الترجمة في الآدب المقارن |author=Hamdan Muhammad Ali Hussein Ismail (حمدان محمد علي حسين إسماعيل) |publisher=Al Manhal |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bz2DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |page=170 |isbn=9796500054087 }}</ref> ইছলামৰ বিশ্বকোষত এই নামটো ছাহৰাজাদ হিচাপে<ref name=EI2/> আৰু বিশ্বকোষ ইৰানিকাত শ্বাহৰাজাদ হিচাপে উল্লেখ আছে।<ref name=iranica/> ১৯ শতিকাৰ মানসম্পন্ন ছপা সংস্কৰণৰ ভিতৰত এই নামটো মেকনাগটেনৰ কলিকতা সংস্কৰণত (১৮৩৯–১৮৪২)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Alif laila |editor=William Hay Macnaghten |volume=1 |year=1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/aliflailaorbook03unkngoog |page=14 |publisher=Calcutta, W. Thacker and co. }}</ref> আৰু ১৮৬২ চনৰ বুলাক সংস্কৰণত,<ref>{{cite book|title= Kitāb alf laylah wa-laylah |volume=1 |year=1862 |publisher=Bulaq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANg1DCuYXYoC&pg=PP24 |page=20 }}</ref> আৰু ব্ৰেছল' সংস্কৰণত (১৮২৫–১৮৪৩) শাহৰাজাদ, শ্বাহৰাজাদ হিচাপে উল্লেখ আছে।<ref>{{cite book |title=Tausend und eine Nacht — alf laylah wa-laylah: arabisch, nach einer Handschrift aus Tunis |series=880-01Alf laylah wa-laylah |editor1=Maximilian Habicht |editor2=Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer |volume=1 |year=1825 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c005378587;view=1up;seq=39 |page=31 |location=[[Breslau]] }}</ref> মুহছিন মাহদীৰ সমালোচনাত্মক সংস্কৰণত শ্বাহৰাজাদ, শ্বাহৰাজাদ আছে।<ref>{{cite book |editor=Muhsin Mahdi |title=Alf Layla wa-Layla |publisher=Brill |year=1984 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCUc8Absl3YC&pg=PP82 |isbn=978-9004074316 }}</ref> জাৰ্মান ব্যৱহাৰৰ পৰা ধাৰ কৰা ১৮০১ চনত ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে Scheherazade বানান প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Scheherazade |title=Scheherazade |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=27 April 2019 }}</ref> [[File:One Thousand and One Nights17.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|ইৰাণী চিত্ৰশিল্পী ছানি আল মুল্কৰ দ্বাৰা শ্বেহেৰাজাদে আৰু চুলতান (১৮৪৯–১৮৫৬)]] ==ইতিহাস== শ্বেহেৰাজাদেৰ কাহিনীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি জ্ঞাত গ্ৰন্থখন হৈছে কায়ৰোৰ নৱম শতিকাৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) আৰবী পাণ্ডুলিপি। তাৰ পিছৰ পাঁচ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত শ্বেহেৰাজাদেৰ "হাস্যৰসময়ী, সজীৱ আৰু গতিশীল" কণ্ঠক বাগদাদ, ডামাস্কাছ, কায়ৰো আৰু আল-আন্দালুছৰ গ্ৰাম্য কেন্দ্ৰসমূহৰ গল্পকাৰসকলে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল, গ্ৰীক, কপটিক, উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান আৰু হিব্ৰুকে ধৰি একাধিক পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ সৈতে। দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত ১০০১ নাইটছ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ বাবে শ্বেহেৰাজাডেৰ কাহিনীৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰা হয়।<ref name="c923">{{cite web |last=Jagot |first=Dr Shazia |date=2023-01-11 |title=A very short history of One Thousand and One Nights |url=https://www.shakespearesglobe.com/discover/blogs-and-features/2023/01/11/a-very-short-history-of-one-thousand-and-one-nights/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Shakespeare's Globe}}</ref> ==বৰ্ণনা== চিকাৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ পৰা সোনকালে ঘৰলৈ উভতি অহাৰ পিছত ৰজা শ্বাহৰয়াৰে নিজৰ মৰমৰ পত্নীক নিজ দাসৰ সৈতে বিছনাত থকা দেখিলে, আৰু ক্ৰোধত –থিয়ৈ থিয়ৈ তেওঁলোকৰ মূৰ কাটি পেলালে। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সেই সময়ত আঁতৰত থকা ভাতৃৰ বাগিচালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰে আৰু ভাতৃৰ পত্নীকো "চন্দ্ৰৰ পোহৰত নাচি থকা আৰু কামনাত লিপ্ত হোৱা নগ্ন অৱস্থাত সৰু ভিৰৰ মাজত" আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰি স্তম্ভিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheherazade: the story of a storyteller {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/scheherazade-the-story-of-a-storyteller |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=artuk.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> সেই সময়ৰ পৰাই সকলো নাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰতিশোধ লোৱাৰ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰি পাৰ্চী ৰজাই প্ৰতিদিনে নতুন কুমাৰীক বিয়া কৰাইছিল, তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ নিশা শেষ হ’লেই পত্নীৰ মূৰ কাটিছিল। দেউতাকৰ ইচ্ছাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে স্বেচ্ছাই তেওঁৰ লগত ৰাতিটো কটাবলৈ লোৱা শ্বেহেৰাজাদেৰ লগত চিনাকি হোৱাৰ সময়লৈকে তেওঁ এনেকৈ ১০০০ মহিলাক হত্যা কৰিছিল। {{Cquote|শ্বেহেৰাজাডে পূৰ্বৰ ৰজাসকলৰ কিতাপ, বুৰঞ্জী আৰু কিংবদন্তি আৰু অতীতৰ মানুহ আৰু বস্তুৰ কাহিনী, উদাহৰণ আৰু দৃষ্টান্তবোৰ পঢ়িছিল; প্ৰকৃততে কোৱা হৈছিল যে তাই প্ৰাচীন জাতি আৰু বিদায়ী শাসকৰ সৈতে জড়িত ইতিহাসৰ হাজাৰখন কিতাপ সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল। তাই কবিসকলৰ ৰচনাবোৰ পঢ়ি মুখস্থ কৰি চিনি পাইছিল; তাই দৰ্শন আৰু বিজ্ঞান, কলা আৰু সাফল্যৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল; আৰু তাই আছিল সুখদায়ক আৰু ভদ্ৰ, জ্ঞানী আৰু হাস্যৰসময়ী, ভালদৰে পঢ়া আৰু ভালকৈ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হোৱা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheherazade |url=http://www.shewhoisart.com/scheherazade |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=She Who Is Art |language=en-US}}</ref>}} কেল মেকডনেলৰ মতে, ৰজাৰ কোঠাৰ ভিতৰত শ্বেহেৰাজাদে সুধিলে যে, শ্বেহেৰাজাদক কাহিনী ক’বলৈ গোপনে সাজু হোৱা নিজৰ মৰমৰ সৰু ভনীয়েক দুনিয়াজাদক শেষ বিদায় দিব পাৰে নেকি? ৰজাই অচম্বিত হৈ শুনিলে, কিন্তু ৰাতিটো পাৰ হৈ যোৱাৰ লগে লগে শ্বেহেৰাজাদে অৱশেষত গল্পৰ মাজতে ৰৈ দিবলগীয়া হ’ল। ৰজাই তাইৰ জীৱনটো আৰু এদিনৰ বাবে ৰক্ষা কৰিলে যাতে তাই পিছদিনা ৰাতি কাহিনীটো শেষ কৰিব পাৰে। মেকডনেলে কয় "সেই পিছৰ নিশা শ্বেহেৰাজাদে কাহিনীটো শেষ কৰিলে আৰু তাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয়টো, আৰু অধিক ৰোমাঞ্চকৰ কাহিনী আৰম্ভ কৰিলে যিটো তাই আকৌ আধাতে বন্ধ কৰি দিলে।" আকৌ ৰজাই আৰু এদিনৰ বাবে তাইৰ প্ৰাণ ৰক্ষা কৰিলে। আৰু সেইবাবেই ৰজাই শ্বেহেৰাজাদক দিনক দিনে জীয়াই ৰাখিছিল, কিয়নো তেওঁ আগৰ নিশাৰ কাহিনীটো শেষ হোৱাৰ আগ্ৰহেৰে আশা কৰিছিল।" ১০০১ ৰাতি, আৰু ১০০০ গল্পৰ শেষত শ্বেহেৰাজাদে ৰজাক ক’লে যে, তাইৰ কাহিনী শেষ হৈ গৈছে; কিন্তু এই ১০০১ ৰাতিৰ ভিতৰত ৰজাই তাইৰ প্ৰেমত পৰিছিল, তাইৰ জীৱন ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল আৰু তাইক নিজৰ ৰাণী কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDonnell |first=Cal |date=2015-11-15 |title=Scheherazade |url=http://www.thecaliverse.com/scheherazade/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The Caliverse |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===লগতে পঢ়ক=== *[[এহেজাৰ এনিশা (লোকগাথা)|এহেজাৰ এনিশা (লোকগাথা)]] *[[তিনিটা আপেল (সাধু)|তিনিটা আপেল (সাধু)]] ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লোককথা]] 2frbnvno5baubp8y4u6vt97ldaasxsg 0 118297 604532 562250 2026-05-05T05:39:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''শ্বেৰন ছেইলছ বেল্টন''' ({{Lang-en|Sharon Sayles Belton}}; জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৫১) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ নেতা, ৰাজনীতিবিদ আৰু কৰ্মী। থমছন ৰয়টাৰছ লিগেল ব্যৱসায়ৰ বাবে তেওঁ সমূদায় সম্পৰ্কৰক্ষী বিষয়া আৰু চৰকাৰী পৰিক্ৰমাৰ উপ-সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesotabusiness.com/article/thomson-reuters-names-sharon-sayles-belton-vp-community-relations-and-government-affairs-its |title=Thomson Reuters Names Sharon Sayles Belton VP of Community Relations and Government Affairs for Its Legal Business &#124; Minnesota Business Magazine &#124; Minnesota Business Blogs |publisher=Minnesota Business |date= |accessdate=2010-07-20 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ ১৯৯৪ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈকে মিনেছ’টাৰ মিনিয়াপলিছৰ মেয়ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল৷ সেই পদত অধিষ্ঠিত হোৱা তেওঁ প্ৰথমগৰাকী আফ্ৰিকান আমেৰিকান আৰু প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== মিনেছ'টাৰ ছেইণ্ট পলত বিল আৰু এথেল ছেইলছৰ চাৰিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত এগৰাকী হিচাপে ছেইলছ বেল্টনৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name=AAR>{{cite web | title=Sharon Sayles Belton, the first Black and woman mayor of Minneapolis | author=Minnesota Historical Society quoted by the African American Registry | year=2005 | url=http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2211/Sharon_Sayles_Belton_the_first_Black_and_woman_mayor_of_Minneapolis | accessdate=2007-01-13 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061019230436/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2211/Sharon_Sayles_Belton_the_first_Black_and_woman_mayor_of_Minneapolis <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-10-19}}</ref> পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ বিচ্ছেদৰ পিছত তেওঁ এবছৰ মাকৰ সৈতে মিনেছ’টাৰ ৰিচফিল্ডত থাকে, য’ত তেওঁ ইষ্ট জুনিয়ৰ হাইস্কুলৰ একমাত্ৰ আফ্ৰিকান আমেৰিকান আছিল, তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ মিনিয়াপলিছলৈ গুচি যায় আৰু পিতৃৰ সৈতে থাকিবলৈ লয়। তেওঁ মিনিয়াপলিছৰ চেণ্ট্ৰেল হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল।<ref name="StarTribune2013">{{cite news |last=Brandt |first=S. |date=2013-07-03 |title=Central alums mark alma mater's centennial |url=https://www.startribune.com/central-alums-mark-alma-mater-s-centennial/214178921/?refresh=true |work=[[Star Tribune]] |location=[[Minneapolis-St. Paul]] |access-date=2020-05-24 |archivedate=2020-04-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420180245/https://www.startribune.com/central-alums-mark-alma-mater-s-centennial/214178921/?refresh=true |deadurl=yes }}</ref> মাউণ্ট চিনাই হাস্পতালত স্বেচ্ছাই কেণ্ডি ষ্ট্ৰাইপাৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ নাৰ্ছৰ সহায়িকা হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কময় সময়ৰ বাবে মিচিচিপি ৰাজ্যৰ নাগৰিক অধিকাৰ কৰ্মী আছিল। ছেইলছ বেল্টনে চেণ্ট পলৰ মেকেলেষ্টাৰ কলেজত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাতেই [[জীৱবিজ্ঞান]] আৰু সমাজবিজ্ঞান অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল। পিছলৈ [[যৌন নিৰ্যাতন]]ৰ বলি হোৱা লোকৰ সৈতে পেৰ’ল বিষয়া হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। ককাক বিল চেইলছৰ দৰেই তেওঁৱো সমূদায়টোৰ সমাজ কৰ্মী হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=CP>{{cite news | title=The Education of Sharon Sayles Belton | author=Anderson, G.R. Jr. | work=City Pages | volume= 22 | date=October 31, 2001 | issue=1091 | url=http://citypages.com/databank/22/1091/article9909.asp | accessdate=2007-01-13 }}</ref> == মেয়ৰ হিচাপে == ১৯৮৩ চনত ছেইলছ বেলটনক অষ্টম ৱাৰ্ডে মিনিয়াপলিছ চহৰ পৰিষদলৈ নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে। মেয়ৰ ড’নাল্ড এম ফ্ৰেজাৰৰ সৈতে কাম কৰি তেওঁ অনুপ্ৰাণিত হৈছিল। ১৯৮৪ চনত ডেম’ক্ৰেটিক নেশ্যনেল কনভেনচনত ৰাজ্যখনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল, য’ত মিনেছ’টাৰ ৰাজনীতিবিদ ৱালটাৰ মণ্ডেলক আমেৰিকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি পদৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল। মিনেছ’টা ডেম’ক্ৰেটিক-ফাৰ্মাৰ-লেবাৰ পাৰ্টিৰ সদস্য ছেইলছ বেল্টন ১৯৯০ চনত চহৰ পৰিষদৰ সভাপতি নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ১৯৯৩ চনত মেয়ৰৰ প্ৰাৰ্থীত্বৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে। তিনিটা ফোন বেংক আৰু দহজনীয়া কৰ্মচাৰীৰ সহায়ত তেওঁক এনে এটা মঞ্চত নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয় য’ত আৰক্ষী বিভাগৰ সংস্কাৰ, প্ৰথম আফ্ৰিকান আমেৰিকান আৰু চহৰখনৰ ১৪০ বছৰীয়া ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা মেয়ৰ আছিল। ডি এফ এলৰ প্ৰাক্তন হেনেপিন কাউণ্টি কমিছনাৰ জন ডেৰাছক তেওঁ পৰাস্ত কৰে। ১৯৯৭ চনত ৰিপাব্লিকান দলৰ প্ৰাৰ্থী বাৰ্বাৰা কাৰ্লছনক পৰাস্ত কৰি তেওঁ পুনৰ নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ ১ জানুৱাৰীৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনৰ ৩১ ডিচেম্বৰলৈকে দুটা কাৰ্যকালৰ বাবে ছেইলছ বেল্টনে এই পদত অধিষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref name="CP" /> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও চহৰখনে প্ৰাচীন ইউটিলিটি বিলিং, পুৰণি পানী পৰিশোধন আৰু চুবুৰীৰ বানপানীৰ বিষয়েও আলোচনা কৰে। দশকৰ শেষৰ ফালে মিনিয়াপলিছৰ সম্পত্তিৰ মূল্য বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল, ১৯৪০ চনৰ পিছত চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। ফ্ৰেজাৰে ছেইলছ বেল্টনক বৰ্ণগত উত্তেজনাৰ মাজত চুবুৰীসমূহ সুস্থিৰ কৰি তোলা, বিদ্যালয় ব্যৱস্থাক সমৰ্থন কৰা আৰু এজন সক্ষম আৰু বুদ্ধিমান চহৰৰ পৰিচালক হোৱাৰ বাবে কৃতিত্ব দিয়ে। সমালোচকসকলে ডাউনটাউন উন্নয়নৰ বাবে চহৰৰ ৰাজসাহায্য ব্যৱহাৰৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰিছিল।<ref name="MPR-legacy">{{cite web|author=Olson, Dan|date=November 7, 2001|title=The political legacy of Sharon Sayles Belton|url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200111/07_olsond_ssbobit/|accessdate=2007-01-18|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio}}</ref><ref name="MPR-Hughes">{{cite web|title=Profile: Sharon Sayles Belton|author=Hughes, Art|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio|date=October 24, 2001|url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200110/24_hughesa_saylesbelton/|accessdate=2007-01-13}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == ষ্টিভেন বেলটনৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ বিবাহ হয় আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ তিনিটা সন্তান হয়৷ কিলাইনা, জৰ্ডান আৰু কলমেন।<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Sharon Sayles Belton|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2871800012.html|accessdate=2017-05-17|publisher=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == সহযোগিতাসমূহ == ছেইলছ বেল্টন জাতি সমতা, সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু চুবুৰীৰ উন্নয়ন, ৰাজহুৱা নীতি, মহিলা, পৰিয়াল আৰু শিশুৰ বিষয়, আৰক্ষী-সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সম্পৰ্ক আৰু যুৱ বিকাশৰ সৈতে জড়িত।<ref name="UofM2">{{cite web|title=Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs: Sharon Belton|author=University of Minnesota|date=February 20, 2006|url=http://www.hhh.umn.edu/people/sbelton/|accessdate=2007-01-13|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519212450/http://www.hhh.umn.edu/people/sbelton/|archivedate=May 19, 2006}}</ref> ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ মিনিয়াপলিছত হেৰিট টাবমেন শ্বেল্টাৰ ফৰ বেটাৰড উইমেনৰ সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হয়। তেওঁ নেচনেল ক’লিচন এগেইনষ্ট চেক্সুৱেল এছাল্টৰ সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক। তেখেতে নেইবাৰহুড ৰিভাইটেলাইজেচন প্ৰগ্ৰেম, ক্লিন ৱাটাৰ পাৰ্টনাৰশ্বিপ, চিলড্ৰেনছ হেল্থকেয়াৰ এণ্ড হাস্পতাল, আমেৰিকান বাৰ এছ'চিয়েচনত অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref name="NOW">{{cite web|title=NOW National Conference 2002: Speakers|author=National Organization for Women|year=2007|url=http://www.now.org/organization/conference/2002/speakers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321095224/http://www.now.org/organization/conference/2002/speakers.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-03-21|accessdate=2007-01-13|archivedate=2004-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321095224/http://www.now.org/organization/conference/2002/speakers.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নাৰী অধিকাৰ কৰ্মী]] 120zla4unkulpjtp8dy3salxiwp8gl1 0 118498 604578 523541 2026-05-05T11:21:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604578 wikitext text/x-wiki '''স্মাদাৰ লেভি''' ({{Lang-en|Smadar Lavie}}) কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া ডেভিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ নৃতত্ত্বৰ অধ্যাপক এমেৰিটা, আৰু মিজৰাহি নৃতত্ত্ববিদ, লেখক আৰু কৰ্মী। তেওঁ ইজিপ্ত, ইজৰাইল আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনৰ নৃতত্ত্বৰ বিশেষজ্ঞ; জাতি, লিংগ আৰু ধৰ্মৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে। বাৰ্কলেৰ কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা তেওঁ নৃতত্ত্ব বিজ্ঞানত ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে (১৯৮৯)। == অধ্যাপক হিচাপে == লেভিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনত জেৰুজালেমৰ হিব্ৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা সামাজিক নৃতত্ত্বত বি এ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে (মেজৰ: সমাজবিজ্ঞান আৰু সামাজিক নৃতত্ত্ব; নাবালক: মধ্যযুগীয় ইছলামিক সভ্যতা, সংগীতবিজ্ঞান)।<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://anthropology.ucdavis.edu/people/smadarlavie|title=Smadar Lavie — People in the Social Science Departments at UC Davis|website=anthropology.ucdavis.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> ১৯৮৯ চনত বাৰ্কলেৰ কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা সাংস্কৃতিক নৃতত্ত্বত পি এইচ ডি লাভ কৰে আৰু "দ্য পয়েটিক্স অৱ মিলিটাৰী অকুপেচন: ম্জেইনা এলেগৰীজ অৱ বেডুইন আইডেন্টিটি অণ্ডাৰ ইজৰাইলী এণ্ড ইজিপ্তিয়ান ৰুল" শীৰ্ষক গৱেষণা পত্ৰখনৰ বাবে মিডল ইষ্ট ষ্টাডিজ এছ'চিয়েচনৰ পৰা মেলকম এইচ কেৰ ডিচাৰ্টেচন বঁটা লাভ কৰে। যি পিছলৈ ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি অৱ কেলিফৰ্নিয়া প্ৰেছৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়,<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=Malcolm H. Kerr Dissertation Awards |url=http://www.mesa.arizona.edu/awards/malcolm-kerr-dissertation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125123058/http://www.mesa.arizona.edu/awards/malcolm-kerr-dissertation.html |archive-date=January 25, 2014 |access-date=1 April 2014 |publisher=[[Middle East Studies Association]] |archivedate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125123058/http://www.mesa.arizona.edu/awards/malcolm-kerr-dissertation.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref>৷ ইয়াৰ বাবে ১৯৯০ চনত নৃতাত্ত্বিক লেখাৰ বাবে ভিক্টৰ টাৰ্নাৰ বঁটাৰ সন্মানীয় উল্লেখ লাভ কৰে।<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Past Victor Turner Prize Winners {{!}} Society for Humanistic Anthropology |url=https://sha.americananthro.org/victor-turner-prize-in-ethnographic-writing/past-victor-turner-prize-winners/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=sha.americananthro.org }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৯০ চনত লেভি ডেভিছৰ কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত নৃতত্ত্ব আৰু সমালোচনাত্মক তত্ত্বৰ সহকাৰী অধ্যাপিকা হয় আৰু ১৯৯৪ চনত তেওঁক সহযোগী অধ্যাপক পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="Women Writing Culture">{{cite book |last=Lavie |first=Smadar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9R67z2G2kvMC&q=smadar+lavie+university+of+california+associate+professor&pg=PA444 |title=Women Writing Culture |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780520202085 |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Duke University">{{cite web |title=Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographies of Identity |url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/Displacement-Diaspora-and-Geographies-of-Identity/ |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=Duke University Press |archivedate=7 April 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407064948/https://www.dukeupress.edu/Displacement-Diaspora-and-Geographies-of-Identity/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="Cultural Studies: Associate Professor">{{cite book |last1=Grossberg |first1=Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApOFAgAAQBAJ&q=smadar+lavie+associate+professor+davis&pg=PA183 |title=Cultural Studies: 10:1 Controversies in Cultural Studies |last2=Radway |first2=Janice |date=2005-06-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134759408 |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> লেভিয়ে ডায়েব্লো ভেলী কলেজ (১৯৮৪), কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বাৰ্কলেৰ ফ'ল ফ্ৰেছমেন প্ৰগ্ৰেম (১৯৮৫–১৯৮৯), ষ্টেনফৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (১৯৯৪), বেইট বাৰ্ল কলেজ (২০০১–২০০৭),<ref>{{cite web |title=Beit Berl |url=http://server.math.umanitoba.ca/~lukacs/Smadar_Lavie/Beit_Berl_status.png |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925111624/https://server.math.umanitoba.ca/~lukacs/Smadar_Lavie/Beit_Berl_status.png |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |access-date=1 April 2014 |archivedate=23 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723234701/http://server.math.umanitoba.ca/~lukacs/Smadar_Lavie/Beit_Berl_status.png |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=טיימס |first=ניו יורק |last2=כתבת "" |date=2007-03-18 |title=כנס לזכר ויקי שירן במכללת בית ברל |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/2007-03-18/ty-article/0000017f-e28d-d7b2-a77f-e38ff7250000 |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=הארץ |language=he}}</ref>মেকলেষ্টাৰ কলেজ (২০০৭-০৯)<ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=American Jewish |date=2014-04-09 |title=Israel's single mothers from the East |url=https://www.ajwnews.com/israels-single-mothers-east/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=American Jewish World |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Fall 2008 |title=WGSS Faculty and their Inter-Disciplines |url=https://www.macalester.edu/wgss/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2012/07/WGSSNewsletterFall2008.pdf |access-date=June 16, 2024 |work=Intersections |archivedate=June 5, 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605051658/https://www.macalester.edu/wgss/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2012/07/WGSSNewsletterFall2008.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ভাৰ্জিনিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (২০০৯-২০১০)<ref name=":9">{{cite web|title=Visiting Professor Illuminates Plight of Mizrahi Women in Israel in Light of the Palestine-Israel Conflict|url=http://news.virginia.edu/node/11151?id=11151|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081132/http://news.virginia.edu/node/11151?id=11151|archive-date=2014-04-07|access-date=2025-03-19|archivedate=2014-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081132/http://news.virginia.edu/node/11151?id=11151|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰু মিনেচটা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (২০১০-২০১২).<ref name=":10">{{cite journal|last=Lavie|first=Smadar|title=The Knafo Chronicles: Marching on Jerusalem With Israel's Silent Majority |journal=Affilia|date=2012|volume=27|issue=3| doi=10.1177/0886109912443958|s2cid=146866104}}</ref> অধ্যাপক লেভিয়ে বেলাজিঅ'ৰ ৰকফেলাৰ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনত আৱাসিক ফেল'শ্বিপ লাভ কৰিছিল৷<ref name="The Bellagio Declaration">{{cite web |title=The Bellagio Declaration (must use continue to selected page link) |url=http://www.cwru.edu/affil/sce/BellagioDec.html?nw_view=1453319659 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে ষ্টেণ্ডফৰ্ড হিউমেনিটিছ চেণ্টাৰ (১৯৯৩-১৯৯৪)<ref>{{cite web |title=Fellows: 1993-1994 |url=http://shc.stanford.edu/people/current-center-fellows/1993-1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501022755/https://shc.stanford.edu/people/current-center-fellows/1993-1994 |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |access-date=11 Feb 2020 |publisher=Stanford Humanities Center |archivedate=16 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316164023/http://shc.stanford.edu/people/current-center-fellows/1993-1994 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smadar Lavie {{!}} Stanford Humanities Center |url=https://shc.stanford.edu/stanford-humanities-center/about/people/smadar-lavie |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=shc.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> ইনষ্টিটিউট ফৰ এডভান্সড ষ্টাডি, ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি অৱ মিনেছ’টা (২০১০–২০১১),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patch.com/minnesota/edina/ev--tuesdays-with-a-scholar|title=Tuesdays with a Scholar|date=14 January 2011 |publisher=University of Minnesota|access-date=11 Feb 2020}}</ref> চেন্টো ইনকনট্ৰি উমানী আস্কোনা (২০১১),<ref>{{cite web|title=Centro Incontri Umani Ascona|url=http://www.ciu-ascona.org/a-eng/Scholar/Fellows.html}}</ref> ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি কলেজ কৰ্ক (২০১০–২০১৬),<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISS21 Visiting Scholars |url=https://www.ucc.ie/en/iss21/people/iss21visitingscholars/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=University College Cork |language=en}}</ref> চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডল ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ষ্টাডিজ, ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি অৱ কেলিফৰ্নিয়া, বাৰ্কলে (২০১৩-২০১৪),<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://cmes.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/CMES-news_Fall-13_for-web.pdf|title = CMES Newsletter|date = Fall 2013|access-date = 21 January 2015|website = CMES Newsletter|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906204545/http://cmes.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/CMES-news_Fall-13_for-web.pdf|archive-date = 6 September 2015|archivedate = 6 September 2015|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906204545/http://cmes.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/CMES-news_Fall-13_for-web.pdf|deadurl = yes}}</ref> 'বিট্ৰাইচ বেইন ৰিচাৰ্চ গ্ৰুপ', ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি অৱ কেলিফৰ্নিয়া, বাৰ্কলে (২০১২-২০১৬),<ref>{{cite web|title=BBRG Visiting Scholars|url=http://bbrg.berkeley.edu/scholar_lavie.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115194137/http://bbrg.berkeley.edu/scholar_lavie.html|archive-date=2012-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Visiting Scholars Program |url=https://ethnicstudies.berkeley.edu/resources/visiting-scholars-program/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=ethnicstudies.berkeley.edu}}</ref>ডালহাউজি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ইহুদী অধ্যয়নত চাইমন আৰু ৰিভা স্পাটজৰ ভিজিটিং চেয়াৰ (২০১৮/২০১৯),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dal.ca/news/2018/10/29/introducing-the-2018-19-spatz-visiting-chair-in-jewish-studies.html|title=Introducing the 2018‑19 Spatz Visiting Chair in Jewish Studies|website=Dalhousie News|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বাৰ্কলেৰ জাতিগত অধ্যয়ন বিভাগ (২০১৬-২০২০),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://readingreligion.org/books/wrapped-flag-israel|title=Wrapped in the Flag of Israel {{!}} Reading Religion (please see author bio)|website=readingreligion.org|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> আৰু ভিলনিয়াছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এছিয়ান এণ্ড ট্ৰেন্সকালচাৰেল ষ্টাডিজ ইনষ্টিটিউট (২০১৭, ২০১৮, ২০২২)ৰ ফেলোশ্বিপ লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smadar Lavie |url=https://www.fsf.vu.lt/azijos-ir-transkulturini-studij-institutas/atsi-instituto-bendruomene/atsi-kviestiniai-destytojai/163-en/institute-of-asian-and-transcultural-studies/4571-smadar-lavie |access-date=June 17, 2024 |website=Vilnius University}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইজৰাইলৰ নাৰী অধিকাৰ কৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইজৰাইলৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:লেখিকা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:গৱেষক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৃতত্ত্ববিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজকৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শিক্ষাবিদ]] 3m9mxyjdzleadcxzro4sbx6fiqnsxdk 0 119906 604551 499518 2026-05-05T08:50:42Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = সীতা ঔৰ গীতা | image = Seeta Aur Geeta 1972 film poster.jpg | caption = পোষ্টাৰ | director = ৰমেশ চিপ্পী | producer = | writer = | starring = [[হেমা মালিনী]]<br />ধৰ্মেন্দ্ৰ<br />সঞ্জীৱ কুমাৰ<br />ৰূপেশ কুমাৰ<br />[[মনোৰমা (অভিনেত্ৰী)|মনোৰমা]]<br />সত্যেন কাপ্পু<br />হনী ইৰাণী<br />প্ৰতিমা দেৱী | music = আৰ ডি বৰ্মন | cinematography = কে বৈকুণ্ঠ | editing = | released = {{Film date|1972|11|03|[[India]]|df=yes}} | runtime = ১৬২ মিনিট | country = ভাৰত | language = [[হিন্দী]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aḵẖtar|first1=Jāvīd|authorlink1=Javed Akhtar|last2=Kabir|first2=Nasreen Munni|title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar|date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195664621|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=JA: I write dialogue in Urdu, but the action and descriptions are in English. Then an assistant transcribes the Urdu dialogue into Devnagari because most people read Hindi. But I write in Urdu.|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222062332/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> | budget = [[Indian rupee|₹]]40 [[lakh]] ([[US dollar|$]]53,000) | gross = {{estimation}} ₹19.53 [[crore]] ($22.82 [[million]]) }} '''সীতা ঔৰ গীতা '''{{efn|An obvious allusion to goddess [[Sita]], who is an epitome of simplicity and virtue. Of the two characters, it is Seeta, who is simple and innocent. The film is an exact gender counterpart of ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'', with Seeta displaying the same innocence and simplicity as Ram shows in the earlier film like Lord [[Rama]]. The naming of the characters Ram and Seeta is thus very clever and is not merely a co-incidence; both Rama and Seeta were consorts. The counterparts in both films are seen fighting the evil.}} ({{lang-en|Seeta Aur Geeta}}) ১৯৭২ চনৰ, চেলিম–জাভেদৰ (চেলিম খান আৰু জাভেদ আখতাৰ) দ্বাৰা ৰচিত আৰু ৰমেশ চিপ্পীৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত ভাৰতীয় হিন্দী ভাষাৰ এখন কমেডী নাট্যধৰ্মী চলচ্চিত্ৰ । ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩ নৱেম্বৰত ভাৰতত মুক্তি পোৱা এই ছবিখনত [[হেমা মালিনী]] (দ্বৈত চৰিত্ৰত), ধৰ্মেন্দ্ৰ, সঞ্জীৱ কুমাৰ, ৰূপেশ কুমাৰ, মনোৰমা, সত্যেন কাপ্পু, হানী ইৰাণী, আৰু প্ৰতিমা দেৱীৰ শিল্পীয়ে অভিনয় কৰিছে। সংগীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল ৰাহুল দেৱ বৰ্মনে। কাহিনীটোত জন্মৰ সময়ত পৃথক হোৱা একে ধৰণৰ যমজ সন্তানৰ বিষয়ে, যি জন্মৰ সময়তে পৃথক হৈ যায় আৰু পৃথক ব্যক্তিত্ব লৈ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়। ডাঙৰ হোৱাৰ পিছত এজনীয়ে আনজনীক লগ পোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে ঠাই সলনি কৰে। ছবিখনত ভগ্নী দুগৰাকীৰ প্ৰেমিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে ধৰ্মেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জীৱ কুমাৰে, আনহাতে মনোৰমাই খলনায়ক খুৰীয়েৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে। ১৯৬৭ চনৰ ব্লকবাষ্টাৰ ৰাম ঔৰ শ্যামৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত হৈ চেলিম-জাভেদে সীতা ঔৰ গীতাৰ কাহিনী লিখিছিল।<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article9235594.ece | title=Hardly a stranger in Moscow | newspaper=The Hindu | first=Prabhat | last=Singh | date=18 October 2016 | access-date=8 October 2020 | archive-date=7 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107175213/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article9235594.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> ৰাম ঔৰ শ্যাম নিজেই ১৯৬৪ চনৰ তেলেগু ছবি ৰামুডু ভীমুডুৰ পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ। ছবিখনে নায়িকাগৰাকীক অৱশেষত "নায়ক"লৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰি পূৰ্বৰ সূত্ৰটোক উফৰাই পেলায় আৰু পুৰুষ নায়ক দুজন বেছিভাগ ক্ষেত্ৰতে সহায়ক চৰিত্ৰৰ ভূমিকা লয়।<ref name="mid-day">{{cite news|title=Seeta Aur Geeta was inspired: Salim Khan|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/seeta-aur-geeta-was-inspired-salim-khan/206163|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=28 March 2013|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425140952/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/seeta-aur-geeta-was-inspired-salim-khan/206163|url-status=live|archivedate=25 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425140952/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/seeta-aur-geeta-was-inspired-salim-khan/206163|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ইয়াৰ আগতো একেধৰণৰ বিষয়বস্তুৰ এখন ছবি আছিল “মুকাবলা (১৯৪২), য’ত অভিনয় কৰিছিল ফিয়েৰলেচ নাদিয়াই। ভাৰত আৰু ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নত এই ছবিখন ডাঙৰ হিট হৈছিল।<ref name="Chintamani">{{cite web|last=Chintamani|first=Gautam|title=The brilliance of Salim-Javed lies not just in what they said, but how they said it|url=https://scroll.in/article/764622/the-brilliance-of-salim-javed-lies-not-just-in-what-they-said-but-how-they-said-it|website=Scroll|date=25 October 2015|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118105025/http://scroll.in/article/764622/the-brilliance-of-salim-javed-lies-not-just-in-what-they-said-but-how-they-said-it|url-status=live}}</ref> হেমা মালিনীয়ে তেওঁৰ কৰ্মজীৱনৰ একমাত্ৰ বঁটা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে কে বৈকুণ্ঠই শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণৰ ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। ছবিখন আন ভাষাত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়; যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে তেলেগু ভাষাত “গংগা মাংগা” (১৯৭৩) আৰু তামিল ভাষাত “বাণী ৰাণী” (১৯৭৪)। এই দুয়োখন ছবিতে দ্বৈত চৰিত্ৰত বাণীশ্ৰীয়ে অভিনয় কৰিছিল। কাহিনীটোৰ পৰৱৰ্তী হিন্দী পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণো কৰা হৈছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে- সাধনা অভিনীত “গীতা মেৰা নাম” (১৯৭৪), জীতেন্দ্ৰ অভিনীত “জেইছা কা তেইছা” (১৯৭৩), শ্ৰীদেৱী অভিনীত “চালবাজ” (১৯৮৯), অনিল কাপুৰ অভিনীত “কিষেন কানহাইয়া” (১৯৯০), ছলমান খান অভিনীত “জুড়ৱা” (১৯৯৭) আৰু কাজল অভিনীত “কুচ খাট্টি কুচ মিথি” (১৯৯৮)। == টোকা == {{Notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{IMDb title|id=0078222|title=Seeta Aur Geeta}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ নাৰী সম্পৰ্কীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:১৯৭২ বৰ্ষৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] brk86uxun5xbzyk7l3ym1uqz81v70uy 0 122118 604560 583852 2026-05-05T09:46:58Z Ananya Taye 28065 /* */ 604560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''গছতল স্তম্ভলিপি''' হৈছে [[নগাঁও|নগাঁৱৰ]] ডবকাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় দুই মাইলমান পশ্চিম দিশৰ গছতল নামেৰে ঠাইত অৱস্থিত এটা পুৰণি শিৱ মন্দিৰৰ ধ্বংসস্তূপৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা অষ্টকোণী শৈলস্তম্ভত খোদিত এখন শৈললিপি।।<ref name=nbsb>ড. নিৰোদ বৰুৱা, ড. সুৰজিত বৰুৱা (২০০৭). স্নাতক মহলাৰ অসমৰ ইতিহাস. কে.এম. পাব্‌লিছিং, (২য় সংস্কৰণ). পৃ: ১১ আৰু পৰিশিষ্ট-১ ৰপৰা আহৰিত</ref>অধ্যাপক [[বিৰিঞ্চি কুমাৰ বৰুৱা|বিৰিঞ্চি কুমাৰ বৰুৱাই]] উদ্ধাৰ কৰা এই লিপিখন অঞ্চলটোৰ নামানুসৰি 'গছতল স্তম্ভলিপি' ৰখা হয়। ইয়াৰ শৈলকাৰগৰাকীৰ নাম হৈছে শ্ৰীবিষ্ণু বাসধৰ।<ref name="KKHSOU">{{cite book | title=লিপি আৰু পাঠ সমীক্ষা | publisher=কৃষ্ণকান্ত সন্দিকৈ ৰাজ্যিক মুক্ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় | author=ডেকা, বৰ্ণালী | authorlink=অসমীয়া অনুশাসন অধ্যয়ন | pages=৬২-৬৩}}</ref><ref name="গ্ৰন্থ">{{cite book | title=অসমীয়া প্ৰাচীন লিপি | publisher=বনলতা | author=কটকী, সৰ্বেশ্বৰ | year=২০০৩ | location=ডিব্ৰুগড়}}</ref> এই লিপিখনৰ আকাৰ ৭১×৬ চেঃমিঃ। ইয়াত মুঠ ২৪টা শাৰী আছে। ১৯৪০ চনত এই শৈললিপিখন [[অসম ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়]]লৈ অনা হয়।<ref name="KKHSOU" /> [[File:Gachtal Pillar Inscription dated to 1362 AD.jpg|thumb| [[অসম ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়]]ত সংৰক্ষিত কৰি থোৱা গছতল স্তম্ভলিপি]] ==পাঠোদ্ধাৰ== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Gachtal Stone inscription.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = <center>গছতল স্তম্ভলিপিৰ প্ৰথম অংশ</center> | image2 = Gachtal inscription.jpg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = <center>গছতল স্তম্ভলিপিৰ দ্বিতীয় অংশ</center> }} স্তম্ভলিপিখনত খোদিত কথাখিনি এনে ধৰণৰ- <blockquote>শিমা (সীমা) এৰিয়া যৱান (যৱন) ডৱাকত গয়ত। (শক) ১২৮৪ ৱেদাস্ত ৰাসী (ৰাশি) গণন। ইতি শ্ৰীৱিষ্ণুৱাসধৰ শৈলকাৰ। শকত ম্লেচ্ছ ইথান উযাসাঁ। দেখহু শতাত্ৰিশ বঈৰ বঙাল বহুকাৰ্য (ত) ইহাত ফন্দ। বহাখ জল। তোসভ সঞ্জাত যাস। দিজল শ্ৰী। পঞ্চ কাথ্য (পঞ্চকাৰ্য) বাদ্য ৰোল জল-সেনাই বৈৰীক ভাথি জলান্তশেক খদাবি (খেদাবি)।</blockquote> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ এনেদৰে নিৰূপণ কৰা হৈছে: <blockquote>সীমা এৰি যবনবোৰ ডবকালৈ গৈছে। (শক) ১২৮৪ বেদাষ্ট ৰাশি (সংখ্যা) গণনা। শৈলকাৰ শ্ৰীবিষ্ণুবাসধৰ। এটা বিশাল ম্লেছ (বাহিনী) এই ঠাইৰ পৰা উজাইছে। চোৱা তিনি হাজাৰ বঙাল শত্ৰু ইয়াত বহু কাৰ্যৰ (কৌশলৰ) যোগে ফান্দত পৰিছে। তোমালোক আটায়ে জানি থোৱা। ব'হাগৰ জলেৰে নদী উপচি আছে। পঞ্চকাষ্ঠ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰই ৰোল কৰক। জলসেনাই শত্ৰুক ভাটীৰ জলান্ত পৰ্যন্ত খেদাই দিয়ক।<ref name="KS">{{cite book | title=Kamrupa Sasanavali | publisher=Pramod Kalita, Banalata | author=Sarma, Dimbeswar | authorlink=Gachtal pillar inscription | pages=281}}</ref></blockquote> ==পূৰ্বানুমান আৰু ব্ৰজাৱলী ভাষাৰে সম্পৰ্ক== লিপিতত্ত্ববিদ পণ্ডিত ৰাজমোহন নাথে এই লিপিখনৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পাঠোদ্ধাৰ কৰিব পাৰিছিল বুলি দাবী জনাই যি ব্যাখ্যা আগবঢ়াইছিল পিছত প্ৰতাপচন্দ্ৰ চৌধাৰীয়ে এই পূৰ্বানুমান সম্পূৰ্ণ অসত্য বুলি প্ৰমাণ কৰে আৰু নতুনকৈ ইয়াৰ পাঠ পূৰ্ণাংগ ৰূপত উদ্ধাৰ কৰে। ফলত এই স্তম্ভলেখৰ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা|ভাষা সংস্কৃত]] নহয়, বৰং পুৰণি অসমীয়া গদ্যহে বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হয়। ইয়াত [[ব্ৰজাৱলী ভাষা|ব্ৰজাৱলী ভাষাৰ]] 'দেখহু' আদি ৰূপ পোৱা গৈছে। এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা অধ্যয়নৰ জড়িয়তে [[উপেন্দ্ৰনাথ গোস্বামী]]য়ে সেইসময়ত অসমত ব্ৰজাৱলী সদৃশ ভাষা এটাৰ প্ৰচলন আছিল বুলি সম্ভাৱনা দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="KKHSOU" /> [[মাধুৰ্যমণ্ডিত বৰুৱা]]ই এই ভাষাটোক শঙ্কৰদেৱ-পূৰ্বকালৰে পৰা ভূখণ্ডটোত প্ৰচলিত লোকভাষা বুলি ক'ব খোজে। বৰুৱাৰ [[অসম বুৰঞ্জী]] মতে, শঙ্কৰদেৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ভাষাটো স্পষ্টৰূপত অসমৰ লোকভাষা। শঙ্কৰদেৱ-সৃষ্ট কৃটিম ভাষাৰূপ নাছিল। (মাধুৰ্যমণ্ডিত বৰুৱা। অসম বুৰঞ্জী । তৃতীয় খণ্ড। পৃ. ৪০৮-৪০৯) ৰাজমোহন নাথে দাবী কৰা পাঠোদ্ধাৰ কৰা মতে- বিশ্বসুন্দৰদেৱ আছিল কাছাৰ, জয়ন্তীয়া আৰু লংকা অঞ্চলৰ এগৰাকী শক্তিশালী ৰজা। তেওঁ ম্লেছসকলক পৰাস্ত কৰি ডবকাত ১১৪৯ শকৰ ৮ ব'হাগত এক যজ্ঞ পাতে আৰু এই স্তম্ভলিপিখন লিখায়। ==মুখ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান== {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = Gashtal.jpeg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = <center>শিলত খোদিত বিভিন্ন আকৃতি</center> | image2 = Gachtal 2.jpeg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = <center>শৈৱী চৰিত্ৰৰ আকৃতি</center> }} গছতল প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থানত শিৱলৈ বুলি উৎসৰ্গিত দুটা শিলৰ মন্দিৰ আছে। ইয়াত কমেও চাৰিখন দুৱাৰৰ সৈতে এটা গৰ্ভগৃহ আৰু মণ্ডপৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। দুৱাৰৰ শীৰ্ষৰ বিম আৰু দুইকাষত থকা খোদিত শিল্পকৰ্মত গণেশ, উপাসক, সোঁফালে জপমালা আৰু বাওঁহাতত ত্ৰিশূল লৈ থিয় হৈ থকা শিৱৰ মূৰ্তি, [[ব্যাল (শ্ৰুতিকথা)|ব্যালৰ]] কাষে কাষে জলৰ ফুলদানি, হাতী, ফুল, পাত, জীৱ-জন্তু, মেৰখাই থকা আকৃতিৰ সাপ আৰু আমলকত ৰখা ফুলদানি আদিৰে গঠিত। ইয়াত শেল আৰু পাশ ধৰি থকা দুৱাৰৰ ৰখীয়াৰ দৰে শৈৱী চৰিত্ৰৰ আকৃতি উল্লেখযোগ্য। প্ৰমাণসমূহে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১০ -১১ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত এই স্থানত শিলৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিকাশৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। এই স্থানৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১২০০-১৩০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ এখন শিলালিপি উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Gachtal Archaeological Site, Dabaka, Nagaon District">{{cite web | url=http://archaeology.assam.gov.in/#:~:text=The%20former%20record%20known%20as,specimen%20of%20an%20Assamese%20inscription. | title=Protected Archaeological Sites and Monuments | publisher=GOVERNMENT OF ASSAM | accessdate=25 May 2025 | pages=৬২ | archivedate=8 April 2025 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408070554/https://archaeology.assam.gov.in/#:~:text=The%20former%20record%20known%20as,specimen%20of%20an%20Assamese%20inscription. | deadurl=yes }}</ref> এই শিলালিপিখনকে 'গছতল স্তম্ভলিপি' নামেৰে নামংকৃত কৰা হৈছে। ==লগতে চাওক== *[[অসম ইতিহাসৰ আদিযুগৰ তাম্ৰ আৰু শিলালিপিৰ তালিকা]] *[[কানাই বৰশী বোৱা শিলালিপি]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} == সহায়ক গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Bora |first=Mahendra |title=The Evolution of Assamese Script |publisher=[[Axom Xahitya Xabha|Assam Sahitya Sabha]] |year=1981 |location=Jorhat, Assam}} * {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |title=Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd |year=1991 |location=Delhi}} * {{cite book |last= Sharma |first=Mukunda Madhava |title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |year=1978 |location=Guwahati, Assam}} {{refend}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ভাষা আৰু লিপি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ইতিহাস]] k2iygy57qatlvuqjrql0yyfrr29kh6w 0 122239 604494 514977 2026-05-05T00:42:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] --> | name = লজ্জা | title_orig = | translator = | image = [[চিত্ৰ:Cover of Book named Lajja.jpg]] <!--prefer 1st edition--> | caption = | author = [[তছলিমা নাছৰিন]] | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[বাংলাদেশ]] | language = [[Bengali language|বাংলা]] | series = | genre = [[উপন্যাস]] | publisher = | release_date = ১৯৯৩ | english_release_date = অক্টোবৰ ১৯৯৭ | media_type = ছপা ([[Hardcover|পকাবন্ধা]] আৰু [[পেপাৰবেক]]) | pages = ৩০২ | isbn = 1-57392-165-3 | dewey= 891.4/437 21 | congress= PK1730.3.A65 L3513 1997 | oclc= 37322498 | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''লজ্জা''' ({{lang-en|Lajja}}) বাংলাদেশী ঔপন্যাসিক তথা নাৰীবাদী লেখিকা তছলিমা নাছৰিনৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত এখন উপন্যাস। উপন্যাসখন একাধিক ভাষালৈ অনূদিত কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৯৩ চনত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত এই গ্ৰন্থখন বাংলাদেশত নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.banglatribune.com/literature/news/222695/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97|title=লজ্জা ও নিষিদ্ধ লজ্জাৰ দুই যুগ {{!}} banglatribune.com|work=Bangla Tribune|date=2018-05-25|language=bn|archive-date=২০১৮-০৫-১০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510055447/http://www.banglatribune.com/literature/news/222695/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E1D9143AF93BA35755C0A962958260 Bangladesh Seeks Writer, Charging She Insults Islam], ''[[দ্য নিউ ইয়ৰ্ক টাইমস|New York Times]]'', 8 June 1994.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/11/reviews/30906.html Book Review], ''[[দ্য নিউ ইয়ৰ্ক টাইমস|New York Times]]'', 28 August 1994.</ref> এই উপন্যাসখনত ইছলামৰ বিভিন্ন পৱি‍ত্ৰ দিশক অসন্মান আৰু বদনাম কৰাৰ বাবে লেখক ব্যাপক সমালোচনা আৰু আন্দোলনৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। পিছত তেওঁ দেশ এৰি যাবলৈ বাধ্য হয়।<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E1D71F3CF935A35754C0A962958260 Censorship by Death] ''[[দ্য নিউ ইয়ৰ্ক টাইমস|New York Times]]'', 6 July 1994.</ref> প্ৰথম ছমাহতে "লজ্জা"ৰ প্ৰায় পঞ্চাশ হাজাৰ কপি বিক্ৰী হৈছিল।<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05E0DA143DF930A25750C0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4 ENCOUNTERS; Crossing Cultures: The Complex Life of a Man of All Things] ''[[দ্য নিউ ইয়ৰ্ক টাইমস|New York Times]]'', 13 March 1994.</ref> নাছৰীনে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশত বসবাস কৰা জনসাধাৰণৰ নামত এই গ্ৰন্থখন উৎসৰ্গা কৰে। অসমীয়া ভাষালৈ এই উপন্যাসখন অনবাদ কৰিছে‍ ৰুণুমী শৰ্মাই।<ref name="ক">{{cite web | url=https://scientiabooks.in/product/lajja-by-taslima-nasrin/ | title=লজ্জাঃ তছলিমা নাছৰি‍ন | accessdate=2 June 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==সংক্ষিপ্তসাৰ== ১৯৯২ চনৰ ৬ ডিচেম্বৰত ভাৰতৰ বাবৰি মছজিদক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি‍ যেতিয়া হিন্দু-মুছলমানৰ মাজত সংঘৰ্ষ সংঘটিত হৈছিল, তেতিয়া ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বাংলাদেশতো পৰে। লজ্জা উপন্যাসখন সেই সময়ৰ হিন্দুসকলৰ জীৱনযাত্ৰক লৈ ৰচনা কৰা হৈছিল। ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষতাৰ ছাঁত ধৰ্মীয়ভাৱে সংখ্যালঘু হিন্দু সম্প্ৰদায়ে সন্মুখীন হোৱা বৈষম্যৰ বিষয়ে গ্ৰন্থখনত বিশেষভাৱে আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ==সংক্ষেপে উপন্যাসৰ কাহিনীভাগ== ১৯৯২ চনৰ ৬ ডিচেম্বৰত ভাৰতৰ উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ অযোধ্যাত বাবৰি মছজিদ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ খবৰে চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বাংলাদেশত প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। সংৰ্ঘষৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ ফলত দত্ত পৰিয়াল স্থানীয় ৰাইজৰ মাজত ঘৃণাৰ পাত্ৰত পৰিণত হৈছিল। পৰিয়ালৰ প্ৰতিজন সদস্যই সেই সময়ক নিজৰ নিজৰ ধৰণেৰে, নিজৰ নিজৰ অনুভৱেৰে চায়।<ref name=":0"/> সুধোময় এজন দেশপ্ৰেমিক। তেওঁ দেশখনক নিজৰ মাতৃ হিচাপেহে দেখে। তেওঁৰ বিশ্বাস যে বাংলাদেশে তেওঁক মাতৃৰ দৰে সুৰক্ষা দিব। কিৰণমায়াই স্বামীৰ আদৰ্শ এগৰাকী বিশ্বস্ত পত্নীৰ দৰে অনুসৰণ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ পুত্ৰ সুৰঞ্জনে সাম্প্ৰদায়িকতাতকৈ জাতীয়তাবাদ শক্তিশালী বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে। অৱশ্যে তেওঁৰ হতাশ হ’বলৈ বেছি সময় নালাগে। তেওঁ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে তেওঁ জনা দেশপ্ৰেমৰ সৈতে সাম্প্ৰদায়িকতা সম্পূৰ্ণ বিৰোধ। নীলাঞ্জনাই ককায়েকৰ ভাৱলেশহীনতাক তুচ্ছজ্ঞান কৰি পৰিয়ালৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে ভায়েকক মুছলমান বন্ধুৰ ঘৰত থাকিবলৈ কথা পাতিবলৈ ধৰিলে। লজ্জা হৈছে ৰূপান্তৰৰ কাহিনী। এক বিপৰ্যয়জনক পৰিঘটনাৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হোৱা মোহভংগ আৰু ধ্বংসাত্মকতাৰ কাহিনী। ==অনুবাদ== লজ্জা একাধিক ভাষালৈ অনূদিত হৈছে।<ref name="After 20 years, Taslima’s Lajja">{{cite news |title=After 20 years, Taslima’s Lajja translated afresh|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/after-20-years-taslimas-lajja-translated-afresh/article6412668.ece |work= [[দ্য হিন্দু]] |date=১৪ সেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০১৪ |date=১৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০১৭}}</ref> ইংৰাজীৰ বাহিৰেও ডাচ, জাৰ্মান, স্পেনিছ, ইটালিয়ান, ছুইডিছ, নৰৱেজিয়ান, ফিনিছ, আইচলেণ্ডিক, পাৰ্চী, আৰৱী, অসমীয়া, কানাড়া, হিন্দী, গুজৰাটী, ওডিয়া, উৰ্দু, মাৰাঠী, তেলেগু, তামিল, পাঞ্জাৱী, নেপালী, মালয়ালম আৰু সিংহলী ভাষালৈ লজ্জা অনূদিত হৈছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:উপন্যাস]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বঙালী উপন্যাস]] qumwwzxy53fu71abvns3xr7afde1cax 0 122799 604522 602711 2026-05-05T04:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Protected area | name = শিখনা জৌলাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান | iucn_category = II | photo = Open wing basking of Dichorragia nesimachus (Doyère, -1840-) – Constable.jpg | photo_caption = উল্টাপানী সংমণ্ডলত খোলা পাখিৰে ''Dichorragia nesimachus'' পখিলা | map = India Assam | map_width = 225 | label = শিখনা জৌলাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান | label_position = top | location =[[কোকৰাঝাৰ জিলা]] আৰু [[চিৰাং জিলা]], [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | nearest_city = [[কোকৰাঝাৰ]] | lat_d = | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = | area = ৩১৬.২৯ বৰ্গ কি.মি. | established = ২০২৫ | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = পৰিৱেশ আৰু বন মন্ত্ৰালয়, [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] |embedded1 = | website= }} '''শিখনা জৌলাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান''' {{en|Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park}} [[অসম]]ৰ [[বডোলেণ্ড ক্ষেত্ৰীয় অঞ্চল]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত [[চিৰাং জিলা]] আৰু [[কোকৰাঝাৰ জিলা]]ত অৱস্থিত এখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান। ৩১৬.২৯ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত বিস্তৃত এই উদ্যানখন বৃহত্তৰ মানস জৈৱমণ্ডলৰ অংশ আৰু ই আন চাৰিখন আঞ্চলিক উদ্যানক সংযোগ কৰে।<ref name="NE Today">{{cite web | url=https://northeasttoday.in/2025/02/17/assam-govt-notifies-chirang-ripu-elephant-reserve-as-8th-national-park-to-be-named-sikhna-jwhwlao-national-park/ | title=Assam Govt Notifies Chirang-Ripu Elephant Reserve As 8th National Park, To Be Named Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park | publisher=Nort East Today | work=Nort East Today | date=17-02-2025 | accessdate=June 19, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[অসম চৰকাৰ|অসম চৰকাৰে]] ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী তাৰিখে অনুষ্ঠিত কেবিনেট বৈঠকৰ সময়ত আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপনৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name=" AT">{{cite web | url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/sikhna-jwhwlao-to-be-states-8th-national-park-1568445 | title=Sikhna Jwhwlao to be State’s 8th nation | publisher=The Assam Tribune | work=The Assam Tribune | date=17-02-2025 | accessdate=June 19, 2025}}</ref> শিখনা জৌলাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান [[বড়োলেণ্ড]]ৰ তৃতীয়খন আৰু অসম ৰাজ্যৰ অষ্টমখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান। ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখন ৪৬০ টাতকৈও অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ পখিলা আৰু [[সোণালী বান্দৰ]], [[এশিঙীয়া গঁড়]] আৰু [[ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ]]ৰ দৰে বিৰল প্ৰাণীৰ বাসস্থান।<ref name="The Sentinel">{{cite web | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-chirang-reserve-forest-of-kokrajhar-declared-as-sikhna-jwhwlao-national-park | title=Assam: Chirang Reserve Forest of Kokrajhar Declared as Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park | publisher=The Sentinel | work=The Sentinel | date=08-03-2025 | accessdate=June 19, 2025}}</ref> ==নামকৰণ== এই উদ্যানখনৰ নামকৰণ জৌলীয়া দেৱান নামেৰে পৰিচিত কিংবদন্তি বড়ো নায়ক শিখনা জৌলাওৰ নামেৰে কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁ এই অঞ্চলত শাসন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৮৬৪-৬৬ চনৰ আশে-পাশে [[ভূটান]] আৰু [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]ৰ মাজত হোৱা দুৱাৰ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ব্ৰিটিছ বাহিনীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিছিল।<ref name="Bodopedia">{{cite web | url=https://bodopedia.in/sikhna-jwhwlao-national-park/ | title=Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park | 3=3rd in BTR, 8th in Assam | publisher=Bodopedia | work=Bodopedia | date=17-02-2025 | accessdate=June 19, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> তেওঁৰ ৰাজধানী শিখনাঝাৰ বা চিকনাঝাৰ নৌ নৌগৰ ভাৰত-ভূটান সীমান্তৱৰ্তী চহৰ সৰভোগৰ ওচৰৰ [[উল্টাপানী সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল]]ত অৱস্থিত আছিল। এই অঞ্চল বৰ্তমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত। এই স্থানৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ থকা অঞ্চলটোক দেৱতা আৰু আত্মাৰ পবিত্ৰ বাসস্থান বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় আৰু তাত প্ৰতি বছৰে বড়ো লোকসকলে পৰম্পৰাগত [[বাথৌ পূজা]] আৰু [[খেৰাই পূজা]] কৰে।<ref name="Npark" /> ==ইতিহাস== ২০০৩ চনৰ ৬ মাৰ্চ তাৰিখে চিৰাং-ৰিপু সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনক চিৰাং-ৰিপু হস্তী সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল হিচাপে অধিসূচনা কৰি হাতীৰ স্বাভাৱিক বাসস্থানৰ বাবে MIKE Site অৰ্থাৎ হাতী অবৈধ হত্যাৰ ওপৰত নিৰীক্ষণ স্থান হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। অসমৰ পৰিৱেশ আৰু বন বিভাগৰ অধিসূচনাখনত ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ প্ৰকল্প হাতী সংমণ্ডল অধীনত স্থাপিত এই বনাঞ্চল ভাৰত-ভূটান সীমান্তৰ ২,৬০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ অঞ্চল সামৰি গঠন কৰা হৈছিল। এক সংলগ্ন বাসস্থান হিচাপে এই বনাঞ্চলৰ পশ্চিমে বক্সা বাঘ্ৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল ([[পশ্চিম বংগ]]ৰ পূব দুৱাৰ হস্তী সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল অংশ) আৰু উত্তৰে [[ভূটান]]ৰ ফিপছু বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Npark" /> চিৰাং-ৰিপু হস্তী সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলত কোকৰাঝাৰ জিলাৰ কচুগাঁও বন সংমণ্ডল আৰু হাল্টুগাঁও বনাঞ্চল, চিৰাং জিলাৰ আই উপত্যকা বন সংমণ্ডলৰ লগতে [[মানস ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ লগতে দৰং বন সংমণ্ডল, মঙলদৈ বন্যপ্ৰাণী বন সংমণ্ডল, আৰু উত্তৰ কামৰূপ বন সংমণ্ডল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Npark">{{cite web | url=https://naparks.com/sikhna-jwhwlao-national-park/ | title=Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park | publisher=Nparks | work=Nparks | date=22-03-2025 | accessdate=June 19, 2025}}</ref> ক্ৰমাৎ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ পৰা ইয়াক ৰক্ষা কৰাৰস্বাৰ্থত [[বড়োলেণ্ড ক্ষেত্ৰীয় পৰিষদ]]ৰ বন বিভাগৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সদস্য ৰঞ্জিত বসুমতাৰীৰ নেতৃত্বত বিটিচি প্ৰশাসনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী সদস্য [[প্ৰমোদ বড়ো]]ৰ নেতৃত্বত ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানলৈ উন্নীত কৰি প্ৰায় ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখন সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা হাতত লোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলশ্ৰুতিত এক জৰীপ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০২৪ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহৰ শেষৰ ফালে অসম চৰকাৰলৈ ৩২১.৯০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ এলেকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হয়। [[অসমৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] [[হিমন্ত বিশ্ব শৰ্মা]]ই ২০২৪ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্টত ৭৮ সংখ্যক স্বাধীনতা দিৱসৰ ভাষণৰ সময়ত ৩২১.৯০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ মাটিকালিৰ এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ স্বীকৃতিৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰে। ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী তাৰিখে অসম কেবিনেটে এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপনৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ৫ মাৰ্চ তাৰিখে [[অসমৰ ৰাজ্যপাল|অসমৰ ৰাজ্যপালে]] এক অধিসূচনাৰ জৰিয়তে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখন হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে। == ভূগোল== শিখনা জৌলাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখন হিমালয়ৰ পাদদেশৰ ভাবৰ অঞ্চল অৱস্থিত। অসংখ্য জলপ্ৰবাহে এই অঞ্চলটোক ছেদ কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ উত্তৰৰ পৰা দক্ষিণলৈ মাটিৰ ঢাল সুস্পষ্ট। ইয়াৰ গড় উচ্চতা সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৮৫ৰ পৰা ২৪০ মিটাৰ। উদ্যানখনৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যোৱা প্ৰধান নদীসমূহ হ’ল সৰলভাঙা, সমুখ, [[চম্পাৱতী নৈ|চম্পাৱতী]], ভূৰ, লাওপানী আৰু ধলপানী। এই সকলোবোৰ নদী ভূটানৰ পাহাৰৰ পৰা উৎপত্তি হৈ [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদী]]ত পৰিছে। ভূৰ, লাওপানী, আৰু ধলপানী নদী চম্পাৱতী নদীৰ তিনিটা উপ-উপনৈ।<ref name="Npark" /> উল্টাপানী বন সংমণ্ডলৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত একমাত্ৰ বিল হৈছে মাছভাণ্ডাৰ। ইয়াত অসংখ্য নদী আৰু নৈ আছে যদিও ইয়াৰে বেছিভাগেই খৰালি কালত শুকান হৈ থাকে। ভাবৰ অঞ্চলৰ বহু অংশৰ মাটি শুকান বালিচহীয়া পলসুৱা, শিলগুটিৰে আবৃত, মাত্ৰ অতি পাতল হিউমাছ স্তৰ দেখা যায়। পৃষ্ঠীয় শিল মোটামুটি সাধাৰণ। ===ফলকীয় বৈশিষ্ট্য=== শিখনা জৌলাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰৰ উল্টাপানী, লালভেটি, আৰু সৰলভাঙা সংমণ্ডলৰ প্ৰত্যেকেই উল্লেখযোগ্য ফলকীয় কাৰ্যকলাপ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। উল্টাপানী সংমণ্ডলত অণ্ডাকাৰ উত্থান আৰু ১০ৰ পৰা ২৫ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাৰ উত্তৰ ঢালৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে। ই নদীৰ অৱৰোধ আৰু ১৬,০০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মাটিৰ নিক্ষেপৰ সৈতে অতীতৰ ভূমিকম্পীয় পৰিঘটনাৰ সাক্ষ্য বহন কৰে। লালভেটি মণ্ডলত ৩৫ৰ পৰা ৫০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাৰ আকৰ্ষণীয় ঢাল আৰু খাদ আছে। ই শেহতীয়াকৈ একাধিক ভূমিকম্পৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হৈছে। সৰলভাঙা সংমণ্ডলত ৬ৰ পৰা ১০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাৰ থিয় ঢাল আৰু অনুৰূপ মাটিৰ নিক্ষেপ দেখা গৈছে। এই মণ্ডলসমূহে একেলগে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ ফলকীয় ইতিহাস আৰু ভূমিকম্পীয় কাৰ্যকলাপৰ উদাহৰণ ইয়াৰ উচ্চ ভূখণ্ড, থিয় ঢাল আৰু খাদ, আৰু পলসুৱা নিক্ষেপৰ জৰিয়তে দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Npark" /> ==জলবায়ু== শিখনা জ্ৱালাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্দ্ৰ গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় মৌচুমী হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ গড় উষ্ণতা ৭ ডিগ্ৰী চেলছিয়াছৰ পৰা ৩৪ ডিগ্ৰী চেলছিয়াছ লৈকে হয়। শীতকালত বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ ১৫ মিলিমিটাৰৰ পৰা বাৰিষাত ১১৬২ মিলিমিটাৰলৈকে হয়। == জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য== ২০১৪ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি মুঠ ৩০টা গছৰ প্ৰজাতি (২৩টা গণ, ১২টা পৰিয়াল), ৭টা বিৰল, বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায়, আৰু ভাবুকিৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা প্ৰজাতি (৭টা গণ, ৭টা পৰিয়াল), ৮টা অৰ্কিড প্ৰজাতি (৮টা গণ, অৰ্কিডেচিয়াছ পৰিয়াল), ৬টা বন্যপ্ৰাণী, ১০টা চৰাই, আৰু ৩০টা পখিলাৰ প্ৰজাতি বৰ্তমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ অংশ [[উল্টাপানী সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল]]ত নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Npark" /> ===উদ্ভিদ=== ইয়াৰ অনন্য ভৌগোলিক অৱস্থান আৰু ভূতাত্ত্বিকতাৰ বাবে উদ্যানখনে অতি আৰ্দ্ৰ শাল বনাঞ্চল, উপ-হিমালয়ৰ উচ্চ অৰ্ধচিৰসেউজ অৰণ্য, আৰ্দ্ৰ মিশ্ৰিত পৰ্ণপাতী অৰণ্য, নদীৰ পাৰৰ অৰণ্য, তৃণভূমি বা ছাভানা অৰণ্য, অৰ্কিড, আৰু খাইৰ-চিচু বনাঞ্চলৰ অৱস্থিতি দেখা যায়। ===প্ৰাণী=== জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য সমৃদ্ধ হিমালয়ৰ পাদদেশত অৱস্থিত এই বনাঞ্চলসমূহে বৰ্তমান পূব হিমালয় জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য হটস্পটৰ অন্তৰ্গত। শিখনা জৌলাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানোৰ এই হটস্পটৰ অংশ হিচাপে গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। এই উদ্যান হাতী, [[সোণালী বান্দৰ]], বাঘ, নাহৰফুটুকী, ফুটুকী হৰিণ, [[খটীয়া পহু]], বনৰীয়া গাহৰি, গুঁই, কাছ, কেটেলাপহু, বনৰীয়া ম’হ, মেথোন, নাগ, অজগৰ, বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ পোক-পতংগ, চৰাই-চিৰিকটি, মাছ, পখিলা ইত্যাদিৰ বাসস্থান।<ref name="Bodoland Tourisim">{{cite web | url=https://www.bodolandtourism.co.in/discover-bodoland/attractions/sikhna-jwhwlao-national-park | title=Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park | publisher=Bodoland Tourisim | work=bodolandtourism.co.in | accessdate=June 19, 2025}}</ref> এই প্ৰজাতিবোৰে ভূটানৰ উত্তৰ ফিবছু বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য, পশ্চিম বংগ আৰু [[ৰাইমনা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ মাজেৰে গৈ সৰলভাঙা নদীৰ মাজেৰে শিখনা জৌলাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে। ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} {{অসমৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] rzb4ax63hxdk8roomdhmnfgn4nf0pc3 0 123915 604553 527129 2026-05-05T09:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | title = সুদীৰ্ঘ দিন আৰু ঋতু | author = ড° নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা বৰদলৈ | language = অসমীয়া | genre = কবিতা সংকলন | pub_date = ১৯৮৩ | awards = সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা (১৯৮৩) }} '''সুদীৰ্ঘ দিন আৰু ঋতু''' হৈছে ড° [[নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা বৰদলৈ]]ৰ কবিতা সংকলন, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁ ১৯৮৩ চনত ''[[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]]'' লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi - Biography|url=https://www.assams.info/people/nirmal-prabha-bordoloi|website=Assams.Info|access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref> ==সাৰাংশ== এই সংকলনত কাব্যসৃষ্টিত প্ৰাকৃতিক দৃশ্য, অনুভূতি, সময়, ঋতু, সংস্কৃতি আৰু ব্যক্তিগত স্মৃতি সমন্বিত — সংবেদনশীল ভাষাশৈলীৰে সৃজনশীলভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। ==লেখিকা== {{মূল|নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা বৰদলৈ}} ''নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা বৰদলৈ'' (২০ জুন ১৯৩৩ – ১ জুন ২০০৪), এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট অসমীয়া কবি, গীতিকাৰ আৰু লোকসংস্কৃতিৰ গৱেষক। তেখেতে ''সুদীৰ্ঘ দিন আৰু ঋতু'' গ্ৰন্থটোৰ বাবে ১৯৮৩ চনত সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi - Biography|url=https://www.assams.info/people/nirmal-prabha-bordoloi|website=Assams.Info|access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref> ==বঁটা== সাহিত্য অকাডেমি, ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ জাতীয় সংস্থা, প্ৰতিবছৰে বিভিন্ন ভাষাত উৎকৃষ্ট গ্ৰন্থ বাছনি কৰে। ড° বৰদলৈক ১৯৮৩ চনত ''সুদীৰ্ঘ দিন আৰু ঋতু'' নামৰ কবিতা সংকলনখনৰ বাবে সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi Award Winners for Assamese|url=https://scientiabooks.in/product-category/assamese_author/nirmal_prabha_bordoloi/|website=Scientia Books|publisher=scientiabooks.in|access-date=2025-07-25}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==পুনৰূপ আৰু প্ৰাপ্যতা== আজিও এই সংকলন অসমীয়া পাঠক সমাজত পঠিত হয় আৰু বিদ্যালয়-পাঠ্যবিষয়, সাহিত্য আলোচনা আৰু কবিতা পাঠ অনুষ্ঠানসমূহত স্বীকৃত স্থান লাভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poem Marmantric by Nirmalprabha Bordoloi|url=https://www.dainandinbartagroup.in/nirmalprabha-bordolois-poem-marmantric/|website=Dainandin Barta Group|access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবিতাপুথি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী গ্ৰন্থ]] j99ow9mpfjs2b1xzjlk9zj8xxs7asu2 0 124009 604568 567558 2026-05-05T10:23:25Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 604568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple | name = কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ | image = Kashi Vishwanath.jpg | caption = ১৭৮০ চনত [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত বৰ্তমানৰ মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ | map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh | coordinates = {{coord|25|18|38.79|N|83|0|38.21|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}} | country = [[ভাৰত]] | state = [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]] | district = [[বাৰাণসী জিলা|বাৰাণসী]] | locale = [[বাৰাণসী]] | deity = বিশ্বেশ্বৰ বা বিশ্বনাথ ([[শিৱ]]) | festivals = [[মহা শিৱৰাত্ৰি]] | architecture = [[মন্দিৰ]] | temple_board = শ্ৰী কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ ন্যাস | year_completed = ১৭৮০ | creator = * ১৫৮৫ - মান সিং ১ আৰু ৰাজা টোডৰ মলৰ দ্বাৰা * ১৭৮০ - মহাৰাণী [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা * ১৮৩৫ - সোণৰ প্ৰলেপ শিখ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ [[মহাৰাজ ৰঞ্জিত সিং]]ৰ দ্বাৰা * ২০২১ - কাশী বিশ্বনাথ কৰিডৰ, প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]ৰ দ্বাৰা | website = [https://shrikashivishwanath.org shrikashivishwanath.org] | date_demolished = ১১৯৪ - মহম্মদ ঘোৰীৰ দ্বাৰা * ১৫০৫–১৫১৫ - চিকন্দৰ লোডীৰ দ্বাৰা * ১৬৬৯ - ঔৰংজেৱৰ দ্বাৰা }} {{Hinduism small}} '''কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ''' ভগৱান [[শিৱ]]ৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গিত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ [[হিন্দু মন্দিৰ]]। ই ভাৰতৰ [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]] ৰাজ্যৰ [[বাৰাণসী]] চহৰৰ বিশ্বনাথ গলিত অৱস্থিত। এই মন্দিৰটো দ্বাদশ [[জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ]]ৰ অন্যতম আৰু এক প্ৰধান [[হিন্দু তীৰ্থস্থান]]। ইয়াৰ মুখ্য দেৱতাক বিশ্বনাথ বা বিশ্বেশ্বৰ (IAST: ''Viśvanātha'', ''Viśveśvara'') বুলি জনা যায়, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে ‘ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অধিপতি’। ''আদি বিশ্বেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ'' নামৰ মূল মন্দিৰটো মহম্মদ ঘোৰীৰ ভাৰত আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মোগল সম্ৰাট [[আকবৰ]]ৰ শাসনকালত মান সিং ১ আৰু ৰাজা টোডৰ মলৰ উদ্যোগত মন্দিৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ঐতিহাসিক তথ্য অনুসৰি, মোগল সম্ৰাট ঔৰংজেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত ১৬৬৯ চনত এই মন্দিৰটো পুনৰ ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছত ১৬৭৮ চনত সেই স্থানত [[জ্ঞানবাপী মছজিদ]] নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। তথাপি, হিন্দু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে সেই স্থানৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশসমূহ দৰ্শন কৰি আহিছিল। কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে এই ধ্বংসকাৰ্যৰ সৈতে স্থানীয় [[জমিদাৰ]]সকলৰ বিদ্ৰোহ জড়িত আছিল। ঔৰংজেৱে মোগল বিৰোধী শক্তি আৰু ধৰ্মীয় নেতাসকলক সতৰ্ক কৰিবলৈ এই পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। বৰ্তমানৰ মন্দিৰটো ১৭৮০ চনত [[ইন্দোৰ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ মাৰাঠা শাসক মহাৰাণী [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা কাষৰীয়া স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০২১ চনত মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ এক বৃহৎ পুনঃনিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু [[গংগা নদী]]ৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা কাশী বিশ্বনাথ ধাম কৰিডৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]য়ে উদ্বোধন কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বহুগুণে বৃদ্ধি পায়। ২০২৩ চনত প্ৰতিদিনে গড়ে প্ৰায় ৪৫,০০০ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী এই মন্দিৰলৈ আহে, যাৰ ফলত ই ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক দৰ্শনীয় হিন্দু মন্দিৰত পৰিণত হৈছে। ২০২৪ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, মন্দিৰৰ মুঠ সম্পত্তিৰ পৰিমাণ প্ৰায় ৬০ কোটি টকাতকৈ অধিক বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। == কিংবদন্তি == বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে [[বাৰাণসী]]তেই প্ৰথম [[জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ]] প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া [[ব্ৰহ্মা]] আৰু [[বিষ্ণু]]ৰ মাজত শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্বক লৈ বিতৰ্ক হৈছিল, তেতিয়া এই স্থানতেই [[শিৱ]]ই অসীম জ্যোতিৰ স্তম্ভ (জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ) ৰূপে আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। এই জ্যোতিৰ্ময় স্তম্ভৰ উৎস বিচাৰিবলৈ বিষ্ণুৱে বৰাহ ৰূপ ধাৰণ কৰি মাটিৰ তললৈ গ’ল আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাই হংস ৰূপ লৈ আকাশলৈ উৰি গ’ল। কিন্তু দুয়ো স্তম্ভটোৰ আৰম্ভণি বা শেষ বিচাৰি পোৱাত ব্যৰ্থ হ’ল। তথাপি, ব্ৰহ্মাই মিছাকৈয়ে দাবী কৰিলে যে তেওঁ স্তম্ভটোৰ শীৰ্ষ পাইছে, আনহাতে বিষ্ণুৱে সততাৰ সৈতে নিজৰ বিফলতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে। ব্ৰহ্মাৰ এই মিছাৰ বাবে শিৱই তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰ কাটি পেলালে আৰু অভিশাপ দিলে যে ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পূজা পৃথিৱীত নাথাকিব। আনহাতে, বিষ্ণুৰ সত্যবাদিতাৰ বাবে তেওঁ শিৱৰ সমান মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ পূজা অনন্তকাললৈ চলি থাকিব। [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ মঠ-মন্দিৰ]] 2nso7hfqys95y031hhqhvpy3ks6v5ff 604569 604568 2026-05-05T10:28:18Z AjayDas 12623 /* কিংবদন্তি */ 604569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple | name = কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ | image = Kashi Vishwanath.jpg | caption = ১৭৮০ চনত [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত বৰ্তমানৰ মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ | map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh | coordinates = {{coord|25|18|38.79|N|83|0|38.21|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}} | country = [[ভাৰত]] | state = [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]] | district = [[বাৰাণসী জিলা|বাৰাণসী]] | locale = [[বাৰাণসী]] | deity = বিশ্বেশ্বৰ বা বিশ্বনাথ ([[শিৱ]]) | festivals = [[মহা শিৱৰাত্ৰি]] | architecture = [[মন্দিৰ]] | temple_board = শ্ৰী কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ ন্যাস | year_completed = ১৭৮০ | creator = * ১৫৮৫ - মান সিং ১ আৰু ৰাজা টোডৰ মলৰ দ্বাৰা * ১৭৮০ - মহাৰাণী [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা * ১৮৩৫ - সোণৰ প্ৰলেপ শিখ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ [[মহাৰাজ ৰঞ্জিত সিং]]ৰ দ্বাৰা * ২০২১ - কাশী বিশ্বনাথ কৰিডৰ, প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]ৰ দ্বাৰা | website = [https://shrikashivishwanath.org shrikashivishwanath.org] | date_demolished = ১১৯৪ - মহম্মদ ঘোৰীৰ দ্বাৰা * ১৫০৫–১৫১৫ - চিকন্দৰ লোডীৰ দ্বাৰা * ১৬৬৯ - ঔৰংজেৱৰ দ্বাৰা }} {{Hinduism small}} '''কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ''' ভগৱান [[শিৱ]]ৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গিত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ [[হিন্দু মন্দিৰ]]। ই ভাৰতৰ [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]] ৰাজ্যৰ [[বাৰাণসী]] চহৰৰ বিশ্বনাথ গলিত অৱস্থিত। এই মন্দিৰটো দ্বাদশ [[জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ]]ৰ অন্যতম আৰু এক প্ৰধান [[হিন্দু তীৰ্থস্থান]]। ইয়াৰ মুখ্য দেৱতাক বিশ্বনাথ বা বিশ্বেশ্বৰ (IAST: ''Viśvanātha'', ''Viśveśvara'') বুলি জনা যায়, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে ‘ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অধিপতি’। ''আদি বিশ্বেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ'' নামৰ মূল মন্দিৰটো মহম্মদ ঘোৰীৰ ভাৰত আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মোগল সম্ৰাট [[আকবৰ]]ৰ শাসনকালত মান সিং ১ আৰু ৰাজা টোডৰ মলৰ উদ্যোগত মন্দিৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ঐতিহাসিক তথ্য অনুসৰি, মোগল সম্ৰাট ঔৰংজেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত ১৬৬৯ চনত এই মন্দিৰটো পুনৰ ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছত ১৬৭৮ চনত সেই স্থানত [[জ্ঞানবাপী মছজিদ]] নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। তথাপি, হিন্দু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে সেই স্থানৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশসমূহ দৰ্শন কৰি আহিছিল। কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে এই ধ্বংসকাৰ্যৰ সৈতে স্থানীয় [[জমিদাৰ]]সকলৰ বিদ্ৰোহ জড়িত আছিল। ঔৰংজেৱে মোগল বিৰোধী শক্তি আৰু ধৰ্মীয় নেতাসকলক সতৰ্ক কৰিবলৈ এই পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। বৰ্তমানৰ মন্দিৰটো ১৭৮০ চনত [[ইন্দোৰ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ মাৰাঠা শাসক মহাৰাণী [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা কাষৰীয়া স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০২১ চনত মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ এক বৃহৎ পুনঃনিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু [[গংগা নদী]]ৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা কাশী বিশ্বনাথ ধাম কৰিডৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]য়ে উদ্বোধন কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বহুগুণে বৃদ্ধি পায়। ২০২৩ চনত প্ৰতিদিনে গড়ে প্ৰায় ৪৫,০০০ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী এই মন্দিৰলৈ আহে, যাৰ ফলত ই ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক দৰ্শনীয় হিন্দু মন্দিৰত পৰিণত হৈছে। ২০২৪ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, মন্দিৰৰ মুঠ সম্পত্তিৰ পৰিমাণ প্ৰায় ৬০ কোটি টকাতকৈ অধিক বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। == কিংবদন্তি == বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে [[বাৰাণসী]]তেই প্ৰথম [[জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ]] প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া [[ব্ৰহ্মা]] আৰু [[বিষ্ণু]]ৰ মাজত শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্বক লৈ বিতৰ্ক হৈছিল, তেতিয়া এই স্থানতেই [[শিৱ]]ই অসীম জ্যোতিৰ স্তম্ভ (জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ) ৰূপে আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। এই জ্যোতিৰ্ময় স্তম্ভৰ উৎস বিচাৰিবলৈ বিষ্ণুৱে বৰাহ ৰূপ ধাৰণ কৰি মাটিৰ তললৈ গ’ল আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাই হংস ৰূপ লৈ আকাশলৈ উৰি গ’ল। কিন্তু দুয়ো স্তম্ভটোৰ আৰম্ভণি বা শেষ বিচাৰি পোৱাত ব্যৰ্থ হ’ল। তথাপি, ব্ৰহ্মাই মিছাকৈয়ে দাবী কৰিলে যে তেওঁ স্তম্ভটোৰ শীৰ্ষ পাইছে, আনহাতে বিষ্ণুৱে সততাৰ সৈতে নিজৰ বিফলতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে। ব্ৰহ্মাৰ এই মিছাৰ বাবে শিৱই তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰ কাটি পেলালে আৰু অভিশাপ দিলে যে ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পূজা পৃথিৱীত নাথাকিব। আনহাতে, বিষ্ণুৰ সত্যবাদিতাৰ বাবে তেওঁ শিৱৰ সমান মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ পূজা অনন্তকাললৈ চলি থাকিব। হিন্দু ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থসমূহত বিশ্বেশ্বৰক বাৰাণসীৰ পৱিত্ৰ অধিষ্ঠাত্রী দেৱতা হিচাপে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁক চহৰখনৰ সকলো দেৱতা আৰু বাসিন্দাৰ ওপৰত শাসন কৰা ‘ৰজা’ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। লগতে, পঞ্চকোশী নামেৰে জনাজাত পবিত্ৰ পৰিসীমা—যি প্ৰায় ৫০ মাইললৈ বিস্তৃত আৰু বাৰাণসীৰ ধৰ্মীয় সীমা হিচাপে বিবেচিত—তাৰো অধিপতি হিচাপে বিশ্বেশ্বৰক গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="MAS">{{cite book |author1=Matthew Atmore Sherring |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times |date=1968 |publisher=Trübner & Company |edition=First |location=London |author1-link=Matthew Atmore Sherring}}</ref> [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ মঠ-মন্দিৰ]] 0xpylzthgilex34bn86vvnmnau5ajxj 604570 604569 2026-05-05T10:28:37Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 604570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple | name = কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ | image = Kashi Vishwanath.jpg | caption = ১৭৮০ চনত [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত বৰ্তমানৰ মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ | map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh | coordinates = {{coord|25|18|38.79|N|83|0|38.21|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}} | country = [[ভাৰত]] | state = [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]] | district = [[বাৰাণসী জিলা|বাৰাণসী]] | locale = [[বাৰাণসী]] | deity = বিশ্বেশ্বৰ বা বিশ্বনাথ ([[শিৱ]]) | festivals = [[মহা শিৱৰাত্ৰি]] | architecture = [[মন্দিৰ]] | temple_board = শ্ৰী কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ ন্যাস | year_completed = ১৭৮০ | creator = * ১৫৮৫ - মান সিং ১ আৰু ৰাজা টোডৰ মলৰদ্বাৰা * ১৭৮০ - মহাৰাণী [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা * ১৮৩৫ - সোণৰ প্ৰলেপ শিখ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ [[মহাৰাজ ৰঞ্জিত সিং]]ৰদ্বাৰা * ২০২১ - কাশী বিশ্বনাথ কৰিডৰ, প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]ৰদ্বাৰা | website = [https://shrikashivishwanath.org shrikashivishwanath.org] | date_demolished = ১১৯৪ - মহম্মদ ঘোৰীৰদ্বাৰা * ১৫০৫–১৫১৫ - চিকন্দৰ লোডীৰদ্বাৰা * ১৬৬৯ - ঔৰংজেৱৰদ্বাৰা }} {{Hinduism small}} '''কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ''' ভগৱান [[শিৱ]]ৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গিত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ [[হিন্দু মন্দিৰ]]। ই ভাৰতৰ [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]] ৰাজ্যৰ [[বাৰাণসী]] চহৰৰ বিশ্বনাথ গলিত অৱস্থিত। এই মন্দিৰটো দ্বাদশ [[জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ]]ৰ অন্যতম আৰু এক প্ৰধান [[হিন্দু তীৰ্থস্থান]]। ইয়াৰ মুখ্য দেৱতাক বিশ্বনাথ বা বিশ্বেশ্বৰ (IAST: ''Viśvanātha'', ''Viśveśvara'') বুলি জনা যায়, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে ‘ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অধিপতি’। ''আদি বিশ্বেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ'' নামৰ মূল মন্দিৰটো মহম্মদ ঘোৰীৰ ভাৰত আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মোগল সম্ৰাট [[আকবৰ]]ৰ শাসনকালত মান সিং ১ আৰু ৰাজা টোডৰ মলৰ উদ্যোগত মন্দিৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ঐতিহাসিক তথ্য অনুসৰি, মোগল সম্ৰাট ঔৰংজেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত ১৬৬৯ চনত এই মন্দিৰটো পুনৰ ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছত ১৬৭৮ চনত সেই স্থানত [[জ্ঞানবাপী মছজিদ]] নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। তথাপি, হিন্দু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে সেই স্থানৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশসমূহ দৰ্শন কৰি আহিছিল। কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে এই ধ্বংসকাৰ্যৰ সৈতে স্থানীয় [[জমিদাৰ]]সকলৰ বিদ্ৰোহ জড়িত আছিল। ঔৰংজেৱে মোগল বিৰোধী শক্তি আৰু ধৰ্মীয় নেতাসকলক সতৰ্ক কৰিবলৈ এই পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। বৰ্তমানৰ মন্দিৰটো ১৭৮০ চনত [[ইন্দোৰ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ মাৰাঠা শাসক মহাৰাণী [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা কাষৰীয়া স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০২১ চনত মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ এক বৃহৎ পুনঃনিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু [[গংগা নদী]]ৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা কাশী বিশ্বনাথ ধাম কৰিডৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]য়ে উদ্বোধন কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বহুগুণে বৃদ্ধি পায়। ২০২৩ চনত প্ৰতিদিনে গড়ে প্ৰায় ৪৫,০০০ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী এই মন্দিৰলৈ আহে, যাৰ ফলত ই ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক দৰ্শনীয় হিন্দু মন্দিৰত পৰিণত হৈছে। ২০২৪ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, মন্দিৰৰ মুঠ সম্পত্তিৰ পৰিমাণ প্ৰায় ৬০ কোটি টকাতকৈ অধিক বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। == কিংবদন্তি == বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে [[বাৰাণসী]]তেই প্ৰথম [[জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ]] প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া [[ব্ৰহ্মা]] আৰু [[বিষ্ণু]]ৰ মাজত শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্বক লৈ বিতৰ্ক হৈছিল, তেতিয়া এই স্থানতেই [[শিৱ]]ই অসীম জ্যোতিৰ স্তম্ভ (জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ) ৰূপে আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। এই জ্যোতিৰ্ময় স্তম্ভৰ উৎস বিচাৰিবলৈ বিষ্ণুৱে বৰাহ ৰূপ ধাৰণ কৰি মাটিৰ তললৈ গ’ল আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাই হংস ৰূপ লৈ আকাশলৈ উৰি গ’ল। কিন্তু দুয়ো স্তম্ভটোৰ আৰম্ভণি বা শেষ বিচাৰি পোৱাত ব্যৰ্থ হ’ল। তথাপি, ব্ৰহ্মাই মিছাকৈয়ে দাবী কৰিলে যে তেওঁ স্তম্ভটোৰ শীৰ্ষ পাইছে, আনহাতে বিষ্ণুৱে সততাৰ সৈতে নিজৰ বিফলতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে। ব্ৰহ্মাৰ এই মিছাৰ বাবে শিৱই তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰ কাটি পেলালে আৰু অভিশাপ দিলে যে ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পূজা পৃথিৱীত নাথাকিব। আনহাতে, বিষ্ণুৰ সত্যবাদিতাৰ বাবে তেওঁ শিৱৰ সমান মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ পূজা অনন্তকাললৈ চলি থাকিব। হিন্দু ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থসমূহত বিশ্বেশ্বৰক বাৰাণসীৰ পৱিত্ৰ অধিষ্ঠাত্ৰী দেৱতা হিচাপে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁক চহৰখনৰ সকলো দেৱতা আৰু বাসিন্দাৰ ওপৰত শাসন কৰা ‘ৰজা’ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। লগতে, পঞ্চকোশী নামেৰে জনাজাত পৱিত্ৰ পৰিসীমা—যি প্ৰায় ৫০ মাইললৈ বিস্তৃত আৰু বাৰাণসীৰ ধৰ্মীয় সীমা হিচাপে বিবেচিত—তাৰো অধিপতি হিচাপে বিশ্বেশ্বৰক গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="MAS">{{cite book |author1=Matthew Atmore Sherring |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times |date=1968 |publisher=Trübner & Company |edition=First |location=London |author1-link=Matthew Atmore Sherring}}</ref> [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ মঠ-মন্দিৰ]] 3ddsujcilbx35tzyrzakxq2qa7r1aj9 604571 604570 2026-05-05T10:29:39Z AjayDas 12623 604571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple | name = কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ | image = Kashi Vishwanath.jpg | caption = ১৭৮০ চনত [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত বৰ্তমানৰ মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ | map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh | coordinates = {{coord|25|18|38.79|N|83|0|38.21|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}} | country = [[ভাৰত]] | state = [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]] | district = [[বাৰাণসী জিলা|বাৰাণসী]] | locale = [[বাৰাণসী]] | deity = বিশ্বেশ্বৰ বা বিশ্বনাথ ([[শিৱ]]) | festivals = [[মহা শিৱৰাত্ৰি]] | architecture = | temple_board = শ্ৰী কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ ন্যাস | year_completed = ১৭৮০ | creator = * ১৫৮৫ - মান সিং ১ আৰু ৰাজা টোডৰ মলৰদ্বাৰা * ১৭৮০ - মহাৰাণী [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা * ১৮৩৫ - সোণৰ প্ৰলেপ শিখ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ [[মহাৰাজ ৰঞ্জিত সিং]]ৰদ্বাৰা * ২০২১ - কাশী বিশ্বনাথ কৰিডৰ, প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]ৰদ্বাৰা | website = [https://shrikashivishwanath.org shrikashivishwanath.org] | date_demolished = ১১৯৪ - মহম্মদ ঘোৰীৰদ্বাৰা * ১৫০৫–১৫১৫ - চিকন্দৰ লোডীৰদ্বাৰা * ১৬৬৯ - ঔৰংজেৱৰদ্বাৰা }} {{Hinduism small}} '''কাশী বিশ্বনাথ মন্দিৰ''' ভগৱান [[শিৱ]]ৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গিত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ [[হিন্দু মন্দিৰ]]। ই ভাৰতৰ [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]] ৰাজ্যৰ [[বাৰাণসী]] চহৰৰ বিশ্বনাথ গলিত অৱস্থিত। এই মন্দিৰটো দ্বাদশ [[জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ]]ৰ অন্যতম আৰু এক প্ৰধান [[হিন্দু তীৰ্থস্থান]]। ইয়াৰ মুখ্য দেৱতাক বিশ্বনাথ বা বিশ্বেশ্বৰ (IAST: ''Viśvanātha'', ''Viśveśvara'') বুলি জনা যায়, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে ‘ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অধিপতি’। ''আদি বিশ্বেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ'' নামৰ মূল মন্দিৰটো মহম্মদ ঘোৰীৰ ভাৰত আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মোগল সম্ৰাট [[আকবৰ]]ৰ শাসনকালত মান সিং ১ আৰু ৰাজা টোডৰ মলৰ উদ্যোগত মন্দিৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ঐতিহাসিক তথ্য অনুসৰি, মোগল সম্ৰাট ঔৰংজেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত ১৬৬৯ চনত এই মন্দিৰটো পুনৰ ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছত ১৬৭৮ চনত সেই স্থানত [[জ্ঞানবাপী মছজিদ]] নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। তথাপি, হিন্দু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে সেই স্থানৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশসমূহ দৰ্শন কৰি আহিছিল। কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে এই ধ্বংসকাৰ্যৰ সৈতে স্থানীয় [[জমিদাৰ]]সকলৰ বিদ্ৰোহ জড়িত আছিল। ঔৰংজেৱে মোগল বিৰোধী শক্তি আৰু ধৰ্মীয় নেতাসকলক সতৰ্ক কৰিবলৈ এই পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। বৰ্তমানৰ মন্দিৰটো ১৭৮০ চনত [[ইন্দোৰ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ মাৰাঠা শাসক মহাৰাণী [[অহল্যাবাই হোলকাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা কাষৰীয়া স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০২১ চনত মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ এক বৃহৎ পুনঃনিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু [[গংগা নদী]]ৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা কাশী বিশ্বনাথ ধাম কৰিডৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]য়ে উদ্বোধন কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বহুগুণে বৃদ্ধি পায়। ২০২৩ চনত প্ৰতিদিনে গড়ে প্ৰায় ৪৫,০০০ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী এই মন্দিৰলৈ আহে, যাৰ ফলত ই ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক দৰ্শনীয় হিন্দু মন্দিৰত পৰিণত হৈছে। ২০২৪ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, মন্দিৰৰ মুঠ সম্পত্তিৰ পৰিমাণ প্ৰায় ৬০ কোটি টকাতকৈ অধিক বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। == কিংবদন্তি == বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে [[বাৰাণসী]]তেই প্ৰথম [[জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ]] প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া [[ব্ৰহ্মা]] আৰু [[বিষ্ণু]]ৰ মাজত শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্বক লৈ বিতৰ্ক হৈছিল, তেতিয়া এই স্থানতেই [[শিৱ]]ই অসীম জ্যোতিৰ স্তম্ভ (জ্যোতিৰ্লিংগ) ৰূপে আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। এই জ্যোতিৰ্ময় স্তম্ভৰ উৎস বিচাৰিবলৈ বিষ্ণুৱে বৰাহ ৰূপ ধাৰণ কৰি মাটিৰ তললৈ গ’ল আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাই হংস ৰূপ লৈ আকাশলৈ উৰি গ’ল। কিন্তু দুয়ো স্তম্ভটোৰ আৰম্ভণি বা শেষ বিচাৰি পোৱাত ব্যৰ্থ হ’ল। তথাপি, ব্ৰহ্মাই মিছাকৈয়ে দাবী কৰিলে যে তেওঁ স্তম্ভটোৰ শীৰ্ষ পাইছে, আনহাতে বিষ্ণুৱে সততাৰ সৈতে নিজৰ বিফলতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে। ব্ৰহ্মাৰ এই মিছাৰ বাবে শিৱই তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰ কাটি পেলালে আৰু অভিশাপ দিলে যে ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পূজা পৃথিৱীত নাথাকিব। আনহাতে, বিষ্ণুৰ সত্যবাদিতাৰ বাবে তেওঁ শিৱৰ সমান মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ পূজা অনন্তকাললৈ চলি থাকিব। হিন্দু ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থসমূহত বিশ্বেশ্বৰক বাৰাণসীৰ পৱিত্ৰ অধিষ্ঠাত্ৰী দেৱতা হিচাপে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁক চহৰখনৰ সকলো দেৱতা আৰু বাসিন্দাৰ ওপৰত শাসন কৰা ‘ৰজা’ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। লগতে, পঞ্চকোশী নামেৰে জনাজাত পৱিত্ৰ পৰিসীমা—যি প্ৰায় ৫০ মাইললৈ বিস্তৃত আৰু বাৰাণসীৰ ধৰ্মীয় সীমা হিচাপে বিবেচিত—তাৰো অধিপতি হিচাপে বিশ্বেশ্বৰক গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="MAS">{{cite book |author1=Matthew Atmore Sherring |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times |date=1968 |publisher=Trübner & Company |edition=First |location=London |author1-link=Matthew Atmore Sherring}}</ref> [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ মঠ-মন্দিৰ]] 7d45pd06d92g8sje98a8q5sv4h4bexc 0 124422 604563 545201 2026-05-05T10:02:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | name = সেই সময় | image = সেই সময় গ্ৰন্থৰ প্ৰচ্ছদ.jpeg | image_size = 200px | caption = অখণ্ড সংস্কৰণৰ প্ৰচ্ছদ | author = [[সুনীল গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়]] | title_orig = সেই সময় | illustrator = | cover_artist = পূৰ্ণেন্দু পত্ৰী | country = [[ভাৰত]] | language = [[বাংলা]] | series = | subject = ইতিহাস | genre = ঐতিহাসিক উপন্যাস | publisher = [[আনন্দ পাবলিশাৰ্স প্ৰাইভেট লিমিটেড|আনন্দ পাবলিশাৰ্স]] | publisher2 = [[পেঙ্গুইন বুকস]] | pub_date = ১৯৯১ (অখণ্ড সংস্কৰণ) | english_pub_date = ১৯৯৭ | media_type = | pages = ৭০৯ | awards = ''বঙ্কিম পুৰস্কাৰ'', ''বাংলা একাডেমি পুৰস্কাৰ'' | isbn = ৯৭৮৮১৭০৬৬৯৭০৮ | oclc = 39516159 | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = [[প্ৰথম আলো (উপন্যাস)|প্ৰথম আলো]] }} '''সেই সময়''' ({{lang-en|Sei Somoy}}) হ'ল এখন বাংলা ঐতিহাসিক উপন্যাস যাৰ বিষয়-বস্তু ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ সময়ৰ সমৃদ্ধিশালী কলকাতা চহৰৰ সমাজ আৰু জনসাধাৰণ। বিখ্যাত ভাৰতীয় বাঙালী সাহিত্যিক সুনীল গংগোপাধ্যায় এই উপন্যাসখনৰ স্ৰষ্টা। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ বংগৰ নৱ-জাগৰণ উপন্যাসখনৰ অন্যতম মূল বিষয়-বস্তু। ঈশ্বৰ চন্দ্ৰ বিদ্যাসাগৰ, মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত, প্ৰিন্স দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ, দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ, কেশৱ চন্দ্ৰ সেন, ডেভিড হেয়াৰ আৰু জন বেথুনৰ দৰে‍ বিখ্যাত চৰিত্ৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি এই উপন্যাসখনৰ আখ্যান গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। এই উপন্যাসখন প্ৰথমে ''দেশ'' আলোচনীত ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৯৮১ চনত কলকাতাৰ আনন্দ পাব্লিচাৰ্ছে দুটা খণ্ডত কিতাপ আকাৰত উপন্যাসখন প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ১৯৯১ চনত একেটা প্ৰকাশন প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে উপন্যাসখনৰ অখণ্ড সংস্কৰণ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৮৩ চনত বংকিম বঁটা আৰু ১৯৮৫ চনত অকাডেমী বঁটাৰে উপন্যাসখনক সন্মানিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|title=Akademi Awards (1955-2015)|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[সাহিত্য অকাদেমি]]|date=4 March 2016}}</ref> ‘সেই সময়’ আৰু সুনীল গংগোপাধ্যায়ৰ আন দুখন উপন্যাস ‘পূৰ্ব-পশ্চিম’ আৰু ‘প্ৰথম আলো’ই তিনিটা খণ্ডৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক কালপঞ্জী ৰচনা কৰিছে। ==বিৱৰণ== “সেই সময়” এখন জনপ্ৰিয় গৱেষণাধৰ্মী উপন্যাস। ইয়াৰ সময়সীমা ১৮৪০ চনৰপৰা ১৮৭০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈকে বিস্তৃত। উপন্যাসৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰিত্ৰ জমিদাৰপুত্ৰ নবীনকুমাৰ। তেওঁৰ জন্মৰপৰা মৃত্যুলৈকে এই উপন্যাসখনৰ পৰিসৰ বিস্তৃত। কালীপ্ৰসন্ন সিংহৰ ঐতিহাসিক চৰিত্ৰৰ আধাৰত সুনীল গংগোপাধ্যায়ে নবীন কুমাৰৰ চৰিত্ৰটো সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। নবীনকুমাৰ চৰিত্ৰটিৰ সন্দৰ্ভত সুনীল গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়ে কৈছিল,"মোৰ কাহিনীৰ পৰিৱেশ ১৮৪০ চনৰপৰা ১৮৭০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ। আৰু এই কাহিনীৰ মূল নায়কৰ নাম সময়। ... সময়ক জীৱন্ত কৰিবলৈ হ’লে অন্ততঃ এটা প্ৰতীকী চৰিত্ৰ ল’ব লাগিব। নবীনকুমাৰ সেই সময়ৰ প্ৰতীক। তেওঁৰ জন্মৰপৰা তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ বিভিন্ন পৰিঘটনাৰ বৈপৰীত্য, শেষত এগৰাকী অচিনাকি যুৱতীৰ মাজত মাতৃৰূপ দৰ্শন আৰু এক অদ্ভুত ধৰণৰ মৃত্যু, সকলো সেই প্ৰতীকৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতা, আশা কৰোঁ ইয়াত অধিক বিশদভাৱে বুজাই দিয়াৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই। একমাত্ৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয় কথাটো হ’ল, অকাল মৃত্যু হোৱা এজন অসাধাৰণ ঐতিহাসিক যুৱকৰ লগত নবীন কুমাৰৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ কিছু সাদৃশ্য আছে। মই আন কোনো বিখ্যাত মানুহৰ নাম বা জীৱন-কাহিনী সলনি কৰা নাই...।" এই উপন্যাসখনৰ পৰিৱেশ ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ কলিকতা। সেই সময়ৰ সামাজিক সমস্যা, বাবু সংস্কৃতি, বাল্যবিবাহ আৰু বিধৱাসকলৰ দুৰ্দশাৰ লগতে আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থাৰ প্ৰসাৰৰ ফলত একাংশ ব্যক্তিৰ সমাজ সংস্কাৰবাদী প্ৰৱণতা - এই সকলোবোৰ এই উপন্যাসত পোহৰলৈ আহিছে। চৰিত্ৰ পৰিকল্পনা আৰু ঘটনা বিন্যাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত স্ৰষ্টাই সাহিত্যিক তথ্য আৰু কালক্ৰমৰ মাজত ভৰসাম্য বৰ্তাই ৰাখিছে। উপন্যাসখনৰ চৰিত্ৰ প্ৰবীণ বিধুশেখৰৰ চকুৰে লেখকে সমসাময়িক সমাজৰ দুৰ্নীতিৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰি এইদৰে কৈছে,“দেশজুৰি যুৱসকলৰ মাজত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ অনাচাৰ দেখা দিছে। খুব কম বয়সৰপৰাই মদ খাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে আৰু আৰম্ভ কৰা মানে চূড়ান্তভাৱে‍ সাবটি ধৰাৰ অভ্যাস। আগতে জ্যেষ্ঠজনৰ সন্মুখত অনুভৱ কৰা লাজ এতিয়া নাইকিয়া হৈ গৈছে। চহৰখন গণিকাৰে ভৰি পৰিছে।" তৎকালীন বংগৰ সমাজ আৰু সংস্কৃতি, ৰাজনীতি আৰু অৰ্থনীতি, ধৰ্ম আৰু ব্যভিচাৰে এই সকলোবোৰ উপন্যাসখনৰ আঙ্গিকত নিজৰ স্থান লাভ কৰিছে। ঈশ্বৰচন্দ্ৰ বিদ্যাসাগৰৰ বিধৱা বিবাহ আন্দোলন, জোড়াসাঁকোৰ ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়ালৰ ব্ৰাহ্মধৰ্ম চৰ্চা, মঙ্গল পাণ্ডেৰ ইংৰাজ বিৰোধী বিপ্লৱী আন্দোলন, মধুসূদন আৰু দীনবন্ধু মিত্ৰৰ উত্তেজিত সাহিত্য চৰ্চা, হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ মুখোপাধ্যায়দ্বাৰা হিন্দু পেট্ৰিয়ট আলোচনী সম্পাদনা, দিগম্বৰ বিশ্বাস আৰু বিষ্ণুচৰণ বিশ্বাসৰ নীল বিদ্ৰোহ, ৰাণী ৰাসমণিদ্বাৰা দক্ষিণেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ স্থাপন, মেক্সসমুলাৰৰ ভাৰত চৰ্চা, কালীপ্ৰসন্ন সিংহেৰ নাট্য চৰ্চা আৰু হুতোম প্যাচাৰ নকশা প্ৰকাশ ইত্যাদি নানা উপাদান এক পৰিব্যাপ্ত ৰচনাপটত যথাযথ ধাৰাবাহিকতাৰে‍ সমন্বিত হৈছে। উদীয়মান আলোকিত সমাজৰ বিপৰীতে বিলাসিতা, অবৈধ প্ৰসৱ, বেশ্যাবৃত্তি, মদ খোৱা ইত্যাদি বিষয়-বস্তুও আছে। গতিকে একে সময়তে ‘সেই সময়’ উত্থান-পতনৰ কাহিনী। ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিকতা লেখকৰ কল্পনাত সাহিত্যলৈ পৰিণত হৈছে। ভাৰতত তেতিয়া ইংৰাজৰ শাসন চলিছিল। ইংৰাজৰ কাহিনীও অনিবাৰ্যভাৱে বৰ্ণিত হৈছে। লেখকৰ ভাষ্যত পাঠকে পঢি়ব,"লুণ্ঠনপৰ্বৰ প্ৰথমৰ দিনবোৰত ইংৰাজ কোম্পানীয়ে এই দেশৰপৰা নিজৰ দেশলৈ ইটোৰ পিছত সিটো সামগ্ৰী জাহাজেৰে কঢ়িয়াই নিজ দেশলৈ লৈ গৈছিল। বেছিভাগ জাহাজ খালী হৈ উভতি আহিছিল। তেনে খালী জাহাজ লৈ গভীৰ সাগৰত যাত্ৰা কৰাটো বিপদজনক, ধুমুহাৰ সময়ত সেইবোৰ খেলনাৰ দৰে হৈ পৰে, হঠাৎ লুটি খাই পৰে। গতিকে চাহাবসকলে সেই জাহাজবোৰত আটাইতকৈ সস্তা বস্তু নিমখেৰে ভৰাই দিবলৈ ধৰিলে। প্ৰথমত সেইে নিমখ এনেয়ে‍ পেলাই দিয়া হৈছিল। কিন্তু অতি সোনকালেই বেপাৰী জাতিটোৰ চৈতন্যোদয় হ'ল। পেলাই দিয়াৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই, এই নিমখও বিক্ৰী কৰিব পাৰি। ব্ৰিটিছ নিমখ আৰু ভাৰতীয় নিমখ সমানে নিমখীয়া হ’লেও সাত সাগৰ আৰু তেৰ নদীৰ সি‍পাৰৰপৰা নিমখ আমদানি কৰাৰ কোনো প্ৰশ্নই নুঠে, তথাপি এই দেশৰ বিশৃংখলতাৰ মাজত ইংৰাজে বিভিন্ন কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি সেই নিমখ বিক্ৰী কৰিবলৈ ধৰিলে। দেশী বজাৰত নিমখ বিক্ৰী কৰিবলৈ কিছু দেশী লোকৰ সহায় লৈছিল। ==টেলিভিছন অভিযোজন== উপন্যাসখনৰ আধাৰত ছনেক্সৰ সফল বাংলা ধাৰাবাহিক ‘সেই সময়’ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আশীৰ দশকত ডি ডি নেচনেলত প্ৰচাৰিত ভাৰতীয় টেলিভিছন ধাৰাবাহিক ''যুগান্তৰ'' স‍েই সময়ৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yugantar (Old Doordarshan TV Serial)|url=https://www.freeonlineindia.in/yugantar-old-doordarshan-tv-serial/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Free Online India|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127211840/https://www.freeonlineindia.in/yugantar-old-doordarshan-tv-serial/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==অনুবাদ== উপন্যাসখন উমা ৰান্দেৰিয়াই ''নৱ যুগ্নু পৰোধ'' (২০০২) নামেৰে গুজৰাটী ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰে।<ref name="Rao2004">{{cite book|last=Rao|first=D. S.|title=Five Decades: The National Academy of Letters, India : a Short History of Sahitya Akademi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JDsBBDoMccC&pg=PA48|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-2060-7|page=48}}</ref> অৰুণা চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়ে উপন্যাসখন ''Those Days'' নামেৰে ইংৰাজী ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰিছে। ২০১১ চনত দুটা খণ্ডত অসমীয়া ভাষালৈ এই উপন্যাসখন ''সেই সময়'' নামেৰে অনুবাদ কৰে দীপিকা চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়ে।<ref name="ক">{{cite web | url=https://scientiabooks.in/product/sei-samay-vol-1-vol-2/ | title=সেই সময় (প্ৰথম খণ্ড, দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড) | publisher=সাহিত্য অকাদে‍মি‍ | accessdate=15 August 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনূদিত গ্ৰন্থ]] 88kv8iijhv22mdf2w9v5ynnb8f5iern 0 124694 604517 535775 2026-05-05T03:57:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''শাণ্ডিল্য''' বৈদিক ঋষি আছিল আৰু [[শাণ্ডিল্য গোত্ৰ]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আছিল। এই নামটো সংস্কৃত ''শণ'' (মোটামুটিভাৱে, পূৰ্ণ), আৰু ''দিলাম'' (চন্দ্ৰ) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে, গতিকে ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে পূৰ্ণিমা, সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে শাণ্ডিল্যৰ [[চন্দ্ৰ]]ঈশ্বৰৰ প্ৰতি অগাধ ভক্তি আছিল। তেওঁৰ বংশধৰসকলৰ চন্দ্ৰবংশীয় মাতৃবংশৰ। ==বিৱৰণ== শাণ্ডিল্য সূৰ্যৰ ভাগিন আৰু কাশ্যপৰ নাতি [[দেৱল]]ৰ পুত্ৰ। তেওঁৰ শুক্ল যজুৰ্বেদৰ শতপথ ব্ৰাহ্মণ (X.vi.iii.1), সমবেদৰ কৌথুম শাখাৰ সৈতে জড়িত চন্দোগ্য উপনিষদ (III.xiv.1) আৰু শতপথ ব্ৰাহ্মণৰ সামৰণি অংশ বৃহদাৰণ্যক উপনিষদ (X.vi.3)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত। তেওঁক "উদাৰ- শণ্ডিল্য" বুলিও জনা যায়, আৰু ব্ৰহ্মৰ মহত্ত্ব আৰু সীমাহীনতাৰ বিষয়ে শিকোৱা ''অতিধনৱান শৌনক''ৰ শিষ্য।<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy|author=Benimadhab Barua|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24185/page/n117 91]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24185 |quote=sandilya vidya.}}</ref> তেওঁ আছিল অন্যতম বিশিষ্ট আধ্যাত্মিক দাৰ্শনিক। তেওঁ এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হয় যে আত্মাৰ সত্তা হৈছে চেতনা আৰু নিৰ্ধাৰিতই (দেহ, ব্যক্তি, সাধক), অনিৰ্দিষ্ট হিচাপে নিৰাকাৰ (পুৰুষ, ব্ৰহ্ম)ত নিজৰ চূড়ান্ত বিশ্ৰাম স্থান বিচাৰি পায়।<ref>{{cite book|title=the Philosophy of Sankar's Advaita Vedanta|author=Shyama Kumar Chattopadhyaya|year=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|page=305|isbn=9788176252225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPasbJW-1PwC&q=sandilya+vidya&pg=PA304 }}</ref> শণ্ডিল্যৰ আন আচাৰ্যসকলৰ ভিতৰত [[বিশ্বামিত্ৰ]], [[মহৰ্ষি গৌতম]], কৈশোৰ্য কাপ্য, বৎস্য বৈজৱপ, কুশ্ৰী আদি। শণ্ডিল্যৰ শিষ্যসকলৰ ভিতৰত কৌন্দিন্য, [[অগ্নিৱেশ]], বৎস্য বামাকক্ষয়ন, বৈষ্ঠ্যপুৰেয়, আৰু ভৰদ্বাজ আদি।{{cn}} তেওঁ শণ্ডিল্য উপনিষদ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ পৈতৃক বংশ বুলি দাবী কৰা পৰিয়ালসমূহ সমগ্ৰ ভাৰততে উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে পোৱা যায়। উত্তৰ ভাৰতত বাস কৰা বহু সৰস্বত ব্ৰাহ্মণ পৰিয়ালে শাণ্ডিল্যক তেওঁলোকৰ পিতৃৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ বুলি দাবী কৰে। শাণ্ডিল্যৰ ভগৱান চন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰতি থকা ভক্তি বেছিভাগেই বহুলভাৱে জানে যদিও বহুতে যিটো নাজানে সেয়া হ’ল, শাণ্ডিল্যৰ নাতিনী ইন্দুমতী ভগৱান চন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰপৌত্ৰ শতায়ুক বিয়া কৰাইছিল। এই দম্পতীহালে আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]] ৰাজ্যৰ দিশে আগবাঢ়িছিল। তেওঁলোকে কেতিয়াও সমকক্ষ আন আন শাসকৰ দৰে শাসন কৰা নাছিল আৰু বংশধৰসকলেও তপস্বী জীৱন-যাপন কৰিছিল। মহাপদ্ম নন্দই ভাৰতৰ সকলো কিম্বদন্তি বংশক ওফৰাই দিয়াৰ লগে লগে তেওঁলোকৰ বংশধৰসকলে চন্দ্ৰবংশৰপৰা প্ৰত্যক্ষ পিতৃবংশ বংশৰ দাবী কৰাটো আৰু নিৰাপদ নাছিল কাৰণ ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা পূৰ্বৰ দাবীক প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনোৱা হ’ব। ইয়াৰ পিছত এই লাইনটো ওড়িশাৰ পাটনায়কসকলৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত হৈছে আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৰু অধিক তললৈ অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশলৈ গৈছে। আজিও তেওঁলোকৰ বংশধৰসকলে শাণ্ডিল্য গোত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাস কৰি আছে। ''শাণ্ডিল্য ভক্তি সূত্ৰ'' ৰচনাৰ কৃতিত্ব তেওঁক দিয়া হৈছে। ভাগৱত পুৰাণৰ মতে হস্তিনাপুৰাৰ ৰজা পৰীক্ষিত আৰু দ্বাৰকাৰ ৰজা বজ্ৰৰ কিছুমান আধ্যাত্মিক প্ৰশ্ন সমাধানত তেওঁ সহায়ক আছিল। ==শিক্ষণ== শাণ্ডিল্য বিদ্যা হৈছে প্ৰাচীন হিন্দু ঋষি শাণ্ডিল্যৰ শিক্ষণ বা দৰ্শনৰ এক গোট। ই শতপথ উপনিষদৰ অগ্নিৰহস্যমৰ অংশ, আৰু ইয়াৰ উপদেশ চন্দোগ্য উপনিষদতো উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। গ্ৰন্থখনত বিশ্বজনীন পৰম (ব্ৰহ্ম) আৰু বিশ্বাসৰ (ভক্তি) অনুশীলনৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ===শাণ্ডিল্য বিদ্যা=== চাণ্ডোগ্য উপনিষদ (III.xiv.1-4)<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Upanishads – Chandogya Upanishad|publisher=Bharatdesam|url=http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/chandogya_upanishad.php|access-date=2025-08-29|archivedate=2021-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523202506/http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/chandogya_upanishad.php}}</ref> ৰ তলৰ চাৰিটা অংশত শাণ্ডিল্য বিদ্যাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে য’ত শাণ্ডিল্যই নিৰপেক্ষ বা ব্ৰহ্ম, পৰম জীৱন নীতিৰ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডীয় প্ৰমাণ প্ৰদান কৰিছে, যাৰপৰা আৰু যাৰ ভিতৰত সকলো সত্তা আৰু বস্তুৰ উত্থান, কাৰ্য, বিকশিত আৰু বিসৰ্জন হয়। শাণ্ডিল্যই কৈছে:- * सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म तज्जलानिति शान्त उपासीत। अथ खलु क्रतुमयः पुरुषो यथाक्रतुरस्मिँल्लोके पुरुषो भवति तथेतः प्रेत्य भवति स क्रतुं कुर्वीत॥ १॥ **১) এই সকলোবোৰ ব্ৰহ্ম। ইয়াৰপৰাই বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ সৃষ্টি হয়, ইয়াত বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াত বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডই উশাহ লয়। সেয়ে পুৰুষে শান্ত মনেৰে ব্ৰহ্ম ধ্যান কৰিব লাগে। এতিয়া সঁচাকৈয়ে মানুহ ইচ্ছাৰে গঠিত। এই জগতত তেওঁ যিদৰে বিচাৰে, ইয়াৰপৰা গুচি গ’লেও তেৱোঁ তেনেকুৱাই হয়। এই জ্ঞান মনত ৰাখিয়েই তেওঁক নিজৰ ইচ্ছামতে গঠন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া। * मनोमयः प्राणशरीरो भारूपः सत्यसङ्कल्प आकाशात्मा सर्वकर्मा सर्वकामः सर्वगन्धः सर्वरसः सर्वमिदमभ्यत्तोऽवाक्यनादरः॥ २॥ * एष म आत्मान्तर्हृदयेऽणीयान्व्रीहेर्वा यवाद्वा सर्षपाद्वा श्यामाकाद्वा श्यामाकतण्डुलाद्वैष म आत्मान्तर्हृदये ज्यायान्पृथिव्या ज्यायानन्तरिक्षाज्ज्यायान्दिवो ज्यायानेभ्यो लोकेभ्यः॥ ३॥ **২-৩)যি মনেৰে গঠিত, যাৰ শৰীৰ সূক্ষ্ম, যাৰ ৰূপ আলোকিত, যাৰ চিন্তা সত্য, যাৰ স্বভাৱ আকাশৰ দৰে, যাৰ সৃষ্টি এই বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডত, যি সকলো সৎ কামনা পুহি ৰাখে, য’ত সকলো সুখদায়ক গোন্ধ থাকে, যি সকলো ৰুচিৰে সমৃদ্ধ, যিয়ে এই সকলোবোৰ আঁকোৱালি লয়, যিয়ে কেতিয়াও কথা নকয় আৰু যিজন আকাংক্ষাহীন— তেওঁ হৃদয়ৰ ভিতৰত মোৰ আত্মা, চাউলৰ খুদতকৈ সৰু, যৱৰ গুটিতকৈ সৰু, সৰিয়হৰ গুটিতকৈ সৰু, কণীধানতকৈয়ো সৰু; তেওঁ হৃদয়ৰ ভিতৰত মোৰ আত্মা, পৃথিৱীতকৈও ডাঙৰ, মধ্যতকৈও ডাঙৰ—অঞ্চল, স্বৰ্গতকৈও ডাঙৰ, এই সকলো জগততকৈ ডাঙৰ। * सर्वकर्मा सर्वकामः सर्वगन्धः सर्वरसः सर्वमिदमभ्यात्तोऽवाक्यनादर एष म आत्मान्तर्हृदय एतद्ब्रह्मैतमितः प्रेत्याभिसंभवितास्मीति यस्य स्यादद्धा न विचिकित्सास्तीति ह स्माह शाण्डिल्यः शाण्डिल्यः॥ ४॥ ** ৪)যাৰ সৃষ্টি এই বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড, যি সকলো কামনাক প্ৰতিপালন কৰে, য’ত সকলো সুগন্ধ থাকে, যি সকলো ৰুচিৰে সমৃদ্ধ, যিয়ে এই সকলোবোৰ আঁকোৱালি লয়, যিয়ে কেতিয়াও কথা নকয় আৰু যি আকাংক্ষাহীন—তেওঁ হৃদয়ৰ ভিতৰত মোৰ আত্মা, তেৱেঁই সেই ব্ৰহ্ম। যেতিয়া মই ইয়াৰপৰা গুচি যাম তেতিয়া মই নিশ্চয় তেওঁৰ ওচৰ পাম: যাৰ এই বিশ্বাস আছে আৰু তেওঁৰ কোনো সন্দেহ নাই, তেওঁ নিশ্চয় সেই ঈশ্বৰত্ব লাভ কৰিব। এনেকৈয়ে ক’লে শাণ্ডিল্যই, হয়, এইদৰেই ক’লে। এই চাৰিটা অংশত শাণ্ডিল্যই আমাক নিৰপেক্ষৰ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডীয় প্ৰমাণ দিছে, বিশ্বজনীন আত্মা বা তজ্জলান (সংস্কৃত:तज्जलान)। যিটোৰপৰা বস্তুৰ জন্ম হয়, য’ত সিহঁতে জীয়াই থাকে আৰু প্ৰতিপাল কৰে। নিজৰ কৰ্ম অনুসৰি এই জীৱনত পৰলোকত জীৱন গঢ় লৈ উঠে। আত্মা হৈছে সৰু-বৰ, অসীম আৰু অসীম ধনাত্মক সত্তা, যিটো মৃত্যুৰ পাছত নিশ্চয়কৈ পোৱা যায়। সেই সৰ্বজনীন আত্মা ব্যক্তিগত আত্মা হিচাপে সকলোৰে হৃদয়ত বাস কৰে। মোৰ আত্মা ব্ৰহ্ম। তেওঁ আত্মাৰপৰা সৃষ্টি প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক ইতিবাচকভাৱে বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে, তজ্জলান হৈছে স্থান আৰু কালৰদ্বাৰা বান্ধ খাই নথকা অপৰিৱৰ্তিত ব্ৰহ্মৰ সৈতে চিনাক্ত কৰা বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড, যাৰ তিনিটা বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে – বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা, পালক আৰু বিনাশক, আৰু ব্যক্তিগত আত্মাটোৱেই ইয়াৰ অপৰিহাৰ্য স্বভাৱত ব্ৰহ্ম। এই সকলোবোৰ ব্ৰহ্ম।<ref>{{cite book|title=A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy|author=Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|place=Mumbai|pages=35, 53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StIGY05PTMUC|year=1986}}</ref> ''শাণ্ডিল্য বিদ্যা'' শতপথ উপনিষদৰ ''অগ্নিৰহস্যম''ৰ অংশ, তলত দিয়া দুটা অংশত চমুকৈ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে (SB X.vi.iii.1-2):<ref>{{cite book|title=The Satapatha Brahmana, Part IV|publisher=Sacred Text.com|url=http://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe43/index.htm}}</ref>- * ১/ "তেওঁ 'সত্য ব্ৰহ্ম'ৰ ধ্যান কৰক।" এতিয়া, ইয়াত মানুহ, সঁচাকৈয়ে, আত্মোপলব্ধিৰ অধিকাৰী, আৰু যেতিয়া তেওঁ এই জগত এৰি যায়, তেতিয়া তেওঁৰ উপলব্ধি কিমান মহান, সেই অনুসৰি তেওঁ, মৃত্যুৰ পাছত, সেই জগতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে।" *২/ "তেওঁ আত্মাক ধ্যান কৰক, যি বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰে গঠিত, আৰু আত্মাৰ শৰীৰেৰে সমৃদ্ধ, পোহৰৰ এটা ৰূপৰ সৈতে, আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ অণুৰ সৈতে, যিয়ে ইচ্ছামতে আকৃতি সলনি কৰে, চিন্তাৰ দৰে দ্ৰুত, প্ৰকৃত সংকল্পৰ, আৰু প্ৰকৃত উদ্দেশ্য, যি সকলো মিঠা গোন্ধ আৰু ৰুচিৰে গঠিত, যিয়ে সকলো অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছে আৰু এই সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডতে বিয়পি আছে, যি বাকৰুদ্ধ আৰু উদাসীন; ধানৰ দানা বা যৱৰ শস্যৰ দৰে; বা কণীধানৰ এটা গুটি, বা কণীধানৰ আটাইতকৈ সৰু দানা, তেনেকৈয়ে হৃদয়ত এই সোণালী পুৰুষ; ধোঁৱাবিহীন পোহৰৰ দৰেও ই আকাশতকৈও ডাঙৰ, অণুতকৈয়ো ডাঙৰ, পৃথিৱীতকৈও ডাঙৰ, সকলো বিদ্যমান বস্তুতকৈয়ো ডাঙৰ; -আত্মাৰ (উশাহ) সেই আত্মাটোৱেই মোৰ আত্মা: ইয়াৰপৰা আঁতৰি গ’লে মই সেই আত্মাটো লাভ কৰিম। নিশ্চয় যাৰ এই আস্থা আছে, তেওঁৰ বাবে কোনো অনিশ্চয়তা নাই। শাণ্ডিল্যই এইদৰে কৈছিল, আৰু তেনেকুৱাই হৈছে।" ইয়াত অতি বিস্তৃতভাৱে ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছে যে, দেহ আৰু মন আদিৰ ভিতৰৰ আত্মা, সমগ্ৰ সৃষ্টিৰ উৎস, সমৰ্থন, শক্তি আৰু পোহৰ সৰ্বব্যাপী পুৰুষৰ সৈতে একে।<ref>{{cite book|title=Upanishads: Gateways of Knowledge|author=M. P. Pandit|year=1988|publisher=Lotus Press|page=46|isbn=9780941524445|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dnh_qHPfe4IC&q=sandilya+vidya&pg=PA45 }}</ref> শতপথ ব্ৰাহ্মণত পোৱা হিন্দু ঈশ্বৰৰ ধাৰণাৰ প্ৰথম সৃষ্টি শাণ্ডিল্য বিদ্যাত পুনৰাবৃত্তি কৰা হৈছে। ঋষিয়ে ঈশ্বৰক আত্মন বা পুৰুষ বা ব্ৰহ্মক সকলো বস্তুৰ 'সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা' আৰু 'অধিপতি' বুলি সম্বোধন কৰে।<ref>{{cite book|title=Classical Hinduism|author=Mariasusai Dhavamony|year=1982|publisher=Gregorian Biblical bookshop|page=56|isbn=9788876524820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DD0w_IMFA8gC&q=sandilya+vidya+satapatha+brahmana&pg=PA56 }}</ref> বেদান্তৰ দ্বাৰা শাণ্ডিল্য বিদ্যা নামৰ শাণ্ডিল্য ভক্তি মতবাদত সগুণ ব্ৰহ্ম অৰ্থাৎ গুণৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি ভবা ব্ৰহ্মৰ প্ৰতি নিৰ্দেশিত ভক্তিমূলক ধ্যান-ধাৰণাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book|title=Sandilyasutram|author=Nandlal Sinha|year=1918|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=vii|isbn=9788130705200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsTuBCF9DfsC&q=sandilya+vidya+satapatha+brahmana&pg=PR7 }}</ref> [[যাজ্ঞবল্ক্য]]ই প্ৰতিটো সত্ত্বাত একেটা অমৰ আত্মাৰ মতবাদক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰি বুজাইছে যে, যি আত্মা যিটো চেতন, মন আদিৰে গঠিত ব্ৰহ্ম, সেই আত্মাই কামনাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এটা শৰীৰৰ পৰা আন এটা শৰীৰলৈ গতি কৰে; যিজনৰ কামনা নাই তেওঁ পুনৰ জন্ম নাপায় আৰু ব্ৰহ্ম হয়।<ref>{{cite book|title=A Course in Indian Philosophy|author=A. K. Warder|year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=26|isbn=9788120812444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw1UD1Mj9DwC&q=sandilya+vidya&pg=PA25 }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ঋষি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় দাৰ্শনিক]] nl61rquamo5yz2b8w5i8it6r13eb9to 0 126076 604409 596470 2026-05-04T13:18:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = মাৰিয়া ক'ৰিনা মাচাডো </br> María Corina Machado | image = María Corina Machado perfil.jpg | caption = ২০২৩ চনত মাচাডো | office = ভেনিজুৱেলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সভাৰ সদস্য<br>(মিৰাণ্ডা) | term_start = ৫ জানুৱাৰী ২০১১ | term_end = ২১ মাৰ্চ ২০১৪ | predecessor = | successor = ৰিকাৰ্ডো ছাঞ্জেজ মুজিকা | birth_name = মাৰিয়া ক'ৰিনা মাচাডো পেৰিস্কা | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|10|7|df=y}} | birth_place = কাৰাকাচ, ভেনিজুৱেলা | death_date = | death_place = | party = ভেণ্টে ভেনিজুৱেলা (২০১২-বৰ্তমানলৈকে) | otherparty = ইউনিটেৰী প্লেটফৰ্ম<br>গণতান্ত্ৰিক ঐক্যৰ ৰাউণ্ডটেবল<br>Súmate (২০০১–২০১০) | spouse = {{marriage|ৰিকাৰ্ডো ছোছা|1990|2001|end=বিচ্ছেদ}} | children = ৩ | education = আন্দ্ৰেছ বেলো কেথলিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (বিজ্ঞানত স্নাতক)<br>Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración(বিজ্ঞানৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ) | awards = {{ubl |ছাখাৰভ বঁটা (২০২৪) |ভাক্লাভ হাভেল মানৱ অধিকাৰ বঁটা (২০২৪) |নবেল বঁটা (২০২৫)}} | signature = Firma de María Corina Machado.svg }} '''মাৰিয়া ক'ৰিনা মাচাডো পেৰিস্কা''' ( {{Lang-en|María Corina Machado Parisca}} ; জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ ৰাজনীতিবিদ আৰু উদ্যোগিক অভিযন্তা। তেওঁ এগৰাকী প্ৰভাৱশালী বিৰোধী নেত্ৰী। ২০১১ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৪ চনলৈকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিধানসভাৰ সদস্য হিচাপে তেওঁ কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। ২০০২ চনত ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাক একত্ৰিত কৰিবলৈ Carmona Decree-ৰ স্বাক্ষৰকাৰী হিচাপে আৰু ভোট নিৰীক্ষণ সংস্থা ছুমাটেৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হিচাপে ২০০২ চনত মাচাডোৱে ৰাজনৈতিক কেৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে।.<ref name="Renuncio22">{{cite news |date=12 February 2010 |title=Comunicado de Súmate sobre renuncia de María Corina Machado |trans-title=Statement from Súmate regarding the resignation of María Corina Machado |url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/02/12/pol_esp_comunicado-de-sumate_12A3426731.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929202829/http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/02/12/pol_esp_comunicado-de-sumate_12A3426731.shtml |archive-date=29 September 2012 |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]] |lang=es}}.</ref> ৰাজনৈতিক দল ভেণ্টে ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সমন্বয়ক হিচাপে ২০১২ চনত হেনৰিক কেপ্ৰিলছৰ হাতত তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰাইমেৰীত পৰাভূত হৈছিল৷ ২০১৪ চনৰ ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ প্ৰতিবাদৰ সময়ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিকোলাছ মাদুৰোৰ চৰকাৰৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিক্ষোভৰ আয়োজন কৰাত তেওঁ অগ্ৰণী ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |author=Kurmanaev, Anatoly |date=23 December 2014 |title=Venezuela Protests Drive Poor to Maduro as Death Toll Mounts |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-03-13/middle-class-protesting-venezuela-shortages-drive-poor-to-maduro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313080046/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-03-13/middle-class-protesting-venezuela-shortages-drive-poor-to-maduro |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=23 December 2014 |work=Business Week}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনত মাচাডোৱে বিৰোধীৰ প্ৰাইমাৰীত জয়ী হৈ ২০২৪ চনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনৰ ঐক্য প্ৰাৰ্থী হয়।<ref name="GarciaCanoOct2622">{{cite news |author=Garcia Cano, Regina |date=26 October 2023 |title=María Corina Machado is winner of Venezuela opposition primary that the government has denounced |url=https://apnews.com/article/venezuela-opposition-primary-machado-winner-5d3c4c4b9a4cd42f52729fc0e798954f |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জুন মাহত ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ মহানিয়ন্ত্ৰকে তেওঁক ৰাজহুৱা পদবীৰ পৰা অযোগ্য ঘোষণা কৰিছিল, যিটো ৰায় ২০২৪ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ে সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল।<ref name="Armas202322">{{Cite news |last1=Armas |first1=Mayela |last2=Sequera |first2=Vivian |date=30 June 2023 |title=Venezuela opposition candidate Machado barred from holding office-gov't |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-opposition-candidate-machado-barred-holding-office-govt-2023-06-30/ |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="lemonde27012422">{{cite web |date=27 January 2024 |title=Venezuela's Supreme Court disqualifies opposition leader from running for president |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/01/27/venezuela-s-supreme-court-disqualifies-opposition-leader-from-running-for-president_6469941_4.html |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Le Monde.fr |language=en |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> তেওঁ ক’ৰিনা য’ৰিছক প্ৰতিস্থাপন প্ৰাৰ্থী হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু পিছলৈ তেওঁৰ ঠাইত এডমুণ্ডো গনজালেজ উৰুটিয়াক নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ২০২৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত মাচাডোৱে মাদুৰো চৰকাৰৰ অধীনত নিজৰ জীৱন আৰু স্বাধীনতালৈ শংকা নামি অহা দেখা পাই আত্মগোপন কৰা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref name="WSJ22">{{cite web |last1=Vipers |first1=Gareth |date=10 October 2025 |title=Nobel Peace Prize Awarded to Venezuelan Opposition Leader María Corina Machado |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/nobel-peace-prize-2025-maria-corina-machado-6b41aa02 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> মাচাডোৱে নিজৰ সক্ৰিয়তাৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিছে। ২০২৫ চনত তেওঁ "ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক অধিকাৰৰ প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে কৰা অক্লান্ত কাম আৰু একনায়কত্ববাদৰ পৰা গণতন্ত্ৰলৈ ন্যায়সংগত আৰু শান্তিপূৰ্ণ পৰিৱৰ্তন সাধনৰ বাবে কৰা সংগ্ৰামৰ বাবে" [[শান্তি ন'বেল বঁটা|শান্তিৰ নোবেল বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে।<ref name="Nobel3">{{cite press release |title=Announcement, Nobel Peace Prize 2025 |date=10 October 2025 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2025/press-release/ |work=NobelPrize.org |accessdate=10 October 2025}}</ref> ২০২৫ চনতে তেওঁ [[টাইম (আলোচনী)|টাইম আলোচনী]]ৰ ১০০ গৰাকী প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিৰ ভিতৰত তালিকাভুক্ত হয়।<ref name="time10022">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=María Corina Machado: The 100 Most Influential People of 2025 |url=https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273783/maria-corina-machado/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=TIME |language=en |archivedate=12 October 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012231711/https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273783/maria-corina-machado/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা== ১৯৬৭ চনৰ ৭ অক্টোবৰত ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ কাৰাকাছত মাচাডোৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|author=Machado, María Corina|url=http://www.mariacorina2010.com/?module=bio|title=Mi experiencia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322195217/http://www.mariacorina2010.com/?module=bio|archive-date=22 March 2010|access-date=25 April 2010|language=es|url-status=usurped|trans-title=My experience|archivedate=22 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322195217/http://www.mariacorina2010.com/?module=bio|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ট'ৰ'ৰ তৃতীয় মাৰ্কিছ চেবাষ্টিয়ান জোচে এণ্টনিঅ' ৰড্ৰিগেজ ডেল ট'ৰ' ৱাই আস্কানিঅ' (১৭৩৯–১৭৮৭)ৰ তেওঁ বংশজ আৰু [[মনোবিজ্ঞানী]] ক'ৰিনা পেৰিস্কা (১৯৪০) আৰু তীখা ব্যৱসায়ী হেনৰিক মাচাডো জুলোগা (১৯৩০–২০২৩)ৰ চাৰিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত জ্যেষ্ঠ৷ হেনৰিক জুলোগা আৰ্মাণ্ডো জুলোগাৰ ভতিজা আছিল৷ আৰ্মাণ্ডো জুলোগা ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ একনায়কত্ববাদী জুয়ান ভিচেণ্টে গোমেজৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহত নিহত হৈছিল। <ref name=MCM2017>{{cite web|title=María Corina|date=14 September 2016|url=http://www.ventevenezuela.org/mariacorina/|publisher=[[Vente Venezuela]]|access-date=3 May 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref name=SignOn/><ref name=BestLoved>{{cite news|author=Forero, Juan|date=19 November 2005|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E3D91E3EF93AA25752C1A9639C8B63|title=The Saturday Profile; Venezuela's Best-Loved, or Maybe Most-Hated, Citizen|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=A4|access-date=24 February 2010|id={{ProQuest|93038231}}}}</ref> মাচাডোৱে আন্দ্ৰেছ বেলো কেথলিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা ঔদ্যোগিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীত ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে আৰু পাছলৈ কাৰাকাছৰ ইনষ্টিটিউট ডি এষ্টুডিঅ’ছ চুপিৰিয়েৰছ ডি এডমিনিষ্ট্ৰেচন (আই ই এছ এ)ৰ পৰা অৰ্থনীতিত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছে। ২০০৯ চনত ইয়েল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ৱৰ্ল্ড ফেল'ছ প্ৰগ্ৰেমৰ প্ৰতিনিধিও আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldfellows.yale.edu/maria-corina-machado|title=Maria Corina Machado|publisher=Yale Jackson School of Public Affairs|date=2009|access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=OGrady/><ref name=MachadoBio>{{cite news|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/04/24/en_97a_art_23A696905.shtml|title=María Corina Machado|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122080800/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/04/24/en_97a_art_23A696905.shtml|archive-date=22 January 2013|work=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]]|date=24 April 2006|access-date=25 October 2023|archivedate=22 January 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130122080800/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/04/24/en_97a_art_23A696905.shtml|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৯২ চনত তিনিটা সন্তানৰ মাতৃ মাচাডোয়ে ''ফাণ্ডেচন এটেনিয়া (এটেনিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন)'' আৰম্ভ কৰে, যিটো সংস্থাই ব্যক্তিগত অনুদান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অনাথ আৰু অপৰাধী কাৰাকাছৰ ৰাজপথৰ শিশুৰ যত্ন লয়৷ তেখেতে অ'পৰ্চুনিটাছ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপেও কাম কৰিছিল।<ref name=OGrady/><ref name=MachadoBio/> ভেলেন্সিয়াৰ অটো উদ্যোগত কাম কৰাৰ পিছত ১৯৯৩ চনত তেওঁ কাৰাকাছলৈ গুচি যায়।<ref name=SignOn/> [[:en:Súmate|ছুমাটে]]ত নিজৰ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰাৰ বাবে মাচাডোৱে সংস্থাটো এৰি থৈ যায় যাতে ইয়াত ৰাজনীতিকৰণ নহয়।<ref name=OGrady/> == চুমাটে== [[Image:Maria Corina Machado (Sumate) meets George W. Bush (2002).jpg|thumb|আমেৰিকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[জৰ্জ ডব্লিউ বুছ]]-এ ২০০৫ চনৰ ৩১ মে'ত মাচাডোক অ'ভেল অফিচলৈ আদৰণি জনায়]] ২০০১ চনত হোটেলৰ লবীত মাচাডো আৰু আলেজান্দ্ৰ' প্লাজৰ মাজত খৰখেদাকৈ হোৱা সাক্ষাৎকাৰৰ ফলত স্বেচ্ছাসেৱী অসামৰিক সংস্থা ছুমাটে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল, য'ত তেওঁলোকে ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি হোৱা নতুন ঘটনাপ্ৰৱাহৰ বাবে উদ্বেগ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name=SignOn>{{cite news|author=Boustany, Nora|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37649-2004Jul8.html|title=Signing On To Challenge Hugo Chavez|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=9 July 2004|page=A.15|id={{ProQuest|409713725}}}}</ref> ছুমাটে ২০০৪ চনৰ গণভোটৰ বাবে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হুগো চাভেজক পুনৰ নিযুক্তি দিবলৈ আবেদন অভিযানৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল।<ref name=CBSWatchdog>{{cite news|title=Chavez Calls Watchdog Group a Top Enemy|work=CBS News|date=3 December 2005}} Previously at [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/03/ap/world/mainD8E8MNGO6.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories this link]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, also available at LexisNexis and [http://archive.wn.com/2006/01/01/1400/p/f0/b65cbfc0cfebea.html archive.wn.com.] Accessed 24 February 2010.</ref> গণভোটৰ পিছত মাচাডোকে ধৰি ছুমাটেৰ সদস্যসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে দণ্ডবিধিৰ ১৩২ নং অনুচ্ছেদৰ অধীনত দেশদ্ৰোহ আৰু ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা হয়৷<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2005/07/07/venezuela-court-orders-trial-civil-society-leaders|title=Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society Leaders|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=7 July 2005|access-date=24 February 2010}}</ref>আমেৰিকাৰ নেচনেল এনডাউমেণ্ট ফৰ ডেম'ক্ৰেচি (NED)ৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ বাবে আৰ্থিক সহায় লাভ কৰাৰ অভিযোগেৰে তেওঁলোকক অভিযুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name=OGrady>{{cite news|author=O'Grady, Mary A.|title=A Young Defender of Democracy Faces Chávez's Wrath|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=10 June 2005|page=A9|id={{ProQuest|398979963}}}}</ref> আমেৰিকাৰ বিদেশ মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ এগৰাকী মুখপাত্ৰই কয় যে তেওঁৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ চলোৱাৰ সিদ্ধান্তটো "ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হুগো চাভেজৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ অংশ ... যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল নাগৰিক সমাজৰ সদস্যসকলক ভয়ভীত কৰোৱাই তেওঁলোকৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক অধিকাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত বাধা দিয়া"।<ref name=ChavezIntends>{{cite news|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2005/07/08/en_pol_art_08A576195.shtml|title=Chávez intends to frighten opposition with NGO Súmate trial, says US spokesman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815174609/http://english.eluniversal.com/2005/07/08/en_pol_art_08A576195.shtml|archive-date=15 August 2011|work=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]]|date=July 2006|access-date=24 February 2010|archivedate=15 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815174609/http://english.eluniversal.com/2005/07/08/en_pol_art_08A576195.shtml|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মানৱ অধিকাৰ আৰু গণতন্ত্ৰ গোট,<ref name=HRWSumate>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/08/venezu11299.htm|title=Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society Leaders|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=7 July 2005|access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Democracy Activists in Venezuela Threatened|url=http://www.wmd.org/democracyalerts/july1504.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060330020217/http://www.wmd.org/democracyalerts/july1504.html|archive-date=30 March 2006|publisher=World Movement for Democracy|date=16 July 2004|access-date=8 June 2006|archivedate=30 March 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060330020217/http://www.wmd.org/democracyalerts/july1504.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ভেনিজুৱেলাত থকা আমেৰিকাৰ দূতাবাস,<ref>{{cite web|title=Súmate Trial Decision|url=http://caracas.usembassy.gov/wwwh2678.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310164342/http://caracas.usembassy.gov/wwwh2678.html|archive-date=10 March 2007|publisher=Embassy of the United States, Venezuela|date=8 July 2005|access-date=18 June 2006|archivedate=10 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310164342/http://caracas.usembassy.gov/wwwh2678.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰু বিশ্বৰ নেতাসকলৰ মিত্ৰজোঁটে এই কাৰ্যক নিন্দা কৰে।<ref name=Coalition>{{cite web|url=http://www.ned.org/press/pr111104.html|title=International Coalition Expresses Concern for Democracy in Venezuela: Havel, Albright, McCain among signatories of letter to Chavez|publisher=[[National Endowment for Democracy]]|date=11 November 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310172138/http://www.ned.org/press/pr111104.html|access-date=15 August 2006|archive-date=10 March 2005|archivedate=10 March 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310172138/http://www.ned.org/press/pr111104.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মাচাডোৱে চাভেজৰ প্ৰতি ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ লোকসকলৰ সমৰ্থন স্বীকাৰ কৰি কয় যে: "আমি যিবোৰ ইতিবাচক কাম কৰিছোঁ সেইবোৰক স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব", কিন্তু তেওঁ কয় যে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিজন "ক্ৰমাৎ অসহিষ্ণু হৈ পৰিছে.."।<ref name="BestLoved" /> ২০০৬ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত মাচাডো আৰু প্লাজক চুমাটেৰ পুঁজিৰ বিষয়ে তদন্তৰ বাবে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিধানসভাৰ বিধায়কসকলৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰিবলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হৈছিল যদিও তেওঁলোকক লগ কৰিবলৈ তাত কোনো নাছিল৷ তেওঁলোকে কৈছিল যে-তেওঁলোকে উপস্থিতিৰ অনুৰোধ জনোৱা দুখন পত্ৰ পাইছিল। <ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/08/01/en_pol_art_01A757243.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707175635/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/08/01/en_pol_art_01A757243.shtml|archive-date=7 July 2012|title=Lawmakers fail to interrogate Súmate directors|work=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]]|date=1 August 2006|access-date=24 February 2010|archivedate=7 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120707175635/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/08/01/en_pol_art_01A757243.shtml|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০২ চনৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ সময়ত Carmona Decree-ত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰাৰ বাবেও তেওঁৰ বিৰুদ্ধে দেশদ্ৰোহৰ অভিযোগ উত্থাপন হৈছিল,<ref name=BestLoved/><ref name=CSMachado> {{cite news|author=Ceaser, Mike|date=5 July 2005|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0705/p06s01-woam.html|title=Anti-Chávez leader under fire|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> যেতিয়া তেওঁক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভৱন ভ্ৰমণ কৰা সময়ত নিজৰ নাম লিখিবলৈ মিছাকৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল, যিখন তেওঁ এখন Sign-in কাগজ বুলি ভাবিছিল।<ref name="BestLoved" /><ref name=CSMachado/> ২০০৬ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই বিচাৰ স্থগিত ৰখা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াক অনিৰ্দিষ্টকাললৈ পিছুৱাই দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ফলপ্ৰসূভাৱে খাৰিজ কৰা হৈছে।<ref> {{cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/venezuela0908web.pdf|title=A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=September 2008|page=218|access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref name= APLongtimeFoe>{{cite news|work=Associated Press News|access-date=28 October 2023|url=https://apnews.com/article/venezuela-opposition-primary-election-maduro-crisis-cda408a6089e2bae695b0f9c946a4118|title=Venezuela government's ban on longtime foe draws attention to the opposition's presidential primary|author=Garcia Cano, Regina|date=13 July 2023}}</ref> == ৰাজনৈতিক দৃষ্টিভংগী == মাচাডো চাভিমো বিৰোধী আৰু ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ বিৰোধীৰ অন্যান্য শ্ৰেণীৰ সৈতেও তেওঁৰ মতানৈক্য আছে।<ref name=Singer2023>{{Cite news|author1=Santaeulalia, Inés|author2=Singer, Florantonia|date=27 June 2023|title=María Corina Machado: The radical opposition leader gaining momentum in Venezuela|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-06-27/maria-corina-machado-the-radical-opposition-leader-gaining-momentum-in-venezuela.html|access-date=30 June 2023|website=[[El País]]|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=Maza2023>{{Cite news|last=Maza|first=Jesús|date=30 June 2023|title=¿Quién es Corina Machado, candidata opositora que lidera las encuestas para las Primarias 2023?|url=https://larepublica.pe/mundo/venezuela/2023/06/18/primarias-2023-quien-es-maria-corina-machado-candidata-opositora-que-lidera-las-encuestas-en-venezuela-mom-noticias-venezuela-vente-venezuela-lrtmv-1463058|access-date=30 June 2023|website=[[La República]]|language=es-VE|trans-title=Who is Corina Machado, opposition candidate who leads the polls for the 2023 Primaries?}}</ref><ref name=SteelLady>{{Cite news|author=Pinero, Jesus|date=19 November 2018|title=María Corina Machado, la dama de acero|url=https://elestimulo.com/climax/perfil/2018-11-19/maria-corina-machado-la-dama-de-acero/|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[El Estímulo]]|language=es|trans-title=María Corina Machado, the lady of steel}}</ref>২০১১ চনত তেওঁ "জনপ্ৰিয় পুঁজিবাদ"ৰ প্ৰচাৰক হিচাপে প্ৰচাৰ চলায়।<ref name=SteelLady/> মাচাডোৱে ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহৰ ব্যক্তিগতকৰণৰ সমৰ্থন কৰে, য'ত তেল কোম্পানী পিডিভিএছএও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name=Daniels2023/><ref name=Maza2023/> ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ সংকটৰ সময়ত মাচাডোৱে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিষেধাজ্ঞাক সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল,<ref name=Daniels2023>{{Cite news|last=Daniels|first=Joe|date=29 June 2023|title=Venezuela's opposition frontrunner warns of further turmoil|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/28d1ced0-81bf-40ca-be8b-2ca2a42c3a13|access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> আৰু মানৱীয় ভিত্তিত মাদুৰোক আঁতৰাবলৈ বিদেশী হস্তক্ষেপৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Venezuela: What Lies Ahead after Election Clinches Maduro's Clean Sweep|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|year=2020|pages=5–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Tom|last2=Torres|first2=Patricia|date=4 May 2019|title='Hope never dies': Venezuela opposition ponders what's next after failed uprising|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/04/venezuela-uprising-coup-attempt-opposition-whats-next|access-date=30 June 2023|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনত বিৰোধী দলৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি পদৰ প্ৰাইমাৰীত প্ৰাৰ্থী হিচাপে তেওঁ প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰে।.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Reyes, Iván E.|author2=Rodríguez, Ronny|date=24 June 2023|title=María Corina: La derrota de este régimen ya empezó en las calles de Venezuela|url=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/maria-corina-machado-se-postula-a-primarias-la-derrota-de-este-regimen-ya-empezo-en-las-calles-de-venezuela/|access-date=22 October 2023|website=[[Efecto Cocuyo]]|language=es|trans-title=María Corina: The defeat of this regime has already begun in the streets of Venezuela}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author1=Juan Diego Quesada|author2=Inés Santaeulalia |date=23 October 2023|title=María Corina Machado arrasa en las primarias de la oposición en Venezuela|url=https://elpais.com/america/2023-10-23/maria-corina-machado-arrasa-en-las-primarias-de-la-oposicion-en-venezuela.html|access-date=19 November 2023|website=[[El País]]|language=es|quote=[...] buscaba el final por la fuerza de Maduro con la ayuda de EE UU [...] Ahora, la candidata está decidida a echar al chavismo por la vía electoral}}</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মাদুৰো প্ৰশাসনে তেওঁক নিৰ্বাচনত অৱতীৰ্ণ হোৱাত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schmidt|first=Samantha|last2=Sands|first2=Leo|date=29 July 2024|title=World leaders cast doubt on Maduro’s claim of victory in Venezuelan election|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/29/venezuela-presidential-election-result-maduro/|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ মূল বিৰোধী প্ৰাৰ্থী এডমুণ্ডো গনজালেজৰ মূল চালিকা শক্তি হৈ পৰে, যাক মাদুৰো শাসনে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়ে।<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Turkewitz|first=Julie|last2=Herrera|first2=Isayen|last3=Fernandez|first3=Adriana Loureiro|date=24 July 2024|title=The ‘Iron Lady’ of Venezuela Threatens to Unseat Its Autocrat|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/24/world/americas/venezuela-election-opposition-machado.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ঘৰুৱাভাৱে মাচাডোৱে ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ ৰাজনৈতিক কাৰ্যালয়ত পুনৰ নিৰ্বাচন নিষিদ্ধ কৰাৰ আহ্বান জনাইছে। ভেনিজুৱেলাত সমলিংগ বিবাহৰ তেওঁ পক্ষপাতী৷ তেওঁ চিকিৎসাত ভাং বৈধকৰণৰ সমৰ্থন কৰে৷ ইয়াৰ লগতে তেওঁ [[গৰ্ভপাত]]ৰ বৈধতা সম্পৰ্কে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিতৰ্কৰ আহ্বান জনাইছে।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Toro|first=Felipe|date=31 May 2023|title=María Corina Machado: 'We Must Privatize PDVSA'|url=https://www.caracaschronicles.com/2023/05/31/maria-corina-machado-we-must-privatize-pdvsa/|access-date=11 July 2023|website=[[Caracas Chronicles]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ এক সাক্ষাৎকাৰত মাচাডোৱে সকলো ভেনিজুৱেলাবাসীৰ বাবে শিক্ষা উপলভ্য কৰাৰ কথা কয়, আৰু ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ ন্যায়পালিকাৰ সংস্কাৰৰ কথা দোহাৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pozzebon|first=Stefano|date=26 July 2024|title=The woman behind Venezuela’s upstart opposition movement|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/25/americas/maria-corina-machado-interview-intl-latam/index.html|access-date=16 August 2024|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> ==২০১১ চনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি প্ৰাৰ্থীত্ব== ২০১১ চনত মাচাডোৱে ২০১২ চনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰ্থীত্ব আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name=EUpresident>{{cite news|author=de la Rosa, Alicia|date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712234113/http://politica.eluniversal.com/2011/07/11/diputada-machado-anunciara-su-precandidatura-el-proximo-domingo.shtml|archive-date=12 July 2011|title=Diputada Machado anunciará su precandidatura el próximo domingo|work=El Universal|access-date=25 October 2023|url=http://politica.eluniversal.com/2011/07/11/diputada-machado-anunciara-su-precandidatura-el-proximo-domingo.shtml|lang=es|trans-title=Deputy Machado will announce her pre-candidacy next Sunday|archivedate=12 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712234113/http://politica.eluniversal.com/2011/07/11/diputada-machado-anunciara-su-precandidatura-el-proximo-domingo.shtml|deadurl=yes}}</ref> লছ এঞ্জেলছ টাইমছে কয় যে তেওঁৰ নাম সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাৰ্থী হিচাপে উত্থাপন কৰা হৈছে৷<ref name=ElectionsWeaken>{{cite news|author=Mogollon, Mery and Chris Kraul|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-venezuela-election-20100928,0,6406505.story|title=Venezuela elections weaken Chavez's hold|work=Los Angeles Times|date=28 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010}} Also at {{ProQuest|755102957}} </ref> ''ফাইনেন্সিয়েল টাইমছ''ৰ মতে, মাচাডোক "বিৰোধীৰ নতুন মুখ বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছিল... আনকি ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হুগো চাভেজেও ২০১২ চনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত তেওঁৰ সৈতে মুখামুখি হোৱাৰ কথা কৈছে।"<ref name=OppositionClaims>{{cite news|author=Mander, Benedict|url=https://www.ft.com/content/064cc06a-cb30-11df-95c0-00144feab49a|title=Venezuela's opposition claims majority|work=Financial Times|date=28 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010}}</ref> ২০১২ চনৰ ১৩ জানুৱাৰীত চাভেজে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিধানসভাত দিয়া বাৰ্ষিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অৱস্থাৰ ভাষণৰ সময়ত মাচাডোৱে তেওঁৰ সৈতে মৌলিক সামগ্ৰীৰ নাটনি, অপৰাধ আৰু মৌলিক উদ্যোগসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়কৰণৰ বিষয়ে মুখামুখি হয়।<ref>{{cite news|author=Wallis, Daniel and Andrew Cawthorne|date=14 January 2012|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-chavez/chavez-says-would-respect-venezuela-vote-if-loses-idUSTRE80D06Y20120114|title=Chavez says would respect Venezuela vote if loses|work=Reuters|access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref> ২০১২ চনৰ প্ৰাইমাৰীত অক্টোবৰৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত চাভেজৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিৰোধী প্ৰাৰ্থী হ'বলৈ বিজয়ী হৈছিল হেনৰিক কেপ্ৰিলেছ ৰাডনস্কি৷ এছ'চিয়েটেড প্ৰেছৰ মতে, মাচাডোৱে "ফল ঘোষণা কৰাৰ আগতে পৰাজয় স্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁ কৈছিল যে তেওঁ কেপ্ৰিলেছকো সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে সমৰ্থন কৰিব"।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-02-12/venezuela-chavez-challenger/53065674/1|title=Venezuela's opposition picks Chavez's challenger|agency=Associated Press|work=USA today|date=12 February 2012|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216040001/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-02-12/venezuela-chavez-challenger/53065674/1/|archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== মাচাডোৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছে আৰু তেওঁৰ তিনিটা সন্তান আছে৷<ref name=MCM2017/> স্বদেশত মৃত্যুৰ ভাবুকি অহাৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ সন্তানসকল বিদেশত থাকে।<ref name=CNNVideo>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2023/07/08/amanpour-machado.cnn|publisher=CNN|access-date=28 October 2023|date=8 July 2023|title='The world is starting to understand we will defeat Maduro,' says Venezuelan opposition politician|time=9:00}}</ref> == বঁটা আৰু স্বীকৃতি == * ২০০৯ চনত ৯০০ আবেদনকাৰীৰ ভিতৰত মাচাডোক য়েল ৱৰ্ল্ড ফেল’ছ প্ৰগ্ৰেমত গ্ৰহণ কৰা ১৫ জনৰ ভিতৰত এজন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yale.edu/2009/04/24/yale-university-president-announces-2009-yale-world-fellows|title=Yale University President Announces 2009 Yale World Fellows|date=24 April 2009|work=Yale News|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> পিছলৈ মাচাডোৱে এই কাৰ্যসূচীৰ পৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref name="MCM2017" /> * ২০১৫ চনত তেওঁক কাডিজ কৰ্টেছ আইবেৰ'-আমেৰিকান স্বাধীনতা বঁটাৰে সন্মানিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2015 |title=López, Ledezma y Machado galardonados con el Premio Libertad Cortes de Cádiz |trans-title=López, Ledezma and Machado awarded the Libertad Cortes de Cádiz Prize |url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Ledezma-Machado-Premio-Libertad-Cortes_0_645535488.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614174444/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Ledezma-Machado-Premio-Libertad-Cortes_0_645535488.html |archive-date=14 June 2015 |access-date=16 June 2015 |agency=[[El Nacional (Caracas)|El Nacional]] |lang=es}}</ref> * ২০১৮ চনত মাচাডোক বিবিচিৰ ১০০ গৰাকী প্ৰভাৱশালী মহিলাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়।<ref name="BBC100">{{Cite news |date=19 November 2018 |title=BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46225037 |access-date=23 July 2019 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ২০১৯ চনত মাচাডোৱে লিবাৰেল ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতাৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=LI Prize for Freedom 2019 awarded to Maria Corina Machado |url=https://liberal-international.org/news-articles/li-prize-for-freedom-2019-awarded-to-maria-corina-machado/ |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=liberal-international.org |archivedate=17 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317192302/https://liberal-international.org/news-articles/li-prize-for-freedom-2019-awarded-to-maria-corina-machado/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <ref name="YaleWorldFellows">{{cite web |date=2009 |title=2009: Maria Corina Machado |url=https://worldfellows.yale.edu/person/maria-corina-machado/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |publisher=[[Yale University]]}}</ref> * মাচাডোক ইউৰোপ পৰিষদে ২০২৪ চনৰ ভাক্লাভ হাভেল মানৱ অধিকাৰ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="HavelPrize">{{cite news |date=30 September 2024 |title=Venezuelan opposition figure Machado wins European rights award |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240930-venezuelan-opposition-figure-machado-wins-european-rights-award |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[France24]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuelan opposition leaders awarded Europe's Sakharov Prize for democratic campaign |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelan-opposition-leaders-machado-gonzales-awarded-sakharov-prize-2024-10-24/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref> * ২০২৫ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত তেওঁক টাইম আলোচনীৰ ১০০ জন প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিৰ ভিতৰত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name="time100">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=María Corina Machado: The 100 Most Influential People of 2025 |url=https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273783/maria-corina-machado/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=TIME |language=en |archivedate=12 October 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012231711/https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273783/maria-corina-machado/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ২০২৫ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত মাচাডোৱে "ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক অধিকাৰৰ প্ৰসাৰৰ অক্লান্ত কাম আৰু একনায়কত্ববাদৰ পৰা গণতন্ত্ৰলৈ ন্যায়সংগত আৰু শান্তিপূৰ্ণ পৰিৱৰ্তন সাধনৰ বাবে কৰা সংগ্ৰামৰ বাবে" [[শান্তি ন'বেল বঁটা|শান্তি নোবেল বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে।<ref name="Nobel">{{cite press release |title=Announcement, Nobel Peace Prize 2025 |date=10 October 2025 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2025/press-release/ |work=NobelPrize.org |accessdate=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="WSJ">{{cite web |last1=Vipers |first1=Gareth |date=10 October 2025 |title=Nobel Peace Prize Awarded to Venezuelan Opposition Leader María Corina Machado |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/nobel-peace-prize-2025-maria-corina-machado-6b41aa02 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2025 Nobel Peace Prize Announced - Food Formula |url=https://foodformula.site/the-2025-nobel-peace-prize-announced/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010091653/https://foodformula.site/the-2025-nobel-peace-prize-announced/ |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=foodformula.site |language=en-US |archivedate=10 October 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010091653/https://foodformula.site/the-2025-nobel-peace-prize-announced/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|María Corina Machado|মাৰিয়া ক'ৰিনা মাচাডো}} {{2025 Nobel Prize winners}} {{সাময়িক সংশোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন|reason=জীৱিত ব্যক্তি।|date=2025-10-10}} [[শ্ৰেণী:শান্তিৰ ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ন’বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] qrmgsow48oxfh0vqwg0pwu6x7gzk6a5 0 126366 604534 544866 2026-05-05T05:47:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = শ্যামকানু মহন্ত | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|3|1}} | birth_place = [[শিৱসাগৰ]], [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | occupation = উদ্যোগপতি, সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠক, পৰামৰ্শদাতা | known_for = উত্তৰ-পূব মহোৎসৱ আৰু ৰঙালী উৎসৱৰ আয়োজক | relatives = ননী গোপাল মহন্ত (ডাঙৰ ভাতৃ), ভাস্কৰ জ্যোতি মহন্ত (ভাতৃ), ড° সৌমাৰ মহন্ত (ভাতৃ) | parents = লীলা মহন্ত, নিৰুপমা মহন্ত | nationality = ভাৰতীয় }} '''শ্যামকানু মহন্ত''' ({{lang-en|Shyamkanu Mahanta}}) হৈছে সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু উদ্যোগিক ক্ষেত্ৰত সক্ৰিয় ব্যক্তি। তেওঁ ''উত্তৰ-পূব মহোৎসৱ'' আৰু ''ৰঙালী উৎসৱ''ৰ মুখ্য আয়োজক আৰু প্ৰমোটাৰ হিচাপে জনাজাত। মহন্ত একাধিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানত পৰামৰ্শদাতা, প্ৰকল্প পৰিচালক আৰু উদ্যোগপতি হিচাপে কাম কৰিছে। শেহতীয়াকৈ [[জুবিন গাৰ্গ|জুবিন গাৰ্গৰ]] মৃত্যুৰ সৈতে জড়িত থকাৰ সন্দেহত তেওঁক কৰায়ত্ব কৰি [[বাক্সা জিলা|বাক্সা জিলাৰ]] কাৰাগাৰত ৰখা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen Garg death case: DSP Sandipan Garg arrested, sent to 7-day custody; SIT intensifies yacht party probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-garg-death-case-dsp-sandipan-garg-arrested-sent-to-7-day-custody-sit-intensifies-yacht-party-probe/articleshow/124386084.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen Garg’s PSOs arrested; 7 persons in custody so far |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-zubeen-gargs-psos-arrested-7-persons-in-custody-so-far |website=The Sentinel Assam |date=11 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> == জীৱনৰ আৰম্ভণি == শ্যামকানু মহন্তৰ জন্ম ১৯৭২ চনৰ ১ মাৰ্চ তাৰিখে [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা|শিৱসাগৰ জিলাত]] হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ লীলা মহন্ত অসম সত্ৰ মহাসভাৰ পূৰ্বতন সভাপতি আছিল আৰু মাতৃ নিৰুপমা মহন্ত এজন সত্ৰ সংস্কৃতি বিশেষজ্ঞ আৰু লেখিকা। তেওঁৰ ডাঙৰ ভাতৃ ননী গোপাল মহন্ত আছিল [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] উপাচাৰ্য। তেওঁৰ অন্য দুই ভাতৃ ভাস্কৰ জ্যোতি মহন্ত আৰু ড° সৌমাৰ মহন্ত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Shyam Kanu Mahanta Net Worth Bio: NE Festival & Cultural Legacy |url=https://lafznews.com/shyam-kanu-mahanta-net-worth-bio-ne-festival-cultural/ |website=Lafz News |date=8 October 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> == শিক্ষা আৰু পেচাগত জীৱন == মহন্তই ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং আৰু এমবিএৰ ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইত প্ৰজেক্ট ফাইনেন্স আৰু ইনফ্ৰাষ্ট্ৰাকচাৰ ব্যৱস্থাপনাৰ কামত ১৬ বছৰ কাৰ্যৰত আছিল। তাৰ পাছত তেওঁ নিজৰ প্ৰকল্প ব্যৱস্থাপনা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান ''MMS Advisory'' স্থাপন কৰে, য’ত প্ৰায় ২০০ জন প্ৰযুক্তিগত বিষয়া-কৰ্মচাৰী নিযুক্ত হৈ আছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ হাইড্ৰোপাৱাৰ প্ৰকল্পসমূহত মেনেজিং ডাইৰেক্টৰ, চীফ এক্সিকিউটিভ আৰু চীফ ফাংশনাৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছে। লগতে, তেওঁ ''Patkai Energy Company Ltd''ৰ প্ৰমোটাৰ আৰু ''IL&FS''ৰ সহ-উপ-সভাপতি (Assistant Vice President) আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Shyamkanu Mahanta – Championing Northeast India’s Cultural Renaissance Through Festival Entrepreneurship |url=https://humansofnortheast.com/shyamkanu-mahanta-championing-northeast-indias-cultural-renaissance-through-festival-entrepreneurship/ |website=Humans of Northeast India |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MMS Advisory Pvt. Ltd. – About Us |url=https://www.mmsadvisory.in/ |website=MMS Advisory |access-date=22 October 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == সাংস্কৃতিক উদ্যোক্তা হিচাপে ভূমিকা == শ্যামকানু মহন্তক বহুসময়তে '''ফেষ্টিভেল মহন্ত''' বুলি জনা যায়। তেওঁ North East Festival (''North East Festival'')ৰ মুখ্য সংগঠক। এই উৎসৱ প্ৰথমবাৰ ২০১৩ চনত [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। উৎসৱৰ বিভিন্ন বিষয়ত সঙ্গীত, নৃত্য, হস্তশিল্প, শিল্পকলা, ফটোগ্ৰাফি, ফেশ্যন, পৰ্যটন আৰু উদ্যোগ বিকাশৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী থাকে। তেওঁ Rongali Festivalৰো আয়োজক।<ref>{{cite web |title=North East Festival’s second edition to be bigger, says organiser |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/north-east-festival-s-second-edition-to-be-bigger-says-organiser-113111200755_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=12 November 2013 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shyamkanu Mahanta – Championing Northeast India’s Cultural Renaissance Through Festival Entrepreneurship |url=https://humansofnortheast.com/shyamkanu-mahanta-championing-northeast-indias-cultural-renaissance-through-festival-entrepreneurship/ |website=Humans of North East India |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> == জুবিন গাৰ্গৰ মৃত্যু সন্দৰ্ভত গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ == ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ তাৰিখে অসমৰ জনপ্ৰিয় গায়ক [[জুবিন গাৰ্গ|জুবিন গাৰ্গে]] [[ছিংগাপুৰ|ছিংগাপুৰত]] থকা সাগৰীয় দ্বীপ এটাত সাঁতুৰি থাকোঁতে ডুবি যোৱাৰ ফলত মৃত্যুক আঁকোৱালি ল'বলগীয়া হয়। শ্যামকানু মহন্তই জুবিনক উত্তৰ-পূব মহোৎসৱৰ ব্ৰেণ্ড এম্বেছেডৰ হিচাপে আমন্ত্ৰণ কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁ তাত পাৰফৰ্ম কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ পাছত ৰাইজৰ দাবীত [[অসম চৰকাৰ|অসম চৰকাৰে]] মহন্তৰ বিৰুদ্ধে তদন্ত আৰম্ভ কৰে। বিভিন্ন ঠাইত এফআইআৰ দাখিল হয় — অপৰাধজনক অৱহেলা আৰু হোমিচাইড (কিন্তু হত্যা নহয়) অভিযোগত। আৰক্ষীয়ে মহন্তৰ ঘৰ ছিল কৰে আৰু তদন্তৰ বাবে গেজেট, কাগজ-পত্ৰ আদি জব্দ কৰে। চৰকাৰে মহন্ত আৰু তেওঁ যুক্ত সকলো সংস্থাক চৰকাৰী পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা বা সাহায্য প্ৰদানৰপৰা ‘‘ব্লেকলিষ্ট’’ কৰিছে। মহন্তই নিজৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আনা অভিযোগসমূহ ‘‘মিডিয়াৰ অসত্য প্ৰচাৰ’’ বুলি দাবী কৰিছে। তেওঁ কয় যে তেওঁ জুবিনৰ মৃত্যু সংবাদ পায় ১৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ প্ৰায় ৩:৩০ বজাত, আৰু জুবিন গাৰ্গে ছিংগাপুৰৰ ''Pan Pacific Hotel''ত থকা সময়তে এই দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক ঘটনাটো ঘটে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Bandmate, co-singer arrested in Zubeen Garg death case; total arrests rise to 4 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bandmate-co-singer-arrested-in-zubeen-garg-death-case-total-arrests-rise-to-4-glbs-2796923-2025-10-03 |website=India Today |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen Garg death case: 2 musicians who were ‘with him on yacht’ arrested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/zubeen-garg-death-case-2-musicians-who-were-with-him-on-yacht-arrested-10284366/ |website=The Indian Express |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> এই ঘটনা সন্দৰ্ভত জুবিন গাৰ্গৰ মেনেজাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ শৰ্মা, তেওঁৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাতৃ সন্দীপন গাৰ্গ, দুজন দেহৰক্ষী আৰু উৎসৱ আয়োজক শ্যামকানু মহন্তক [[বাক্সা জিলা|বাক্সা জিলাৰ]] কাৰাগাৰত ৰখা হৈছে। লগতে, আন দুজন অভিযুক্ত — জুবিন গাৰ্গৰ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ সহায়ক শেখৰজ্যোতি গোস্বামী আৰু সহশিল্পী অমৃতপ্ৰভা মহন্তক [[হাফলং]] কাৰাগাৰত ৰখা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান তেওঁলোকৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিশেষ তদন্ত দলে (''SIT'') তদন্ত চলাইছে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Bandmate, co-singer arrested in Zubeen Garg death case; total arrests rise to 4 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bandmate-co-singer-arrested-in-zubeen-garg-death-case-total-arrests-rise-to-4-glbs-2796923-2025-10-03 |website=India Today |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen Garg death case: 2 musicians who were ‘with him on yacht’ arrested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/zubeen-garg-death-case-2-musicians-who-were-with-him-on-yacht-arrested-10284366/ |website=The Indian Express |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত সম্পদ == বিভিন্ন ৱেব উৎস অনুসৰি, শ্যামকানু মহন্তৰ অনুমাণিক নিট সম্পত্তি প্ৰায় {{Indian Rupee|800000000}} (৮০ কোটি টকা)। তেওঁৰ আয়ৰ উৎস MMS Advisory, ৰঙালী, উত্তৰ-পূব মহোৎসৱ, আৰু ''Srimanta Sankardev Movement''ৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Shyam Kanu Mahanta Net Worth 2025: Cultural Entrepreneur’s Wealth & Business Empire |url=https://technosports.co.in/shyam-kanu-mahanta-net-worth/ |website=TechnoSports |date=2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Richest Persons in Assam 2025 – Know their Business Ideology |url=https://www.nyongesasande.com/richest-people-in-assam/ |website=Nyongesa Sande |date=2025 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://facebook.com/shyamkmahanta শ্যামকানু মহন্তৰ ফেচবুক একাউণ্ট] ==আৰু চাওক== * [[হাচটেগ জাষ্টিচ ফ'ৰ জুবিন গাৰ্গ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] o1y3xvluba8gk5yfwn5hgmgj2f59wbm 0 127530 604554 602985 2026-05-05T09:10:48Z ~2026-27098-10 49739 কিছুমান শব্দৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছে, কিছুমান বাক্য শুধৰণি কৰা হৈছে 604554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Man-and-lady-kimono.JPG|thumb|upright|পৰম্পৰাগত কাপোৰ পিন্ধা জাপানৰ ওছাকা চহৰত তোলা এজন পুৰুষ আৰু এগৰাকী মহিলাৰ ফটো]] জাপানত সাধাৰণতে দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ কাপোৰ পিন্ধা হয়: জাপানৰ পৰম্পৰাগত কাপোৰ ৱাফুকু (和服, wafuku) আৰু পশ্চিমীয়া কাপোৰ (洋服, yōfuku)। জাতীয় সাজ কিমোনো হৈছে ৱাফুকু(和服, wafuku) আৰু জাপানৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাক হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি নোপোৱা বাকী সকলো ধৰণৰ পশ্চিমীয়া কাপোৰক ইৱফুকু (洋服, yōfuku) বুলি ধৰা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত জাপানৰ পোছাক-পৰিচ্ছদে দেশৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ ইতিহাসক দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি আহিছে। ইয়াত হেইয়ান যুগত বিকশিত ৰঙৰ সঁফুৰা, টাং বংশৰ কাপোৰ আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰাৰ পৰা গ্ৰহণ কৰা চিলোৱাট, জাপানী সংস্কৃতি, প্ৰকৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত সাহিত্যৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা বুটা, কিছুমান কাপোৰৰ বাবে ৰেচমৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু ইডো যুগৰ শেষৰ ফালে মূলতঃ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিকাশ হোৱা পৰিধানৰ শৈলী আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পৰম্পৰাগত জাপানী ফেশ্বনৰ আটাইতকৈ পৰিচিত ৰূপটো হৈছে কিমোনো । কিমোনো শব্দটোৰ আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থ হৈছে "পিন্ধিবলগীয়া কিবা এটা" বা "কান্ধত পিন্ধা বস্তু"।<ref> Assmann, Stephanie. "Between Tradition and Innovation: The Reinvention of the Kimono in Japanese Consumer Culture." Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture 12, no. 3 (September 2008): 359-376. Art & Architecture Source, EBSCOhost (accessed November 1, 2016)</ref> । আন প্ৰকাৰৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ফেশ্বনৰ ভিতৰত আইনু জনগোষ্ঠীৰ কাপোৰ (আট্টুছ নামেৰে জনাজাত)<ref> "Ryukyu and Ainu Textiles". kyohaku.go.jp. Kyoto National Museum. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref> আৰু ৰ্যুকিউয়ান জনগোষ্ঠীৰ কাপোৰ যিটো ৰ্যুছ' (琉装) নামেৰে জনাজাত,<ref> Boivin, Mai (22 April 2013). "Okinawa Traditional Costume – Ryuso". insideokinawa.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref><ref> "Traditional Costume that Represents Okinawa's Culture and National Features, the "Ryusou"". okinawatravelinfo.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016.</ref> ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য হ'ল ৰ্যুকিউ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত উৎপাদিত বিংগাটা আৰু বাশ্বফু<ref> "Ryukyu and Ainu Textiles". kyohaku.go.jp. Kyoto National Museum. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref>ৰ পৰম্পৰাগত কাপোৰ। ==ইতিহাস== === য়ায়োই যুগ (নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ পৰা লোহা যুগ)=== [[File:Yayoi people attires.JPG|thumb|পুনৰ তৈয়াৰ কৰি উলিওৱা য়ায়োই কাপোৰ]] য়ায়োই যুগৰ সাজ-পোছাকৰ বিষয়ে বহু কমকৈ জনা যায়। তৃতীয় শতিকাৰ ৱেইজি ৱৰেনচুয়ান (魏志倭人伝 (গিচি ৱাজিণ্ডেন), চীনা পণ্ডিত চেন শ্বৌৱেৰ সংকলিত তিনিখন ৰাজ্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এটা অংশত <ref> 魏志倭人伝 Archived 2010-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, Chinese texts and its Japanese translation</ref> জাপানত পিন্ধা কাপোৰৰ কিছু বৰ্ণনা আছে। ইয়াত বহল কাপোৰ (সম্ভৱতঃ দুগুণ প্ৰস্থ)ৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে, যিটো কঁকাল আৰু কান্ধত বান্ধি আকৃতিহীন কাপোৰ তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।<ref> "The Costume Museum - The Rebirth of The Tale of Genji". www.iz2.or.jp. The Costume Museum, Kyoto. Retrieved 16 October 2021. See "Explanation" button for relevant costumes.</ref> === কোফুন যুগ (৩০০–৫৩৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) === খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম শতিকালৈকে জাপানত পিন্ধা কাপোৰৰ কলাত্মক প্ৰমাণ কম।<ref> Kennedy, Alan. "Japanese Traditional Dress and Adornment". LoveToKnow.</ref> হানিৱাৰ ওপৰত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা মাটিৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ পৰা কোফুন যুগৰ কাপোৰৰ বিষয়ে জনা যায়।<ref> Department of Asian Art. "Kofun Period (ca. 300–710)". www.metmuseum.org. MET Museum.</ref> এইবোৰ ৫ম আৰু ষষ্ঠ শতিকাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,[10] যদিও বেছিভাগ হানিৱাৰ ওপৰত কোনো ভাস্কৰ্য্য নাই।<ref> Department of Asian Art. "Kofun Period (ca. 300–710)". www.metmuseum.org. MET Museum.</ref> এই ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰবোৰে সম্ভৱতঃ দৈনন্দিন সাজ-পোছাকক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব নকৰে; ই ঘোঁৰাত উঠি যুদ্ধ কৰা সকলক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিব পাৰে। বহুতে কৱচ পিন্ধে।<ref> Kennedy, Alan. "Japanese Traditional Dress and Adornment". LoveToKnow.</ref> === অশোক যুগ (৫৩৮–৭১০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)=== অশোক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি হৈছিল বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ লগে লগে, আৰু জাপানত চীনা আখৰৰ লিখা ব্যৱস্থাৰ পৰা; এই সময়ছোৱাত জাপানৰ ওপৰত চীনৰ প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী আছিল।<ref> Kennedy, Alan. "Japanese Traditional Dress and Adornment". LoveToKnow.</ref> সম্ৰাজ্ঞী ছুইকোৰ (৫৯৩–৬২৮) ৰাজত্বকালত টেনজুকোকু শ্বুচো মণ্ডলাত দেখুওৱা চিত্ৰসমূহৰ পৰা বিচাৰ কৰিলে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ দৰবাৰৰ সাজ-পোছাক অতি মিল আছিল। দুয়োজনে ঘূৰণীয়া ডিঙিৰ সন্মুখত ফাষ্টনিং হো (hō )পিন্ধিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰত উপৰা-উপৰি নোহোৱাকৈ লেপেল আছিল, সন্মুখত কলাৰ আৰু কফত কাপোৰৰ প্ৰান্ত আছিল, সম্ভৱতঃ এটা তলৰ কাপোৰ; আঁঠুৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ওপৰৰ ৰান স্কাৰ্টটোৰ এটা মিল থকা প্ৰান্ত আছিল। ৰানৰ তলত আৰু তাৰ তললৈ প্ৰায় আঁঠুৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যলৈকে বিস্তৃত হৈ হিৰামি নামৰ অধিক গধুৰভাৱে প্লিট কৰা কনট্ৰাষ্টেণ্ট স্কাৰ্ট পিন্ধিছিল। হিৰামিৰ তলত পুৰুষে সংকীৰ্ণ হাকামা পিন্ধিছিল যাৰ তলৰ প্ৰান্তৰ বিপৰীত আৰু মহিলাসকলে পিছলৈ যাবলৈ যথেষ্ট দীঘলকৈ প্লিটেড মো পিন্ধিছিল।<ref> "The Costume Museum - The Rebirth of The Tale of Genji". www.iz2.or.jp. The Costume Museum, Kyoto. Retrieved 16 October 2021. See "Explanation" button for relevant costumes.</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পোচাক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জাপান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:চমু বৰ্ণনা থকা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ]] 17miawf0i1u2squ1ad2n48ihu79nwdx 0 128356 604429 600592 2026-05-04T16:31:44Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* */ 604429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] ovlfidhm2zq7tt80d4969srkqr4q6kw 604430 604429 2026-05-04T16:32:03Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == {{main|ওড়িশাৰ ইতিহাস}} [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত (Golbai Sasan) চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু [[শ্রীলংকাৰ সংস্কৃতি|সিংহলীয়]] ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত [[দন্তপুৰ]] আৰু [[সিংহপুৰ]]ৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো (Che-li-ta-lo) নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু [[কলিংগনগৰ]] বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ [[ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশ]]ই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত [[উৎকল ৰাজ্য]]ত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বেংগল]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ [[দেৱপাল]]ক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা [[প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোল]]ৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] a6xx2n27znvcztjbu3cmolvow6jrfwf 604431 604430 2026-05-04T16:36:21Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস */ 604431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] 2zye7i685eodv6o7992fzmpprjr6t6f 604432 604431 2026-05-04T16:39:34Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] {{Main|Boita}} জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু'' (''Yukti Kalpa Taru'')-ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''-ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> চিল্কা হ্ৰদৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' (celadon) পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ (amphora) টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] stof1ppq0qq77bdkpg4yutebd89kfxw 604433 604432 2026-05-04T16:40:16Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> চিল্কা হ্ৰদৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' (celadon) পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ (amphora) টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] 6gwks8c39sr16i62zgj9eh3e3qy7hc1 604434 604433 2026-05-04T16:41:20Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* জাহাজসমূহ */ 604434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' (celadon) পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ (amphora) টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] scivna0i6iqpniptke9ngt3okie9w5v 604435 604434 2026-05-04T16:42:13Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] meb8olk2sxwaa4pi2h4sjmtj7k2guun 604436 604435 2026-05-04T16:43:38Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == পৰৱৰ্তী ইতিহাস == খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১১শ আৰু ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগ নামটো লাহে লাহে ওদ্ৰ দেশ, উদ্দিনা আৰু শেষত ওড়িশা নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন হয়।<ref name=Tripati/> কপিলেন্দ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত (১৪৩৫–১৪৬৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), ওড়িয়া ৰাজ্যই ওড়িশাৰ ভৌগোলিক সীমাৰ বাহিৰত এক বিশাল ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে উত্তৰে গংগাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে আৰ্কটলৈকে শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলেও এক বিস্তৃত ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দখল বজাই ৰাখিছিল। ১৪৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১৫৪১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ প্ৰতাপৰুদ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত ৰাজ্যখন পশ্চিম বংগৰ হুগলী আৰু মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাৰ পৰা অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ গুণ্টুৰ জিলালৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> [[File:Odisha State Maritime Muesuem.JPG|thumbnail|ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সামুদ্ৰিক সংগ্ৰহালয়, কটক]] অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰাই আৰৱীয় নাৱিকসকলে বংগোপসাগৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পৰ্তুগীজ, ডাচ, ইংৰাজ আৰু ফৰাচী জাহাজবোৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী হৈ পৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত ওড়িশাৰ নাৱিকসকল কেৱল উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=Panda1997/> ১৫৬৮ চনত বংগৰ মুছলমান শাসক চুলেইমান খান কৰাণী আৰু তাৰ পিছত মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যই এই ভূমি জয় কৰাত সফল হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ অন্ত পৰে। ওড়িশাক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৭৫১ চনত মাৰাঠাসকলক এৰি দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধৰ (১৮০৩–১৮০৫) সময়ত ই ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আহে।<ref name=OrissaGov/> গজপতি সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ পিছত আৰু এছিয়াত ইউৰোপীয় নৌ-শক্তিৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান আধিপত্যৰ ফলত সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্য হ্ৰাস পায়। অৱশ্যে খুৰ্ডাৰ ভোই ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত চীনৰ কিং (Qing) ৰাজবংশৰ সৈতে থকা যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰমাণ মাঞ্চু ভাষাৰ স্মাৰক আৰু আদেশৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটে (Qianlong Emperor) পূব ভাৰতৰ শাসক 'উতগালিৰ বীৰকিশোৰ হান'ৰ (Birakišora han of Utg'ali) ব্ৰাহ্মণ দূতৰ পৰা উপহাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল। এই 'বীৰকিশোৰ হান' আছিল খুৰ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম বীৰকিশোৰ দেৱ (১৭৩৬–১৭৯৩), যিয়ে নিজক উৎকলৰ শাসক 'গজপতি' বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। চীনৰ পৰা তিব্বতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা বহুতো 'গোসাঁই' (gosains) পুৰীৰ জগন্নাথ মন্দিৰ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰেই পাৰ হৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Cheng |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> ১৮০৩ চনত দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধত মাৰাঠাসকলৰ পৰাজয় আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দ্বাৰা ওড়িশা দখলৰ লগে লগে অৱশিষ্ট সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যৰ সম্পৰ্কবোৰৰো অন্ত পৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] i4iuyuqry2lk2vwa9h8ae9rzbgwefng 604437 604436 2026-05-04T16:44:10Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == পৰৱৰ্তী ইতিহাস == খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১১শ আৰু ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগ নামটো লাহে লাহে ওদ্ৰ দেশ, উদ্দিনা আৰু শেষত ওড়িশা নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন হয়।<ref name=Tripati/> কপিলেন্দ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত (১৪৩৫–১৪৬৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), ওড়িয়া ৰাজ্যই ওড়িশাৰ ভৌগোলিক সীমাৰ বাহিৰত এক বিশাল ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে উত্তৰে গংগাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে আৰ্কটলৈকে শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলেও এক বিস্তৃত ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দখল বজাই ৰাখিছিল। ১৪৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১৫৪১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ প্ৰতাপৰুদ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত ৰাজ্যখন পশ্চিম বংগৰ হুগলী আৰু মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাৰ পৰা অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ গুণ্টুৰ জিলালৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> [[File:Odisha State Maritime Muesuem.JPG|thumbnail|ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সামুদ্ৰিক সংগ্ৰহালয়, কটক]] অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰাই আৰৱীয় নাৱিকসকলে বংগোপসাগৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পৰ্তুগীজ, ডাচ, ইংৰাজ আৰু ফৰাচী জাহাজবোৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী হৈ পৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত ওড়িশাৰ নাৱিকসকল কেৱল উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=Panda1997/> ১৫৬৮ চনত বংগৰ মুছলমান শাসক চুলেইমান খান কৰাণী আৰু তাৰ পিছত মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যই এই ভূমি জয় কৰাত সফল হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ অন্ত পৰে। ওড়িশাক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৭৫১ চনত মাৰাঠাসকলক এৰি দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধৰ (১৮০৩–১৮০৫) সময়ত ই ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আহে।<ref name=OrissaGov/> গজপতি সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ পিছত আৰু এছিয়াত ইউৰোপীয় নৌ-শক্তিৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান আধিপত্যৰ ফলত সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্য হ্ৰাস পায়। অৱশ্যে খুৰ্ডাৰ ভোই ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত চীনৰ কিং (Qing) ৰাজবংশৰ সৈতে থকা যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰমাণ মাঞ্চু ভাষাৰ স্মাৰক আৰু আদেশৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটে (Qianlong Emperor) পূব ভাৰতৰ শাসক 'উতগালিৰ বীৰকিশোৰ হান'ৰ (Birakišora han of Utg'ali) ব্ৰাহ্মণ দূতৰ পৰা উপহাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল। এই 'বীৰকিশোৰ হান' আছিল খুৰ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম বীৰকিশোৰ দেৱ (১৭৩৬–১৭৯৩), যিয়ে নিজক উৎকলৰ শাসক 'গজপতি' বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। চীনৰ পৰা তিব্বতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা বহুতো 'গোসাঁই' (gosains) পুৰীৰ জগন্নাথ মন্দিৰ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰেই পাৰ হৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Cheng |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> ১৮০৩ চনত দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধত মাৰাঠাসকলৰ পৰাজয় আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দ্বাৰা ওড়িশা দখলৰ লগে লগে অৱশিষ্ট সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যৰ সম্পৰ্কবোৰৰো অন্ত পৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.odishastatemaritimemuseum.org/ Odisha State Maritime Museum] [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] lzyy1g32j5scazbfmc17kbtf6sfleid 604438 604437 2026-05-04T16:45:07Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == পৰৱৰ্তী ইতিহাস == খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১১শ আৰু ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগ নামটো লাহে লাহে ওদ্ৰ দেশ, উদ্দিনা আৰু শেষত ওড়িশা নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন হয়।<ref name=Tripati/> কপিলেন্দ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত (১৪৩৫–১৪৬৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), ওড়িয়া ৰাজ্যই ওড়িশাৰ ভৌগোলিক সীমাৰ বাহিৰত এক বিশাল ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে উত্তৰে গংগাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে আৰ্কটলৈকে শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলেও এক বিস্তৃত ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দখল বজাই ৰাখিছিল। ১৪৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১৫৪১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ প্ৰতাপৰুদ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত ৰাজ্যখন পশ্চিম বংগৰ হুগলী আৰু মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাৰ পৰা অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ গুণ্টুৰ জিলালৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> [[File:Odisha State Maritime Muesuem.JPG|thumbnail|ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সামুদ্ৰিক সংগ্ৰহালয়, কটক]] অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰাই আৰৱীয় নাৱিকসকলে বংগোপসাগৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পৰ্তুগীজ, ডাচ, ইংৰাজ আৰু ফৰাচী জাহাজবোৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী হৈ পৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত ওড়িশাৰ নাৱিকসকল কেৱল উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=Panda1997/> ১৫৬৮ চনত বংগৰ মুছলমান শাসক চুলেইমান খান কৰাণী আৰু তাৰ পিছত মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যই এই ভূমি জয় কৰাত সফল হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ অন্ত পৰে। ওড়িশাক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৭৫১ চনত মাৰাঠাসকলক এৰি দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধৰ (১৮০৩–১৮০৫) সময়ত ই ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আহে।<ref name=OrissaGov/> গজপতি সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ পিছত আৰু এছিয়াত ইউৰোপীয় নৌ-শক্তিৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান আধিপত্যৰ ফলত সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্য হ্ৰাস পায়। অৱশ্যে খুৰ্ডাৰ ভোই ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত চীনৰ কিং ৰাজবংশৰ সৈতে থকা যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰমাণ মাঞ্চু ভাষাৰ স্মাৰক আৰু আদেশৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটে পূব ভাৰতৰ শাসক 'উতগালিৰ বীৰকিশোৰ হান'ৰ ব্ৰাহ্মণ দূতৰ পৰা উপহাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল। এই 'বীৰকিশোৰ হান' আছিল খুৰ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম বীৰকিশোৰ দেৱ (১৭৩৬–১৭৯৩), যিয়ে নিজক উৎকলৰ শাসক 'গজপতি' বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। চীনৰ পৰা তিব্বতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা বহুতো 'গোসাঁই' পুৰীৰ জগন্নাথ মন্দিৰ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰেই পাৰ হৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Cheng |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> ১৮০৩ চনত দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধত মাৰাঠাসকলৰ পৰাজয় আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দ্বাৰা ওড়িশা দখলৰ লগে লগে অৱশিষ্ট সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যৰ সম্পৰ্কবোৰৰো অন্ত পৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.odishastatemaritimemuseum.org/ Odisha State Maritime Museum] [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] dgsjijh63ra7a97gja4udzyeefikxxb 604439 604438 2026-05-04T16:46:15Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* */ 604439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত থকা এখন 'বৈত'ৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা ক্ৰাফ্ট মিউজিয়ামত থকা ৰূপৰ তাঁৰৰ কাম কৰা (silver filigree) এখন 'বৈত']] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == পৰৱৰ্তী ইতিহাস == খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১১শ আৰু ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগ নামটো লাহে লাহে ওদ্ৰ দেশ, উদ্দিনা আৰু শেষত ওড়িশা নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন হয়।<ref name=Tripati/> কপিলেন্দ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত (১৪৩৫–১৪৬৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), ওড়িয়া ৰাজ্যই ওড়িশাৰ ভৌগোলিক সীমাৰ বাহিৰত এক বিশাল ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে উত্তৰে গংগাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে আৰ্কটলৈকে শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলেও এক বিস্তৃত ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দখল বজাই ৰাখিছিল। ১৪৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১৫৪১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ প্ৰতাপৰুদ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত ৰাজ্যখন পশ্চিম বংগৰ হুগলী আৰু মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাৰ পৰা অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ গুণ্টুৰ জিলালৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> [[File:Odisha State Maritime Muesuem.JPG|thumbnail|ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সামুদ্ৰিক সংগ্ৰহালয়, কটক]] অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰাই আৰৱীয় নাৱিকসকলে বংগোপসাগৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পৰ্তুগীজ, ডাচ, ইংৰাজ আৰু ফৰাচী জাহাজবোৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী হৈ পৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত ওড়িশাৰ নাৱিকসকল কেৱল উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=Panda1997/> ১৫৬৮ চনত বংগৰ মুছলমান শাসক চুলেইমান খান কৰাণী আৰু তাৰ পিছত মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যই এই ভূমি জয় কৰাত সফল হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ অন্ত পৰে। ওড়িশাক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৭৫১ চনত মাৰাঠাসকলক এৰি দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধৰ (১৮০৩–১৮০৫) সময়ত ই ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আহে।<ref name=OrissaGov/> গজপতি সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ পিছত আৰু এছিয়াত ইউৰোপীয় নৌ-শক্তিৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান আধিপত্যৰ ফলত সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্য হ্ৰাস পায়। অৱশ্যে খুৰ্ডাৰ ভোই ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত চীনৰ কিং ৰাজবংশৰ সৈতে থকা যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰমাণ মাঞ্চু ভাষাৰ স্মাৰক আৰু আদেশৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটে পূব ভাৰতৰ শাসক 'উতগালিৰ বীৰকিশোৰ হান'ৰ ব্ৰাহ্মণ দূতৰ পৰা উপহাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল। এই 'বীৰকিশোৰ হান' আছিল খুৰ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম বীৰকিশোৰ দেৱ (১৭৩৬–১৭৯৩), যিয়ে নিজক উৎকলৰ শাসক 'গজপতি' বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। চীনৰ পৰা তিব্বতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা বহুতো 'গোসাঁই' পুৰীৰ জগন্নাথ মন্দিৰ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰেই পাৰ হৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Cheng |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> ১৮০৩ চনত দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধত মাৰাঠাসকলৰ পৰাজয় আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দ্বাৰা ওড়িশা দখলৰ লগে লগে অৱশিষ্ট সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যৰ সম্পৰ্কবোৰৰো অন্ত পৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.odishastatemaritimemuseum.org/ Odisha State Maritime Museum] [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] 97r7icn86yo44uvfq0sibfvxnox93gb 604440 604439 2026-05-04T16:48:03Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত থকা এখন 'বৈত'ৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা ক্ৰাফ্ট মিউজিয়ামত থকা ৰূপৰ তাঁৰৰ কাম কৰা (silver filigree) এখন 'বৈত']] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == বহিঃৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক == === বাৰ্মা === খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব সপ্তম শতিকাত বাৰ্মাক 'কলিংগৰাত' (কলিংগ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ) নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল। দেশখনৰ দক্ষিণৰ মন (Mon) ৰাজ্য অঞ্চলত অতি প্ৰাচীন বসতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা যায়। খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগবাসীয়ে মাৰ্টাবান উপসাগৰৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা কালাইমিও, আৰাকান নদী উপত্যকা আৰু পেগু (Pegu) শাসন কৰিছিল। ইয়াংগুনৰ ওচৰৰ টাণ্টেত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা এখন জাহাজৰ অৱশিষ্ট কলিংগন ব্যৱসায়ীসকলৰ আছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। ঠাইৰ নাম আৰু স্থাপত্যৰ সাদৃশ্যইও বংগোপসাগৰৰ সিপাৰে থকা ঘনিষ্ঠ সম্পৰ্কৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=PatraNov2005/> বাৰ্মাৰ পবিত্ৰ ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ 'বুদ্ধগত'-ত কলিংগৰ বৌদ্ধ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলৰ সৈতে হোৱা বাণিজ্যৰ বৰ্ণনা পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ ফলস্বৰূপে ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰকসকলৰ আগমন ঘটে আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত চতুৰ্থৰ পৰা সপ্তম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগই উপকূলীয় বাৰ্মাৰ একাংশত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰে। পেগুত পোৱা হিন্দু চিহ্নযুক্ত মুদ্ৰাই এই যোগাযোগ নিশ্চিত কৰে।<ref name=Mookerji2006/> === কম্বোডিয়া === [[File:Angor Wat NW Cnr.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ পৰা দেখা অংকুৰৱাট]] খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় শতিকাত সম্ৰাট অশোকৰ ভয়ত কলিংগৰ পৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীসকল কম্বোডিয়ালৈ আহিছিল। অৱশ্যে, অশোকে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰি কম্বোডিয়ালৈ ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক পঠোৱাৰ পিছত, তেওঁলোকে এই শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু অঞ্চলটোত ধৰ্মটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় কৰে।<ref name=Jermsawatdi1979/> খমেৰসকলৰ (আধুনিক কম্বোডিয়াৰ) প্ৰাচীন কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহ কলিংগৰ তুলনাত অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ মূলৰ যেনহে লাগে।<ref name=Dutt1993/> অৱশ্যে কম্বোডিয়াৰ অংকুৰৱাটৰ কিছুমান শিলালিপি সংস্কৃতত থকাৰ বিপৰীতে আন কিছুমান কলিংগ লিপিত পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=Cust1880/> অংকুৰৱাট মন্দিৰৰ আৰ্হিত ওড়িশাৰ জগন্নাথ পুৰী মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়।<ref name=Freeman1999>{{cite book |author1=Freeman, Michael |author2=Jacques, Claude |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |title=Ancient Angkor |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free |url-access=registration |publisher=River Books |isbn=0-8348-0426-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free/page/48 48]}}</ref> === চীন === চীনৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ প্ৰথম অভিলেখ ফা-হিয়ানৰ (৩৯৯–৪১১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বিৱৰণীত পোৱা যায়। তেওঁ তাম্ৰলিপ্ত বন্দৰৰ পৰা এখন ব্যৱসায়ী জাহাজত উঠি চীনলৈ উভতি গৈছিল।<ref name=Patnaik1997/> চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে (৬৪৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) তাম্ৰলিপ্ত (আধুনিক তমলুক) আৰু চেলিটালো বন্দৰৰ পৰা সিংহল (আধুনিক শ্ৰীলংকা) আৰু চীনলৈ কৰা সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে।<ref name=Panda1997/> ওদ্ৰৰ (ওড়িশা) শুভকৰৰীষ নামৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন ৰজাই সন্ন্যাসী হ’বলৈ সিংহাসন ত্যাগ কৰি ৭১৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত চীনলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল।<ref name=Donaldson2001/> ৭৯৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ওদ্ৰৰ ৰজাই চীনৰ সম্ৰাটলৈ সাগৰীয় পথেৰে উপহাৰ পঠোৱাৰ এক বিৱৰণ পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Panda1997/> ওড়িশাই চীনৰ পৰা পাটৰ কাপোৰ আমদানি কৰিছিল আৰু চিৰপুৰত অষ্টম শতিকাৰ এটা চীনা মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=Patnaik1997/> ৮১৩ ৰ পৰা ৮১৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগৰ জাভানীজ জাতিৰ পৰা চীনৰ চিয়ানফেং সম্ৰাটৰ দৰবাৰলৈ তিনিটা প্ৰতিনিধি দল পঠোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে এটা জীয়াই থকা গঁড়, এটা পাঁচৰঙী ভাটৌ আৰু পূব আফ্ৰিকাৰ কিছুমান কৃষ্ণাংগ কিশোৰ-কিশোৰীৰ দৰে দুৰ্লভ বস্তু উপহাৰ হিচাপে লৈ গৈছিল।<ref name=Schafer1963/> === শ্ৰীলংকা === [[File:Zahntempel Kandy.jpg|thumb|right|শ্ৰীলংকাৰ কুণ্ডিত থকা পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতু মন্দিৰ]] কলিংগৰ সিংহলৰ (শ্ৰীলংকা) সৈতে দৃঢ় সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে কয় যে সিংহলৰ প্ৰথম ৰজা বিজয় পূব ভাৰতৰ কলিংগৰ ৰাজধানী সিংহপুৰৰ পৰা আহিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ আইতাক আছিল কলিংগৰ ৰজাৰ কন্যা। সম্ৰাট অশোকে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰক সিংহললৈ পঠাইছিল আৰু পিছলৈ সন্ন্যাসিনীসকলক সংগঠিত কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ কন্যা সংঘমিত্ৰাক পঠাইছিল। 'সমন্তপাসাদিকা'-ত উল্লেখ আছে যে কলিংগৰ আঠটা পৰিয়াল তেওঁৰ লগত গৈছিল। 'দাঠাবংশ'-ত কলিংগৰ ৰজা গুহশিৱ আৰু সিংহলৰ ৰজা মহাসেনৰ (২৭৭–৩০৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বন্ধুত্বৰ কথা কোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত কলিংগৰ ৰজাই গৌতম বুদ্ধৰ পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতু (দাঁতৰ অৱশিষ্ট) নিজৰ জীয়েকৰ বিবাহৰ সময়ত দন্তকুমাৰক যৌতুক হিচাপে দিয়াৰ কথাও উল্লেখ আছে। দন্তকুমাৰে সেই অৱশিষ্ট সিংহললৈ লৈ যায় আৰু তাত এটা স্তূপত স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ আৰু পঞ্চম শতিকাত সিংহলত হীনযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটে। সিংহলীয় পণ্ডিতসকলৰ প্ৰভাৱ বাৰ্মা, চিয়াম আৰু কম্বোডিয়ালৈ বিয়পি পৰে। কলিংগও সিংহলীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰবলভাৱে প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ বুদ্ধঘোষৰ থেৰাভাদা শিক্ষাৰ দ্বাৰা। কলিংগৰ পৰা তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতুক সন্মান জনাবলৈ আৰু মঠসমূহ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ সিংহললৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে তাম্ৰলিপ্ত আৰু চেলিটালো বন্দৰৰ পৰা সিংহললৈ কৰা এই সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰাসমূহৰ বৰ্ণনা দিছে।<ref name=Panda1997/> 'চুলাবংশ'-ৰ মতে কলিংগৰ ৰজাই অগ্গাবোধি দ্বিতীয়ৰ (৬১০–৬১১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) ৰাজত্বকালত সিংহল ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। সিংহলৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম বিজয়বাহুৱে (১০৫৫–১১১০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কলিংগৰ ৰজাৰ কন্যাক বিবাহ কৰাইছিল। কলিংগৰ ৰজা গপৰাজৰ পুত্ৰ নিশাংক মল্ল সিংহলৰ শাসক (১১৮৭–১১৯৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) হৈছিল। মাঘ নামৰ কলিংগৰ এজন ৰাজকুমাৰে ২৪,০০০ সৈনিকৰ এটা নৌ-বহৰ লৈ সিংহল আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল আৰু ১২১৪ ৰ পৰা ১২৩৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ দ্বীপটো শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> == পৰৱৰ্তী ইতিহাস == খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১১শ আৰু ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগ নামটো লাহে লাহে ওদ্ৰ দেশ, উদ্দিনা আৰু শেষত ওড়িশা নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন হয়।<ref name=Tripati/> কপিলেন্দ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত (১৪৩৫–১৪৬৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), ওড়িয়া ৰাজ্যই ওড়িশাৰ ভৌগোলিক সীমাৰ বাহিৰত এক বিশাল ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে উত্তৰে গংগাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে আৰ্কটলৈকে শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলেও এক বিস্তৃত ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দখল বজাই ৰাখিছিল। ১৪৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১৫৪১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ প্ৰতাপৰুদ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত ৰাজ্যখন পশ্চিম বংগৰ হুগলী আৰু মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাৰ পৰা অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ গুণ্টুৰ জিলালৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> [[File:Odisha State Maritime Muesuem.JPG|thumbnail|ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সামুদ্ৰিক সংগ্ৰহালয়, কটক]] অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰাই আৰৱীয় নাৱিকসকলে বংগোপসাগৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পৰ্তুগীজ, ডাচ, ইংৰাজ আৰু ফৰাচী জাহাজবোৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী হৈ পৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত ওড়িশাৰ নাৱিকসকল কেৱল উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=Panda1997/> ১৫৬৮ চনত বংগৰ মুছলমান শাসক চুলেইমান খান কৰাণী আৰু তাৰ পিছত মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যই এই ভূমি জয় কৰাত সফল হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ অন্ত পৰে। ওড়িশাক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৭৫১ চনত মাৰাঠাসকলক এৰি দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধৰ (১৮০৩–১৮০৫) সময়ত ই ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আহে।<ref name=OrissaGov/> গজপতি সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ পিছত আৰু এছিয়াত ইউৰোপীয় নৌ-শক্তিৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান আধিপত্যৰ ফলত সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্য হ্ৰাস পায়। অৱশ্যে খুৰ্ডাৰ ভোই ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত চীনৰ কিং ৰাজবংশৰ সৈতে থকা যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰমাণ মাঞ্চু ভাষাৰ স্মাৰক আৰু আদেশৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটে পূব ভাৰতৰ শাসক 'উতগালিৰ বীৰকিশোৰ হান'ৰ ব্ৰাহ্মণ দূতৰ পৰা উপহাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল। এই 'বীৰকিশোৰ হান' আছিল খুৰ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম বীৰকিশোৰ দেৱ (১৭৩৬–১৭৯৩), যিয়ে নিজক উৎকলৰ শাসক 'গজপতি' বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। চীনৰ পৰা তিব্বতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা বহুতো 'গোসাঁই' পুৰীৰ জগন্নাথ মন্দিৰ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰেই পাৰ হৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Cheng |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> ১৮০৩ চনত দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধত মাৰাঠাসকলৰ পৰাজয় আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দ্বাৰা ওড়িশা দখলৰ লগে লগে অৱশিষ্ট সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যৰ সম্পৰ্কবোৰৰো অন্ত পৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.odishastatemaritimemuseum.org/ Odisha State Maritime Museum] [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] ibh9nfpu2iey3ag5vfqq6yleqw4vi5w 604441 604440 2026-05-04T16:48:46Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* বাৰ্মা */ 604441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত থকা এখন 'বৈত'ৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা ক্ৰাফ্ট মিউজিয়ামত থকা ৰূপৰ তাঁৰৰ কাম কৰা (silver filigree) এখন 'বৈত']] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == বহিঃৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক == === বাৰ্মা === খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব সপ্তম শতিকাত [[বাৰ্মা]]ক 'কলিংগৰাত' (কলিংগ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ) নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল। দেশখনৰ দক্ষিণৰ মন ৰাজ্য অঞ্চলত অতি প্ৰাচীন বসতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা যায়। খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগবাসীয়ে মাৰ্টাবান উপসাগৰৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা কালাইমিও, আৰাকান নদী উপত্যকা আৰু পেগু শাসন কৰিছিল। ইয়াংগুনৰ ওচৰৰ টাণ্টেত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা এখন জাহাজৰ অৱশিষ্ট কলিংগন ব্যৱসায়ীসকলৰ আছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। ঠাইৰ নাম আৰু স্থাপত্যৰ সাদৃশ্যইও বংগোপসাগৰৰ সিপাৰে থকা ঘনিষ্ঠ সম্পৰ্কৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=PatraNov2005/> বাৰ্মাৰ পবিত্ৰ ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ 'বুদ্ধগত'-ত কলিংগৰ বৌদ্ধ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলৰ সৈতে হোৱা বাণিজ্যৰ বৰ্ণনা পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ ফলস্বৰূপে ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰকসকলৰ আগমন ঘটে আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত চতুৰ্থৰ পৰা সপ্তম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগই উপকূলীয় বাৰ্মাৰ একাংশত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰে। পেগুত পোৱা হিন্দু চিহ্নযুক্ত মুদ্ৰাই এই যোগাযোগ নিশ্চিত কৰে।<ref name=Mookerji2006/> === কম্বোডিয়া === [[File:Angor Wat NW Cnr.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ পৰা দেখা অংকুৰৱাট]] খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় শতিকাত সম্ৰাট অশোকৰ ভয়ত কলিংগৰ পৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীসকল কম্বোডিয়ালৈ আহিছিল। অৱশ্যে, অশোকে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰি কম্বোডিয়ালৈ ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক পঠোৱাৰ পিছত, তেওঁলোকে এই শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু অঞ্চলটোত ধৰ্মটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় কৰে।<ref name=Jermsawatdi1979/> খমেৰসকলৰ (আধুনিক কম্বোডিয়াৰ) প্ৰাচীন কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহ কলিংগৰ তুলনাত অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ মূলৰ যেনহে লাগে।<ref name=Dutt1993/> অৱশ্যে কম্বোডিয়াৰ অংকুৰৱাটৰ কিছুমান শিলালিপি সংস্কৃতত থকাৰ বিপৰীতে আন কিছুমান কলিংগ লিপিত পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=Cust1880/> অংকুৰৱাট মন্দিৰৰ আৰ্হিত ওড়িশাৰ জগন্নাথ পুৰী মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়।<ref name=Freeman1999>{{cite book |author1=Freeman, Michael |author2=Jacques, Claude |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |title=Ancient Angkor |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free |url-access=registration |publisher=River Books |isbn=0-8348-0426-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free/page/48 48]}}</ref> === চীন === চীনৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ প্ৰথম অভিলেখ ফা-হিয়ানৰ (৩৯৯–৪১১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বিৱৰণীত পোৱা যায়। তেওঁ তাম্ৰলিপ্ত বন্দৰৰ পৰা এখন ব্যৱসায়ী জাহাজত উঠি চীনলৈ উভতি গৈছিল।<ref name=Patnaik1997/> চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে (৬৪৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) তাম্ৰলিপ্ত (আধুনিক তমলুক) আৰু চেলিটালো বন্দৰৰ পৰা সিংহল (আধুনিক শ্ৰীলংকা) আৰু চীনলৈ কৰা সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে।<ref name=Panda1997/> ওদ্ৰৰ (ওড়িশা) শুভকৰৰীষ নামৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন ৰজাই সন্ন্যাসী হ’বলৈ সিংহাসন ত্যাগ কৰি ৭১৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত চীনলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল।<ref name=Donaldson2001/> ৭৯৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ওদ্ৰৰ ৰজাই চীনৰ সম্ৰাটলৈ সাগৰীয় পথেৰে উপহাৰ পঠোৱাৰ এক বিৱৰণ পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Panda1997/> ওড়িশাই চীনৰ পৰা পাটৰ কাপোৰ আমদানি কৰিছিল আৰু চিৰপুৰত অষ্টম শতিকাৰ এটা চীনা মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=Patnaik1997/> ৮১৩ ৰ পৰা ৮১৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগৰ জাভানীজ জাতিৰ পৰা চীনৰ চিয়ানফেং সম্ৰাটৰ দৰবাৰলৈ তিনিটা প্ৰতিনিধি দল পঠোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে এটা জীয়াই থকা গঁড়, এটা পাঁচৰঙী ভাটৌ আৰু পূব আফ্ৰিকাৰ কিছুমান কৃষ্ণাংগ কিশোৰ-কিশোৰীৰ দৰে দুৰ্লভ বস্তু উপহাৰ হিচাপে লৈ গৈছিল।<ref name=Schafer1963/> === শ্ৰীলংকা === [[File:Zahntempel Kandy.jpg|thumb|right|শ্ৰীলংকাৰ কুণ্ডিত থকা পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতু মন্দিৰ]] কলিংগৰ সিংহলৰ (শ্ৰীলংকা) সৈতে দৃঢ় সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে কয় যে সিংহলৰ প্ৰথম ৰজা বিজয় পূব ভাৰতৰ কলিংগৰ ৰাজধানী সিংহপুৰৰ পৰা আহিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ আইতাক আছিল কলিংগৰ ৰজাৰ কন্যা। সম্ৰাট অশোকে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰক সিংহললৈ পঠাইছিল আৰু পিছলৈ সন্ন্যাসিনীসকলক সংগঠিত কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ কন্যা সংঘমিত্ৰাক পঠাইছিল। 'সমন্তপাসাদিকা'-ত উল্লেখ আছে যে কলিংগৰ আঠটা পৰিয়াল তেওঁৰ লগত গৈছিল। 'দাঠাবংশ'-ত কলিংগৰ ৰজা গুহশিৱ আৰু সিংহলৰ ৰজা মহাসেনৰ (২৭৭–৩০৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বন্ধুত্বৰ কথা কোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত কলিংগৰ ৰজাই গৌতম বুদ্ধৰ পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতু (দাঁতৰ অৱশিষ্ট) নিজৰ জীয়েকৰ বিবাহৰ সময়ত দন্তকুমাৰক যৌতুক হিচাপে দিয়াৰ কথাও উল্লেখ আছে। দন্তকুমাৰে সেই অৱশিষ্ট সিংহললৈ লৈ যায় আৰু তাত এটা স্তূপত স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ আৰু পঞ্চম শতিকাত সিংহলত হীনযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটে। সিংহলীয় পণ্ডিতসকলৰ প্ৰভাৱ বাৰ্মা, চিয়াম আৰু কম্বোডিয়ালৈ বিয়পি পৰে। কলিংগও সিংহলীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰবলভাৱে প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ বুদ্ধঘোষৰ থেৰাভাদা শিক্ষাৰ দ্বাৰা। কলিংগৰ পৰা তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতুক সন্মান জনাবলৈ আৰু মঠসমূহ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ সিংহললৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে তাম্ৰলিপ্ত আৰু চেলিটালো বন্দৰৰ পৰা সিংহললৈ কৰা এই সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰাসমূহৰ বৰ্ণনা দিছে।<ref name=Panda1997/> 'চুলাবংশ'-ৰ মতে কলিংগৰ ৰজাই অগ্গাবোধি দ্বিতীয়ৰ (৬১০–৬১১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) ৰাজত্বকালত সিংহল ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। সিংহলৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম বিজয়বাহুৱে (১০৫৫–১১১০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কলিংগৰ ৰজাৰ কন্যাক বিবাহ কৰাইছিল। কলিংগৰ ৰজা গপৰাজৰ পুত্ৰ নিশাংক মল্ল সিংহলৰ শাসক (১১৮৭–১১৯৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) হৈছিল। মাঘ নামৰ কলিংগৰ এজন ৰাজকুমাৰে ২৪,০০০ সৈনিকৰ এটা নৌ-বহৰ লৈ সিংহল আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল আৰু ১২১৪ ৰ পৰা ১২৩৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ দ্বীপটো শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> == পৰৱৰ্তী ইতিহাস == খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১১শ আৰু ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগ নামটো লাহে লাহে ওদ্ৰ দেশ, উদ্দিনা আৰু শেষত ওড়িশা নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন হয়।<ref name=Tripati/> কপিলেন্দ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত (১৪৩৫–১৪৬৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), ওড়িয়া ৰাজ্যই ওড়িশাৰ ভৌগোলিক সীমাৰ বাহিৰত এক বিশাল ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে উত্তৰে গংগাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে আৰ্কটলৈকে শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলেও এক বিস্তৃত ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দখল বজাই ৰাখিছিল। ১৪৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১৫৪১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ প্ৰতাপৰুদ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত ৰাজ্যখন পশ্চিম বংগৰ হুগলী আৰু মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাৰ পৰা অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ গুণ্টুৰ জিলালৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> [[File:Odisha State Maritime Muesuem.JPG|thumbnail|ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সামুদ্ৰিক সংগ্ৰহালয়, কটক]] অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰাই আৰৱীয় নাৱিকসকলে বংগোপসাগৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পৰ্তুগীজ, ডাচ, ইংৰাজ আৰু ফৰাচী জাহাজবোৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী হৈ পৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত ওড়িশাৰ নাৱিকসকল কেৱল উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=Panda1997/> ১৫৬৮ চনত বংগৰ মুছলমান শাসক চুলেইমান খান কৰাণী আৰু তাৰ পিছত মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যই এই ভূমি জয় কৰাত সফল হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ অন্ত পৰে। ওড়িশাক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৭৫১ চনত মাৰাঠাসকলক এৰি দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধৰ (১৮০৩–১৮০৫) সময়ত ই ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আহে।<ref name=OrissaGov/> গজপতি সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ পিছত আৰু এছিয়াত ইউৰোপীয় নৌ-শক্তিৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান আধিপত্যৰ ফলত সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্য হ্ৰাস পায়। অৱশ্যে খুৰ্ডাৰ ভোই ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত চীনৰ কিং ৰাজবংশৰ সৈতে থকা যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰমাণ মাঞ্চু ভাষাৰ স্মাৰক আৰু আদেশৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটে পূব ভাৰতৰ শাসক 'উতগালিৰ বীৰকিশোৰ হান'ৰ ব্ৰাহ্মণ দূতৰ পৰা উপহাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল। এই 'বীৰকিশোৰ হান' আছিল খুৰ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম বীৰকিশোৰ দেৱ (১৭৩৬–১৭৯৩), যিয়ে নিজক উৎকলৰ শাসক 'গজপতি' বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। চীনৰ পৰা তিব্বতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা বহুতো 'গোসাঁই' পুৰীৰ জগন্নাথ মন্দিৰ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰেই পাৰ হৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Cheng |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> ১৮০৩ চনত দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধত মাৰাঠাসকলৰ পৰাজয় আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দ্বাৰা ওড়িশা দখলৰ লগে লগে অৱশিষ্ট সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যৰ সম্পৰ্কবোৰৰো অন্ত পৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.odishastatemaritimemuseum.org/ Odisha State Maritime Museum] [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] h93n59y4sp6dg4u9o2sr8l8nuj2kzpj 604442 604441 2026-05-04T16:51:14Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত থকা এখন 'বৈত'ৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা ক্ৰাফ্ট মিউজিয়ামত থকা ৰূপৰ তাঁৰৰ কাম কৰা (silver filigree) এখন 'বৈত']] '''ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস'''{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} প্ৰাচীন কালত [[কলিংগ]] নামেৰে জনাজাত। প্ৰাচীন সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮০০ চনৰ বহু আগতেই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। [[বংগোপসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলৰ কাষৰীয়া পূব ভাৰতৰ এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰ ওপৰেৰে তললৈ জাহাজ চলাই গৈছিল, আৰু ভাৰত চীন আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল, যাৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীমুলাকল্পত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগোদ্ৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰাচীন ধ্ৰুপদী ভাৰতত বংগ উপসাগৰক কলিংগসাগৰ (কলিংগ সাগৰ) বুলি জনা গৈছিল,<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf }}</ref> ইয়াৰপৰা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত কলিংগৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> বালি যাত্ৰা নামৰ মহানদী নদীৰ পাৰৰ কটকত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰধান উদ্‌যাপনকে ধৰি বাৰ্ষিক বয়তা বন্দনা উৎসৱত এতিয়াও পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰা হয় আৰু অক্টোবৰ–নৱেম্বৰ মাহত বিভিন্ন উপকূলীয় জিলাত সাত দিন ধৰি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যদিও কটকত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত।<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |title=Bali Yatra |work=Orissa Tourism |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==অৱস্থান== ভাৰতৰ পূব উপকূলত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্য গংগাৰপৰা গোদাবৰী নদীলৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল, য'ত আধুনিক [[ওড়িশা]], [[অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা কিছু অংশও আছিল।<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানী সুদামা মিশ্ৰৰ মতে, কলিং জনপদ প্ৰথমে পুৰী আৰু গঞ্জাম জিলাই সামৰি লোৱা অঞ্চলটোক সামৰি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> [[গংগা]], মহানদী, বামসাধৰা, [[গোদাবৰী]]কে ধৰি নাৱিক নদীসমূহে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অঞ্চললৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত বহুমূলীয়া আৰু অৰ্ধমূল্যৱান শিল পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক বন্দৰ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। এই বন্দৰসমূহৰপৰা এই অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে দক্ষিণে চিলন, পূবে বাৰ্মা আৰু আৰু অধিক দূৰত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া, ইণ্ডোচাইনা আৰু চীনৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে সাগৰীয় পথেৰে ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল। কলিংগাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপ ইমানেই বিস্তৃত আছিল যে বৰ্তমান বংগোপসাগৰ বুলি কোৱা ঠাইখনক এসময়ত কলিংগ সাগৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> উপকূল অস্থিৰ। দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম বাৰিষাই উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে পলস আনে, কেতিয়াবা বন্দৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়া বাৰ আৰু থু সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু কেতিয়াবা সুৰক্ষামূলক জলভংগ ধ্বংস কৰে। নদীবোৰে পলি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, ইয়াৰ বদ্বীপবোৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰি পুৰণি বন্দৰবোৰ ভৰাই তোলে। এই কাৰণে প্ৰাচীন কালত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ এতিয়া নাই, বা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=Tripati/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিলিকা হ্ৰদ এসময়ত এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ আছিল যদিও পিছলৈ পলি পৰাৰ বাবে গভীৰ পানীৰ জাহাজৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf |title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline |author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> ==বন্দৰসমূহ== আৰম্ভণিৰ ওড়িশাত দুবিধ বন্দৰ আছিল। স্থানৰ ভিত্তিত শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> সেইবোৰ হ’ল- * পাট্টানা- এই বন্দৰবোৰ সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল য’ত সামগ্ৰী ভৰাই নমাই অনা হৈছিল। * দ্ৰোনিমুখ- এই বন্দৰসমূহ নদী আৰু সাগৰৰ সংগমস্থলীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। খৃষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাত ভূগোলবিদ টলেমীয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বন্দৰ হ’ল নানিগাইনা (পুৰী), কাতিকৰ্দমা (কটক) আৰু কান্নাগৰা (কোনাৰক)। কলিংগ উপকূলৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰসমূহ আছিল তাম্ৰলিপ্ত, খালকাটাপত্না, মণিকাপত্না (চেলিতালো), পালুৰ (দন্তপুৰা), গোপালপুৰ (মনছুৰকোটা), দোছাৰেণ, সোণাপুৰ, বৰুৱা (বৰুৱা), কলিংগপত্নাম, পিথুণ্ডা।<ref name=Tripati/> পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় নৱম আৰু দশম শতিকাত আৰব সূত্ৰত গঞ্জাম, কলিংগনগৰ, কেইলকান, আল-লাভা আৰু নুবিনৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ পিছত বন্দৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বালাসৌৰ, পিপিলী, গঞ্জাম, হৰিষপুৰ, চন্দাবলী আৰু ধমৰা আদি আছিল। == প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাস == [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|'পেৰিপ্লাছ মাৰিছ এৰিথ্ৰাই' (প্ৰথম শতিকা) অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৈতে ৰোমান বাণিজ্য।<ref>{{cite book | title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer | author = Ananta Narayan Mishra | editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda | publisher = Kunal Books | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2018 |url=https://google.com | isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2 | lccn = 2019328238 | oclc = 1066122739 | ol = OL44033769M }}</ref>]] গোলবাই শাসনত চলোৱা খনন কাৰ্যৰ পৰা প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৩০০ চনৰ পৰাই এটা [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ|তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ]] সংস্কৃতি আৰু তাৰ পিছত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ মানৰ পৰা এটা [[লৌহ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই স্থানত পোৱা সঁজুলিবোৰে নাও নিৰ্মাণৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> মাছৰ হাড়, মাছ ধৰা বৰশী, কাঁইটীয়া যাঠি আৰু হাৰ্পুনে সেই সময়ৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মাছ ধৰা কাৰ্য এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল বুলি সূচায়।<ref name=Tripati/> তাম্ৰপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান শিল্পকৃতি [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত পোৱা শিল্পকৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোচীনৰ সৈতে সম্ভাৱ্য প্ৰাচীন যোগাযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> [[জাতক]] আৰু সিংহলীয় ইতিহাসৰ দৰে গ্ৰন্থসমূহত দন্তপুৰ আৰু সিংহপুৰৰ উল্লেখ আছে, য’ত দন্তপুৰ আছিল এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বন্দৰ। চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে চে-লি-তা-লো নামৰ এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যাক আধুনিক পুৰী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book | title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War | author = G. Hemant Kumar | publisher = Notion Press | year = 2021 | page = 212 | url = https://google.com | isbn = 9781685387853 | quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক উৎসসমূহৰ মতে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬২ চনত কলিংগ [[মগধ]]ৰ অধীন হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মগধত চলা গৃহযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই পুনৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬১ চনত মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬৯ ৰ পৰা ২৩২) হাতত কলিংগ পৰাজিত হয়।<ref name=OrissaGov/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ শতিকালৈ জনবসতি থকা শিশুৰপালগড়ক অশোকৰ প্ৰাদেশিক ৰাজধানী তোষালী আৰু কলিংগনগৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খাৰৱেলৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কলিংগই মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত কলিংগনগৰ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহৰ ইতিহাস অত্যন্ত জটিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগৰ উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ অংশ পৃথক ৰাজ্য আছিল, আকৌ কেতিয়াবা এইবোৰ একত্ৰিত আছিল। কেতিয়াবা কলিংগ স্বাধীন আছিল আৰু কেতিয়াবা শক্তিশালী চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ কৰতলীয়া আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> ৮ম ৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভৌমো-কৰ ৰাজবংশই ওড়িশাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অংশক সেই সময়ত জনাজাত উৎকল ৰাজ্যত শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> এই শাসকসকলে [[বংগ]]ৰ [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক গৌড়েশ্বৰ দেৱপালক (৮১০–৮৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কৰ আদায় দিছিল।<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে উৎকলৰ শাসকসকলে [[তামিল]] [[চোল ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ চোলৰ (১০১২–১০৪৪) আধিপত্য স্বীকাৰ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল, যাৰ সৈতে পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বৈবাহিক মিত্ৰতা গঢ়ি উঠিছিল।<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/> স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত অনন্তবৰ্মা চোড়গংগদেৱে (১০৭৮–১১৯১) গংগাৰ পৰা গোদাবৰীলৈকে এক বিশাল অঞ্চলত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ৰাজধানী কলিংগনগৰৰ পৰা [[কটক]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ওড়িশাৰ শক্তিৰ উত্থান-পতন ঘটিছিল যদিও ১৫৬৮ চনতহে ওড়িশাই চূড়ান্তভাৱে স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> == জাহাজসমূহ == [[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|কোণাৰ্ক এ.এছ.আই. সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা বৈতৰ আৰ্হি]] [[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন বৈতাক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ভাস্কৰ্য্য খোদিত ফ্ৰিজ]] [[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|পশ্চিম বংগত পোৱা জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰা টেৰাকোটা মোহৰ, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ ৰ ভিতৰৰ]] জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় নীতি-নিয়মসমূহ সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থ ''যুক্তিকল্পতৰু''ত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। ''মাদলাপাঞ্জী''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে ৰজা ভোজে স্থানীয় কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বহুতো জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mahalik2004/> [[চিল্কা হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পৰা কাঠৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বহুতো বাটলু (adzes) আৰু অন্যান্য শিল্পকৃতি উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ পৰা দেখা যায় যে গোলবাই এটা জাহাজ নিৰ্মাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> বাণগড় আৰু চন্দ্ৰকেতুগড়ৰ টেৰাকোটা মোহৰসমূহে (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪০০ ৰ পৰা ১০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) শস্য ভৰ্তি সাগৰীয় জাহাজক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে। জাহাজবোৰত বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ পাল থকা এটা মাস্তুল আছে।<ref name=Tripati/> ওড়িশাত জাহাজৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন চিত্ৰণ পোৱা গৈছে ভুৱনেশ্বৰৰ ব্ৰহ্মেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত পোৱা দুখন জাহাজৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যত, যিটো বৰ্তমান ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> প্ৰথমখন জাহাজৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশত হাতী থিয় হৈ থকাৰ বিপৰীতে মাজত দুজন ব্যক্তি বহি আছে আৰু পিছফালে বঠা লৈ দুজন নাৱিকে জাহাজখন চলাই গৈছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == সাগৰীয় পথসমূহ == [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (১ম অংশ)]] জুন মাহৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মৌচুমী বতাহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা সিংহলৰ পৰা কলিংগৰ দিশলৈ বয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা মাৰ্চ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ ওভতনি মৌচুমী বতাহ বিপৰীত দিশত বয়।<ref name="ICTWM" /> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো অনুৰূপ ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ ধৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="BluePlanet" /> [[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|ওড়িশা মেৰিটাম মিউজিয়ামত উল্লেখ কৰা ওড়িশা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মাজৰ অভিন্ন স্থানসমূহ (২য় অংশ)]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ওপৰত জুলাই আৰু আগষ্ট মাহত বতাহ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত বয় আৰু বিষুৱৰেখা পাৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ই উত্তৰ-পূব দিশলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়। জানুৱাৰী আৰু ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত এই ধৰণটো ওলোটা হয়।<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" /> প্ৰাচীন নাৱিকসকলে তৰা, পানীৰ ৰং, সাগৰীয় সাপৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু সাগৰীয় কাউৰী বা অন্যান্য পক্ষীৰ উৰণ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি এই ঋতুভিত্তিক বতাহৰ সহায়ত যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ray2003" /> কলিংগৰ জাহাজবোৰে খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ বাবে মাজত নৰখাকৈ দীঘলীয়া সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰা কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তাম্ৰলিপ্তৰ পৰা ওলাই যোৱা জাহাজবোৰে বাৰ্মিজ উপকূল অনুসৰণ কৰি নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৰৈছিল, যিটো আছিল এমহীয়া যাত্ৰা। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি মালয় উপদ্বীপ হৈ মালাক্কা প্ৰণালীৰে জাভা বা বালি পালেগৈহেঁতেন, অথবা উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত ইণ্ডোচীন বা চীন দেশলৈ গৈছিল। আন এক বৈকল্পিক পথ আছিল ভাৰতৰ উপকূলৰে দক্ষিণ দিশলৈ যোৱা, সম্ভৱতঃ সিংহলত ৰৈ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত সুমাত্ৰালৈ যোৱা।<ref name=Tripati/> == বাণিজ্য == গঞ্জাম জিলাৰ ঋষিকুল্যা নদীৰ ওচৰৰ পালুৰ আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বন্দৰ। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অন্বেষণত চীনা ''চেলাডন'' পাত্ৰ, ৰোমান ৰুলেটেড মৃৎশিল্প আৰু ''এম্ফোৰা''ৰ টুকুৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে সূচায় যে এই বন্দৰটোৱে উল্লেখনীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যত লিপ্ত আছিল। এটা অসাধাৰণ মেডেলিয়নৰ এফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে কুষাণ শৈলীৰ এজন ৰজা আৰু আনফালে ৰোমান শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে এজন ৰোমানৰ মূৰ অংকিত আছে।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> শালিগুণ্ডামৰ পৰা সম্ৰাট টাইবেৰিয়াছৰ এটা ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে আৰু অন্যান্য স্থানতো ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ অধিক প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো বহু আগতেই হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিতৰত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সিংহলীয় মুদ্ৰা আৰু চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ চীনা মুদ্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সুমাত্ৰাৰ ক'টচিনাৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুৰূপ মুদ্ৰাই ওড়িশা, সিংহল আৰু সুমাত্ৰাৰ মাজত এক ত্ৰিকোণীয় বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=Tripati/> বাণিজ্যত বিপদাশংকাও আছিল। কলিংগ, চিয়াম আৰু জাভাৰ ৰজাসকলে মালাক্কা প্ৰণালী আৰু সমগ্ৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকা মালয় আৰু বুগি জলদস্যুসকলক দমন কৰিবলৈ সময়ে সময়ে অভিযান চলাব লগা হৈছিল।<ref name=NZ1873/> মাণিকপাটনা আছিল চিল্কাৰ পাৰৰ এটা বন্দৰ যি প্ৰাচীন ঐতিহাসিক কালৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় উনবিংশ শতিকালৈকে সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল। খননত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বহু ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্প আৰু সিংহল তথা চীনৰ মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে। অধিক আধুনিক স্তৰত চীনা ''চেলাডন'', পৰ্চেলিন আৰু আৰবী গ্লেজড মৃৎশিল্প পোৱা গৈছে। এটা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ মছজিদত এটা শিলালিপি আছে য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে নাৱিক আৰু ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিছিল।<ref name=Tripati2/> ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ এটা উৎস অনুসৰি কলিংগ ইয়াৰ হাতীৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, যাৰ বাবে ই সিংহলত এখন বজাৰ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুমূলীয়া পাথৰ, হাতীৰ দাঁত, জালুক, তামোল আৰু উন্নত মানৰ বস্ত্ৰৰ বাবেও ই বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিনিময়ত কলিংগই সিংহলৰ পৰা মুক্তা আৰু ৰূপ আমদানি কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> গোম আৰু চাউলো ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে পূবৰ পৰা মছলা আৰু চন্দন কাঠ আমদানি কৰিছিল, যাৰ কিছু অংশ ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় বজাৰলৈ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিবহণৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আছিল।<ref name=Tripati/> ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ কোণাৰ্কৰ সূৰ্য মন্দিৰত অংকিত এখন নাৱত এটা জিৰাফ আছে, যিয়ে আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে; সম্ভৱতঃ আৰব জাহাজৰ জৰিয়তে এই বাণিজ্য চলিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatra/> == বহিঃৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক == === বাৰ্মা === খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব সপ্তম শতিকাত [[বাৰ্মা]]ক ''কলিংগৰাত'' (কলিংগ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ) নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল। দেশখনৰ দক্ষিণৰ মন ৰাজ্য অঞ্চলত অতি প্ৰাচীন বসতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা যায়। খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগবাসীয়ে মাৰ্টাবান উপসাগৰৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা কালাইমিও, আৰাকান নদী উপত্যকা আৰু পেগু শাসন কৰিছিল। ইয়াংগুনৰ ওচৰৰ টাণ্টেত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা এখন জাহাজৰ অৱশিষ্ট কলিংগন ব্যৱসায়ীসকলৰ আছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। ঠাইৰ নাম আৰু স্থাপত্যৰ সাদৃশ্যইও বংগোপসাগৰৰ সিপাৰে থকা ঘনিষ্ঠ সম্পৰ্কৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name=PatraNov2005/> বাৰ্মাৰ পবিত্ৰ ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ ''বুদ্ধগত''ত কলিংগৰ বৌদ্ধ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলৰ সৈতে হোৱা বাণিজ্যৰ বৰ্ণনা পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ ফলস্বৰূপে ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰকসকলৰ আগমন ঘটে আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত চতুৰ্থৰ পৰা সপ্তম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগই উপকূলীয় বাৰ্মাৰ একাংশত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰে। পেগুত পোৱা হিন্দু চিহ্নযুক্ত মুদ্ৰাই এই যোগাযোগ নিশ্চিত কৰে।<ref name=Mookerji2006/> === কম্বোডিয়া === [[File:Angor Wat NW Cnr.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ পৰা দেখা অংকুৰৱাট]] খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় শতিকাত সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ ভয়ত কলিংগৰ পৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীসকল [[কম্বোডিয়া]]লৈ আহিছিল। অৱশ্যে, অশোকে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰি কম্বোডিয়ালৈ ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক পঠোৱাৰ পিছত, তেওঁলোকে এই শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু অঞ্চলটোত ধৰ্মটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় কৰে।<ref name=Jermsawatdi1979/>‌ খমেৰসকলৰ (আধুনিক কম্বোডিয়াৰ) প্ৰাচীন কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহ কলিংগৰ তুলনাত অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ মূলৰ যেনহে লাগে।<ref name=Dutt1993/> অৱশ্যে কম্বোডিয়াৰ অংকুৰৱাটৰ কিছুমান শিলালিপি সংস্কৃতত থকাৰ বিপৰীতে আন কিছুমান কলিংগ লিপিত পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=Cust1880/> অংকুৰৱাট মন্দিৰৰ আৰ্হিত ওড়িশাৰ জগন্নাথ পুৰী মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়।<ref name=Freeman1999>{{cite book |author1=Freeman, Michael |author2=Jacques, Claude |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |title=Ancient Angkor |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free |url-access=registration |publisher=River Books |isbn=0-8348-0426-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free/page/48 48]}}</ref> === চীন === [[চীন]]ৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যৰ প্ৰথম অভিলেখ ফা-হিয়ানৰ (৩৯৯–৪১১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বিৱৰণীত পোৱা যায়। তেওঁ তাম্ৰলিপ্ত বন্দৰৰ পৰা এখন ব্যৱসায়ী জাহাজত উঠি চীনলৈ উভতি গৈছিল।<ref name=Patnaik1997/> চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে (৬৪৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) তাম্ৰলিপ্ত (আধুনিক তমলুক) আৰু চেলিটালো বন্দৰৰ পৰা সিংহল (আধুনিক শ্ৰীলংকা) আৰু চীনলৈ কৰা সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে।<ref name=Panda1997/> ওদ্ৰৰ (ওড়িশা) শুভকৰৰীষ নামৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন ৰজাই সন্ন্যাসী হ’বলৈ সিংহাসন ত্যাগ কৰি ৭১৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত চীনলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল।<ref name=Donaldson2001/> ৭৯৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ওদ্ৰৰ ৰজাই চীনৰ সম্ৰাটলৈ সাগৰীয় পথেৰে উপহাৰ পঠোৱাৰ এক বিৱৰণ পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Panda1997/> ওড়িশাই চীনৰ পৰা পাটৰ কাপোৰ আমদানি কৰিছিল আৰু চিৰপুৰত অষ্টম শতিকাৰ এটা চীনা মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=Patnaik1997/> ৮১৩ ৰ পৰা ৮১৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগৰ জাভানীজ জাতিৰ পৰা চীনৰ চিয়ানফেং সম্ৰাটৰ দৰবাৰলৈ তিনিটা প্ৰতিনিধি দল পঠোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে এটা জীয়াই থকা গঁড়, এটা পাঁচৰঙী ভাটৌ আৰু পূব আফ্ৰিকাৰ কিছুমান কৃষ্ণাংগ কিশোৰ-কিশোৰীৰ দৰে দুৰ্লভ বস্তু উপহাৰ হিচাপে লৈ গৈছিল।<ref name=Schafer1963/> === শ্ৰীলংকা === [[File:Zahntempel Kandy.jpg|thumb|right|[[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ কুণ্ডিত থকা পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতু মন্দিৰ]] কলিংগৰ সিংহলৰ সৈতে দৃঢ় সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে কয় যে সিংহলৰ প্ৰথম ৰজা বিজয় পূব ভাৰতৰ কলিংগৰ ৰাজধানী সিংহপুৰৰ পৰা আহিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ আইতাক আছিল কলিংগৰ ৰজাৰ কন্যা। সম্ৰাট অশোকে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰক সিংহললৈ পঠাইছিল আৰু পিছলৈ সন্ন্যাসিনীসকলক সংগঠিত কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ কন্যা সংঘমিত্ৰাক পঠাইছিল। ''সমন্তপাসাদিকা''ত উল্লেখ আছে যে কলিংগৰ আঠটা পৰিয়াল তেওঁৰ লগত গৈছিল। ''দাঠাবংশ''ত কলিংগৰ ৰজা গুহশিৱ আৰু সিংহলৰ ৰজা মহাসেনৰ (২৭৭–৩০৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বন্ধুত্বৰ কথা কোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত কলিংগৰ ৰজাই গৌতম বুদ্ধৰ পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতু (দাঁতৰ অৱশিষ্ট) নিজৰ জীয়েকৰ বিবাহৰ সময়ত দন্তকুমাৰক যৌতুক হিচাপে দিয়াৰ কথাও উল্লেখ আছে। দন্তকুমাৰে সেই অৱশিষ্ট সিংহললৈ লৈ যায় আৰু তাত এটা স্তূপত স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> খ্ৰীষ্টীয় চতুৰ্থ আৰু পঞ্চম শতিকাত সিংহলত হীনযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটে। সিংহলীয় পণ্ডিতসকলৰ প্ৰভাৱ বাৰ্মা, চিয়াম আৰু কম্বোডিয়ালৈ বিয়পি পৰে। কলিংগও সিংহলীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰবলভাৱে প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ বুদ্ধঘোষৰ থেৰাভাদা শিক্ষাৰ দ্বাৰা। কলিংগৰ পৰা তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে পবিত্ৰ দন্ত ধাতুক সন্মান জনাবলৈ আৰু মঠসমূহ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ সিংহললৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> চীনা পৰিব্ৰাজক হিউয়েন চাঙে তাম্ৰলিপ্ত আৰু চেলিটালো বন্দৰৰ পৰা সিংহললৈ কৰা এই সাগৰীয় যাত্ৰাসমূহৰ বৰ্ণনা দিছে।<ref name=Panda1997/> ''চুলাবংশ''ৰ মতে কলিংগৰ ৰজাই অগ্গাবোধি দ্বিতীয়ৰ (৬১০–৬১১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) ৰাজত্বকালত সিংহল ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। সিংহলৰ ৰজা প্ৰথম বিজয়বাহুৱে (১০৫৫–১১১০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) কলিংগৰ ৰজাৰ কন্যাক বিবাহ কৰাইছিল। কলিংগৰ ৰজা গপৰাজৰ পুত্ৰ নিশাংক মল্ল সিংহলৰ শাসক (১১৮৭–১১৯৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) হৈছিল। মাঘ নামৰ কলিংগৰ এজন ৰাজকুমাৰে ২৪,০০০ সৈনিকৰ এটা নৌ-বহৰ লৈ সিংহল আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল আৰু ১২১৪ ৰ পৰা ১২৩৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ দ্বীপটো শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=OHRJPatel/> == পৰৱৰ্তী ইতিহাস == খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১১শ আৰু ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত কলিংগ নামটো লাহে লাহে ওদ্ৰ দেশ, উদ্দিনা আৰু শেষত ওড়িশা নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন হয়।<ref name=Tripati/> কপিলেন্দ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত (১৪৩৫–১৪৬৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), ওড়িয়া ৰাজ্যই ওড়িশাৰ ভৌগোলিক সীমাৰ বাহিৰত এক বিশাল ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত ৰাজনৈতিক আধিপত্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে উত্তৰে গংগাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে আৰ্কটলৈকে শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলেও এক বিস্তৃত ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দখল বজাই ৰাখিছিল। ১৪৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১৫৪১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ প্ৰতাপৰুদ্ৰদেৱৰ ৰাজত্বকালত ৰাজ্যখন পশ্চিম বংগৰ হুগলী আৰু মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাৰ পৰা অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ গুণ্টুৰ জিলালৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল।<ref name=OrissaGov/> [[File:Odisha State Maritime Muesuem.JPG|thumbnail|ওড়িশা ৰাজ্যিক সামুদ্ৰিক সংগ্ৰহালয়, কটক]] অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰাই আৰৱীয় নাৱিকসকলে বংগোপসাগৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পৰ্তুগীজ, ডাচ, ইংৰাজ আৰু ফৰাচী জাহাজবোৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী হৈ পৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত ওড়িশাৰ নাৱিকসকল কেৱল উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্যৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=Panda1997/> ১৫৬৮ চনত বংগৰ মুছলমান শাসক চুলেইমান খান কৰাণী আৰু তাৰ পিছত মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যই এই ভূমি জয় কৰাত সফল হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ অন্ত পৰে। ওড়িশাক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৭৫১ চনত মাৰাঠাসকলক এৰি দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধৰ (১৮০৩–১৮০৫) সময়ত ই ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আহে।<ref name=OrissaGov/> গজপতি সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ পিছত আৰু এছিয়াত ইউৰোপীয় নৌ-শক্তিৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান আধিপত্যৰ ফলত সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্য হ্ৰাস পায়। অৱশ্যে খুৰ্ডাৰ ভোই ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত চীনৰ কিং ৰাজবংশৰ সৈতে থকা যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰমাণ মাঞ্চু ভাষাৰ স্মাৰক আৰু আদেশৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটে পূব ভাৰতৰ শাসক 'উতগালিৰ বীৰকিশোৰ হান'ৰ ব্ৰাহ্মণ দূতৰ পৰা উপহাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল। এই 'বীৰকিশোৰ হান' আছিল খুৰ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম বীৰকিশোৰ দেৱ (১৭৩৬–১৭৯৩), যিয়ে নিজক উৎকলৰ শাসক 'গজপতি' বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। চীনৰ পৰা তিব্বতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা বহুতো 'গোসাঁই' পুৰীৰ জগন্নাথ মন্দিৰ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰেই পাৰ হৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Cheng |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> ১৮০৩ চনত দ্বিতীয় ইংগ-মাৰাঠা যুদ্ধত মাৰাঠাসকলৰ পৰাজয় আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দ্বাৰা ওড়িশা দখলৰ লগে লগে অৱশিষ্ট সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যৰ সম্পৰ্কবোৰৰো অন্ত পৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.odishastatemaritimemuseum.org/ Odisha State Maritime Museum] [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশা]] h9dp3ta2ki01vrdjbj3y1ng5jsfo89i 0 128387 604450 602888 2026-05-04T17:11:37Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = চুলাৱেছি | image_name = Sulawesi Topography.png | image_caption = চুলাৱেছিৰ ভূ-তাত্ত্বিক মানচিত্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_link = | other_names = চেলেবিছ (Celebes) | map_image = Sulawesi map.PNG | map_caption = চুলাৱেছিৰ প্ৰাদেশিক বিভাজন | location = [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | coordinates = {{coord|02|S|121|E|type:isle_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ---- বৃহত্তৰ চুণ্ডা দ্বীপপুঞ্জ | area_km2 = 174,416.16 | rank = ১১তম | highest_mount = [[মাউণ্ট লাটিমোজং|লাটিমোজং]] | elevation_m = 3,478 | country = [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | country_admin_divisions_title = প্ৰদেশসমূহ | country_admin_divisions = {{ubl|[[উত্তৰ চুলাৱেছি]]|[[গোৰোন্তালো]]|[[মধ্য চুলাৱেছি]]|[[পশ্চিম চুলাৱেছি]]|[[দক্ষিণ চুলাৱেছি]]|[[দক্ষিণ-পূব চুলাৱেছি]]}} | country_largest_city = [[মাকাছাৰ]] (জনসংখ্যা ১,৪৩২,২০০) | population = ২০,৫৬৮,৪১১ | population_as_of = ২০২৩-ৰ মাজভাগৰ আনুমানিক হিচাপ | density_km2 = ১১০.৫ | ethnic_groups = মাকাছাৰীজ, বুগিনীজ, মাণ্ডাৰ, মিনাহাচা, গোৰোন্তালোৱান, কাইলি, তোৰাজা, মামাচা, বুটোনীজ, মুনা, তোলাকি, বাজৌ, মংগনডো, ছাংগিহে, নাপু }} '''চুলাৱেছি''' ({{lang-en|Sulawesi}}),<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Sulawesi}}</ref> '''চেলেবেছ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত,<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Celebes}}</ref> [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ এটা দ্বীপ। চাৰিটা বৃহত্তৰ চুণ্ডা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম আৰু বিশ্বৰ ১১ নং বৃহত্তম দ্বীপটো বৰ্নিওৰ পূবে, মালুকু দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ পশ্চিমে আৰু মিন্দানাও আৰু চুলু দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল সুমাট্ৰা, বৰ্নিও আৰু পাপুয়াৰ ভূখণ্ড বৃহৎ আৰু কেৱল জাভা আৰু সুমাট্ৰাহে অধিক জনবহুল। চুলাৱেছিৰ ভূখণ্ডত চাৰিটা উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত: উত্তৰ মিনাহাছা উপদ্বীপ, পূব উপদ্বীপ, দক্ষিণ উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূব উপদ্বীপ। তিনিটা উপসাগৰে এই উপদ্বীপসমূহক পৃথক কৰে: উত্তৰ মিনাহাছা আৰু পূব উপদ্বীপৰ মাজৰ টমিনি উপসাগৰ, পূব আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূব উপদ্বীপৰ মাজৰ টোলো উপসাগৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূব উপদ্বীপৰ মাজৰ বনি উপসাগৰ। দ্বীপটোৰ পশ্চিম দিশৰ কাষেৰে মাকাছাৰ জলদ্বীপটোৱে দ্বীপটোক বৰ্নিওৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰে। ==ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান== চুলাৱেচি নামটো সম্ভৱতঃ চুলা ("দ্বীপ") আৰু বেচি ("লোহা") শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে আৰু ই হয়তো মাটানো হ্ৰদৰ চহকী লোহাৰ আৱৰ্জনাৰ পৰা লোহাৰ ঐতিহাসিক ৰপ্তানিৰ কথা বুজাব পাৰে।<ref>Watuseke, F. S. 1974. On the name Celebes. Sixth International Conference on Asian History, International Association of Historians of Asia, Yogyakarta, 26–30 August. Unpublished.</ref> [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ পিছত ইংৰাজী ভাষাত এই নামটো সাধাৰণ ব্যৱহাৰলৈ আহে। প্ৰথমে পৰ্তুগীজ অভিযাত্ৰীসকলে এই দ্বীপটোক চেলেবেছ নাম দিছিল। ইয়াৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ অনুবাদ স্পষ্ট নহ'লেও ইয়াক স্থানীয় নাম "চুলাৱেছি"ৰ পৰ্তুগীজ অনুবাদ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The concise dictionary of world place-names|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-186632-6|edition= Fourth|location=[Oxford]|pages=1131|oclc=1053905476}}</ref> ==ভূগোল== চুলাৱেছি বিশ্বৰ একাদশ বৃহত্তম দ্বীপ,<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZhECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8| page=8| title=The Spectral Tarsier |first=Sharon L. |last=Gursky| publisher=[[Routledge]]|year= 2015 |isbn=978-1-317-34397-4}}</ref> ইয়াৰ আয়তন ১৮৬,২১৬.১৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৭১,৮৯৮ বৰ্গমাইল) (চুলাৱেছিৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰশাসন কৰা সৰু দ্বীপসমূহকে ধৰি)। দ্বীপটোৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় অংশটো ঠেককৈ পাহাৰীয়া, যেনেকৈ দ্বীপটোৰ উপদ্বীপসমূহ পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ইটোৱে সিটোৰ পৰা দূৰৈত আছিল, পথতকৈ সাগৰৰ যোগেদি ভাল সংযোগ আছে। চুলাৱেছিৰ উপদ্বীপসমূহক বিভাজিত কৰা তিনিটা উপসাগৰ হৈছে উত্তৰৰ পৰা দক্ষিণলৈ টমিনি, টলো আৰু বনি।{{refn|group=n|Technically, Tomini{{sfnp|IHO|1953|loc=§48 (d)}} and Boni{{sfnp|IHO|1953|loc=§48 (k)}} are defined as gulfs by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]], while Tolo is considered a bay of the [[Molucca Sea]].{{sfnp|IHO|1953|loc=§48 (c)}}}} এইবোৰে মিনাহাছা বা উত্তৰ উপদ্বীপ, পূব উপদ্বীপ, দক্ষিণ-পূব উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ উপদ্বীপক পৃথক কৰে। দ্বীপটোৰ পশ্চিম দিশত মাকাছাৰ জলদ্বীপ চলি আছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Makassar-Strait |title=Makassar Strait |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=23 August 2017 }}</ref> এই দ্বীপটোৰ পশ্চিমে বৰ্নিও, উত্তৰে ফিলিপাইনছ, পূবে মালুকু আৰু দক্ষিণে ফ্ল'ৰেছ আৰু টিমৰ। ==ভূতত্ত্ব== [[File:Tangkoko National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|মাউণ্ট টংকোকো উত্তৰ চুলাৱেছিৰ এটা আগ্নেয়গিৰি।]] দ্বীপটোক আগুৰি থকা গভীৰ সাগৰৰ পৰা ওখ, বেছিভাগেই আগ্নেয়গিৰিবিহীন, পাহাৰীয়া অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশলৈ এই দ্বীপটো ওপৰলৈ উঠিছে। উত্তৰ দিশত ছাংগিহে দ্বীপলৈকে বিস্তৃত উত্তৰ মিনাহাছা উপদ্বীপত সক্ৰিয় আগ্নেয়গিৰি পোৱা যায়। উত্তৰ উপদ্বীপত মাউণ্ট লোকন, মাউণ্ট আউ, ছ’পুটান, কাৰাংগেটাংকে ধৰি কেইবাটাও সক্ৰিয় আগ্নেয়গিৰি আছে। প্লেট পুনৰ্গঠনৰ মতে এছিয়ান প্লেট (পশ্চিম আৰু দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম গঠন কৰা) আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান প্লেট (দক্ষিণ-পূব আৰু বাংগাই গঠন কৰা)ৰ পৰা ভূখণ্ডৰ সংঘৰ্ষৰ ফলত এই দ্বীপটো গঠন হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু পূৰ্বৰটো প্ৰশান্ত মহাসাগৰীয় দ্বীপ চাপ (উত্তৰ আৰু পূব উপদ্বীপ গঠন কৰা)।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/researchers-find-biggest-exposed-fault-on-earth|title=Researchers find biggest exposed fault on Earth|work=ANU |date=28 November 2016}}</ref> ইয়াৰ একাধিক টেকটনিক উৎপত্তিৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ফল্টে ভূমিৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ যায় আৰু ফলস্বৰূপে দ্বীপটোত ২০১৮ আৰু ২০২১ চনত মাৰাত্মক ভূমিকম্পকে ধৰি ভূমিকম্পৰ প্ৰৱণতা থাকে। ==নোট== {{reflist|group=n}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:দ্বীপ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়া]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] 3rt3gr9r8ffl6yf5kjc3t7jzk8v0gqf 0 128875 604556 602743 2026-05-05T09:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদী | native_name = | name_other = Swarnarekha River | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Subarnarekha.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Subarnarekha in December 2005 at Gopiballavpur [[File:সুবর্ণরেখা নদীতে সূর্যাস্তের দৃশ্য, দাঁতনের বড়া গ্রাম থেকে.jpg|thumb|Sunset in Subarnarekha river]] | map_caption = Map of the rivers and lakes in India | pushpin_map = India Odisha # India3 | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the mouth in India <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[India]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = [[Ranchi]], [[Chandil]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Ghatshila]], [[Gopiballavpur]], [[Jaleswar]]| basin_size = {{convert|18951|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=wris/> | tributaries_left = Dulang River | tributaries_right = Kanchi River, [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]], Karkari River, Raru River, Garru River | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদী''' {{en| Subarnarekha River}}<ref name="cgwb">{{cite web|title=Report on National Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan Parts of Ranchi, Khunti and Lohardagga Districts, Jharkhand|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Jharkhand/Khunti_lohar.pdf|publisher=Central Ground Water Board|location=[[Ranchi]]|page=8}}</ref> [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[ঝাৰখণ্ড]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ]] আৰু [[ওড়িশা]] ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰে বৈ গৈছে। [[File:সুবর্ণরেখা নদীতে সূর্যাস্তের দৃশ্য, দাঁতনের বড়া গ্রাম থেকে.jpg|thumb|সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদীত সূৰ্যাস্ত]] ==ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান== এই নামটো দুটা শব্দৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ: "সুবৰ্ণ" অৰ্থাৎ সোণ আৰু "ৰেখা" অৰ্থাৎ ভাৰতীয় ভাষাত ৰেখা বা আচ (line)।<ref name="midnapore">{{cite web |title=Rivers in Medinipur District |url=http://www.midnapore.in/river/medinipur_rivers_subarnarekha.html |access-date=2010-04-24 |publisher=midnapore.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Next weekend you can be at ... Galudih |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/calcutta/story_4682404.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501051535/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/calcutta/story_4682404.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2005 |access-date=2010-04-24 |publisher=The Telegraph, 1 May 2005}}</ref> পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি ৰাঁচীৰ ওচৰৰ পিস্কা নামৰ এখন গাঁৱত নদীখনৰ উৎপত্তিস্থলৰ ওচৰত সোণ খনন কৰা হৈছিল, সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম সুবৰ্ণৰেখা বা "সোণৰ ৰেখা" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/geography-and-history/swarna-rekha.html |title = Swarna Rekha in Jharkhand |publisher = mapsofindia |access-date = 2010-04-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091103011348/http://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/geography-and-history/swarna-rekha.html |archive-date = 2009-11-03 }}</ref><ref name="Subarnarekha River">{{cite web |url = http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/river-subarna.htm |title = Subarnarekha River |publisher = rainwaterharvesting |access-date = 2010-04-24 |archivedate = 2010-05-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100510193559/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/river-subarna.htm |deadurl = yes }}</ref> কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি নদীৰ তলত সোণৰ লেখ-জোখ পোৱা গৈছিল। এতিয়াও মানুহে ইয়াৰ বালিচহীয়া তলত সোণৰ কণিকাৰ লেখ-জোখৰ সন্ধান কৰে। ==ধাৰা== [[File:Subarnarekha_river_in_Ghatshila,_Jharkhand.jpg|thumb| ঝাৰখণ্ডৰ ঘাটশিলাৰ সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদী]] ঝাৰখণ্ডৰ ৰাজধানী ৰাঞ্চিৰ ওচৰত পিস্কা/নগ্ৰীৰ ওচৰত উৎপত্তি হোৱাৰ পিছত<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/basin%20maps/SubernarekhA.htm |title =Hydrology and Water Resources Information System - Subernarekha Basin |access-date =2010-04-26 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name=system>{{cite web|url =http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/WaterResources/RiverSystemNBasinPlanning.pdf | title = River System & Basin Planning |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref> সুবৰ্ণৰেখাই ৰাজ্যখনৰ ৰাচী, <ref>{{cite web|url =http://ranchi.nic.in/| title = Ranchi district|publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref> ছেৰাইকেলা খাৰছাৱন,<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.seraikela.nic.in | title = Seraikela Kharswan|publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref> আৰু পূব সিংভূম<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jamshedpur.nic.in/ |title = East Singhbhum |publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 |archivedate = 2018-08-05 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180805061100/http://www.jamshedpur.nic.in/ |deadurl = yes }}</ref> জিলাৰ মাজেৰে বহু দূৰত্ব অতিক্ৰম কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত পশ্চিম বংগৰ পাছিম মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাৰ মাজেৰে ৮৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫২ মাইল) আৰু ওড়িশাৰ বালাচৌৰ জিলাৰ মাজেৰে কম দূৰত্বত বৈ যায়। তাতে ই ৭৯ কিলোমিটাৰ (৪৯ মাইল) বৈ গৈ তালছাৰীৰ ওচৰত বংগোপসাগৰৰ লগত মিলি যায়। নদীখনৰ মুঠ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৩৯৫ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৪৫ মাইল)।<ref name=wris>{{cite web | title = Subarnarekha | publisher = Water Resources Information System of India| url =http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Subarnarekha| access-date = 2014-04-03}} </ref> ভাৰতৰ প্ৰায়বোৰ বহুৰাজ্যিক নদী অৱবাহিকাতকৈ সুবৰ্ণৰেখাৰ অৱবাহিকা সৰু। বৰষুণৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত নদীখনৰ নিষ্কাশন এলেকা ১৮,৯৫১ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ (৭,৩১৭ বৰ্গমাইল)<ref name=wris/> ===উপনৈসমূহ=== সুবৰ্ণৰেখাৰ প্ৰধান উপনৈসমূহ হ'ল খাৰকাই, ৰ'ৰো, কাঞ্চি, হাৰমু নদী, ডামৰা, কাৰু, চিংগুৰু, কাৰকাৰী, গুৰমা, গৰা, চিংডুবা, কোডিয়া, দুলুংগা, আৰু খাইজোৰী।<ref name=system/> জামছেদপুৰৰ এটা অঞ্চল সোণাৰি (দোমোহনী)ত খাৰকাই সুবৰ্ণৰেখাৰ লগত মিলি যায়।<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kharkai-River-73538.htm | title = Kharkai River |publisher = india9 |access-date = 2010-04-25 }}</ref> [[File:Fishing at Subarnarekha river near Domohani (River meets).jpg|thumb|ডোমোহনীৰ ওচৰৰ সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদীত (সুবৰ্ণৰেখা আৰু খাৰখাইৰ সংগমস্থলী) মাছ ধৰা।]] ===হুণ্ড্ৰু জলপ্ৰপাত=== [[File:Hundru falls.JPG|thumb|হুণ্ড্ৰু জলপ্ৰপাত]] ৯৮ মিটাৰ (৩২২ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পৰা ডুব যোৱা সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদীৰ পাৰত হুণ্ড্ৰু জলপ্ৰপাত গঠন হয়। ইমান উচ্চতাৰ পৰা পানী সৰি পৰা দৃশ্যটো এক দৃষ্টিনন্দন দৃশ্য। অবিৰতভাৱে সৰি পৰা পানীয়ে মাটি খহনীয়াৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হোৱা বৈচিত্ৰময় শিলৰ গঠনে এই ঠাইখনৰ সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/ranchi/tourism/hundru-falls.html | title = Hundru Falls Ranchi |publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/07/28/stories/2003072800130300.htm | title = The other side of this industrial city |publisher = The Hindu Business Line, 28 July 2003 |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref><ref name=admin>{{cite web |url = http://ranchi.nic.in/waterfalls.htm |title = Hundru Falla |publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100124204713/http://ranchi.nic.in/waterfalls.htm |archive-date = 2010-01-24 |url-status = dead }}</ref> ===প্ৰদূষণ=== সুবৰ্ণৰেখা তাম আৰু ইউৰেনিয়াম অক্সাইডৰ ব্যাপক খনন হোৱা অঞ্চলৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ যায়। অপৰিকল্পিত খনন কাৰ্য্যৰ ফলত নদীখন প্ৰদূষিত হয়। ছোটানাগপুৰ অঞ্চলত বসবাস কৰা জনজাতি জনগোষ্ঠীৰ জীৱন ৰেখা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে সুবৰ্ণৰেখা আৰু জল প্ৰদূষণে তেওঁলোকৰ জীৱিকাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰভাৱ পেলায়। ই মুৰিৰ এলুমিনিয়াম কাৰখানাৰ পৰা অধিক প্ৰদূষক লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name="Subarnarekha River"/> ===বানপানী=== সুবৰ্ণৰেখাৰ তলৰ অংশৰ কেইবাটাও অঞ্চল বিশেষকৈ ওড়িশা আৰু পশ্চিম বংগৰ উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল বান বিপদজনক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত আছে। ওড়িশাৰ সুবৰ্ণৰেখাই ২০০৭ চনত পূৰ্বৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বানপানীৰ স্তৰ (HFL) ১২.২ মিটাৰ (৪০ ফুট) অতিক্ৰম কৰি ১৯৯৭ চনৰ পূৰ্বৰ অভিলেখ অতিক্ৰম কৰিছিল।২০০৯ চনত নদীখনৰ ওপৰৰ জলাশয় অঞ্চলত হোৱা প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ পিছত সুবৰ্ণৰেখাত ক্ষন্তেকীয়া বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.incois.gov.in/documents/isprs_presentations2009/Day3/Session%20II/Amit%20Bhattacharya.pdf |title = Generation of a Coastal Flood Hazard Zonation Map of Midnapur-Balasore Coast in Eastern India using Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques |publisher = Department of Geology and Geophysics Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302 |access-date = 2010-04-25 |archivedate = 2011-07-16 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085525/http://www.incois.gov.in/documents/isprs_presentations2009/Day3/Session%20II/Amit%20Bhattacharya.pdf |deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Flood/HistoricFloods.jsp |title = Flood |publisher = NRSC Decision Support Centre |access-date = 2010-04-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100224104422/http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Flood/HistoricFloods.jsp |archive-date = 2010-02-24 |url-status = dead |archivedate = 2010-02-24 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100224104422/http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Flood/HistoricFloods.jsp |deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/864|title = Subarnarekha, Jalaka flowing above red mark|publisher = India Environment Portal|access-date = 2010-04-25|archivedate = 2010-10-17|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101017234906/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/864|deadurl = yes}}</ref> বানপানীৰ সময়ত জলেশ্বৰ, ভোগৰাই আৰু বালিয়াপাল ব্লকৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আৰু ওড়িশাৰ বালাসোৰ জিলাৰ বাস্তা ব্লকৰ এটা সৰু পকেট ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url = http://baleswar.nic.in/dist_glance.htm|title = Subarnarekha river|publisher = Balasore district administration|access-date = 2010-04-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090822071811/http://baleswar.nic.in/dist_glance.htm|archive-date = 2009-08-22|url-status = dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম বংগৰ মেদিনীপুৰৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলো বানপানীৰ ফলত ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছে।<ref name=midnapore/> == প্ৰকল্পসমূহ == [[File:Getalsud Dam.jpg|240px|thumb|গেটালছুদ জলাধাৰত সূৰ্যাস্ত]] === গেটালছুদ === সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদীৰ ওপৰত গেটালছুদ জলাধাৰ অৱস্থিত। ই ৰাঞ্চীৰ পৰা ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে আৰু নদীখনৰ উৎপত্তি স্থলৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫০ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত। ১৯৭১ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই বহুমুখী জলাধাৰটো মূলতঃ ৰাঞ্চী চহৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া উদ্যোগিক অঞ্চলৰ পানীৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা পূৰণৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। বান্ধটোৰ উচ্চতা ৩৫.৫ মিটাৰ। চিকিদিৰিত দুটা শক্তিগৃহ আছে যাৰ প্ৰতিটোৰে ক্ষমতা ৬৫ মেগাৱাট। চিকিদিৰি জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্পসমূহ ঝাৰখণ্ডৰ একমাত্ৰ জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্প।<ref name=system/> === সুবৰ্ণৰেখা বহুমুখী প্ৰকল্প === সুবৰ্ণৰেখা বহুমুখী প্ৰকল্পৰ অধীনত সুবৰ্ণৰেখাৰ ওপৰত চাণ্ডিলত আৰু খাৰকাই নদীৰ ওপৰত চাইবাচাৰ ওচৰৰ ইচাত দুটা বান্ধ নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও গালুদিহত সুবৰ্ণৰেখাৰ ওপৰত আৰু আদিত্যপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ গাঞ্জিয়াত খাৰকাইৰ ওপৰত দুখন বেৰেজ আৰু এইবোৰৰ পৰা এটা খালৰ নেটৱৰ্ক নিৰ্মাণৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হৈছিল। ওড়িশাত তিনিটা সৰু সংৰক্ষণ জলাধাৰ আৰু এটা খালৰ নেটৱৰ্ক আছে। ১৯৮২-৮৩ চনত আৰম্ভ হোৱা এই বহুমুখী প্ৰকল্পটো জলসিঞ্চন, জলবিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদন আৰু পানী যোগানৰ বাবে পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল। চাণ্ডিল বান্ধ আৰু গালুদিহ বেৰেজৰ কাম প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে অন্যান্য অংশসমূহ এতিয়াও অসম্পূৰ্ণ হৈ আছে।<ref name=system/><ref>{{cite journal|jstor = 4400253 | title = Subarnarekha Project – Singhbhum's Sorrow | volume=28 |pages=2194–2196| last1 = Chadha | first1 = Ashish | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | year = 1993 | issue = 41 }}</ref> সুবৰ্ণৰেখা বেৰেজ প্ৰকল্পৰ (পশ্চিমবংগ) অধীনত পশ্চিমবংগৰ মেদিনীপুৰ জিলাত বছৰি ১,১৪,১৯৮ হেক্টৰ মাটিত জলসিঞ্চনৰ বাবে ভোছৰাঘাটৰ ওচৰত এখন বেৰেজ নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৯৫-৯৬ চনত এই প্ৰকল্পটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য হাতত লোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=33636 | title = Subarnarekha Project |publisher = Press Information Bureau |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref> [[File:Chandil Dam.JPG|thumb|left|সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা চাণ্ডিল বান্ধ]] চাণ্ডিল বান্ধ আৰু জলাধাৰৰ বাবে ১৭,০২৮ হেক্টৰ ভূমিৰ প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। ইচা বান্ধৰ ফলত ঝাৰখণ্ডৰ ৮,৫৮৫ হেক্টৰ আৰু ওড়িশাৰ ৪,৪১৫ হেক্টৰ ভূমি জলমগ্ন হৈছে। গাঞ্জিয়া বেৰেজৰ বাবে ২৬৬ হেক্টৰ আৰু গালুদিহ বেৰেজৰ বাবে ১৮০ হেক্টৰ ভূমিৰ প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। ১৯৭৫ চনত প্ৰকল্পটো আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পৰাই ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰতিবাদ চলিছিল আৰু ১৯৭৮ চনত নিৰ্মাণস্থলীত প্ৰায় ১০,০০০ লোকে বান্ধটোৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিক্ষোভ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.adb.org/water/topics/dams/pdf/tr12main.pdf |title = Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities |publisher = World Commission on Dams |access-date = 2010-04-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014500/http://www.adb.org/water/topics/dams/pdf/tr12main.pdf |archive-date = 2011-06-07 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf |title = DAMS, DISPLACEMENT, POLICY AND LAW IN INDIA |access-date = 2010-04-24 |archivedate = 2010-03-05 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305083734/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf |deadurl = yes }}</ref> প্ৰতিবাদকাৰীসকলৰ সমস্যা সমাধানৰ বাবে চৰকাৰে ১২,০০০ পৰিয়ালৰ বাবে ক্ষতিপূৰণ পেকেজ বৃদ্ধি কৰে আৰু ২,২০০ লোকে চৰকাৰী বিভাগত চাকৰি লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030117/asp/ranchi/story_1581497.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114154/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030117/asp/ranchi/story_1581497.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2015|title=The Telegraph - Ranchi|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> বৰ্তমান চাণ্ডিল বান্ধ, ইচা বান্ধ আৰু গালুদিহ বেৰেজৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছে। এই বান্ধটো ঝাৰখণ্ডৰ অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্যটনস্থলী। চাণ্ডিল বান্ধৰ ওচৰতে থকা সংগ্ৰহালয়টোত শিলালিপি আছে যিবোৰ প্ৰায় ২,০০০ বছৰ পুৰণি। == সুবৰ্ণৰেখা বন্দৰ == [[File:Dassam fall, ranchi.jpg|thumb|সুবৰ্ণৰেখাৰ সৈতে লগ হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে কাঞ্চী নদীৰ ওপৰত দছম জলপ্ৰপাত]] ওড়িশা চৰকাৰে সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদীৰ মুখত থকা কীৰ্তনীয়াত এটা গভীৰ সাগৰীয়, সকলো বতৰতে উপযোগী বন্দৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ বাবে চেন্নাইস্থিত 'ক্ৰিয়েটিভ পৰ্ট ডেভেলপমেণ্ট প্ৰাইভেট লিমিটেড'ৰ সৈতে এক বুজাবুজিৰ চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছে। কীৰ্তনীয়া বন্দৰ প্ৰকল্পটো ৫০ বছৰীয়া 'নিৰ্মাণ, স্বত্বাধিকাৰী, পৰিচালনা, অংশীদাৰিত্ব আৰু হস্তান্তৰ' (boost) ভিত্তিত গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছে। এই উন্নয়নমূলক কাম-কাজৰ ভিতৰত বন্দৰটোৰ পৰা ৫ নম্বৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথলৈ এক সমৰ্পিত ৰেল তথা পথ সংযোগ আৰু জ্লেশ্বৰত ৰেল নেটৱৰ্কৰ ব্যৱস্থা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |title = Govt sign MOU to set up port in river Subarnarekha at Kirtania |access-date = 2010-04-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725020726/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |archive-date = 2011-07-25 |archivedate = 2011-07-25 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725020726/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ltramboll.com/portspg.htm |title = DEVELOPMENT OF PORT AT SUBARNAREKHA |access-date = 2010-04-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100310134704/http://www.ltramboll.com/portspg.htm |archive-date = 2010-03-10 }}</ref> শেহতীয়াকৈ এই প্ৰকল্পটোক সুবৰ্ণৰেখা বন্দৰ হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে। ২০১৯ চনত ইয়াৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="thehindu-1">{{cite web |title=Foundation stone laid for Subarnarekha port in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/foundation-stone-laid-for-subarnarekha-port-in-odisha/article26262854.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=12 February 2020 |language=en-IN |date=14 February 2019}}</ref> == চলচ্চিত্ৰ == [[ঋত্বিক ঘটক]]ৰ পৰিচালনাত ১৯৬৫ চনত ''সুবৰ্ণৰেখা'' নামৰ এখন বঙালী চলচ্চিত্ৰ মুক্তি পাইছিল। ঘটকৰ চিনেমাৰ কাহিনীসমূহত ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বঙ্গ বিভাজনৰ কৰুণ স্মৃতিৰ গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়। ''সুবৰ্ণৰেখা'' চিনেমাখনত ঘটকে "ঘৰৰ ধাৰণাটোক এক আৱেগিক স্থান হিচাপে চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে, যি সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদীৰ দূৰৈৰ বিপৰীত পাৰটোৰ দৰেই এক প্ৰতীকী আৰু অপ্ৰাপ্য স্থানক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।"<ref>{{cite web |url = http://alsolikelife.com/shooting/2010/02/997-133-subarnarekha-the-golden-thread-1965-ritwik-ghatak/ |title = Subarnarekha – the Golden Thread, 1965, Ritwik Ghatak |publisher = Shooting Down Pictures. |access-date = 2010-04-24 |archivedate = 2010-02-23 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100223080555/http://alsolikelife.com/shooting/2010/02/997-133-subarnarekha-the-golden-thread-1965-ritwik-ghatak/ |deadurl = yes }}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:নদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ নদী]] fpnv36dfq0q4bjrj8pry5bseoexv6le 0 129019 604449 563495 2026-05-04T17:07:14Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox high court | image = Mumbai 03-2016 41 Bombay High Court.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = | established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1862|08|14}} | jurisdiction = {{ubli|[[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | [[গোৱা]] | [[দাদৰা আৰু নগৰ হাভেলী আৰু দমন আৰু দিউ]]}} | location = {{ubli|প্ৰধান আসন: [[মুম্বাই]], [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]| চাৰ্কিট বিচাৰপীঠ: [[নাগপুৰ]], ঔৰংগাবাদ, পৰভোৰিম, কোলহাপুৰ}} | coordinates = {{coord|18|55|52.26|N|72|49|49.66|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title,inline}} | type = [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি|ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয়ে]] [[ভাৰতৰ মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ]] আৰু সংশ্লিষ্ট ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজ্যপালৰ পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সন্মতি মৰ্মে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। | authority = [[ভাৰতৰ সংবিধান]] | terms = ৬২ বছৰ বয়সত বাধ্যতামূলক অৱসৰ | positions = ৯৪ <br /> (৭১ গৰাকী স্থায়ী, ২৩ গৰাকী অতিৰিক্ত) | website = {{Official website|www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in}} | chiefjudgetitle = [[মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ]] | chiefjudgename = শ্ৰী চন্দ্ৰশেখৰ | termstart = ৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০২৫ | termend = }} '''বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়''' হৈছে [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] আৰু [[গোৱা]] ৰাজ্য আৰু [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল]] দাদৰা আৰু নগৰ হাভেলী আৰু দমন আৰু দিউৰ উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়। ই প্ৰধানকৈ [[মুম্বাই]]ত অৱস্থিত ([[বম্বে]] বুলিও জনা যায়), আৰু ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম পুৰণি উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়।<ref name="History of Bombay HC">{{cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php|title=History of Bombay HC|publisher=Bombay High Court|access-date=18 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020125511/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php|archive-date=20 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নাগপুৰ, ঔৰংগাবাদ আৰু কলহাপুৰ আৰু গোৱাৰ পৰ্ৱৰিমত উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ৰ চাৰ্কিট বেঞ্চ আছে।<ref name="History of Bombay HC"/> স্বাধীন ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ, এটৰ্নী জেনেৰেল আৰু ছলিচিটৰ জেনেৰেল এই আদালতৰ আছিল। ভাৰত স্বাধীন হোৱাৰ পিছৰে পৰা এই আদালতৰ পৰা ২২ জন ন্যায়াধীশক উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়লৈ উন্নীত কৰা হৈছে আৰু ৮ জনক ভাৰতৰ মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশৰ পদত নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছে।<ref name="UPA is committed to improving justice delivery system, says Manmohan at Bombay HC">{{cite news|title=UPA is committed to improving justice delivery system, says Manmohan at Mumbai HC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3790506.ece|access-date=18 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825233900/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3790506.ece|archive-date=25 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> আদালতৰ আপীলৰ অধিকাৰক্ষেত্ৰৰ উপৰিও মূল অধিকাৰ আছে। এই আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপীল কেৱল ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ হাতত। বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ত ৯৪ জন ন্যায়াধীশৰ অনুমোদিত শক্তি আছে (৭১ জন স্থায়ী, ২৩ জন অতিৰিক্ত)।<ref name="judge list">{{Cite web |url=https://doj.gov.in/list-of-high-court-judges/ |title=List of High Court Judges: Bombay High Court |publisher=Ministry of Law & Justice |access-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207142730/https://doj.gov.in/list-of-high-court-judges/ |archive-date=7 February 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Approved Judge Strength: 94 [Pmt.: 71 Addl.: 23]}}<!--pdf also archived, but prefer to link to pages with metadata for verifiability--></ref> ২০১৮ চনত [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱা মুম্বাইৰ ভিক্টোৰিয়ান আৰু আৰ্ট ডেকো এনচেম্বলৰ অংশ এই ভৱনটো। ২০২৫ চনৰ হিচাপত বৰ্তমান আদালতত কৰ্মচাৰীৰ সংখ্যা কম, মাত্ৰ ৫২ জন স্থায়ী আৰু ১৬ জন অতিৰিক্ত ন্যায়াধীশ।<ref name="judge list"/> ==ইতিহাস আৰু স্থান== [[File:KITLV 92013 - Unknown - Department of Public Works at Bombay in India - Around 1860.tif|thumb|upright=1.4|১৮৬০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়]] [[File:Mumbai 03-2016 40 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, দুৰ্গ, মুম্বাই]] ১৮৬২ চনৰ ১৪ আগষ্টত ভাৰতীয় উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় আইন ১৮৬১ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰদান কৰা ক্ষমতাৰ অধীনত ১৮৬২ চনৰ ২৬ জুনত জাৰি কৰা ৰাণী ভিক্টোৰিয়াৰ লেটাৰ পেটেণ্টৰ দ্বাৰা বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় উদ্বোধন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php |title=History: The Bombay High Court |publisher=High Court of Bombay |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref> ই ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি চহৰত স্থাপিত তিনিখন উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম আছিল, বাকীবোৰ আছিল কলিকতা (বংগ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ ৰাজধানী) আৰু মাদ্ৰাজ। বৰ্তমানৰ উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ৰ ভৱনটোৰ কাম ১৮৭১ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু ১৮৭৮ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ডিজাইন ব্ৰিটিছ অভিযন্তা কৰ্ণেল জেমছ এ ফুলাৰে। ই আৰম্ভণিৰ ইংৰাজী শৈলীৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেলৰ ভৱন। ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৫৬২ ফুট (১৭১ মিটাৰ) আৰু বহল ১৮৭ ফুট (৫৭ মিটাৰ)। পশ্চিমে কেন্দ্ৰীয় টাৱাৰটোৰ দুয়োফালে দুটা অষ্টভুজ টাৱাৰ আছে। ন্যায় আৰু দয়াৰ মূৰ্তিয়ে অট্টালিকাটোৰ মুকুট পিন্ধাইছে। ১৮৭৯ চনৰ ১০ জানুৱাৰীত এই অট্টালিকাটোত প্ৰথম বৈঠক অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। ন্যায়াধীশ এম.চি.চাগলা স্বাধীনতাৰ পিছত (১৯৪৮–১৯৫৮) বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ৰ প্ৰথম ভাৰতীয় স্থায়ী মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ আছিল। ২০১৬ চনত ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল যে বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় বান্দ্ৰা কুৰলা কমপ্লেক্সলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হ’ব। ভৱনটোৰ ১২৫ বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তীত স্থানীয় ইতিহাসবিদ ৰাহুল মেহৰোত্ৰা আৰু শাৰদা দ্বিবেদীয়ে লিখা "বম্বে হাইকোৰ্ট: দ্য ষ্ট'ৰী অৱ দ্য বিল্ডিং – ১৮৭৮–২০০৩" শীৰ্ষক বাৰ এছ'চিয়েচনৰ কমিচনত এখন গ্ৰন্থ মুকলি কৰা হয়। ==আদালতৰ নাম== যদিও ১৯৯৫ চনত চহৰখনৰ নাম বোম্বাইৰ পৰা মুম্বাইলৈ সলনি কৰা হৈছিল, তথাপিও প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে আদালতে তেনে নকৰি বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় নামটো ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। কিন্তু ২০১৬ চনৰ ৫ জুলাইত কেন্দ্ৰীয় কেবিনেটে বিধেয়ক<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/HC%20(Alteration%20of%20Names)/High%20Courts%20(Alteration%20of%20names)%20bill.pdf |title=High Court Alteration of Names Bill, 2016 |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820135343/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/HC%20(Alteration%20of%20Names)/High%20Courts%20(Alteration%20of%20names)%20bill.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=live |archivedate=20 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820135343/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/HC%20(Alteration%20of%20Names)/High%20Courts%20(Alteration%20of%20names)%20bill.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> অনুমোদন কৰে যাৰ নাম সলনি কৰি মুম্বাই উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, আৰু লগতে কলকাতা উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় আৰু মাদ্ৰাজ উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ৰ নাম ক্ৰমে কলকাতা উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় আৰু চেন্নাই উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়লৈ সলনি কৰা হয়। কিন্তু এই বিধেয়কসমূহ বৰ্তমান ভাৰতৰ সংসদৰ সন্মুখত অনুমোদনৰ বাবে বাকী আছে আৰু কিছুদিনৰ বাবে কাৰ্যকৰী নহ’বও পাৰে।<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/cabinet-renames-bombay-madras-calcutta-high-courts-kolkata-mumbai-chennai/ |title=Change of the name of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta HC |date=5 July 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101110815/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/cabinet-renames-bombay-madras-calcutta-high-courts-kolkata-mumbai-chennai/ |archive-date=1 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/names-of-calcutta-madras-bombay-hcs-may-not-change-in-near-future-govt/ | title=Names of Calcutta, Madras, Bombay HCs may not change in near future: Govt | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133724/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/names-of-calcutta-madras-bombay-hcs-may-not-change-in-near-future-govt/ |archivedate=26 December 2018 | newspaper=Indian Express | date=14 December 2016 | accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰত]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] e13v1b2xsas6fypn1ho0hjwofth3jnw 0 129393 604426 564484 2026-05-04T16:12:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মৃগেন শৰ্মা | native_name= | native_name_lang = as | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1970|9|10}} | birth_place = গন্ধিয়া, [[নলবাৰী জিলা]], [[অসম]] | nationality = [[ভাৰতীয়]] | occupation = লেখক, কবি, সাংবাদিক, শিল্পী, সমাজসেৱী | language = [[অসমীয়া]] | education = স্নাতক | alma_mater = কামৰূপ মহাবিদ্যালয়, চামতা | notable_works = অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ সম্ভাৰ; পুৰণি অসমৰ কাৰিকৰী শিল্প ইতিহাস | awards = হৰিপ্ৰসাদ মিশ্ৰ সোঁৱৰণী বঁটা }} '''মৃগেন শৰ্মা''' (ইংৰাজী: ''Mrigen Sarma''; জন্ম: ১০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭০) এগৰাকী অসমীয়া লেখক, কবি, সাংবাদিক, শিল্পী আৰু সমাজসেৱী। তেওঁ বিশেষকৈ [[অসমীয়া সাহিত্য]], অসমীয়া ভাষা-সাহিত্য আৰু অসমৰ লোক-সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক তথ্যমূলক আৰু ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক নিবন্ধৰ লেখক হিচাপে পৰিচিত। তথ্যমূলক নিবন্ধৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে তেওঁ ২০১০ চনত '''হৰিপ্ৰসাদ মিশ্ৰ সোঁৱৰণী বঁটা''' লাভ কৰে।<ref name="FacebookPost">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D1VU4zbUy/|title=Post shared on Facebook|website=Facebook|publisher=Meta Platforms, Inc.|access-date=13 December 2025|language=as }}</ref> == জন্ম আৰু পৰিয়াল == মৃগেন শৰ্মাৰ জন্ম ১৯৭০ চনৰ ১০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ তাৰিখে অসম ৰাজ্যৰ [[নলবাৰী জিলা]]ৰ গন্ধিয়া গাঁৱত হয়। তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ নাম জীতেন শৰ্মা আৰু মাতৃ নাম স্বৰ্ণলতা দেৱী। ২০০৯ চনত তেওঁ নলবাৰী জিলাৰ বৰকুৰিহাৰ অতুল শৰ্মা আৰু ৰীণা দেৱীৰ কন্যা দীপিকা দেৱীক বিয়া কৰায়। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তানৰ নাম প্ৰজ্ঞান শৰ্মা। == শিক্ষা == শৰ্মাই গন্ধিয়া মজলীয়া বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষা জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু গন্ধিয়া উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা প্ৰৱেশিকা পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ চামতা উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা পি.ইউ. পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ কামৰূপ মহাবিদ্যালয়, চামতাৰপৰা ১৯৯৪ চনত স্নাতক (বি.এ.) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ এম.এ.ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে যদিও কৰ্ম সংস্থানৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিব লগা হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ শিক্ষা আধাতে সমাপ্ত কৰিব লগা হয়। == কৰ্মজীৱন == মৃগেন শৰ্মাই ১৯৯৬ চনত গুৱাহাটীৰ সূৰুয নগৰত অৱস্থিত '''ৰহস্য''' নামৰ মাহেকীয়া আলোচনীত কৰ্মজীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলে। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ গুৱাহাটীৰ আৰ্য বিদ্যাপীঠ মহাবিদ্যালয় (স্বায়ত্তশাসিত)ত নিযুক্ত হয়। == সাহিত্যিক আৰু সাংবাদিক জীৱন == শৰ্মাই ছাত্ৰ অৱস্থাতেই সাহিত্য চৰ্চা আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯৮৯ চনত গন্ধিয়া বালক সন্মিলনৰ মুখপাত্ৰ ''বালক-বন্ধু''ত প্ৰকাশিত ''শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ'' শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটোৱেই তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি। তাৰ পাছৰপৰা তেওঁ অসমীয়া দৈনিক, সাপ্তাহিক আৰু মাহেকীয়া আলোচনীত নিয়মিতভাৱে কবিতা, গল্প আৰু বিশেষকৈ তথ্যমূলক নিবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰি আহিছে। == সাহিত্যিক বিষয়-বস্তু == * অসমীয়া সাহিত্য * অসমীয়া ভাষা-সাহিত্য * অসমৰ লোক-সংস্কৃতি == প্ৰকাশিত গ্ৰন্থ == # ''অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ সম্ভাৰ'' (২০০৮) — অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agnee.tezu.ernet.in:8999/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=47855 |title=Library catalogue entry for works by Mrigen Sarma |website=Tezpur University Library (KOHA OPAC) |publisher=Tezpur University |access-date=14 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book-author/mrigen+sarma/ |title=Books by Mrigen Sarma |website=Exotic India Art |publisher=Exotic India Art Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=14 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.451773 |title=অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ সম্ভাৰ |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Digital Library of India |access-date=14 December 2025 |language=as}}</ref> # ''উত্তৰ-পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ জনজাতি'' (২০১৪) — চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ # ''অসমৰ উৎসৱ-পাৰ্বণৰ সৌৰভ'' (২০২১) — জাগৰণ সাহিত্য প্ৰকাশন # ''পুৰণি অসমৰ কাৰিকৰী শিল্প ইতিহাস'' (২০২২) — জাগৰণ সাহিত্য প্ৰকাশন<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scientiabooks.in/product/purani-asomar-karikaree-shilpetihash-written-by-mrigen-sarma/ |title=পুৰণি অসমৰ কাৰিকৰী শিল্প ইতিহাস |website=Scientia Books |publisher=Scientia Books |access-date=14 December 2025 |language=as }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # ''ৰজা মলয়সেন'' (২০২৪, সাধুকথা) — অসম শিশু সাহিত্য ন্যাস == সাহিত্যিক মূল্যায়ন == মৃগেন শৰ্মাৰ লেখনীসমূহত তথ্যভিত্তিক গৱেষণা, ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু সহজ ভাষাশৈলীৰ সমন্বয় দেখা যায়। অসমীয়া লোক-সংস্কৃতি, পৰম্পৰা, শিল্পকলাৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সামাজিক পৰিৱৰ্তন তেওঁৰ ৰচনাৰ মুখ্য বিষয়। বিশেষকৈ অসমৰ প্ৰাচীন কাৰিকৰী শিল্প আৰু উৎসৱ-পাৰ্বণ সম্পৰ্কে কৰা অধ্যয়নে পাঠক আৰু গৱেষকৰ মাজত সমাদৰ লাভ কৰিছে। তথ্য সংৰক্ষণ আৰু জনসচেতনতা বৃদ্ধিত তেওঁৰ সাহিত্যিক অৱদান উল্লেখযোগ্য বুলি ধৰা হয়। == কৃতিত্ব == মৃগেন শৰ্মাৰ '''অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ সম্ভাৰ''' গ্ৰন্থখন 'গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'ৰ স্নতোকত্তৰ পৰ্যায়ত অসমীয়া বিষয়ত পাঠ্যপুথি হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও '''পুৰণি অসমৰ কাৰিকৰী শিল্প ইতিহাস''' গ্ৰন্থখন গুৱাহাটীৰ আৰ্য বিদ্যাপীঠ মহাবিদ্যালয় (স্বায়ত্তশাসিত)ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰমত পাঠ্যপুথি হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। == বঁটা আৰু সন্মান == * হৰিপ্ৰসাদ মিশ্ৰ সোঁৱৰণী বঁটা (২০১০) * কবি কল্পদ্ৰুম বঁটা (২০০০) * শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কবিতা বঁটা (২০১৫) * বাৰ্তাপখিলী অনলাইন সাহিত্য প্ৰতিযোগিতা বঁটা (২০২২) ==সামাজিক কৰ্ম== # গন্ধিয়া শাখা সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰাক্তন সহকাৰী সম্পাদক (১৯৮৯-১৯৯৩ চন) # পশ্চিম নলবাৰী লেখক সভাৰ প্ৰাক্তন সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক # ‘আজি পুৱা ক্লাৱ’ গন্ধিয়া, নলবাৰীৰ প্ৰাক্তন সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক(১৯৯৮-৯৯চন) # নতুন সাহিত্য পৰিষদ,গন্ধিয়া (নলবাৰী) শাখাৰ প্ৰাক্তন সভপতি ২০০৪-২০০৬ চন # নলবাৰীৰ গন্ধিয়াৰ শ্ৰীশ্ৰীনৱগ্ৰহ দেৱালয়ৰ বাৰ্ষিক মহোৎসৱৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতিৰ প্ৰাক্তন সহকাৰী সম্পাদক( ২০১৯চন) # আৰ্য বিদ্যাপীঠ কলেজ কৰ্মচাৰী সন্থাৰ প্ৰাক্তন সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক # আৰ্য বিদ্যাপীঠ কলেজ কৰ্মচাৰী সন্থাৰ প্ৰাক্তন উপসভাপতি # সন্মিলীত শাখা সাহিত্য সভা, গন্ধিয়াৰ নিবন্ধ সম্পাদক # অখিল ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্য পৰিষদৰ প্ৰাক্তন নিবন্ধ সম্পাদক # গন্ধিয়া সাংস্কৃতিক সংঘৰ সম্পাদক # পশ্চিম নলবাৰী প্ৰেছ ক্লাবৰ সদস্য, চামতা ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.451773 অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ সম্ভাৰ] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নলবাৰী জিলাৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি]] 8yfdvzect4p2fmc80nvtkutnhghdvxx 0 129583 604549 601100 2026-05-05T08:12:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = সাক্ষী আগৰৱাল | birth_place = নৈনিতাল, [[উত্তৰাখণ্ড]], [[ভাৰত]] | image = Sakshi_Agarwal.jpg | caption = ২০১৮ চনত সাক্ষী আগৰৱাল | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|07|20|df=y}} | spouse = {{marriage|নবনীত মিশ্ৰ|January 3, 2025}} | occupation = {{hlist|অভিনেত্ৰী|মডেল}} | yearsactive = ২০১৩–বৰ্তমান | television = '''বিগ বস তামিল ৩''' }} '''সাক্ষী আগৰৱাল''' (জন্ম ২০ জুলাই ১৯৮৫)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actress-sakshi-agarwal-celebrated-her-33rd-birthday/articleshow/102008683.cms|title=Here's how actress Sakshi Agarwal celebrated her 33rd birthday|website=Times of India|date=২২ জুলাই ২০২৪}}</ref> এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। তেওঁ মূলতঃ [[তামিল]] ভাষাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে। অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে সাক্ষী আগৰৱালে এজন বিপণন পৰামৰ্শদাতা হিচাপে কৰ্মজীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খণ্ডকালীন মডেলিংৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ তেওঁ অভিনয় জগতলৈ আগবাঢ়ে। দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত তেওঁ বিভিন্ন মুখ্য আৰু সহায়ক চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি দৰ্শকৰ মনোযোগ আকৰ্ষণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।<ref>"Kaala girl Sakshi Agarwal makes Mollywood debut with Biju Menon", ''The Indian Express'' (১৯ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৭)।</ref> সাক্ষী আগৰৱাল তামিল ভাষাৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বাস্তৱধৰ্মী টেলিভিছন অনুষ্ঠান '''বিগ বচ তামিল ৩'''-ৰ এগৰাকী প্ৰতিযোগী হিচাপেও অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। == কৰ্মজীৱন == উত্তৰাখণ্ডৰ নৈনিতালত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা সাক্ষী আগৰৱালে চেন্নাইৰ গুড শেফাৰ্ড কনভেণ্টত পঢ়া-শুনা কৰে। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ চেণ্ট জোচেফ্‌ছ কলেজ অৱ ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিঙত তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তিত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে আৰু পাছলৈ জেভিয়াৰ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ মেনেজমেণ্ট এণ্ড এণ্টাৰপ্ৰেনাৰশ্বিপৰপৰা এমবিএ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁ বিপণন পৰামৰ্শদাতা হিচাপে কৰ্মজীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ২০১০ চনত টাটা কনচাল্টেন্সী ছাৰ্ভিছেছ আৰু পাছলৈ ইনফ’ছিছত কাম কৰে।<ref>[http://xime.org/uploads/archives/Batch14_20160929110528.pdf Placements 2010]. XIME.</ref> এজন বন্ধুৰ বাবে আয়োজন কৰা এটা দাতব্য ফেশ্বন শ্ব’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পাছত এজন মডেলিং নিয়োগকৰ্তাই তেওঁক বিজ্ঞাপন পৰিচালকসকলৰ সৈতে পৰিচয় কৰাই দিয়ে। তাৰ পিছত সাক্ষীয়ে ছুটীৰ দিনসমূহত বাণিজ্যিক মডেলিং কাম আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু মুদ্ৰিত মাধ্যম, দূৰদৰ্শন আৰু ফেশ্বন শ্ব’ত মডেল হিচাপে দেখা দিয়ে। তেওঁ সুৰিয়াৰ সৈতে মালাবাৰ গোল্ডৰ এটা বিজ্ঞাপনতো অভিনয় কৰে। অৱশেষত ২০১৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ইনফ’ছিছৰ চাকৰি ত্যাগ কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণভাৱে অভিনয়কেই নিজৰ পেচা হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |last=Sivakumar |first=Anushka |date=3 June 2014 |title=In love with the uncertainties |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite news |title=From IT to Sandalwood |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=13 November 2013}}</ref> চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতৰ বাবে নিজকে প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ তেওঁ ‘Jillinu Oru Kalavaram’ নামৰ এটা ভিডিঅ’ এলবামত অভিনয় কৰে, শিয়ামক ডাভাৰৰপৰা নৃত্য শিকে আৰু Ratan Thakore Theatre Groupৰ সৈতে অভিনয়ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তাৰ পাছত তেওঁ তামিল আৰু কন্নড় চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত সুযোগ বিচাৰে আৰু ২০১৩ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প্ৰথম চলচ্চিত্ৰ চুক্তিসমূহ লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy hues for Sakshi Agarwal |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Newbie Sakshi Agarwal cries casting couch? |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2013}}</ref> তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে পৰিচালক তেজস্বীৰ কন্নড় চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''Heddari''ত অভিনয় কৰে, যাৰ শ্বুটিং ২০১৩ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Techies & doctors invade silver screen in Karnataka |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2013}}</ref> যদিও তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত কাম আছিল তামিল টেলি-চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''No Parking'', তথাপি তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰঙীন পৰ্দাত দেখা যায় আতলীৰ ''Raja Rani''ত।<ref>{{cite news |title=Model on the role |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2014}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == ২০২৫ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত সাক্ষী আগৰৱালে তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনৰ প্ৰেমিক নবনীত মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে গোৱাত পৰম্পৰাগত হিন্দু বিবাহ অনুষ্ঠানত বিবাহ সম্পন্ন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sakshi-agarwal-gets-married-to-her-childhood-love-navneet-in-goa/articleshow/116914646.cms|title=Sakshi Agarwal gets married to her childhood love Navneet in Goa|website=Times of India|date=৩ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫}}</ref> == চলচ্চিত্ৰপঞ্জী == {{Pending films key}} ;অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে *অন্যথা উল্লেখ নকৰিলে সকলোবোৰ তামিল ভাষাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ। {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !বছৰ !চলচ্চিত্ৰ !চৰিত্ৰ !টোকা !সংগ্ৰহ |- | ২০১৩ || ৰাজা ৰাণী || কেপুচিনো অৰ্ডাৰ কৰা ছোৱালী || স্বীকৃতিবিহীন || |- | ২০১৪ || ছফ্টৱেৰ গাণ্ডা || নেন্সি || কানাড়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ || |- | rowspan="3" | ২০১৫ | য়ুগান || পূজা || || |- | তিৰুট্টু VCD || সাক্ষী || || |- | আধ্যন || অনামিকা || || |- | ২০১৬ || কা কা কা পো || কবিতা পুণ্যকোটি || || |- | rowspan="2" | ২০১৮ | ওৰায়িৰম কিনাক্কালল || প্ৰীতি || মালয়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰ || |- | কালা || কালাৰ বোৱাৰী || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Sakshi Agarwal who played Rajinikanth's daughter-in-law in Kaala shares photos with him |url=https://indiatoday.in |website=India Today}}</ref> |- | ২০১৯ || বিশ্বাসম || নিৰঞ্জনাৰ সহকৰ্মী || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakshi Agarwal: First time Experience ? |url=http://indiaherald.com |website=indiaherald.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" | ২০২১ | কুট্টি ষ্টৰী || মায়া || এনথ'লজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ; অংশ: Logam || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://thenewsminute.com |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Amala Paul part of upcoming Tamil anthology 'Kutti Love Story' |work=The News Minute}}</ref> |- | টেডি || ডাঃ প্ৰিয়া || অতিথি শিল্পী || |- | চিন্ডাৰেলা || ৰম্যা || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=20 October 2019 |title=Cinderella steers clears of horror cliches |url=https://deccanchronicle.com |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> |- | অৰণমনাই ৩ || হেমা || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aranmanai 3 censored with U/A certificate |url=https://indiatimes.com |website=The Times of India}}</ref> |- | ৪ ছৰী || যমুনা || এনথ'লজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ; অংশ: 2k Kannagi ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Story Tamil Movie Trailer Starring Sakshi Agarwal Released |url=https://newsbricks.com |website=News Bricks}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | ২০২৩ || নন কাডাভুল ইল্লাই || লীনা || || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Sakshi Agarwal starts dubbing for SAC's Naan Kadavul Illai |url=https://indiatimes.com |website=The Times of India}}</ref> |- | বাঘীৰা || ৰেশমা || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |title=Watch: Trailer of Prabhu Deva starrer 'Bagheera' is loaded with suspense |url=https://thenewsminute.com |website=The News Minute}}</ref> |- | 2024 || অধৰ্ম কাধাইগল || প্ৰিয়া || || <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2024 |title='Enathuyire Neeyadi' from Adharma Kadhaigal out |url=https://cinemaexpress.com |newspaper=Cinema Express}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" | 2025 | বেষ্টি || শাহীনা || মালয়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰ || <ref>{{cite web |title=ആരാണ് ബെസ്റ്റി? ഉത്തരവുമായി 'ബെസ്റ്റി' എത്തുന്നു; റിലീസ് ജനുৱരി 24ന് |url=https://manoramaonline.com |publisher=Manorama News}}</ref> |- | ৰিং ৰিং || পূজা || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Director Shakthivel's next titled Ring Ring |url=https://cinemaexpress.com |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> |- | ফায়াৰ || প্ৰিয়া || || |- | দ্য কেচ ডায়েৰী || ডাঃ ভানু প্ৰিয়া || মালয়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰ || <ref>{{cite web |title=ആക്ഷൻ ത്രില്ലർ ചിത്രം ‘ദി കേസ് ഡയറി’ ട്രെയ്‌ലർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://twentyfournews.com |publisher=24 News }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | চাৰা || চাৰা || || <ref>{{Cite news |title=“Saaraa” Movie Review |url=https://chennaivision.com |work=Chennai Vision}}</ref> |- | TBA || {{pending film|গেষ্ট : চেপ্টাৰ ২}} || TBA || নিৰ্মাণোত্তৰ পৰ্যায় ||<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 2022 |title=VFX Work of 'Guest: Chapter 2' Handled By Team From Hong Kong |url=https://outlookindia.com |magazine=Outlook India}}</ref> |- | TBA || {{pending film|দ্য নাইট}} || TBA || নিৰ্মাণোত্তৰ পৰ্যায় || <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=The Night: Cricketer R Ashwin Unveils the First Poster of Vidhu and Sakshi Agarwal Starrer Film |url=https://sportsgrindentertainment.com |website=Sports Grind Entertainment}}</ref> |- |} === মিউজিক ভিডিঅ' === {| class="wikitable" |- !বছৰ !গান !সহ-শিল্পী !সংগীত পৰিচালক !টোকা |- |২০২১ |য়ো বেবী |শ্ৰীধৰ |সন্তোষ নাৰায়ণন |নৱবৰ্ষৰ বিশেষ গান |} ;ডাবিং শিল্পী হিচাপে {| class="wikitable" |- !বছৰ !চলচ্চিত্ৰ !অভিনেত্ৰী |- | ২০১৯ || অ্যাকশ্বন || আকাঙ্ক্ষা পুৰী<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sakshi Agarwal has dubbed for Action |url=https://indiatimes.com |website=The Times of India}}</ref> |- |} == টেলিভিছন == {| class="wikitable" |+ !বছৰ !অনুষ্ঠানৰ নাম !চৰিত্ৰ !চেনেল !টোকা |- |২০১৮ |চোপ্পান্না সুন্দৰী |বিচাৰক |ছান টিভি | |- |২০১৯ |বিগ বছ ৩ |প্ৰতিযোগী |ষ্টাৰ বিজয় |৪৯ তম দিনত বিদায় লৈছিল |- |২০২২ |কান্নানা কান্নে |সাক্ষী |ছান টিভি |বিশেষ খণ্ডত অতিথি শিল্পী |- |২০২৪–বৰ্তমান |নাংগা ৰেডী নিংগা ৰেডী আহ |বিচাৰক |ছান টিভি |মাজে মাজে বিচাৰক হিচাপে |} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{IMDb name|6574241}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:তামিল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] fyeshhj4ur39z17xskyv5es1axiarrp 0 131403 604497 577343 2026-05-05T01:35:14Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | image_name = LCWU Lahore logo.PNG | name = লাহোৰ কলেজ ফৰ উইমেন ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি | native_name = {{nq|جامعہ خواتین کالج لاہور}} | motto = 'নিয়মানুৱৰ্তীতাই সফলতাৰ চাবি-কাঠি' | established = ১৯২২ | type = ৰাজহুৱা | vice_chancellor = প্ৰফেচাৰ ড° উজমা কুৰেশ্বি <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1492186|title=HED appoints VCs of two women universities|first=Imran|last=Gabol|date=July 5, 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> | city = [[লাহোৰ]] | province = পাঞ্জাব, পাকিস্তান | country = [[পাকিস্তান]] | website = {{URL|lcwu.edu.pk}} }} '''লাহোৰ কলেজ ফৰ উইমেন ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি''' (LCWU) হৈছে পাকিস্তানৰ পঞ্জাৱৰ লাহোৰত অৱস্থিত এখন ৰাজহুৱা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। ১৯২২ চনত ৬০ জন শিক্ষাৰ্থীৰ জোখাৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইখনত এতিয়া প্ৰায় ১৫,০০০ শিক্ষাৰ্থীৰ পূৰ্ণকালীন নামভৰ্তি আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ স্তৰসমূহ ইণ্টাৰমিডিয়েট, স্নাতক, স্নাতকোত্তৰ আৰু পি এইচ ডিৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীক নামভৰ্তি কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Lahore College for Women University |url=https://www.lcwu.edu.pk/about/history-excellence.html |access-date=27 January 2023 |ref=History of Lahore College for Women University}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ১৯২২ চনত ''ছাৰ গংগা ৰাম হাইস্কুল'' নামেৰে মধ্যমীয়া আৱাসিক মহাবিদ্যালয় হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা লাহোৰ কলেজ ফৰ উইমেন ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি (এল চি ডব্লিউ ইউ) প্ৰথমে লাহোৰৰ হল ৰোডত অৱস্থিত আছিল, য’ত ৬০ গৰাকী শিক্ষাৰ্থী আৰু ১৩ জন কৰ্মচাৰী আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1723328|title=‘Ganga Ram created spaces for well-rounded societies’|first=Ahsan|last=Raza|date=November 27, 2022|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915917-the-educational-hub|title=The educational hub &#124; Shehr|website=[[The News International]]}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ই জেল ৰোডত থকা বৰ্তমানৰ স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ ক্ষমতা ৬০০ গৰাকী শিক্ষাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি কৰে। একে বছৰতে এল চি ডব্লিউ ইউয়ে পঞ্জাৱ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰীত্ব কৰি ১৮টা স্নাতক কাৰ্যসূচী আগবঢ়ায়, যিবোৰ দুবছৰৰ ভিতৰত ১৪টা স্নাতক কাৰ্যসূচীলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত হয়। অধিক শৈক্ষিক সম্প্ৰসাৰণৰ ফলত ১৯৪০ চনত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ইংৰাজী শ্ৰেণী, ১৯৪৯ চনত অনাৰ্ছ শ্ৰেণী, বি. ১৯৫৫ চনত আৰু ১৯৬৬ চনত অৰ্থনীতি আৰু পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ শ্ৰেণী। ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত এই পাঠ্যক্ৰম ইছলামিক অধ্যয়ন, ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞান আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞানলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত হয়।{{cn}} ১৯৯০ চনত এল চি ডব্লিউ ইউয়ে প্ৰশাসনিক আৰু বিত্তীয় স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভ কৰে, যিয়ে এক উল্লেখযোগ্য মাইলৰ খুঁটি চিহ্নিত কৰে।<ref name="auto"/> ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ১৩ আগষ্টত ই ডিগ্ৰী প্ৰদানকাৰী প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু ২০০২ চনৰ ১০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত মহিলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়লৈ পদোন্নতি লাভ কৰে।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://beta.dawn.com/news/14713/lahore-lahore-college-to-be-women-university|title=LAHORE: Lahore College to be women university|first=Mansoor|last=Malik|date=January 13, 2002|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> সমাজ বিজ্ঞান আৰু উদাৰ কলাৰ মূল্যক স্বীকাৰ কৰি এল চি ডব্লিউ ইউয়ে এই ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ ওপৰত শক্তিশালী মনোনিৱেশ বজাই ৰাখিছে। ইংৰাজী বিভাগ, ৭০ বছৰতকৈও অধিক সময়ৰ অস্তিত্ব থকা আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি স্নাতকোত্তৰ বিভাগ। উৰ্দু, পাঞ্জাবী, ইছলামিক অধ্যয়ন, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্পৰ্ক, ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞান, সূক্ষ্ম কলা, পাকিস্তান অধ্যয়ন, গণসংযোগ, আৰু লিংগ আৰু উন্নয়নৰ অধ্যয়নকে ধৰি অন্যান্য শাখাসমূহ স্নাতক আৰু স্নাতকোত্তৰ পৰ্যায়ত উপলব্ধ।{{cn}} এল চি ডব্লিউ ইউৰ ইণ্টাৰমিডিয়েট কলেজ লাহোৰৰ মধ্যম আৰু মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা ব’ৰ্ডৰ সৈতে জড়িত, যিয়ে প্ৰদেশখনৰ মহিলা পেছাদাৰী শিক্ষাত যথেষ্ট অৰিহণা যোগাইছে।{{cn}} বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱাৰ পিছৰেপৰা এল চি ডব্লিউ ইউয়ে উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ মানদণ্ড বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছে, ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যোগসমূহৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অংশীদাৰিত্ব গঠন কৰিছে। ২০২১ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চফ্টৱেৰ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰে।{{cn}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:স্ত্ৰী শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] fsy7wd8t5k9cv5ib25coy72wpa7zh0p 0 131476 604509 599757 2026-05-05T02:26:06Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = লীনা নায়াৰ | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} | image = Leena-Nair-Chief-HR-Officer_(cropped).jpg | caption = নায়াৰ, ২০২২ চনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|06|11}} | birth_place = কোলহাপুৰ, মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ, ভাৰত | nationality = ব্ৰিটিছ<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/leena-nair |title=Leena Nair |access-date=14 July 2023 |publisher=businessoffashion.com }}</ref> | alma_mater = {{ubl|XLRI- জেভিয়াৰ স্কুল অৱ মেনেজমেণ্ট|ৱালচাণ্ড কলেজ অৱ ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং, সাংলি}} | occupation = | title = CEO, Chanel }} '''লীনা নায়াৰ''' (পূৰ্বৰ উপাধি মেনন; জন্ম ১৯৬৯) হৈছে এজন ব্ৰিটিছ-ইণ্ডিয়ান<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/french-fashion-brand-chanel-global-ceo-leena-nair-unilever-1888002-2021-12-15 |website=India Today |title=Who is Leena Nair, the new CEO of Chanel|date=15 December 2021 }}</ref> ব্যাৱসায়িক কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহী, আৰু তেওঁ হৈছে ''চানেল''ৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহী অৱস্থাপক (CEO)।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/leena-nair |title=Leena Nair |access-date=14 July 2023 |publisher=gov.uk }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-12-15|title=Chanel appoints Unilever executive Leena Nair as Global CEO|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/chanel-appoints-unilever-executive-leena-nair-as-ceo/article37957876.ece|access-date=2021-12-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> নায়াৰে পূৰ্বে ''ইউনিলিভাৰ''ৰ মুখ্য মানৱ সম্পদ বিষয়াৰ আৰু লীডাৰশ্বিপ এক্সিকিউটিভ সদস্য হিচাপে কৰ্ম কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leena Nair|url=https://www.unilever.com/our-company/our-leadership/leena-nair/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=Unilever|language=en-GB|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212101642/https://www.unilever.com/our-company/our-leadership/leena-nair/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.peoplematters.in/article/rapid-fire/rapid-fire-with-unilevers-chro-leena-nair-22016|title=Rapid Fire with Unilever's CHRO, Leena Nair|last=Pant|first=Drishti|work=people matters|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/indian-origin-leena-nair-to-join-bt-board/|title=Indian origin Leena Nair to join BT Board|last=S|first=Radhakrishna N.|date=2019-06-29|website=EasternEye|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> নায়াৰে ইউনিলিভাৰৰ মানৱ মূলধনসমূহৰ বাবে দায়িত্ব ল'ছিল, যি ১৯০খন দেশত বিবিধ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু কৰ্ম পৰিৱেশত ব্যৱহৃত। নায়াৰ হৈছে মানৱ-কেন্দ্ৰিক কৰ্মস্থান আৰু সহানুভূতিশীল নেতৃত্বৰ সমৰ্থক।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohammed |first1=Hikmat |title=Prince William Hands Chanel’s Leena Nair Honor for Services to Retail and Consumer Sector |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/prince-william-chanel-leena-nair-cbe-honour-1237912616/ |website=WWD |date=11 June 2025}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নায়াৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৯৬৯ চনৰ ১১ জুন তাৰিখে কোলহাপুৰ, [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ এটা [[হিন্দু]] মালায়ালম পৰিয়ালত। তেওঁ হলি ক্ৰছ কনভেণ্ট হাই স্কুল কোলহাপুৰৰ প্ৰথম মহিলাসমূহৰ অংশ আছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIJUgnykkOA&themeRefresh=1 |title=Leena Nair, Global CEO, Chanel |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2025-04-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref> নায়াৰ তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা আছিল, যি উচ্চ শিক্ষাত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0" /> তেওঁ বেচলৰ ডিগ্ৰী ইলেকট্ৰনিক্স আৰু টেলিকমিউনিকেচন (E&TC) ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিঙত ৱালচানু অভিযান্ত্ৰিক মহাবিদ্যালয়, সাংলি (মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ)ৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু XLRI – জেভিয়াৰ স্কুল অৱ মেনেজমেণ্টৰপৰা এমবিএ কৰিলে, য'ত তেওঁ গ'ল্ড মেডেলধাৰী হৈছিল (১৯৯০–১৯৯২)।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Prarthana |title=How Chanel's Leena Nair went from fashion outsider to CEO |url=https://fortune.com/europe/2023/08/30/chanel-ceo-leena-nair-unilever-career/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Fortune Europe |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=CEO Leena Nair Shows that Hard Work is Always in Fashion - Key Executives |url=https://www.thekeyexecutives.com/2022/08/24/ceo-leena-nair-shows-that-hard-work-is-always-in-fashion/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> গ'ল্ড মেডেলধাৰী স্বীকৃতিয়ে শীৰ্ষ ১০ ৰেংকধাৰীক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=XIMB |date=2020-03-31 |title=Academic Awards Criteria {{!}} Xavier Institute of Management |url=https://ximb.edu.in/students/academic-awards-criteria/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> জামছেদপুৰত কৰ্ম কৰাৰ লগতে তেওঁ [[কলকাতা]], অম্বাট্টুৰ ([[তামিলনাডু]]) আৰু তালোজা ([[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]])— এই তিনিটা ভিন্ন কাৰখানাতো কৰ্ম কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=As good as it gets|date=21 November 2012 |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/people-in-news-leena-nair-datawind-suneet-tuli-more/1/189918.html|publisher=business today|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> == কৰ্মজীৱন == === ইউনিলিভাৰ === নায়াৰে হিন্দুস্তান ইউনিলিভাৰ (HUL)ত গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন ইণ্টাৰ্ণ হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে আৰু ১৯৯২ চনত মেনেজমেণ্ট ট্ৰেইনী হিচাপে নিযুক্ত হয়।<ref name=":2" /><ref name="WSJ - Chanel's Unexpected CEO Is Reinventing the Company">{{Cite Q|Q121886668|access-date=2023-08-27}}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ HUL-ৰ কাৰখানাত প্ৰথম মহিলা হৈছিল, যিয়ে নিশাৰ সময়ত কৰ্ম কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0" /> নায়াৰে "দ্ৰুতগতি, ভিৰ-উৎপাদন" কোম্পানীত বিভিন্ন মেনেজৰিয়েল পদত কৰ্ম কৰিছিল, যেনে ভাৰতীয় ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ কাৰখানা মেনেজাৰ, HR লিড, সিনিয়ৰ ভাইচ প্ৰেসিডেণ্ট (SVP) লীডাৰশ্বিপ আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেশ্যন, বৈচিত্ৰ্য, সমতা, আৰু অন্তৰ্ভুক্তি (DEI)ৰ মুৰব্বী, আৰু মুখ্য মানৱ সম্পদ বিষয়াৰ।<ref name=":1" /> ২০০৭ চনত, ইউনিলিভাৰে নায়াৰক HR-ৰ কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহী ডাইৰেক্টৰ আৰু ভাইচ প্ৰেছিডেণ্ট হিচাপে নিযুক্ত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ইউনিলিভাৰ ছাউথ এছিয়া লিডাৰশ্বিপ টিম (SALT)ৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা হৈছিল।<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Leena |title=Leena Nair |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/nairleena/details/experience/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> এই পদত তেওঁ দুটা উদ্যোগৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল: পৰিৱেশন সংস্কৃতি আৰু কাৰ্যসূচী সূচনা। নায়াৰে "দুই বছৰত উৎপাদনক্ষমতাৰ স্তৰ ৩৩% বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে" আৰু "কেৰিয়াৰ বাই চয়েচ" কাৰ্যসূচী প্ৰয়োগ কৰিছে, যিয়ে মহিলাক কৰ্মজীৱন পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিছে।" <ref name=":3" /> দুই দশক HUL-ত কৰ্ম কৰাৰ পাছত, নায়াৰে লণ্ডনৰ গ্লোবেল হেডকোৱাৰ্টাৰত স্থানান্তৰ হয়।<ref name=":1" /><ref>The Wall Street Journal, "Chanel's Unexpected CEO Is Reinventing the Company," Aug 27, 2023 [https://www.wsj.com/style/fashion/leena-nair-chanel-ceo-unilever-e2c2b697]</ref> ২০১২–২০১৬ চনত, তেওঁ SVP লীডাৰশ্বিপ আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেশ্যন আৰু DEI-ৰ মুৰব্বী আছিল।<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> ২০১৬ চনত, নায়াৰে ইউনিলিভাৰৰ "প্ৰথম মহিলা, প্ৰথম এছিয়ান, সৰ্বকনিষ্ঠ" মুখ্য মানৱ সম্পদ বিষয়াৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্ত হয়।<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Marguerite |title=Chanel's incoming Global CEO, Leena Nair, could shake up the future of fashion |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chanel-new-ceo-leena-nair-could-shake-up-future-fashion-2021-12 |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> লগতে, ২০১৬–২০২১ চনত তেওঁ ইউনিলিভাৰৰ এক্সিকিউটিভ কমিটিৰ সদস্য আছিল।<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Leena Nair - Agenda Contributor |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/leena-nair/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124105051/https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/leena-nair/ |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> তেওঁৰ কৰ্মকালত, নায়াৰে "প্ৰগতিশীল মানৱ-কেন্দ্ৰিক নেতৃত্বৰ বাবে গ্লোবেল খ্যাতি গঢ়ি তোলা আৰু উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যাৱসায়িক প্ৰভাৱ প্ৰদান"ৰ লক্ষ্য ৰাখিছিল।<ref name=":4" /> তেওঁ প্ৰথমে ইউনিলিভাৰৰ সামাজিক প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল। প্ৰথমত, কোম্পানীত মহিলা মেনেজাৰৰ শতাংশ ৩৮%ৰপৰা ৫০%লৈ বৃদ্ধি কৰে; দ্বিতীয়ত, তেওঁ কোম্পানীলৈ ২০৩০ চনত সকলো কৰ্মচাৰীৰ বাবে জীৱনোপযোগী দৰমহা প্ৰদানৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি কৰিবলৈ সহায় কৰে; তৃতীয়ত, তেওঁ ইউনিলিভাৰৰ গ্লোবেল লীডাৰশ্বিপ আৰু মেনেজমেণ্ট পদত ৫০/৫০ লিংগ সমতা অৰ্জন কৰাত সহায় কৰে।<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> === চানেল === যদিও পূৰ্বে ফেশ্বন ক্ষেত্ৰৰ অভিজ্ঞতা নাছিল,<ref name=":1" /> এলেন ৱাৰথাইমাৰে তেওঁক চানেলত নিযুক্ত কৰে। নায়াৰে ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২১ চনত চানেলৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা আৰু ভাৰতীয়-মূলৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহী অৱস্থাপক (CEO) হিচাপে পদ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian-origin Leena Nair is new Chanel Global CEO|url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/indian-origin-leena-nair-is-new-chanel-global-ceo-9636.html|access-date=15 December 2021|website=Connected to India|date=15 December 2021|archivedate=15 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215123016/https://www.connectedtoindia.com/indian-origin-leena-nair-is-new-chanel-global-ceo-9636.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ জানুৱাৰী ২০২২ চনত এই পদ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/style/fashion/leena-nair-chanel-ceo-unilever-e2c2b697?mod=Searchresults_pos1&page=1 "WSJ - Chanel's Unexpected CEO Is Reinventing the Company"]</ref> CEO হিচাপে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম কিছু মাহৰ সময়ছোৱাত, নায়াৰৰ দৰ্শন আছিল "বদলৰ আগতে বুজি ল'বলৈ চেষ্টা কৰা।" <ref name=":0" /> সেয়া অনুসৰি, প্ৰথম বছৰত তেওঁ ২৫টা আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়, ৪০টা উৎপাদন স্থল, ঐতিহ্য স্থান, ১০০ৰো অধিক কোম্পানী ৰিটেইল স্থান, আৰু প্ৰতিটো সৃষ্টি ষ্টুডিঅ' ভ্ৰমণ কৰে, লগতে চানেলৰ ক্ৰিয়েটিভ ডাইৰেক্টৰ, ভাৰ্জিনি ভিয়াৰ্ডসহ মুখ্য ফেশ্বন নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে পৰিচিত হয়। নায়াৰৰ নেতৃত্বত চানেলৰ তিনিটা নতুন থিম হৈছে: স্থায়িত্ব, একচকুৱা (exclusivity), আৰু লিংগ সমতা। ২০২২ চনত, N°1 de Chanel, যি স্থায়িত্ব-কেন্দ্ৰিক সৌন্দৰ্য্য সামগ্ৰী, উদ্বোধন কৰা হয়, যিয়ে "জলবায়ু সচেতন গ্ৰাহক"ক লক্ষ্য কৰে।<ref name=":1" /> বিলাসবহুল ব্ৰেণ্ড ২০৪০ চনৰ ভিতৰত নেট জিৰো কাৰ্বন নিঃসৰণৰ বাবে প্ৰতিশ্ৰুত।<ref name=":0" /> একেলগে, তেওঁলোকে ব্যক্তিগত, নিমন্ত্ৰণ-অন্তৰ্গত বুটিকসমূহ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছে, যাতে তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচয় বজাই ৰাখিব পাৰে আৰু "অতি ধনাঢ্য গ্ৰাহক"ক আকৰ্ষিত কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name=":1" /> অন্তিমত, নেতৃত্বত লিংগ সমতাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত নায়াৰৰ অব্যাহত প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিয়ে মহিলাসকলে চানেলৰ মেনেজমেণ্ট পদৰ ৬০% অধিক অৰ্জন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম কৰিছে।<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine |last=Semuels |first=Alana |date=2024-02-21 |title=Chanel CEO Leena Nair Is Testing a World Run by Women |url=https://time.com/6691525/leena-nair-2/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |magazine=TIME |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> নায়াৰৰ কৰ্মকালত, [https://www.fondationchanel.org/ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন চেনেল]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "UK সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিৱেশ"ত সৰ্ববৃহৎ বিনিয়োগকাৰী হৈ উঠিছে।<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Top UK business leaders, job creators and Post Office campaigners awarded New Year's Honours |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/top-uk-business-leaders-job-creators-and-post-office-campaigners-awarded-new-years-honours#:~:text=Leena%20Nair%20CBE,%20the%20Global,under%20her%20leadership%20and%20commitment. |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> বাৰ্ষিক অনুদান $২০ মিলিয়নৰপৰা $১০০ মিলিয়নলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> নায়াৰে তেওঁৰ মেণ্টৰ হিচাপে ইন্দিৰা নিয়োগী, পেপচি-ক'ৰ পূৰ্বৰ CEO,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indra Nooyi lauds Leena Nair's leadership skills, says it was an honour to see the next Chanel CEO grow|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/indra-nooyi-lauds-leena-nairs-leadership-skills-says-it-was-an-honour-to-see-the-next-chanel-ceo-grow/articleshow/88317783.cms|access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fashion house Chanel hires Indian-born Leena Nair as CEO|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/fashion-house-chanel-hires-indian-born-leena-nair-ceo-n1286083|access-date=2022-01-02|website=NBC News|date=16 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নাইজেল হিগিন্স, বাৰ্কলেছ বেংকৰ চেয়াৰমেন হিচাপে নিয়োগ ধৰে। === অন্যান্য দায়িত্ব === * নন-এক্সিকিউটিভ বোৰ্ড মেম্বাৰ – BT plc<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leena Nair - Board of directors - Group governance - Our company {{!}} BT Plc|url=https://www.bt.com/about/bt/our-board/leena-nair|access-date=2021-12-12|website=www.bt.com|language=en|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212110507/https://www.bt.com/about/bt/our-board/leena-nair|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ট্ৰাষ্ট বোৰ্ডৰ সদস্য – Leverhulme Trust<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE LEVERHULME TRUST - Charity 1159154|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/5053028/trustees|access-date=2021-12-12|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> * লীডাৰশ্বিপ কাউন্সিল মেম্বাৰ – International Centre for Research on Women (2019 – বৰ্তমান)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICRW Leadership Council|url=https://www.icrw.org/icrw-leadership-council/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=ICRW {{!}} PASSION. PROOF. POWER.|language=en-US}}</ref> * UK চৰকাৰৰ BEIS (Business, Energy and Industrial strategy)ৰ NED (2018–2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leena Nair|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/leena-nair|access-date=2021-12-12|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> === সন্মান আৰু স্বীকৃতি === * ২০২৩ চনৰ ''ফৰ্চুন''ৰ সৰ্বাধিক শক্তিশালী মহিলাৰ তালিকাত ৬৮তম স্থান<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Powerful Women |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/most-powerful-women/ |access-date= |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Leena Nair Net Worth: Salary, Age, Family, Education & Career Insights |website=Business Outstanders |url=https://businessoutstanders.com/net-worth/leena-nair-net-worth |date=January 13, 2026 |access-date=January 14, 2026 }}</ref> * Financial Timesৰ FT HERoes Top 10 – মহিলা উদ্যোগী চেম্পিয়ন (2017–2019)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jacobs |first1=Emma |last2=Fildes |first2=Nic |date=2017-09-27 |title=HERoes ranking: champions of women in business |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6ad9144c-93d4-11e7-a9e6-11d2f0ebb7f0 |access-date=2021-12-12 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> * Thinkers50 তালিকা – ভৱিষ্যত ব্যৱসায় গঢ়িবলগীয়া চিন্তাধাৰাসকল (2019)<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Leena Nair - Thinkers50|url=https://thinkers50.com/radar-2019/leena-nair/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=thinkers50.com|date=29 March 2019|language=en-US|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212110512/https://thinkers50.com/radar-2019/leena-nair/|url-status=dead|archivedate=12 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212110512/https://thinkers50.com/radar-2019/leena-nair/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * 2021 HERoes in Business মহিলা ৰূপমুখী তালিকা<ref name=":2" /> * Great British Businesswomanৰ Role Model of the Year Award (2021)<ref name=":4" /> * Forbes India W-Power তালিকা (2022)<ref name=":4" /> * WWD ৫০ Women in Power তালিকা (2023)<ref name=":4" /> * TIMEৰ Women of the Year (2024)<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Semuels |first=Alana |date=2024-03-31 |title=Why Chanel CEO Leena Nair Is Leading With Compassion |url=https://time.com/6962053/leena-nair-chanel-interview/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archivedate=2025-04-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427210751/https://time.com/6962053/leena-nair-chanel-interview/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ২০২৫ চনত CBE (Commanders of the Order of the British Empire)<ref>{{cite web |title=Leena Nair Receives Commander of the British Empire Honour from Prince William |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/chanel-global-ceo-leena-nair-honoured-with-cbe-by-prince-william |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == নায়াৰ কে. কাৰ্তিকেয়নৰ জীয়ৰী আৰু উদ্যোগপতি বিজয় মেনন আৰু শচীন মেননৰ খুৰী, যিসকল [[কেৰালা]]ৰপৰা অহা। তেওঁলোকৰ কোম্পানী ''মেনন পিষ্টন'' $70 মিলিয়ন মেনন গ্ৰুপৰ অংশ। নায়াৰ বিবাহ হয় কুমাৰ নায়াৰৰ সৈতে, যি এটা বিত্তীয় সেৱা উদ্যোগৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক,<ref name="WSJ - Chanel's Unexpected CEO Is Reinventing the Company" /> আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দুগৰাকী পুত্ৰ সন্তান আছে।<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=How Unilever's Head of HR Sees The Future of Work|url=https://time.com/6049936/leena-nair-unilever-interview/|access-date=2021-12-12|magazine=Time|language=en|archivedate=2021-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212110511/https://time.com/6049936/leena-nair-unilever-interview/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় মূলৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ব্যৱসায়ী]] j31eke55v0f3ok8usguf23511rw71xd 0 131658 604559 578576 2026-05-05T09:34:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = সুলোচনা ডংগ্ৰে | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = সুলোচনাবাই ডংগ্ৰে | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | occupation = সমাজকৰ্মী, নাৰীবাদী | known_for = জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু মহিলা শিক্ষাৰ অধিবক্তা; দলিত নাৰীবাদ | movement = ভাৰতীয় [[নাৰীবাদ]], দলিত নাৰীবাদ }} '''সুলোচনা ডংগ্ৰে''' (সুলোচনাবাই ডংগ্ৰে বুলিও কোৱা হয়) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় সমাজকৰ্মী, দলিত নাৰীবাদী আৰু জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আন্দোলনৰ অগ্ৰগামী সমৰ্থক আছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৩০–৪০ দশকত বিশেষকৈ দলিত মহিলাসকলৰ অধিকাৰ, শিক্ষা আৰু প্ৰজনন অধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |author=Suchitra |title=Sulochanabai Dongre: The Woman Who Advocated Birth-Control In Dalit Feminism |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/12/10/sulochanabai-dongre-woman-birth-control-dalit-feminism/ |website=Feminism in India |publisher=Feminism in India |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন == সুলোচনা ডংগ্ৰে মহাৰ পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত দলিত সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মহিলাসকলে দ্বৈত বৈষম্য—জাতিভিত্তিক আৰু লিংগভিত্তিক—সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। এই সামাজিক পৰিস্থিতিয়ে ডংগ্ৰেক মহিলাৰ মুক্তি, শিক্ষা আৰু স্বনিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ অধিকাৰৰ বাবে কাম কৰিবলৈ অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰে। == সামাজিক আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক সক্ৰিয়তা == ডংগ্ৰে আৰম্ভণিতে সৰ্বভাৰতীয় মহিলা সন্মিলনৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ অনুভৱ কৰে যে সংগঠনটোত উচ্চ জাতিৰ আধিপত্য অধিক, যাৰ ফলত দলিত মহিলাসকলৰ বিশেষ সমস্যাসমূহ যথাযথভাৱে উত্থাপন নহয়। ফলস্বৰূপে তেওঁ সংগঠনটোৰপৰা আঁতৰি আহি আন দলিত নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে মিলি পৃথক সংগঠনত সক্ৰিয় হয়। তেওঁ সৰ্বভাৰতীয় হতাশ শ্ৰেণীৰ মহিলা কংগ্ৰেছৰ নেত্ৰী হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ১৯৪২ চনত অনুষ্ঠিত এখন বৃহৎ সন্মিলনৰ অধ্যক্ষতা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaz1VFh5t2MC&q=Sulochanabai+Dongre&pg=PA57|title=Concrete Steps By Indian Industry On Affirmative Action For Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes|date=2008|publisher=Gautam Book Center|isbn=978-81-87733-33-1|language=en}}</ref> ১৯৪২ চনত [[নাগপুৰ]]ত অনুষ্ঠিত সৰ্বভাৰতীয় অনুসূচিত জাতি ফেডাৰেচনৰ বৈঠকৰ অন্তৰ্গত মহিলা সন্মিলনত তেওঁ প্ৰায় ২৫,০০০ মহিলাৰ সমাগমৰ সন্মুখত ভাষণ প্ৰদান কৰে। এই অনুষ্ঠানত তেওঁ শান্তবাই দানীৰ সৈতে মঞ্চ ভাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Arya|first1=Sunaina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVauDwAAQBAJ&q=Sulochanabai+Dongre&pg=PT92|title=Dalit Feminist Theory: A Reader|last2=Rathore|first2=Aakash Singh|date=2019-09-09|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-65148-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>Paik, Shailaja (2016). ''Dalit Women's Education in Modern India: Double Discrimination''. Routledge Research on Gender in Asia Series. New York: Routledge, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-415-49300-0}}.</ref> স্বাধীনতাৰ পূৰ্বে গঠিত শেষ দলিত নাৰীবাদী সংগঠনসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম '''দলিত মহিলা ফেডাৰেচন'''ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাও তেওঁ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/12/10/sulochanabai-dongre-woman-birth-control-dalit-feminism/|title=Sulochanabai Dongre: The Woman Who Advocated Birth-Control In Dalit Feminism {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory|last=Suchitra|date=2019-12-09|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> == জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু নাৰী মুক্তি == সুলোচনা ডংগ্ৰে জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ দেশজোৰা সুবিধাৰ আহ্বান জনোৱা প্ৰথমগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় নেত্ৰীসকলৰ অন্যতম বুলি কিছুমান সূত্ৰত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁ বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰজনন অধিকাৰ নিশ্চিত নোহোৱালৈকে তেওঁলোকৰ সামগ্ৰিক মুক্তি সম্ভৱ নহয়। তেওঁৰ মতে— * পৰিয়াল পৰিকল্পনা মহিলাৰ স্বাস্থ্যেৰ সৈতে ওতপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত। * আৰ্থিকভাৱে পিছপৰা পৰিয়ালত সন্তানসংখ্যা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ দুখ-দুৰ্দশা হ্ৰাস কৰিব পাৰে। * মহিলা শিক্ষাই সমাজৰ গাঁথনিক বৈষম্য ভাঙিবলৈ সহায় কৰে। এই দৃষ্টিভংগীয়ে তেওঁক দলিত নাৰীবাদী চিন্তাধাৰাৰ অগ্ৰদূত হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> == ঐতিহ্য আৰু মূল্যায়ন == ডংগ্ৰেৰ জীৱন আৰু সংগ্ৰাম ১৯৮৯ চনত প্ৰকাশিত [[উৰ্মিলা পাৱাৰ]] সম্পাদিত গ্ৰন্থ ''উই এলছ মেড হিষ্ট্ৰী''ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo17108219.html|title=We Also Made History|access-date=2026-02-17|archivedate=2026-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205191754/https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo17108219.html}}</ref> এই গ্ৰন্থত দলিত মহিলাসকলৰ অবদানসমূহ ঐতিহাসিক দৃষ্টিকোণৰপৰা বিশ্লেষণ কৰা হৈছে। সুলোচনা ডংগ্ৰে ভাৰতীয় দলিত নাৰীবাদৰ ইতিহাসত এগৰাকী গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তিত্ব হিচাপে স্মৰণীয়। তেওঁ জাতি আৰু লিংগভিত্তিক দ্বৈত বৈষম্যৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দি দলিত মহিলাসকলৰ ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক অধিকাৰৰ দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছিল। == আৰু চাওক == * [[উৰ্মিলা পাৱাৰ]] * [[নাৰীবাদ]] * [[দলিত নাৰীবাদ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সমাজকৰ্মী]] bdjz0xb1dz99k4h5xm9rzih1gvhlf0a 0 131766 604516 579064 2026-05-05T03:31:29Z Matchabake 49736 604516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ৱানৱিমোল জেনাছাৱমেথি | image = Wanwimol 2025-12-04.png | caption = ২০২৫ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত ৱানৱিমোল | native_name = วรรณวิมล เจนอัศวเมธี | native_name_lang = th | other_names = জুন (จูน) | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|04|19|df=yes}} | birth_place = সমুত প্ৰাকান, [[থাইলেণ্ড]] | education = শ্ৰীনাখাৰিন্ৱিৰোট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় | occupation = {{Hlist|অভিনেত্ৰী|ইউটিউবাৰ}} | years_active = ২০১৮–বৰ্তমান | known_for = {{plainlist| * ছাংনুৱো – ''টাৰ্ণ লেফ্ট টাৰ্ণ ৰাইট'' * হানা – ''এফ ফোৰ থাইলেণ্ড° বয়েজ অ’ভাৰ ফ্লাৱাৰ্ছ'' * লুনা – ''২৩.৫'' }} | agent = GMMTV }} '''ৱানৱিমোল জেনাছাৱমেথি''' ([[থাই]]: วรรณวิมล เจนอัศวเมธี; জন্ম ১৯ এপ্ৰিল ২০০০), ডাকনাম '''জুন''' (จูน), এগৰাকী [[থাই]] অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite web |title=จูน วรรณวิมล สาวหน้าใสจาก GMM TV กับแฟชั่นหลากสไตล์สุดคิวต์ |url=https://women.kapook.com/view269100.html |website=kapook.com |date=18 May 2023 |publisher=Kapook! |accessdate=10 November 2024 |language=Thai}}</ref> তেওঁ ''টাৰ্ণ লেফ্ট টাৰ্ণ ৰাইট'' (২০২০), ''এফ ফোৰ থাইলেণ্ড° বয়েজ অ’ভাৰ ফ্লাৱাৰ্ছ'' (২০২১) আৰু ''২৩.৫'' (২০২৪) ধাৰাবাহিকত অভিনয় কৰাৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে জনাজাত। == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == ৱানৱিমোলৰ জন্ম থাইলেণ্ডৰ সমুত প্ৰাকানত হৈছিল। তেওঁ ৰাটৱিনিত বাংকাও বিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰে আৰু পিছত শ্ৰীনাখাৰিন্ৱিৰোট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰি ২০২২ চনত সামাজিক যোগাযোগ উদ্ভাৱন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা কম্পিউটাৰ ইন’ভেচন ফৰ কমিউনিকেশ্বনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title='โอม-เลิฟ-จูน' สุดปลื้ม! คว้าปริญญาจากรั้ว มศว. ได้สำเร็จ |url=https://www.thaipost.net/entertainment-news/281908/ |publisher=ThaiPost |accessdate=12 March 2025 |language=Thai |date=12 December 2022}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ৱানৱিমোলে ২০১৮ চনত ক্লিন এণ্ড ক্লিয়াৰৰ “গো অন গাৰ্ল ষ্টাৰ ছাৰ্চ” প্ৰতিযোগিতাত বিজয়ী হৈ নিজৰ কেৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু সেই বছৰতে জিএমএমটিভিৰ সৈতে চুক্তিবদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=มารู้จัก! เลิฟ จูน และลูกน้ำ สาวหน้าใส 3 คนสุดท้ายจาก Go On Girl Star Search By Clean&Clear |url=https://www.dek-d.com/starissue/49395/ |date=23 April 2018 |publisher=Dek-D |accessdate=12 March 2025 |language=Thai}}</ref> তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম অভিনয় আছিল ''দ্য গিফ্টেড'' (২০১৮) ধাৰাবাহিকত “কয়ি” নামৰ চৰিত্ৰত। পিছত তেওঁ ''বয় ফৰ ৰেণ্ট'' (২০১৯) ধাৰাবাহিকত অভিনয় কৰে। ২০২০ চনত তেওঁ ''টাৰ্ণ লেফ্ট টাৰ্ণ ৰাইট'' ধাৰাবাহিকত ছাংনুৱো নামৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। ২০২১ চনত তেওঁ ''মিষ্টাৰ লিপষ্টিক'' ধাৰাবাহিকত ডুজদাওৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। সেই বছৰতে তেওঁ ''এফ ফোৰ থাইলেণ্ড° বয়েজ অ’ভাৰ ফ্লাৱাৰ্ছ'' ধাৰাবাহিকত হানাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। ২০২২ চনত তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি ''দ্য ৱাৰ অৱ ফ্লাৱাৰ্ছ'' ধাৰাবাহিকত আইৰিছৰ ভূমিকাত দেখা যায়। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ''১০ ইয়াৰ্ছ টিকেট'' (২০২২) আৰু ''ডেঞ্জাৰাছ ৰোমান্স'' (২০২৩) ধাৰাবাহিকত অভিনয় কৰে। ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ''২৩.৫'' নামৰ থাই গাৰ্লছ লাভ ধাৰাবাহিকত লুনা নামৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি অধিক জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। সেই বছৰতে তেওঁ প্ৰথম চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''লাভ ইউ টু ডেট''ত নীটা নামৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। লগতে ''প্লয়’ছ ইয়াৰবুক'' আৰু ''হাই স্কুল ফ্ৰেনেমি'' ধাৰাবাহিকতো অভিনয় কৰে। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{IMDb name|11304334}} * {{Instagram|junewanwimol19}} [[শ্ৰেণী:থাই অভিনেত্ৰী]] hj88m2kquxvbqbudnni7apj8fcx7bxs 0 131884 604523 581471 2026-05-05T04:24:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = শিল্পা শিৰোদকাৰ | image = ShilpaShirodkar.jpg | caption = শিল্পা শিৰোদকাৰ, ২০১৪ চনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|11|20}} | birth_place = | years_active = ১৯৮৯–২০০০, ২০১৩–২০২০, ২০২৪–বৰ্তমান | spouse = {{marriage|অপৰেশ ৰঞ্জিত|2000}} | website = | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী | children = ১ | relatives = {{Ubl | নম্ৰতা শিৰোদকাৰ (ভগ্নী) | মহেশ বাবু (ভগ্নীপতি)}} }} '''শিল্পা শিৰোদকাৰ''' (জন্ম ২০ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ফটো মডেল, যিয়ে মূলতঃ ১৯৮৯ চনৰপৰা ২০০০ চনলৈ হিন্দী ভাষাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল। ১৩ বছৰৰ বিৰতিৰ পিছত তেওঁ ২০১৩ চনত জি টিভিৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''এক মুঠী আসমান''ৰ জৰিয়তে পুনৰ অভিনয় জগতলৈ উভতি আহে।<ref name="AU">{{cite news |script-title=hi:90 के दशक में बोल्ड सीन देकर फेमस हुई थीं ये एक्ट्रेस, 13 साल बाद की वापसी तो पहचानना हुआ मुश्किल |trans-title=This actress became famous by giving bold scenes in the 90s, it was difficult to recognize her return after 13 years |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/shilpa-shirodkar-birthday-special-her-known-facts |access-date=30 May 2019 |work=Amar Ujala |date=20 November 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ''বিগ বচ ১৮'' অনুষ্ঠানত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=9 October 2024 |title=Namrata Shirodkar Shares Pics of 'Family' As Shilpa Shirodkar Joins Bigg Boss 18: 'Here for The...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/namrata-shirodkar-shares-pics-of-family-as-shilpa-shirodkar-joins-bigg-boss-18-here-for-the-9080955.html |work=News18 |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> == কৰ্মজীৱন == শিৰোদকাৰে Ramesh Sippy|ৰমেশ সিপ্পী পৰিচালিত চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''ভ্ৰষ্টাচাৰ'' (১৯৮৯)ৰ জৰিয়তে অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰে। এইখন চলচ্চিত্ৰত Mithun Chakraborty|মিঠুন চক্ৰৱৰ্তী আৰু Rekha|ৰেখা অভিনয় কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁ এজন অন্ধ কন্যাৰ ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |script-title=hi:अब ऐसी दिखती हैं नब्बे के दशक की हीरोइन शिल्पा शिरोडकर, बड़े पर्दे के बाद टीवी पर शुरू की दूसरी पारी |trans-title=Now this is how 90's heroine Shilpa Shirodkar looks, starts her second innings on TV after the big screen. |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-vishesh-shilpa-shirodkar-birthday-special-now-and-then-and-lesser-known-facts-17066368.html |access-date=6 January 2020 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=24 November 2017 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=hi:सूजा चेहरा और आंखों के नीचे काले धब्बे, देखिए अब कैसी हो गई हैं शिल्पा शिरोडकर |trans-title=Swollen face and dark spots under the eyes, see how Shilpa Shirodkar has become now |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/see-the-latest-pictures-of-shilpa-shirodkar-actress-then-and-now/1227723/2/ |access-date=6 January 2020 |work=Jansatta |date=20 November 2019 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/remember-shilpa-shirodkar-heres-what-the-90s-bollywood-actress-is-doing-now/15320/179041 |title=Remember Shilpa Shirodkar? Here's what the 90s Bollywood actress is doing now |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=27 July 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৯০ চনৰ জনপ্ৰিয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''কিশেন কানহাইয়া''ত তেওঁ [[Anil Kapoor|অনীল কাপুৰ]]ৰ বিপৰীতে অভিনয় কৰে। পিছৰ বছৰত তেওঁ ''ত্ৰিনেত্ৰ'' (১৯৯১) আৰু ''হাম'' (১৯৯১) আদি সফল চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। তেওঁ ''খুদা গৱাহ'' (১৯৯২), ''আঁখে'' (১৯৯৩), ''পহিচান'' (১৯৯৩), ''গোপী কিশন'' (১৯৯৪), ''বেওফা সনম'' (১৯৯৫) আৰু ''মৃত্যুদণ্ড'' (১৯৯৭) আদি বহুতো জনপ্ৰিয় চলচ্চিত্ৰতো অভিনয় কৰিছিল। বিবাহৰ পিছত তেওঁ অভিনয় এৰি দিয়াৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয় আৰু তেওঁৰ অন্তিম চলচ্চিত্ৰ আছিল ''গজা গামিনী'' (২০০০)। ''খুদা গৱাহ'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে ১৯৯৩ চনত তেওঁ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰীৰ ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref name="filmfare1993">{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368601.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716180604/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368601.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|publisher=Filmfare|access-date=20 May 2011|title=51st Fair One Filmfare Awards|archivedate=16 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120716180604/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368601.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref> শিল্পাই Mithun Chakraborty|মিঠুন চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ সৈতে নটা চলচ্চিত্ৰত যুগ্মভাৱে অভিনয় কৰিছিল আৰু দৰ্শকে তেওঁলোকৰ অন-স্ক্ৰীণ যুটি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছিল।<ref name="AU"/> পৰিয়ালৰ যত্ন ল’বলৈ তেওঁ লণ্ডনত ১৩ বছৰ অভিনয় জগতৰপৰা আঁতৰি থাকে আৰু ২০১৩ চনত মুম্বাইলৈ উভতি আহি পুনৰ টেলিভিছনত অভিনয় আৰম্ভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰথম চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ স্থান আছিল দিল্লীৰ এটা উপনগৰ, জি টিভিৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''এক মুঠী আসমান''ৰ বাবে, যি গৃহসহায়িকাসকলৰ জীৱনৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত আছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/hearth-is-where-the-art-is/article5049069.ece |title=Hearth is where the art is |last=Sharma |first=Priya |date=22 August 2013 |work=The Hindu|access-date=27 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> এই ধাৰাবাহিকটো ২০১৪ চনৰ শেষভাগত সমাপ্ত হয়। তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয় টেলিভিছন ধাৰাবাহিক ''সিলসিলা প্যাৰ কা'' Star Plus|ষ্টাৰ প্লাছত ৪ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৬ তাৰিখে প্ৰচাৰিত হয়<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shilpa-shirodkars-next-show-about-mother-son-relationship/ |title=Shilpa Shirodkar's next show about 'mother-son relationship' |date=17 November 2015 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/shilpa-shirodkar-returns-to-the-small-screen-as-an-obsessive-mom/16787176 |title=Shilpa Shirodkar returns to the small screen as an obsessive mom |date=20 December 2015 |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=27 July 2019 |archivedate=1 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001153627/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/shilpa-shirodkar-returns-to-the-small-screen-as-an-obsessive-mom/16787176 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/352615/shilpa-thanks-movie-career-comeback.html |title=Shilpa thanks movie career for comeback |date=22 August 2013 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> আৰু ছয় মাহ পিছত জুন মাহত শেষ হয়। মে’ ২০১৭ৰপৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০১৮লৈ তেওঁ Colors TV|কালাৰ্ছ টিভিৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''সাবিত্ৰী দেৱী কলেজ এণ্ড হাস্পিটেল''ত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/150517/id-be-lying-if-i-said-that-i-didnt-care-about-ratings-says-shilpa-shirodkar.html |title=I'd be lying if I said that I didn't care about ratings, says Shilpa Shirodkar |date=15 May 2017 |website=The Asian Age|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত তেওঁ ''গান্স অৱ বানাৰস'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সহায়ক ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰি পুনৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰলৈ উভতি আহে। এই চলচ্চিত্ৰখন ২০১৪ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল যদিও ছয় বছৰ বিলম্ব হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Shilpa Shirodkar makes a comeback |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shilpa-shirodkar-makes-a-comeback/20200228.htm |access-date=6 March 2020 |work=Rediff |date=28 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৯৭৩ চনৰ ২০ নৱেম্বৰত মৰাঠী অভিনেত্ৰী গঙ্গু বাইৰ কন্যা হিচাপে জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা শিলপা শিৰোদকৰে,<ref name=DoB1>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Shilpa Shirodkar: Promising actress of 90s turns 44 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/happy-birthday-shilpa-shirodkar-promising-actress-of-90s-turns-44 |access-date=15 February 2020 |work=Free Press Journal |date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Shilpa Shirodkar is back on screen |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/shilpa-shirodkar-is-back-on-screen |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=National Herald |date=28 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Interview"/> তেওঁ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাক্তন মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া নম্ৰতা শিৰোদকৰ ভগ্নী আৰু মীনাক্ষী শিৰোদকৰ নাতিনী।<ref name="Interview">{{cite web |title=Namrata Shirodkar – Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai Indian Award Winning Talk Show – Zee Tv Hindi Serial |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bbk2DwSjM7o |via=YouTube |publisher=Zee Tv |date=28 August 2012 |access-date=15 February 2020 |quote=Time 9:22 – 10:14 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sumit |first1=Rajguru |title=Bollywood's Forgotten Stars: 10 Unknown facts about Mahesh Babu's wife and actress – Namrata Shirodkar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/bollywoods-forgotten-stars-10-unknown-facts-about-mahesh-babus-wife-and-actress-namrata-shirodkar |access-date=6 January 2020 |work=Free Press Journal |date=22 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970604/15550853.html |title=Veteran Marathi actress dead |date=4 June 1997 |work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609110141/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970604/15550853.html|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/Meenakshi-Shirodkar-Namrata-Shirodkar-Shilpa-Shirodkar-Brahmachari-Master-Vinayak-Yamuna-Jali-Khelu-Khel/articleshow/30617855.cms |title=Meenakshi Shirodkar was the first Marathi actress to wear a swimsuit onscreen |date=12 March 2014 |work=The Times of India |language=en|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০০০ চনত যুক্তৰাজ্য-ভিত্তিক বেংকাৰ অপাৰেশ ৰঞ্জিতৰ সৈতে বিবাহবন্ধনত আবদ্ধ হয়। তেওঁলোকৰ এক কন্যা সন্তান আছে।<ref name="AU" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-ve-never-craved-for-fame-shilpa-shirodkar/story-6akU5GPw2LIVF3FHIicqCP.html |title=I've never craved for fame: Shilpa Shirodkar |date=7 December 2012 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{IMDb name|0794364}} *{{Bollywood Hungama person|shilpa-shirodkar}} *{{Instagram|shilpashirodkar73}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] ltu6ztq6bl9flxumoxj0mnnhfglr33g 0 131946 604581 599871 2026-05-05T11:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = স্মৃতি নাগপাল <!-- include middle initial, if not specified in birth_name --> | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |23 |2014|03|05}}<ref name="pieroni">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-achievers-the-23-year-old-who-is-transforming-lives/20140305.htm|title=The 23 year old who is transforming lives|first=Alessio |last=Pieroni | date=5 March 2014 | work=[[Rediff.com]] | accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref><!-- {{birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --> | death_place = | spouse = সৈৰভ ভাদুৰীয়া | other_names = | title = অতুল্যাকলাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী বিষয়া আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক | occupation = টেলিভিছন উপস্থাপক<br>[[সামাজিক উদ্যোগী]] | years_active = ২০১০-বৰ্তমানলৈ <!-- linkedin 2010 news anchor --> }} '''স্মৃতি নাগপাল''' ( {{lang-en|: Smriti Nagpal}} )এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় টেলিভিছন উপস্থাপক, সাংকেতিক ভাষাৰ দোভাষী, আৰু সামাজিক উদ্যোগী মহিলা। তেওঁ দূৰদৰ্শন নেটৱৰ্কত কাম কৰিছিল য’ত বিশেষকৈ সাংকেতিক ভাষাৰ মাধ্যমে শ্ৰৱণ প্ৰতিবন্ধী লোকসকলৰ বাবে যোগাযোগ আৰু তথ্যৰ সুবিধা উন্নত কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৰাতিপুৱাৰ বাতৰিৰ বুলেটিন উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ বধিৰ শিক্ষা আৰু সাংকেতিক ভাষাৰ সজাগতা বৃদ্ধি কৰা অতুল্যাকলা নামৰ সংস্থাটোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক। ইয়াৰ উপৰি নাগপালে বধিৰ কৰ্মচাৰীৰদ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত শ্বাহপুৰ জাটৰ হাৰ্কেন কেফেও সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছে। নাগপাল ভাৰতীয় সাংকেতিক ভাষাৰ সমৰ্থক। ২০১৫ চনত নাগপালক বিবিচিৰ ১০০ গৰাকী মহিলা তালিকাত স্থান দিয়ে য’ত বিশ্বজুৰি ইতিবাচক প্ৰভাৱ পেলোৱা মহিলাসকলক তালিকা ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। তেওঁ এই শৃংখলাত"৩০ বছৰৰ তলৰ ৩০" উদ্যোগী শাখাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/business-34799248|title=Smriti Nagpal, 25, India|date=16 November 2015|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত নাগপালে যুৱ শ্ৰেণীত নেলছন মেণ্ডেলা – গ্ৰাছা মেচেল উদ্ভাৱন বঁটা লাভ কৰে,<ref name="Khaliq 2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1255208|title=Swat activist Tabassum Adnan wins 2016 Nelson Mandela Award|last=Khaliq|first=Fazal|date=29 April 2016|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref> কলম্বিয়াৰ বগোটাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাগৰিক সমাজ সপ্তাহত এই বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/889-activists-honoured-for-their-innovation-and-impact|title=Activists honoured for their innovation and impact|last=Matthew|date=|website=www.civicus.org|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thepashtuntimes.com/swat-activist-tabassum-adnan-wins-2016-nelson-mandela-award/|title=Swat activist Tabassum Adnan wins 2016 Nelson Mandela Award|date=2016-04-29|work=The Pashtun Times|access-date=2018-03-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000201638/winners-of-nelson-mandela-graa-machel-innovation-award-unveiled|title=Winners of Nelson Mandela-Graça Machel innovation award unveiled | date=May 13, 2016 | work=[[The Standard (Kenya)|Standard Media]] | location=Kenya |accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref> ==জীৱনী== নাগপালে ১৬ বছৰ বয়সত শ্ৰৱণ ক্ষমতাহীন দুজন ডাঙৰ ভাই-ভনীৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি জনাই [[নেশ্যনেল এছ’চিয়েচন অৱ দ্য ডেফ]]ত যোগদান কৰে। ব্যৱসায় প্ৰশাসনৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁ চৰকাৰী দূৰদৰ্শন নেটৱৰ্কত নিউজ এংকৰ হিচাপে চাকৰি লাভ কৰে য’ত তেওঁ তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰৱণ ক্ষমতাহীন বাতৰি বুলেটিনৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ আছিল।<ref name="hindustan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/meet-the-doordarshan-sign-language-interpreter-who-also-started-a-cafe-run-by-deaf-people/story-19P0jOegB100txJK3PPOeI.html|title=Meet the Doordarshan sign language interpreter who also started a cafe run by deaf people|date=23 June 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|first=Kashika | last= Bindrani | access-date=20 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="deccan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151213/lifestyle-offbeat/article/hearing-empowered|title=Hearing empowered|date=13 December 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=4 February 2018| first=Nandini D. | last=Tripathy }}</ref> নাগপালে ২২ বছৰ বয়সত অতুল্যাকলা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। কোম্পানীটোত বধিৰ আৰু শ্ৰৱণ ক্ষমতাসম্পন্ন কৰ্মচাৰীৰ মিশ্ৰণ আছে যিয়ে [[ভাৰতীয় সাংকেতিক ভাষা]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ইজনে সিজনৰ লগত যোগাযোগ কৰে।<ref name="wion">{{cite web|url=http://www.wionews.com/south-asia/how-do-we-speak-with-the-18-million-indians-who-are-deaf-18835|title=How do we speak with the 18 million Indians who are deaf?|publisher=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]]|last=Khan|first=Zeba|date=11 August 2017|accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref> তেওঁলোকে বধিৰ শিল্পীৰদ্বাৰা ডিজাইন কৰা সামগ্ৰী বিক্ৰী কৰে, বধিৰ শিল্পী প্ৰকাশন প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ বাবে ডিজাইন প্ৰকল্পত কাম কৰে আৰু সাংকেতিক ভাষাৰ বিষয়ে সজাগতা প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="hindustan" /><ref name="deccan"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/BBCs-100-inspirational-women-She-has-given-a-new-frame-to-deaf-artists/articleshow/49865404.cms|title=BBC's 100 inspirational women: She has given a new frame to deaf artists | work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 February 2018 | first=Dharvi |last=Vaid | date=November 21, 2015 }}</ref> নাগপালে ২০১৬ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁৰ সৰ্ম্পকীয় ভায়েক বিৰাটৰ সৈতে শ্বাহপুৰ জাটত হাৰ্কেন কেফেৰ সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref name="scoopwhoop"/> ইয়াৰ নামটো এটা প্ৰাচীন ইংৰাজী শব্দৰপৰা লোৱা হৈছে যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "শুনিবলৈ", এই কেফেত ইউৰোপীয় খাদ্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়।<ref name="scoopwhoop">{{cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Its-Not-Just-About-The-Food-In-This-Delhi-Cafe-You-Also-Get-An-Education|title=It's Not Just About The Food In This Delhi Cafe, You Also Get An Education|work=[[ScoopWhoop]]|last=Jagannathan|first=Akanksha|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> কেফেত কৰ্মৰত সকলো কৰ্মচাৰী বধিৰ বা বোবা আৰু তেওঁলোকে ইজনে সিজনৰ লগত সাংকেতিক ভাষাত যোগাযোগ কৰে।<ref name="deccan cafe">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/food-and-recipes/210217/deaf-and-mute-delhi-caf-educates-people-about-sign-language-while-dining.html|title=Deaf and mute Delhi café educates people about sign-language while dining|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=21 February 2017|accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি কেফেত বিনামূলীয়া সাংকেতিক ভাষাৰ পাঠদানৰ সুবিধা আছে। লগতে [[মাইম]] কলাৰ দৰে অনুষ্ঠানো অনুষ্ঠিত হয়,<ref name="scoopwhoop"/><ref name="deccan cafe"/>য’ত এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে মুখেৰে কথা নকৈ কেৱল দেহৰ ভংগিমা আৰু গতিবিধিৰ জৰিয়তে কোনো এটা কাহিনী অভিনয় কৰে। ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] 43mkw0epelsuscxa1h5z70rhsfxxmqc 0 131968 604518 583427 2026-05-05T04:00:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = শান্তামণি মুদ্দাইয়া | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৯৬৭ | birth_place = [[মহীশূৰ]], [[কৰ্ণাটক]], ভাৰত | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = ভাস্কৰ্যশিল্পী | years_active = ১৯৮৪ৰ পৰা | known_for = | notable_works = www.shanthamani.com }} '''শান্তামণি মুদ্দাইয়া''' ভাৰতৰ এগৰাকী ভাস্কৰ্য শিল্পী, যিয়ে নিজৰ দৃশ্য কলাৰ কামত কাগজ আৰু কয়লাৰ দৰে ক্ষণস্থায়ী প্ৰাকৃতিক সামগ্ৰী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি প্ৰদৰ্শনী সৃষ্টি, স্থাপন আৰু প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। ভাৰতৰ বহু দ্বিবাৰ্ষিক কলা প্ৰদৰ্শনীত আৰু বহু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কেন্দ্ৰত তেওঁৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজিৰ বাবে তেওঁ বহুতো বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name=Spinal>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindiamail.com/?p=31976|title=Spinal fragments fuse Shanthamani's thoughts at biennale|date=5 March 2015|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Daily India Mail}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Mysore>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crimsonartgallery.com/html/shantamani_m.html|title=Shantamani M|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=crimsonartgallery.com|archivedate=28 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328133101/http://www.crimsonartgallery.com/html/shantamani_m.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==জীৱনী== ১৯৬৭ চনত কৰ্ণাটকৰ মহীশূৰত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল মুদ্দাইয়াই। মহীশূৰৰ চামৰাজেন্দ্ৰ একাডেমী অৱ ভিজুৱেল আৰ্টছৰপৰা পেইণ্টিংত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতে এম এছ ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি বৰোদাৰপৰা চিত্ৰকলাৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ২০০৪ চনত স্কটলেণ্ডৰ গ্লাছগোত চাৰ্লছ ৱালেছ বৃত্তিৰ ফেল’শ্বিপৰ অধীনত কাগজ নিৰ্মাণৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ বাবে এবছৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ২০০৬–০৮ চনৰ বাবে নতুন দিল্লীৰ পৰ্যটন আৰু সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰপৰাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জুনিয়ৰ ফেল'শ্বিপ লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name="Mysore" /> ==কাম আৰু প্ৰদৰ্শনী== চিমেণ্ট আৰু উজ্জ্বল চিণ্ডাৰৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত ''বেকব’ন''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Backbone - Shanthamani Muddaiah|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/backbone-shanthamani-muddaiah/XAFh6l7x9DUNqg|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> শীৰ্ষক ভাস্কৰ্যটো ২০১৪ চনত কোচি-মুজিৰিছ বিয়েনালেত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{citation |title='Back Bone' reminds the menace of carbon use |publisher=Mathrubhumi News |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/11880/kochi-muziris-biennale/E |access-date=2026-02-21 |archivedate=2019-05-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531224910/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/11880/kochi-muziris-biennale/E }}</ref><ref name="CBinterview">{{citation |title = Interview: Artist Shantamani Muddaiah in conversation with CB Editor-in-Chief K.G |website = YouTube |publisher = Creative Bands | date = March 31, 2015 |access-date = May 31, 2019 |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMez6nGtxLI}}</ref> ইয়াৰ জোখ আছিল ৭x৫x৭০ ফুট আৰু ইয়াক মেৰুকৰণ নদীৰ আকৃতিত ভাস্কৰ্য নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই শিল্পকৰ্মৰ প্ৰেৰণা ২০১০ চনৰ ভিতৰত গংগা নদীৰ কাষেৰে তিনিমাহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰপৰাই লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক "আমাৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ মেৰুদণ্ড" হিচাপে এক উপমা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মুদ্দাইয়াই লগতে কয় যে প্ৰসৱৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ মেৰুদণ্ডত এনাস্থেচিয়াৰ বেজী দিয়াৰ পৰাই তেওঁৰ মনত এই ভাস্কৰ্যটোৰ ধাৰণা হৈছিল।<ref name=Spinal/><ref name=Jacob>{{Cite news|last= Jacob |first= Rahul |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/kochi-biennale-art-al-fresco-115021900716_1.html|title=Kochi Biennale: Art al fresco|newspaper= Business Standard India |date=21 February 2015|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=Madhukar>{{Cite web|last= Madhukar |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/sunday-read/The-big-fat-Indian-art-show/articleshow/45507469.cms|title=The big fat Indian art show - Bangalore Mirror|date=13 December 2014|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> কোচিত ভাস্কৰ্যটো প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা কোচি-মুজিৰিছ বিয়েনালে ২০১৪ৰ কিউৰেটৰ জিতিশ কল্লাটে কয় যে ইয়াক "আপাত দৃষ্টিত উন্মোচিত হোৱা এই ভাস্কৰ্যই জীৱাশ্মৰ ৰূপত বহুদিনৰপৰা পাৰ হৈ যোৱা ইতিহাসৰ আমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে" আৰু "চিণ্ডাৰৰ দৰে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ শিলৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বিশেষভাৱে অতি আকৰ্ষণীয় কাৰণ পদাৰ্থটোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত পৃষ্ঠত কিছু ভূ-তাত্ত্বিক লেখ-জোখ থাকে, আৰু ই নিজেই এনেকুৱা দেখা যায় জীৱাশ্ম।"<ref name=Spinal/> আন এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য ভাস্কৰ্যৰ শিৰোনাম হৈছে মেটামৰ্ফছিছ ফেভাৰিট যিটো হৈছে প্যুপাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য যিয়ে পিউপা আৰু পখিলাৰ মাজৰ বিৱৰ্তনৰ পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক কাঠৰ কয়লা আৰু কপাহৰ টুকুৰাৰ পাল্পৰপৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। ই "ক্ষয়, ৰোগ আৰু মৃত্যু"ৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://colomboartbiennale.com/shanthamani-muddaiah/|title=Colombo Art Biennale 2014:Shanthamani Muddaiah|year=2014|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Colombo Art Biennale|archivedate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307205613/http://colomboartbiennale.com/shanthamani-muddaiah/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বছৰ বছৰ ধৰি তেওঁৰ আন কিছুমান ভাস্কৰ্য প্ৰদৰ্শনী হ’ল ফ্ৰ’জেন ফিনিক্স, চাইলেণ্ট স্পিক, জ্যেষ্ঠাৰছ স্পিক আৰু টাৰ্নিং হুইল -ভাৰত আৰু শ্ৰীলংকাত অনবাউণ্ড ট্ৰেডিচন। তেওঁৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ বাংগালুৰুৰ কৰ্ণাটক ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ভেংকটপ্পা আৰ্ট গেলেৰীত স্থায়ী প্ৰদৰ্শনী। তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজিও বহুতো ব্যক্তিগত গেলেৰীৰ অংশ।<ref name="Mysore" /> ২০১৯ চনত তেওঁ চেটল ষ্ট'ৰীছ আৰু ইয়ৰ্কশ্বাৰ ডেলছৰ লোকসকলৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰি এটা নতুন কাম লাইফ ইন আৱাৰ হেণ্ডছ তৈয়াৰ কৰে যিটো আছিল স্থানীয় লোকসকলৰ সৈতে ক্ৰেভেন জিলাৰ জীৱন আৰু ইতিহাসৰ বিষয়ে হোৱা কথা-বতৰাৰ ভিডিঅ' ৰেকৰ্ড য'ত প্লাষ্টাৰ কাষ্টিঙৰ কৌশলৰ জৰিয়তে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ হাতৰ ছবিও তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cravenherald.co.uk/news/17894972.life-stories-told-hand-sculptures/|title = Life stories told through hand sculptures}}</ref> সেই বছৰতে তেওঁ আন এটা ভাস্কৰ্য ''ড্ৰপ''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Drop by Shanthamani Muddaiah {{!}} Swiss Re Art|url=https://www.swissre.com/about-us/art-at-swiss-re/artworks/muddaiah-KB1219-drop.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.swissre.com|language=en}}</ref>ও উলিয়াইছিল। মাটি স্পৰ্শ কৰাৰ মুহূৰ্ততে জমা হৈ থকা চিয়াঁহীৰ এটা টোপালৰ দৃশ্যায়ন, ই আছিল প্ৰতিটো টোপালৰ তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ স্মৃতি। মুদ্দাইয়াই কয় যে এই ভাস্কৰ্যটো আৰম্ভণিৰেপৰা গংগা নদীৰ মুখলৈকে যাত্ৰাৰপৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল য’ত তেওঁ লাখ লাখ লোকে অৰ্ঘ্য আগবঢ়োৱা দেখা পাইছিল। তেওঁলোকে পানীৰে ভৰা পাত্ৰৰ পানী পুনৰ নদীত উছৰ্গা কৰা দেখি তেওঁ জীৱনৰ চক্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতিত ৰূপকটো দেখিবলৈ পাইছিল।<ref name=":0" /> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাস্কৰ্যশিল্পী]] 8ssiie99id0df87e7odar16ib874q9l 0 132730 604402 584540 2026-05-04T12:19:32Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মায়া চৌধুৰী | image = Maya Choudhury.jpg | caption = ২০২০ চনত মায়া চৌধুৰী | birth_date = | birth_place = [[ইম্ফল]], [[মণিপুৰ]]<br/>'''বৰ্তমান ঠিকনা:'''<br/>পেলেচ কম্পাউণ্ড, ইম্ফল, মণিপুৰ | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী | years_active = ১৯৯৭-বৰ্তমান | spouse = লৈশ্ৰম মনিকান্তা | parents = চ. সোমৰজিৎ শৰ্মা<br/>চ. অংগবি সনাহানবি দেৱী | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | website = }} '''মায়া চৌধুৰী''' এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী যিয়ে [[মণিপুৰী]] চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=19 August 2023 |title="For The First Time, This Film Stirs Up The Deepest Feelings In My Heart" - Maya Choudhury About Working In 'Oneness' |url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/311008/for-the-first-time-this-film-stirs-up-the-deepest-feelings-in-my-heart---maya-choudhury-about-working-in-oneness |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=15 February 2025 |title=Manipuri Film ‘Oneness’ Earns Four Nominations at Prag Cine Awards Northeast 2025 |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/manipuri-film-oneness-earns-four-nominations-at-prag-cine-awards-northeast-2025/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=Imphal Times}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=29 April 2018 |title=Maya Choudhury |work=The Personage |url=https://nikitalsharma.wordpress.com/2018/04/29/maya-choudhury/ |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''ওনেনেছ''ত আন্না মাৰ্টিনৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয়ৰ বাবে তেওঁ ২০২৫ চনত অনুষ্ঠিত ১৭তম [[মণিপুৰ]] ৰাজ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটাত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী বঁটা লাভ কৰে, যি তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ প্ৰথম বঁটা।<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=Manipur’s Queer Film ONENESS Wins 2 State Govt. Film Awards - Northeast Today |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/manipurs-queer-film-oneness-wins-2-state-govt-film-awards/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US |archivedate=2026-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120085426/https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/manipurs-queer-film-oneness-wins-2-state-govt-film-awards/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহ হ'ল ''বসন্তাগী নোংগাল্লামদাই'' ত্ৰয়ী, ''ওনেনেছ'', ''মেইচাক'', ''কুন্তী'', ''মিঃ লখিপিয়াৰী'', ''লিকলাই'', ''তোমথিন শিজা'', ''ইমইনু'' আৰু ''সাক্লোন আমাদা''।<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2021 |title=Priyakanta Laishram "ONENESS" is all set to reveal the invisible crime of Gay Honor Killing (Manipur’s first Gay themed movie) |work=India Today NE |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/priyakanta-laishram-oneness-all-set-reveal-invisible-crime-gay-honor-killing-manipurs-first-gay-themed-movie-411189-2021-12-10 |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=Making Of ‘ONENESS’: Manipur’s First-Ever Flick On Same-Sex Relationship |work=The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/making-of-oneness-manipurs-first-ever-flick-on-same-sex-relationship/ |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৯৮ চনত মায়া চৌধুৰীয়ে লৈমায়ুম বংকা শৰ্মাৰ পৰিচালিত চেলুলয়েড চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''মেইচাক''ৰ জৰিয়তে অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰে। সেই বছৰতে তেওঁ মিছ মণিপুৰ ১৯৯৮ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি দ্বিতীয় ৰানাৰ-আপ স্থান লাভ কৰে আৰু আন পাঁচটা উপ-শিৰোনাম জয় কৰে।<ref name=":1" /> বিবাহৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ আৰু দুটা চেলুলয়েড চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। বিবাহৰ পিছত কিছুসময়ৰ বাবে অভিনয়ৰপৰা আঁতৰি থাকি পুনৰ ''বসন্তাগী নোংগাল্লামদাই'' আৰু ''২১শ শতিকাৰ কুন্তী'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে অভিনয় জগতলৈ উভতি আহে। এই ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ স্বামী আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ সহায়ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে।<ref name=":1" /> তেওঁৰ পুনৰাগমন ''লেইখামতোন'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰে চিহ্নিত হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত ''ইমইনু'', ''তোমথিন শিজা'', ''হিয়াই'' আৰু ''পাণ্ডাম আমাদা'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সহ-ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰে। ''পাণ্ডাম আমাদা'' ১৮তম ঢাকা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ ২০১৯, ১৮তম থাৰ্ড আই এশিয়ান চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ ২০১৯ (মুম্বাই) আৰু টোকিঅ লিফ্ট-অফ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ ২০২০ত প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenewsmill.com/manipuri-film-pandan-selected-for-asian-festival/ |title=Manipuri film Pandam Amada selected for Asian Festival |website=The News Mill |date=12 December 2019 |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> === উল্লেখযোগ্য সমালোচনামূলক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া === ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ওনেনেছ'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত আন্না মাৰ্টিনৰ মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। চলচ্চিত্ৰখন প্ৰিয়কান্ত লৈশ্ৰমে পৰিচালনা কৰে আৰু সমলিঙ্গীয় সম্পৰ্ক বিষয়ক আলোচনাক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত প্ৰথম মণিপুৰী চলচ্চিত্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিচিত।<ref name=":2" /> চলচ্চিত্ৰখন দক্ষিণ এশিয়াৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ কুইৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ উৎসৱ KASHISH Pride Film Festival 2024, মুম্বাইত বিশ্ব প্ৰদৰ্শন লাভ কৰে আৰু পিছলৈ ১৪তম বেংগালুৰু কুইৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ উৎসৱ ২০২৪, ২য় ঐখৈগী ইম্ফল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ ২০২৫ আৰু ২য় উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰত চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ, মণিপুৰত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হয়। মুক্তিৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমালোচকৰ প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰে। ''দ্য ছাংহাই এক্সপ্ৰেছ''য়ে তেওঁক চলচ্চিত্ৰখনত অন্যতম শক্তিশালী অভিনয় আগবঢ়োৱা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2024 |title=ONENESS: A landmark in Manipuri cinema breaks barriers |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/8/9/Reviewed-by-Laishram-Malemnganba-Meitei-Mocha-Laishram-Khuman-ABOUT-THE-FILM-ONENESS-directed-by-Pr.html |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> ''মণিপুৰ ৱিকি'' আৰু ''ই-পাও''য়ে তেওঁৰ অভিনয়ক উচ্চ প্ৰশংসা কৰে আৰু ইয়াক তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয় বুলি মন্তব্য কৰে। ২০২৫ চনত অনুষ্ঠিত প্ৰাগ চিনে এৱাৰ্ড ২০২৫-ত তেওঁ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – উত্তৰ-পূব শাখাত মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰে।<ref name=":4" /> ১৭তম মণিপুৰ ৰাজ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটাত তেওঁ ''ওনেনেছ''ৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref name=":10" /> == বিতৰ্ক == ২০২৪ চনত ''ওনেনেছ'' চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ প্ৰচাৰমূলক সাক্ষাৎকাৰৰ পিছত মায়া চৌধুৰী অনলাইন সমালোচনা আৰু ট্ৰ'লিঙৰ লক্ষ্য হয়। সাক্ষাৎকাৰত তেওঁ নিজৰ অভিনয় নথকা চলচ্চিত্ৰ নেদেখো বুলি কৰা মন্তব্য ভুল বুজা-বুজিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰখনক লৈ সমালোচনা বৃদ্ধি পায়। এই বিতৰ্ক মণিপুৰত চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ বিষয়-বস্তুক লৈ চলি থকা বিস্তৃত আপত্তিৰ মাজতে সংঘটিত হৈছিল। == নিৰ্বাচিত চলচ্চিত্ৰ তালিকা == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! বছৰ ! চলচ্চিত্ৰ ! ভূমিকা ! পৰিচালক |- |১৯৯৮ |''মৈচাক'' |লতা |এল. ব্যাংকা শৰ্মা |- |১৯৯৯ |''অৰৈবা বিদাই'' |থাদোই |ওকেন আমাকচম |- |২০০৩ |''থাজাবাগী ওয়াংমদা'' |সাৰজু |ওকেন আমাকচম |- |২০০৪ |''পন্থুঙ্গীদাৰা নুংশিবা'' |আশা |দিয়া খোয়াইৰাকপাম |- | rowspan="2" |২০০৫ |''নাংতানা হেল্লি'' |মনিক |ওকেন আমাকচম |- |''মিষ্টাৰ লক্ষিপ্যাৰি'' |ৰাধা |হোমেন ডি' ওয়াই |- | rowspan="2" |২০০৬ |''ঐগি সালিনী ম্যাম'' |সালিনী থাপা |বীৰ ভদ্ৰ ইয়ুমনাম |- |''বসন্তগী নোঙ্গাল্লামদাই'' |সাৰলা |তেজ ক্ষেত্ৰী |- |২০০৮ |''লিকলাই'' |লিকলাই |পিলু এইচ. |- | rowspan="2" |২০০৯ |''লন্থোকতাবাগী ওয়াৰি'' |লেইহাও |দিয়া খোয়াইৰাকপাম |- |''উতাংবি'' |ৰাধা |ৰোমি মেইতৈ |- | rowspan="10" |২০১০ |''ইম্ফল নিঙ্গোল'' |লেইবাক্লেই |বিজগুপ্তা লাইশ্ৰম |- |''পিৰাংলাক্তা মাঙ্গলান আমা'' |ড° চোংনু |খাঙ্গেম্বাম কুলেশ্বৰ |- |''লাম্বিদুদেই'' |ড° লিন্থোই |কে. বিমল শৰ্মা |- |''কানাদানো'' |লিঞ্জেলেৰ বোন |আই.এস. গুৰুং |- |''সাকলন আমদা'' |মেমথোই |এল. সুৰজকান্ত |- |''মেইৰী নত্তে লিকলানি'' |লঞ্জেনবি |আমৰ ৰাজ |- |''অহিং মামেই'' |লাইমা |বিমল ফিবৌ |- |''ওহ...! দ্য গ্ৰেট - থাওয়াঙ্গী পূৰ্ণিমা'' |পূৰ্ণিমা |এল. প্ৰকাশ |- |''২১শ শতকেৰ কুন্তি'' |ৰাজলক্ষ্মী |জয় সোৰাম |- |''নুংশিবী তাকেল্লেই'' |লিন্থোই |আমৰ ৰাজ |- | rowspan="3" |২০১১ |''মেল্লেই লেইষ্ণা তাৰিখ্থা'' |লেইষ্ণা |আমৰ ৰাজ |- |''মোমন মিনোক'' |তাৰিখ্থা |ক্ষ. কিশোৰকুমাৰ |- |''ফ্ৰাইড ফিশ, চিকেন স্যুপ এবং একটি প্ৰিমিয়াৰ শো'' |নিজেই |মমতা মূৰ্তি |- |২০১৪ |''লেইখামটন'' |লেইখাম |তেজ ক্ষেত্ৰী |- | rowspan="2" |২০১৫ |''ইমোইনু'' |লাইমাৰেম্বি |বিজগুপ্তা লাইশ্ৰম |- |''শাজিক থাবা'' |সানাৰেম্বিৰ মা |ওজিতবাবু নিংথৌজাম |- |২০১৭ |''তোমথিন শিজা'' |ড° আয়িংবি শিজা |ববি হাওবাম |- |২০১৮ |''হিয়াই'' |লাইমা |হিৰোজিত নাওৰৈবাম |- |২০১৯ |''পাণ্ডাম আমাদা'' |ইয়াইফাবি |ও. গৌতম |- |২০২০ |''অৰোণবা ওয়াৰি'' |ইয়াইফাবিৰ মা |ও.সি. মেইৰা |- | rowspan="2" |২০২২ |''ইমোইনু ২'' |লাইমাৰেম্বি |বিজগুপ্তা লাইশ্ৰম |- |''লাইজা লেম্বি'' |তামফা |সুধীৰ কাংজম |- | rowspan="2" |২০২৪ |''ওয়াননেস'' |আন্না মাৰ্টিন |প্ৰিয়কান্ত লাইশ্ৰম |- |''খোমলাং লামান'' |তামফাৰ শাহুৱেক |ও.সি. মেইৰা |} == বঁটা আৰু মনোনয়ন == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! বঁটা ! শ্ৰেণী ! চলচ্চিত্ৰ ! ফলাফল ! Ref. |- | ১৭তম মণিপুৰ ৰাজ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা ২০২৫ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী | ''ওনেনেছ'' | {{won}} | <ref name=":10" /> |- | প্ৰাগ চিনে এৱাৰ্ড ২০২৫ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – উত্তৰ-পূব | ''ওনেনেছ'' | {{nominated}} | <ref name=":4" /> |- | ১ম SSS MANIFA ২০১২ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | ''সাক্লোন আমাদা'' | {{nominated}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..130912.sep12|title=Nominees of Manipuri Film awards announced|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> |} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01ekmzmrksg |title=MAYA CHOUDHURY On Manung Hutna 14 July 2018 |via=YouTube}} * {{cite web |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=9bDXpvcju-Q |title=Coffee with TOM - Maya Choudhury: Episode 150 (Anchor: Jolly) |via=YouTube}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মেইতেই চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] e96th4pc81btks6pvhs6t9jfj2wwxz0 0 132791 604512 602623 2026-05-05T02:39:24Z Ziv 43573 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Milly alcock (cropped).jpg]] → [[File:Milly alcock gcc 2022 2.jpg]] Copyvio replacement 604512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actress | name = মিলি এলকক | image = Milly alcock gcc 2022 2.jpg | caption = ২০২২ চনত এলকক | birth_name = আমেলিয়া মে এলকক | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|04|11|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ছিডনী]], নিউ চাউথ ৱেলছ, [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] | years_active = ২০১৩–বৰ্তমান | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী }} '''আমেলিয়া মে এলকক''' (জন্ম ১১ এপ্ৰিল ২০০০) এগৰাকী [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ন অভিনেত্ৰী। ফক্সটেলৰ কমেডী-ড্ৰামা ''আপৰাইট'' (২০১৯–২০২২) ত অভিনয় কৰাৰ বাবে তেওঁ AACTA বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners & Nominees |url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/winners-and-nominees/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=www.aacta.org |language=en-AU}}</ref> এইচ বি অ'ৰ ফেণ্টাচি ধাৰাবাহিক ''হাউচ অৱ দ্য ড্ৰেগন'' (২০২২–২০২৪) ত যুৱতী ৰেনিৰা টাৰ্গাৰিয়েনৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰাৰ বাবে তেওঁ অধিক জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁ নাটক ধাৰাবাহিকৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহযোগী অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে সমালোচকৰ চয়ছ টেলিভিছন বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনীত হয়।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hislop |first=Madeline |date=23 June 2022 |title=22-year-old Australian Milly Alcock cast in Game of Thrones prequel |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/life/screen/22-year-old-australian-milly-alcock-cast-in-game-of-thrones-prequel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627073945/https://womensagenda.com.au/life/screen/22-year-old-australian-milly-alcock-cast-in-game-of-thrones-prequel/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=Women's Agenda}}</ref><ref name="CCAs2023">{{Cite web |title=2023 Critics' Choice Awards nominations |url=https://www.criticschoice.com/2023-critics-choice-awards-nominations/ |website=Critics Choice Association |access-date=11 September 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> এলককে ডিচি ইউনিভাৰ্ছত কাৰা জোৰ-এল / ছুপাৰগাৰ্লৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে, প্ৰথমে ''ছুপাৰমেন'' (২০২৫) ত কেমিঅ' ৰূপে দেখা দিয়ে। তেওঁ ''ছুপাৰগাৰ্ল'' (২০২৬) ছবিখনত মুখ্য ভূমিকাত পুনৰ এই চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিব। ==প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন== এলককৰ জন্ম ২০০০ চনৰ ১১ এপ্ৰিলত হৈছিল<ref name="up2" /><ref name="standard">{{Cite journal |last=Jessop |first=Vicky |date=22 August 2022 |title=Milly Alcock on House of the Dragon: 'Things like this don't happen to people like me' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/milly-alcock-interview-house-of-the-dragon-game-of-thrones-b1019190.html |journal=Evening Standard |access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> আৰু তেওঁ ছিডনীৰ উপনগৰ পিটাৰশ্বামত ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="focus">{{Cite web |last=Rafter |first=Darcy |date=19 December 2020 |title=What age is Milly Alcock? Actress stars in Game Of Thrones prequel |url=https://www.thefocus.news/tv/milly-alcock-age/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201041808/https://www.thefocus.news/tv/milly-alcock-age/ |archive-date=1 December 2021 |website=The Focus |access-date=5 March 2026 |archivedate=1 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201041808/https://www.thefocus.news/tv/milly-alcock-age/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁৰ দুজন সৰু ভাই আছে।<ref name="vog">{{Cite journal |last=Gay |first=Danielle |date=23 March 2020 |title=Meet rising star Milly Alcock, the 19 year old who is bound to make it big in Hollywood |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/miss-vogue/meet-rising-star-milly-alcock-the-19-year-old-who-is-bound-to-make-it-big-in-hollywood/news-story/a7e1ca71a5f648f48cdfa7505ca9ada9 |url-status=live |journal=Vogue Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921124909/https://www.vogue.com.au/miss-vogue/meet-rising-star-milly-alcock-the-19-year-old-who-is-bound-to-make-it-big-in-hollywood/news-story/a7e1ca71a5f648f48cdfa7505ca9ada9 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> টেভাৰ্নাৰ্ছ হিল ইনফেণ্টছ স্কুলৰ ''লিটিল ৰেড ৰকিং হুড''ৰ সংস্কৰণত লিটিল ৰেড ৰাইডিং হুডৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি এলককে প্ৰথমে অভিনয়ৰ সৈতে পৰিচিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jessop |first=Vicky |date=22 August 2022 |title=Milly Alcock on House of the Dragon: 'Things like this don't happen to people like me' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/milly-alcock-interview-house-of-the-dragon-game-of-thrones-b1019190.html |url-status=live |journal=Evening Standard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911082929/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/milly-alcock-interview-house-of-the-dragon-game-of-thrones-b1019190.html |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> তেওঁ স্থানীয় ষ্টেনম’ৰ পাব্লিক স্কুল আৰু তাৰ পিছত নিউটাউন হাইস্কুল অৱ দ্য পাৰ্ফৰ্মিং আৰ্টছত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল, য'ৰ পৰা ২০১৮ চনত ''আপৰাইট'' ধাৰাবাহিকত অভিনয় কৰিবলৈ সুযোগ লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ স্কুল এৰি দিয়ে।<ref name="style">{{Cite web |last=Hastings |first=Christobel |date=16 August 2022 |title=House Of The Dragon: who is Milly Alcock and who does she play? |url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/house-of-the-dragon-who-is-milly-alcock-young-rhaenyra-targaryen/696813 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822095202/https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/house-of-the-dragon-who-is-milly-alcock-young-rhaenyra-targaryen/696813 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=Stylist |language=en}}</ref> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== ২০১৪ চনত নেটৱৰ্ক টেনৰ ৰোমান্টিক কমেডী ''ৱাণ্ডাৰলেণ্ড''ৰ এটা খণ্ডত কিশোৰী অৱস্থাত টেলিভিছনত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে এলককে।<ref name="focus" /> এনবিএন, কেডবেৰী, কেএফচি আৰু উলৱৰ্থছৰ বিজ্ঞাপনতো তেওঁ অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="bar" /> ২০১৫ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৭ চনলৈকে তেওঁ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ ডিজনী চেনেলত অভিনয় কৰিছিল, চুটি ৰূপৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''বি.এফ. চেফছ'' আৰু ''হেংগিং উইথ''ত উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="bar" /> ২০১৭ চনত এলককে এবিচি টেলিভিছনৰ নাটক ''জেনেট কিং''ৰ তৃতীয় আৰু অন্তিম ধাৰাবাহিকত আৰু অডেছা ইয়ং আৰু চিণ্ডি জেকচনৰ সৈতে ৱেব মিনিচিৰিজ ''হাই লাইফ''ত ইছাবেলা বেৰেটৰ চৰিত্ৰত প্ৰথম নামকৰণ কৰা চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref name="bar">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2017 |title=Milly Alcock (plays Isabella Barrett) |url=https://www.highlifeseries.com/team/milly-alcock-plays-isabella-barrett/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921162950/https://www.highlifeseries.com/team/milly-alcock-plays-isabella-barrett/ |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=highlifeseries.com |archivedate=21 September 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921162950/https://www.highlifeseries.com/team/milly-alcock-plays-isabella-barrett/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> পিছৰ বছৰত এলককে শ্ব’কেছ নাটক ''ফাইটিং ছিজন''ত মায়া নৰ্ডেনফেল্টৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ''এ প্লেচ টু কল হোম''ৰ ষষ্ঠ আৰু অন্তিম ধাৰাবাহিকত এমা কাৰ্ভল্থৰ চৰিত্ৰত, নেটফ্লিক্সৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''পাইন গেপ''ত মাৰিছা কেম্পবেলৰ চৰিত্ৰত আৰু এবিচিৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''লেছ নৰ্টন''ত ছিয়ান গেলেছৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="milly">{{Cite web |title=Milly Alcock Profile |url=https://shanahan.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ALCOCK-Milly-081121.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202002100/https://shanahan.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ALCOCK-Milly-081121.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=shanahan.com.au |archivedate=2 February 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202002100/https://shanahan.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ALCOCK-Milly-081121.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৮ চনত এলককে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ ছবি ''দ্য স্কুল''ত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milly Alcock – Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/milly_alcock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004044024/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/milly_alcock |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eeles |first=Matthew |date=24 July 2018 |title=Review: The School |url=https://cinemaaustralia.com.au/2018/07/24/review-the-school/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008022349/https://cinemaaustralia.com.au/2018/07/24/review-the-school/ |archive-date=8 October 2022 |website=Cinema Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eeles |first=Matthew |date=20 June 2017 |title=Director Storm Ashwood discusses The School – Exclusive new pics revealed! |url=https://cinemaaustralia.com.au/2017/06/20/exclusive-director-storm-ashwood-talks-us-through-the-school/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211071049/https://cinemaaustralia.com.au/2017/06/20/exclusive-director-storm-ashwood-talks-us-through-the-school/ |archive-date=11 December 2022 |website=Cinema Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Don |date=17 December 2018 |title='The Coming Back Out Ball Movie', 'The School' resonate beyond Oz cinemas |url=https://if.com.au/the-coming-back-out-ball-movie-the-school-resonate-beyond-oz-cinemas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211071053/https://if.com.au/the-coming-back-out-ball-movie-the-school-resonate-beyond-oz-cinemas/ |archive-date=11 December 2022 |website=Inside Film}}</ref> ২০১৯ চনত এলককে ফক্সটেলৰ কমেডী-ড্ৰামা ধাৰাবাহিক ''আপৰাইট''ত পলায়নবাদী কিশোৰী মেগৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে, অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ আউটবেকৰ ২০০০ মাইল দূৰত্বত হিচহাইকিং কৰি।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sopicki |first=Leo |date=28 July 2020 |title=ATX TV Review: Downunder Series 'Upright' Premieres and Judd Apatow Likes It |url=https://blogcritics.org/atx-tv-review-downunder-upright-premieres-judd-apatow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926021909/https://blogcritics.org/atx-tv-review-downunder-upright-premieres-judd-apatow/ |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=Blogcritics |language=en-US}}</ref> এই ভূমিকা তেওঁৰ বাবে ২০১৮ চনৰ কাষ্টিং গিল্ড অৱ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া ৰাইজিং ষ্টাৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰে।<ref name="Rstar">{{Cite web |title=CGA 2018 Rising Stars |url=http://www.castingguild.com.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624022149/http://www.castingguild.com.au/ |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=castingguild.com.au}}</ref> এই অভিনয়ৰ বাবে তেওঁ ''১০ম এএচিটিএ বঁটা''ত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কমেডী পৰিবেশকৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ এই শাখাৰ অন্যতম কম বয়সীয়া মনোনীত ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref name="tim">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=Milly Alcock reveals she dropped out of high school to star in award-winning Foxtel drama Upright |url=https://dailyuknews.com/entertainment/milly-alcock-reveals-she-dropped-out-of-high-school-to-star-in-award-winning-foxtel-drama-upright/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211070855/https://dailyuknews.com/entertainment/milly-alcock-reveals-she-dropped-out-of-high-school-to-star-in-award-winning-foxtel-drama-upright/ |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=DUK News}}</ref> ২০২২ চনত এলককে ''আপৰাইট''ৰ দ্বিতীয় ধাৰাবাহিকৰ বাবে উভতি আহে।<ref name="up2">{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=6 March 2022 |title=Production begins on Upright 2 |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2022/03/production-begins-on-upright-2.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027125341/https://tvtonight.com.au/2022/03/production-begins-on-upright-2.html |archive-date=27 October 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=TV Tonight}}</ref> [[File:Milly Alcock as Princess Rhaenyra Targaryen HotD.png|thumb|upright|এইচ বি অ’ৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''হাউচ অৱ দ্য ড্ৰেগন''ত ৰাজকুমাৰী ৰেনিৰা টাৰ্গেৰিয়েনৰ চৰিত্ৰত মিলি এলকক]] ২০২১ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ঘোষণা কৰা হয় যে এলককক ২০২২ চনৰ এইচ বি অ’ৰ ফেণ্টাচি ধাৰাবাহিক ''হাউচ অৱ দ্য ড্ৰেগন''ত যুৱ ৰাজকুমাৰী ৰেনিৰা টাৰ্গেৰিয়েনৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছে, যিটো ''গেম অৱ থ্ৰ'নছ''ৰ প্ৰিক্যুৱেল আৰু জৰ্জ আৰ আৰ মাৰ্টিনৰ কাল্পনিক ইতিহাসৰ কিতাপ ''ফায়াৰ এণ্ড ব্লাড''ৰ অভিযোজন।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hemmert |first=Kylie |date=6 July 2021 |title=Milly Alcock & Emily Carey Join HBO's GOT Prequel House of the Dragon |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/news/1181418-milly-alcock-emily-carey-join-hbos-got-prequel-house-of-the-dragon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211070859/https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/news/1181418-milly-alcock-emily-carey-join-hbos-got-prequel-house-of-the-dragon |archive-date=11 December 2022 |website=ComingSoon.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Daly |first=Helen |date=22 August 2022 |title=Who is Princess Rhaenyra Targaryen and who plays her? |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/fantasy/princess-rhaenyra-targaryen-house-dragon-explained/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106080310/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/fantasy/princess-rhaenyra-targaryen-house-dragon-explained/ |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022 |magazine=Radio Times}}</ref> এই চৰিত্ৰটোৰ বাবে এলককে সমালোচকৰ প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Bloom |first=Daniel |date=21 August 2022 |title='House of the Dragon' Will Let You Love 'Game of Thrones' Again |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/house-of-the-dragon-will-let-you-love-game-of-thrones-again/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120074741/https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/house-of-the-dragon-will-let-you-love-game-of-thrones-again/ |archive-date=20 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> এই ভূমিকা বাবে তেওঁ নাটক ধাৰাবাহিকৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহায়ক অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে সমালোচকৰ পছন্দ টেলিভিছন বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনীত হয়।<ref name="CCAs2023" /> ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত এলককে নোৱেল গ্যালাগাৰৰ হাই ফ্লাইং বাৰ্ডছৰ গীত ''ইজি নাও''ৰ মিউজিক ভিডিঅ’ত অভিনয় কৰে, যি বেণ্ডটোৰ চতুৰ্থ এলবাম ''কাউন্সিল স্কাইজ''ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="noel">{{Cite web |last=Selcke |first=Dan |date=20 January 2023 |title=See House of the Dragon star Milly Alcock in Noel Gallagher's new music video |url=https://winteriscoming.net/2023/01/20/see-house-of-the-dragon-star-milly-alcock-noel-gallagher-new-music-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122092740/https://winteriscoming.net/2023/01/20/see-house-of-the-dragon-star-milly-alcock-noel-gallagher-new-music-video/ |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=winteriscoming.net |publisher=Minute Media}}</ref> সেই বছৰৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ গিলগুড থিয়েটাৰত মঞ্চস্থ হোৱা ''দ্য ক্ৰুচিবল'' নাটকত অভিনয় কৰি ৱেষ্ট এণ্ড মঞ্চত অভিষেক কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wild |first=Stephi |date=17 March 2023 |title=HOUSE OF THE DRAGON's Milly Alcock Will Lead New Production of THE CRUCIBLE |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/HOUSE-OF-THE-DRAGONs-Milly-Alcock-Will-Lead-New-Production-of-THE-CRUCIBLE-20230317 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317145724/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/HOUSE-OF-THE-DRAGONs-Milly-Alcock-Will-Lead-New-Production-of-THE-CRUCIBLE-20230317 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=BroadwayWorld}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ঘোষণা কৰা হয় যে এলকক ডিচি ইউনিভাৰ্ছৰ ছবি ''ছুপাৰগাৰ্ল'' (২০২৬)ত কাৰা জোৰ-এল / ছুপাৰগাৰ্লৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰথমে ''ছুপাৰমেন'' (২০২৫)ত কেমিঅ’ উপস্থিতিৰ জৰিয়তে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |date=29 January 2024 |title=James Gunn Finds His Supergirl in 'House of the Dragon' Star Milly Alcock {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.thewrap.com/supergirl-actress-milly-alcock-superman-legacy/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |last2=Kroll |first2=Justin |date=29 January 2024 |title='Supergirl': New Woman Of Steel Is 'House Of The Dragon's Milly Alcock |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/supergirl-milly-alcock-1235807989/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> ছবিখন ২০২৬ চনৰ ২৬ জুনত মুক্তি পোৱাৰ কথা।<ref>{{Cite web |title='Supergirl' movie reveals first behind-the-scenes look with 'House of the Dragon' star |url=https://ew.com/supergirl-movie-first-behind-scenes-look-milly-alcock-8779309 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=EW.com |language=en}}</ref> ২০২৫ চনত তেওঁ জুলিয়ান মূৰ আৰু মেঘান ফাহীৰ সৈতে নেটফ্লিক্সৰ ডাৰ্ক কমেডী সীমিত ধাৰাবাহিক ''চাইৰেন্স''ত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=1 July 2024 |title=Julianne Moore, Milly Alcock, Meghann Fahy to Star in Netflix Limited Series 'Sirens' |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/julianne-moore-milly-alcock-meghann-fahy-netflix-limited-series-sirens-1236058187/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ''হাউচ অৱ দ্য ড্ৰেগন''ত অভিনয় কৰাৰ আগতে এলককে পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে [[ছিডনী]]ত বাস কৰিছিল আৰু পাৰ্শ্বক্ৰিয়া গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ''হাৰ্পাৰছ বাজাৰ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া''ই প্ৰকাশ কৰা অনুসৰি চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ আৰম্ভ নোহোৱালৈকে তেওঁ ছিডনীৰ মেৰিকভিলৰ এটা কেফেত পাৰ্ট টাইম চাকৰি কৰি আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=BAZAAR |first=Harpers |date=2023-03-22 |title=Meet Milly Alcock, a very gen Z star |url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/milly-alcock-interview/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Harper's Bazaar Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> ২০২২ চনত তেওঁ লণ্ডনলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Victory |first=Constance |date=24 August 2022 |title=interview – milly alcock |url=https://schonmagazine.com/interview-milly-alcock/ |url-status=live |journal=Schön! |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911082933/https://schonmagazine.com/interview-milly-alcock/ |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodriguez |first=Jasmine |date=16 August 2022 |title=Milly Alcock – Go Ahead, Unleash That Voice |url=https://flaunt.com/content/milly-alcock-first-time-offenders |url-status=live |journal=Flaunt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911082930/https://flaunt.com/content/milly-alcock-first-time-offenders |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Milly Alcock}} * {{IMDb name|6854116}} * {{Instagram|id=millyalcock}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] 093pfs151resu7qe6shnpsh43fcx3o0 0 132814 604422 596572 2026-05-04T15:10:48Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = মিনু মাজিদি | image = Iranian protester Minoo Majidi.jpg | caption = | native_name = {{lang|ku-Arab|مینوو مەجیدی}} | native_name_lang = পাৰ্চী | time = | timezone = | date = ২০ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ ২০২২ | location = কাৰ্মেনশ্বাহ, ইৰাণ | coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display=inline,title}} --> | cause = | motive = | perpetrator = | participants = | reported deaths = মিনু মাজিদি | burial = মীনা আবাদ সমাধি | inquiries = | inquest = | coroner = | arrests = | suspects = | accused = | convicted = | charges = | trial = | verdict = | convictions = | sentence = }} '''মিনু মাজিদি''', জন্ম: ১৯৬০ চন – মৃত্যু: ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০২২ চন; ২০২২ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত ইৰাণৰ প্ৰতিবাদৰ সময়ত ইৰাণী কৰ্তৃপক্ষই হত্যা কৰা এগৰাকী ৬২ বছৰ বয়সীয়া ইৰাণী মহিলা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadis, Minoo and Ghazaleh: the women victims of Iran's crackdown |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hadis-minoo-ghazaleh-women-victims-045851100.html |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=sg.news.yahoo.com |language=en-SG |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013213751/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hadis-minoo-ghazaleh-women-victims-045851100.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=13 October 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013213751/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hadis-minoo-ghazaleh-women-victims-045851100.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==জীৱন== ১৯৬০ চনত কাছৰ-ই শ্বিৰিন চহৰৰ ইয়াৰছান পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা কুৰ্দি জনগোষ্ঠীৰ এগৰাকী ইৰাণী মহিলা আছিল মিনু মাজিদি। তেওঁ স্বামী আৰু তিনিটা সন্তানৰ সৈতে কেৰমানশ্বাহ চহৰত বাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=A woman was killed in Kermanshah protests |url=https://hengaw.net/en/news/a-woman-was-killed-in-kermanshah-protests |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=Hengaw|date=22 September 2022 |language=ku-Arab}}</ref> ==মৃত্যু== ইৰাণৰ ম’ৰেল আৰক্ষীৰ জিম্মাত [[মাহছা আমিনিৰ মৃত্যু]] হোৱাৰ পাছত —মাহছা আমিনিৰ জন্ম আৰু সমাধিস্থল— ছাককেজত শাসন-ব্যৱস্থা বিৰোধী প্ৰতিবাদৰ ঢৌ আৰম্ভ হয়, যিটো ইৰাণ আৰু সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে দ্ৰুতগতিত বিয়পি পৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pourahmadi |first=Jomana Karadsheh, Tamara Qiblawi, Adam |date=13 October 2022 |title=How Iran's protests transformed into a national uprising |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/13/middleeast/iran-protests-national-uprising-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Here's What Has Happened in Iran Since the Death of Mahsa Amini |url=https://time.com/6220853/iran-protests-mahsa-amini-what-to-know/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |magazine=Time |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ইছলামিক ৰিপাব্লিকান বাহিনীয়ে গুলীচালনা কৰি হত্যা কৰা কেৰমানশ্বাহৰ ৰাজপথত প্ৰতিবাদ কৰাসকলৰ ভিতৰত মিনু মাজিদি আছিল অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=The Women Killed or Detained in Iran's Protests |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/oct/07/women-killed-or-detained-iran%E2%80%99s-protests |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007221901/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/oct/07/women-killed-or-detained-iran%E2%80%99s-protests |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=The Iran Primer |language=en |archivedate=7 October 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007221901/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/oct/07/women-killed-or-detained-iran%E2%80%99s-protests |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BBC identifies young people killed in Iran protests |language=en-US |work=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/bbc-identifies-young-people-killed-in-iran-protests/ar-AA12WqSF |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref> ==সমাধিস্থ == ২০২২ চনৰ ২২ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত কেৰমানশ্বাহৰ মিনা আবাদ কবৰস্থানত মাজিদীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া চৰকাৰ বিৰোধী বিক্ষোভলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়।<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | year = 2022 | title = ادامه اعتراض‌ها علیه حکومت در ایران در روز پنج‌شنبه با وجود قطع گسترده اینترنت | publisher = Iran International | publication-place = | page = | url = https://www.iranintl.com/202209227624 | access-date = 14 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | year = 2022 | title = آنچه تاکنون از اعتراضات روز ششم می‌دانیم | publisher = Melliun | publication-place = | page = | url = https://melliun.org/iran/332137 | access-date = 14 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | year = 2022 | title = جنازة في كرمنشاه الإيرانية تتحول إلى مظاهرة ضد النظام أثناء تشييع "مينو مجيدي" الذي قتل برصاص الأمن منذ ثلاثة أيام | publisher = NABD | publication-place = | page = | url = https://nabd.com/s/109112782-41cee1/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85 | access-date = 14 October 2022 }}</ref> অনুষ্ঠানত উপস্থিত থকা মহিলাসকলে প্ৰতিবাদৰ চিন স্বৰূপে হিজাব খুলি “[[নাৰী, জীৱন, স্বাধীনতা]]" আৰু শাসন-ব্যৱস্থা বিৰোধী শ্লোগান দিয়ে।<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | year = 2022 | title = چرخاندن روسری‌ها به نشانه اعتراض در مراسم خاکسپاری مینو مجیدی از کشته‌شدگان اعتراضات کرمانشاه | publisher = Voice of America | publication-place = | page = | url = https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-death-mino-majidi-protest-kermanshah/6758334.html | access-date = 14 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | year = 2022 | title = تشییع جنازه مینو مجیدی در کرمانشاه با روسری های برداشته و شعار «زن , زندگی , آزادی» | publisher = Iranian UK | publication-place = | page = | url = https://iranianuk.com/20220922235510055/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B9-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C | access-date = 14 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | year = 2022 | title = ادامه اعتراض‌ها علیه حکومت در ایران در روز پنج‌شنبه با وجود قطع گسترده اینترنت | publisher = Iran International | publication-place = | page = | url = https://www.iranintl.com/202209227624 | access-date = 14 October 2022 }}</ref> ==ছবি== মাজিদিক সমাধিস্থ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পাছত, য'ত মহিলাসকলে নিজক হিজাবমুক্ত কৰিছিল আৰু উপস্থিতসকলে প্ৰতিবাদৰ ধ্বনি দিছিল, তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ এখন ফটো ভাইৰেল কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ادامه اعتراض‌ها علیه حکومت در ایران در روز پنج‌شنبه با وجود قطع گسترده اینترنت |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202209227624 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=ایران اینترنشنال |date=22 September 2022 |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencias |first=Trinidad Deiros Bronte |date=7 October 2022 |title=The faces of repression in Iran |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-10-07/the-faces-of-repression-in-iran.html |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=EL PAÍS English Edition |language=en-us}}</ref> ফটোখনত তেওঁৰ ছোৱালীজনীয়ে নিজৰ চুলিখিনি উন্মুক্ত কৰি হাতেৰে চুলিখিনি ধৰি মাকৰ কবৰৰ কাষত থিয় হৈ আছে আৰু অনমনীয় অৱজ্ঞাৰে কেমেৰাৰফালে চাই আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title='Women are in charge. They are leading': Iran protests continue despite crackdowns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/01/women-are-in-charge-they-are-leading-iran-protests-continue-despite-crackdowns |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rothwell |first=James |date=30 September 2022 |title=Iranian woman pictured dining without a headscarf thrown in Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe's old jail |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/09/30/woman-arrested-image-without-headscarf-iran-restaurant-goes/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> ইটালীৰ ক'ৰিয়েৰ ডেলা চেৰা কাকতে মাজিদীৰ কন্যাৰ মাকৰ সমাধিস্থলৰ এখন ছবি প্ৰকাশ কৰি ইয়াক ইৰাণী মহিলাৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ সংগ্ৰামৰ নতুন প্ৰতীক বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | year = 2022 | title = حضور دختر مینو مجیدی با سری تراشیده و موهای بریده در دست بر مزار مادرش | publisher = Al-Arabia/Corriere della Sera | publication-place = | page = | url = https://farsi.alarabiya.net/amp/iran/2022/10/01/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4 | access-date = 14 October 2022 }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰাণৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 2ox54zdev83agcu8pfdfpxhhlso96qq 0 133153 604425 586330 2026-05-04T16:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | religion = ইছলাম | birth_date = ২২ মে' ১৮৭৮ | birth_place = দিল্লী, ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1908|11|02|1878|05|22}} | death_place = ছিমলা, ব্ৰিটিছ [[ভাৰত]] | name = মুহাম্মাদী বেগম | image = Muhammadi Begum (cropped).jpg | notable_works = ''তেহজীব-ই-নিছৱান'' | children = ইমতিয়াজ আলী তাজ (পুত্ৰ) | relatives = ইয়াছমীন তাহিৰ (নাতিনী) <br> নইম তাহিৰ (নাতি) <br> ফাৰান তাহিৰ (আজোনাতি) <br> আলী তাহিৰ (আজোনাতি) | spouse = চৈয়দ মমতাজ আলী | denomination = [[ছুন্নী ইছলাম]] }} '''মুহাম্মাদী বেগম''' (ইংৰাজী: Muhammadi Begum; জন্ম: ২২ মে' ১৮৭৮ – মৃত্যু: ২ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯০৮) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] ছুন্নী মুছলিম পণ্ডিত, উৰ্দু লেখিকা আৰু নাৰী শিক্ষাৰ অধিবক্তা আছিল। তেওঁ ইছলামিক সাপ্তাহিক আলোচনী ''তেহজীব-ই-নিছৱান''ৰ সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদিকা হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ উৰ্দু আলোচনী সম্পাদনা কৰা প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা হিচাপে পৰিচিত। তেওঁ চৈয়দ মমতাজ আলী দেওবন্দীৰ পত্নী আছিল। == জীৱনী == মুহাম্মাদী বেগম ১৮৭৮ চনৰ ২২ মে'ত দিল্লীৰ শ্বাহপুৰত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrukhi |first=Asif |author-link=Asif Farrukhi |date=2018-09-16 |title=Non-Fiction: A Pioneering Woman of Letters |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433254 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ উৰ্দু ভাষা শিকিছিল আৰু কোৰআন মুখস্থ কৰি এগৰাকী হাফিজা হৈছিল। ১৮৮৬ চনত তেওঁৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ ভগ্নীৰ বিবাহ হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ বজাই ৰাখিবলৈ তেওঁ চিঠি লিখিবলৈ শিকিছিল।<ref name="sumit">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEPYbuzOwcQC&q=mumtaz+ali+deobandi&pg=PA360 |access-date=20 August 2020|title=Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader|isbn=9780253352699|last1=Sarkar|first1=Sumit|last2=Sarkar|first2=Tanika|year=2008|page = 363}}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনত তেওঁ এজন ইছলামিক পণ্ডিত আৰু দাৰুল উলুম দেওবন্দৰ প্ৰাক্তন ছাত্ৰ চৈয়দ মমতাজ আলী দেওবন্দীৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী হয়।<ref name="sahafat">{{cite book |author1=Nayab Hasan Qasmi |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati ManzarNama |publisher=Idara Tehqeeq-e-Islami, Deoband |pages=147–151 |chapter = Mawlana Sayyid Mumtaz Ali Deobandi}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite news |author1=Rauf Parekh |title=Muhammadi Begum and Tehzeeb-e-Niswan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1216870 |access-date=22 August 2020 |work=Dawn |date=2 November 2015}}</ref> তেওঁ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ পৰা আৰবী আৰু ফাৰ্চী ভাষা শিকিছিল আৰু ব্যক্তিগতভাৱে ইংৰাজী, হিন্দী আৰু গণিতৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=pioneerdawn>{{Cite web |last=Farrukhi |first=Asif |date=2018-09-16 |title=NON-FICTION: A PIONEERING WOMAN OF LETTERS |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433254 |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> ১৮৯৮ চনৰ ১ জুলাইত দম্পতীহালে মহিলাসকলৰ বাবে ''তেহজীব-ই-নিছৱান'' নামৰ এখন সাপ্তাহিক আলোচনী আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাক ইছলামত নাৰী অধিকাৰৰ ওপৰত কৰা অগ্ৰণী কামবোৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="mansoor">{{cite journal |jstor = 1388032|title = Religion and Women: Islamic Modernism versus Fundamentalism|last1 = Moaddel|first1 = Mansoor|journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|year = 1998|volume = 37|issue = 1|page = 116|doi = 10.2307/1388032}}</ref> আলোচনীখনে বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বাধ্যতামূলক ভৰণ-পোষণ আৰু প্ৰচলিত পৰ্দা প্ৰথা তথা বহুবিবাহ সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ দৰে উগ্ৰ ধাৰণাসমূহ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁক ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী মুছলমান নাৰীবাদী মহিলা<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Amar Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuXl77rkasoC&dq=muhammadi+begum&pg=PA255 |page=255|title=Indian Writing In English:Critical Rum.(part-2) |last2=Joseph |first2=S. John Peter |date=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-725-1 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু উৰ্দু আলোচনী সম্পাদনা কৰা প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="dawn" /> ১৯০৮ চনত মৃত্যুৰ আগমুহূৰ্তলৈকে তেওঁ ''তেহজীব-ই-নিছৱান''ৰ সম্পাদনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="thenews">{{cite web |author1=Tahir Kamran |authorlink1=Tahir Kamran |title=Re-imagining of Muslim Women - II |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/565865-re-imagining-muslim-women-ii |website=thenews.com.pk |publisher=The News International |access-date=22 August 2020 |date=8 July 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == সাহিত্যিক কৰ্ম == মুহাম্মাদী বেগমে ত্ৰিশখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ''শ্বৰীফ বেটী''। এই গ্ৰন্থখনে শিশুৰ বিবাহৰ বিপদসমূহৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰিছিল যিবোৰে প্ৰায়ে বলপূৰ্বক বিবাহলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়।<ref name="pioneerdawn" /><ref name="newspk">{{cite news |author1=Sarwat Ali |title=Stuff legends are made of |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/655864-stuff-legends-are-made-of |access-date=22 August 2020 |work=The News International |date=10 May 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> তেওঁৰ অন্যান্য কৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে:<ref name="pioneerdawn" /> * ''আজ কাল'' * ''ছফিয়া বেগম'' * ''চন্দন হাৰ'' * ''আদাব-ই-মুলাকাত'' * ''ৰফীকে আৰোছ'' * ''খানাদাৰী'' * ''সুঘৰ বেটী'' == মৃত্যু আৰু উত্তৰাধিকাৰ == ৩০ বছৰ বয়সত ১৯০৮ চনৰ ২ নৱেম্বৰত ছিমলাত মুহাম্মাদী বেগমৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="dawn" /> তেওঁৰ নাতি নইম তাহিৰে ''ছৈয়দা মুহাম্মাদী বেগম অৰ উনকা খান্দান'' নামৰ এখন জীৱনী সংকলন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tahir">{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433254 |title= A PIONEERING WOMAN OF LETTERS |work = Dawn |date = 16 September 2018 |author = Asif Farrukhi |access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ইমতিয়াজ আলী তাজৰ জন্ম ১৯০০ চনত হৈছিল। তেওঁ পুত্ৰৰ ডাকনাম "মেৰা তাজ" (মোৰ মুকুট) ৰাখিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ এজন আগশাৰীৰ নাট্যকাৰ হৈ পৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ নামৰ অংশ হিচাপে মাকৰ দিয়া ডাকনাম "তাজ" গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-14 |title=Imtiaz Ali, the Taj of Urdu drama |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/917423/imtiaz-ali-the-taj-of-urdu-drama |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁৰ কন্যা ৱাহিদা বেগমে তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত আলোচনীখনৰ সম্পাদিকা হয় আৰু কেইবছৰমানৰ পিছত ইমতিয়াজ আলী তাজে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-imagining of Muslim Women - II {{!}} Political Economy {{!}} thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/565865-re-imagining-muslim-women-ii |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:লেখিকা]] djw3o0jnhdk7z7ox9vikfraoo0r6221 0 133232 604507 586673 2026-05-05T02:10:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = লিলজা আলফ্ৰেডছড'টিৰ | image = Lilja Alfreðsdóttir 2021.jpg | office = পৰ্যটন, বাণিজ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰী | primeminister = [[কেট্ৰিন জেকবছড'টিৰ]] <br> বজাৰ্নি বেনেডিক্টছন | term_start = ২৮ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২১ | term_end = ২১ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৪ | predecessor = [[Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir]]<br>{{small|(পৰ্যটন, উদ্যোগ, আৰু উদ্ভাৱন)}} | successor = [[Logi Már Einarsson]]<br>{{small|(সংস্কৃতি, উদ্ভাৱন আৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়)}}<br>[[Hanna Katrín Friðriksson]]<br>{{small|(উদ্যোগসমূহ)}} | office1 = শিক্ষা, বিজ্ঞান আৰু সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰী | primeminister1 = [[কেট্ৰিন জেকবছড'টিৰ]] | term_start1 = ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭ | term_end1 = ২৮ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২১ | predecessor1 = [[ক্ৰিষ্টজান অ'ৰ জুলিউছন]] | successor1 = [[আছমুণ্ডুৰ আইনাৰ ডাডেছন]]<br>{{small|(শিক্ষা আৰু শিশু পৰিক্ৰমা)}} | office2 = প্ৰগ্ৰেছিভ পাৰ্টি (আইচলেণ্ড)ৰ উপ অধ্যক্ষ | leader2 = [[Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson]] | term_start2 = ২ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৬ | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson | successor2 = | office3 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iceland)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] | primeminister3 = Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson | term_start3 = ৭ এপ্ৰিল ২০১৬ | term_end3 = ১১ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৭ | predecessor3 = [[Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson]] | successor3 = [[Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|10|4|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Progressive Party (Iceland)|Progressive]] | spouse = Magnús Óskar Hafsteinsson | children = ২ | caption = অফিচিয়েল প’ৰ্ট্ৰেইট, ২০২১ | term_start4 = ২৯ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৬ | office4 = Member of the [[Althing]] }} '''লিলজা ডগ আলফ্ৰেডছড'টিৰ''' (জন্ম ৪ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৭৩) আইচলেণ্ডৰ এজন ৰাজনীতিবিদ আৰু সাংসদ যিয়ে ২০২১ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰপৰা ২০২৪ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰলৈকে পৰ্যটন, বাণিজ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আহিছে।<ref name="althing" /> ২০১৬ চনৰপৰা ৰেইকজাভিক দক্ষিণ সমষ্টিৰ বাবে আলথিং (আইচলেণ্ডৰ সংসদ)ৰ সদস্য হিচাপে তেওঁ ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ২০১৭ চনৰপৰা ২০২১ চনলৈ শিক্ষা, বিজ্ঞান আৰু সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰী আৰু ২০১৬ চনৰপৰা ২০১৭ চনলৈকে বৈদেশিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Sex karlar og fimm konur |url=https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/sex-karlar-og-fimm-konur |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=RÚV |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> শিক্ষামন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে থকা সময়ছোৱাত ভোটগ্ৰহণত তেওঁক প্ৰায় ৬৮% অনুকূলতা লাভ কৰা মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Þrjár konur vinsælustu ráðherrarnir á Íslandi |url=https://kjarninn.is/skyring/2019-04-26-thrjar-konur-vinsaelustu-radherrarnir-islandi/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=Kjarninn |date=27 April 2019 |language=is}}</ref> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== ১৯৭৩ চনৰ ৪ অক্টোবৰত ৰেইকজাভিকত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আলফ্ৰেডছড'টিৰৰ।<ref name="bio">{{cite news |title=Hver er Lilja Alfreðsdóttir? |url=https://www.dv.is/frettir/2016/04/07/hver-er-lilja-alfredsdottir/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=DV |date=7 April 2016 |language=is}}</ref> তেখেত ৰাজনীতিবিদ আলফ্ৰেড অৰষ্টেইনছন, প্ৰগ্ৰেছিভ পাৰ্টিৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সদস্য আৰু নগৰ কাউন্সিলাৰ আৰু গুডনি ক্ৰীষ্টজান্সড'টিৰৰ কন্যা।<ref name="bio" /> ২০১৩ চনৰপৰা ২০১৪ চনলৈকে তেওঁ তেওঁৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় মেণ্টাস্কলিন ই ৰেইকজাভিকৰ ছাত্ৰ সংস্থা ফ্ৰেম্টিডিনৰ সভানেত্ৰী আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Forsetar Framtíðarinnar |url=https://mr.is/nemendur/felagslifid/framtidin/forsetar-framtidarinnar/ |website=Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík |access-date=7 April 2025 |language=is}}</ref> ১৯৯৮ চনত তেওঁ আইচলেণ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে আৰু তাৰ পিছত এবছৰৰ বাবে তেওঁ মিনেছ'টা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত সামষ্টিক অৰ্থনীতি আৰু দৰ্শনৰ অধ্যয়নৰ বিনিময় কৰে।<ref name="althing" /> ২০০১ চনত তেওঁ কলম্বিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অৰ্থনীতিত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref name="althing" /> লিলজাই আন্তৰ্জাতিক মুদ্ৰা নিধি আইচলেণ্ডৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বেংকত কাম কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে থকা সময়ছোৱাত চিগমুণ্ডাৰ ডাভিড গুণল'গছনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক উপদেষ্টা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Iceland's new top diplomat? |url=https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/04/09/who_is_iceland_s_new_top_diplomat/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=Iceland Monitor |date=9 April 2016}}</ref> লিলজা ২০১৬ চনৰপৰা ২০১৭ চনলৈকে ছিগুৰডুৰ ইংগি জোহানছনৰ মন্ত্ৰীসভাত বৈদেশিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰী আছিল আৰু ২০১৬ চনৰপৰা প্ৰগ্ৰেছিভ পাৰ্টিৰ উপ-সভাপতি।<ref name="althing">{{cite web |title=Lilja Alfreðsdóttir |url=https://www.althingi.is/altext/cv/is/?nfaerslunr=1244 |website=Alþingi |access-date=7 April 2025 |language=is}}</ref> আইচলেণ্ডৰ উপশিৰোনাম বা আইচলেণ্ডিক ভাষাত ডাব কৰা ছবি আৰু অনুষ্ঠান অতি কম হোৱাৰ বাবে তেওঁ ডিজনীক সমালোচনা কৰিছে।<ref name="dis" /> ২০২১ চনত তেওঁ এপল ইনকৰ্পৰেশ্যনৰ চিইঅ' টিম কুকলৈ লিখি আইচলেণ্ডিক ভাষাক তেওঁলোকৰ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমত কণ্ঠস্বৰ, লিখনী আৰু ভাষা সংগ্ৰহত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰি ভাষা হিচাপে বজাই ৰখাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ কয়।<ref name="dis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2021/theme-language-technology-and-nordic-cooperation/article.2021-10-07.0178750256|title=Small languages need big language's help to reach IT giants – Nordic Labour Journal}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:মহিলা কূটনীতিবিদ]] 1o4yk4722h2u9rnyo3qg9f3ru5vlqda 0 133350 604489 587162 2026-05-04T19:27:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title|reason=}} {{Infobox clothing type | name = য়্যেম | image_file = Yếm đào.jpg | image_size = 150px | caption = য়্যেম পৰিহিত এগৰাকী যুৱতী | type = অন্তৰ্বাস | material = পাট, কপাহ | location = [[ভিয়েটনাম]] }} [[File:TONKIN - HANOI - PORTEUSES DE SABLE (HANOI - thiếu nữ gánh nước).jpg|thumb|upright|বিক্ৰীৰ বাবে সামগ্ৰী কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া য়্যেম পৰিহিত দুজনী ছোৱালী]] '''য়্যেম''' (Yếm) বা '''আও য়্যেম''' (áo yếm) হৈছে [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক পৰম্পৰাগত অন্তৰ্বাস, যি এসময়ত সকলো শ্ৰেণীৰ ভিয়েটনামীয় মহিলাই পৰিধান কৰিছিল। শালীনতা ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে ব্লাউজ বা [[চাদৰ]]ৰ তলত পিন্ধা হৈছিল। ই এবিধ সৰল পোচাক। ইয়াৰ মূল ৰূপটো সাধাৰণতে হীৰা বা বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ এটুকুৰা [[কাপোৰ]], যি মহিলাৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত মেৰিয়াই ডিঙি আৰু পিঠিত ৰচীৰে বান্ধি ৰখা হয়। == ইতিহাস == য়্যেমৰ উৎপত্তি সম্ভৱতঃ [[চীন]]ৰ 'ডুডৌ' নামৰ পোচাকৰ পৰা হৈছে। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা ২০ শতিকালৈকে ই ঘাইকৈ উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ মহিলাসকলে পৰিধান কৰিছিল। ভিয়েটনামৰ অন্যান্য সাজ-পাৰৰ দৰে ই কোনো সামাজিক শ্ৰেণীক পৃথক কৰা নাছিল। পথাৰত কাম কৰা কৃষক মহিলাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি ৰাজকীয় পৰিয়ালৰ মহিলালৈকে সকলোৱে অন্তৰ্বাস হিচাপে য়্যেম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। ই '''[[আও টু থান]]''' পোচাকৰ এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ, যাৰ তলত ইয়াক প্ৰায়ে পৰিধান কৰা হয়। য়্যেমৰ সৈতে পিন্ধা স্কাৰ্টটোক ''ভাই ডুপ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="Lewandowski2011">{{cite book|author=Elizabeth J. Lewandowski|title=The Complete Costume Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbIsJ2tZJS4C&q=vay+vietnamese+skirt&pg=PA308|date=24 October 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7785-6|pages=308–}}</ref> ভিয়েটনাম একত্ৰীকৰণৰ পিছত, নগুয়েন ৰাজবংশই সমগ্ৰ দেশতে 'দাং ট্ৰং' সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পোছাক গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰিছিল, য’ত য়্যেম আৰু স্কাৰ্টৰ ঠাইত টুনিক আৰু দীঘল পটলুঙে স্থান লৈছিল।<ref name="Woodside1971">{{cite book|last=Woodside|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Woodside|title=Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&pg=PA134|year=1988|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-93721-5|page=134}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ফলত 'হোৱাইট হমং' সকলো প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পৰম্পৰাগত স্কাৰ্টৰ ঠাইত পটলুং আহিছিল। ১৯২০-ৰ দশকত এই শৈলীত ফিটিংছ যোগ কৰি বৰ্তমানৰ বিখ্যাত '''[[আও দাই]]''' সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Reid2015">{{cite book|author=Anthony Reid|title=A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cETJBgAAQBAJ&q=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&pg=PA285|date=2 June 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-631-17961-0|pages=285–}}</ref> নগুয়েন ৰাজবংশৰ শাসনকালত [[চীনা]] শৈলীৰ পটলুং আৰু টুনিক বাধ্যতামূলক কৰা হৈছিল। তথাপিও ১৯২০-ৰ দশকলৈকে উত্তৰ ভিয়েটনামৰ কিছুমান বিচ্ছিন্ন গাঁৱত স্কাৰ্ট পিন্ধা হৈছিল। চীনা পোছাকৰ প্ৰভাৱ ল্য ৰাজবংশৰ সময়ৰ পৰাই ভিয়েটনামীয় সাজ-পাৰত পৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ আও ডাইৰ পূৰ্বৰ সংস্কৰণটো (আও গু থান) নগুয়েন শাসকসকলে প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2016/02/vietnamese-ao-dai-from-dong-son-bronze-drum-to-intl-beauty-contests/|title=Vietnamese Ao Dai: From Dong Son bronze drum to int'l beauty contests|date=Feb 28, 2016|website=VietNam Breaking News|access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref> <gallery widths=200 heights=200> File:Viet4.jpg|পাঁচ ৰঙৰ য়্যেম পৰিহিত টনকিনৰ মহিলা File:Viet2.jpg|টনকিনৰ মহিলা </gallery> == বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰ == [[File:Yếm lụa đào.jpg|thumb|200px|পিছফালৰ পৰা দেখা এখন য়্যেম]] য়্যেম সকলো শ্ৰেণীৰ মহিলাই পৰিধান কৰিলেও, ইয়াৰ প্ৰস্তুতকৰণত ব্যৱহৃত সামগ্ৰী আৰু ৰংসমূহ ব্যক্তিজনৰ সামাজিক মৰ্যাদা আৰু অনুষ্ঠানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক আছিল। সাধাৰণ শ্ৰেণীৰ মহিলাসকলে দৈনন্দিন ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে সাধাৰণতে ক’লা আৰু বগা ৰঙৰ য়্যেম পিন্ধিছিল। আনহাতে বিশেষ অনুষ্ঠানত তেওঁলোকে ৰঙা আৰু গুলপীয়াৰ দৰে উজ্জ্বল আৰু উৎসৱমুখী ৰং বাছনি কৰিছিল। প্ৰকৃততে, বহুতো ভিয়েটনামীয় কবিতাত মহিলাসকলৰ সেন্দূৰীয়া বুকু ঢকা কাপোৰৰ (''য়্যেম ডাউ'') সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বিষয়ে উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। য়্যেমৰ তলৰ অংশটো সাধাৰণতে V-আকৃতিৰ আছিল যদিও ডিঙি ঢাকি ৰখা ওপৰৰ অংশটোৰ ডিজাইন পৃথক আছিল। ইয়াৰ দুটা আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ শৈলী আছিল ঘূৰণীয়া ডিঙি বা V-আকৃতিৰ ডিঙিৰ ডিজাইন। কিছুমান য়্যেমৰ ভিতৰত এটা সৰু জেপ থাকে, য’ত মহিলাসকলে প্ৰায়ে অলপ কস্তুৰী বা সুগন্ধি জমা কৰি ৰাখিছিল। == আধুনিক ভিয়েটনামত == ভিয়েটনামত পাশ্চাত্যকৰণৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰাৰ লগে লগে ২০ শতিকাৰ পৰা মহিলাসকলে ক্ৰমান্বয়ে য়্যেমৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে পাশ্চাত্য শৈলীৰ ব্ৰা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ফেশ্বন ডিজাইনাৰসকলে পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহ পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰাৰ লগতে সেইবোৰক নতুন ৰূপ দিয়াৰ নিৰন্তৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাত য়্যেমৰ বহুতো নতুন সংগ্ৰহ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে। এই পোছাকৰ আধুনিক ৰূপটো ঐতিহাসিক পোছাকতকৈ অলপ পৃথক; য’ত সাধাৰণতে পিঠিৰ ফালে সহায়ক পটি থাকে আৰু ইয়াক "য়্যেম"ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে "আও য়্যেম" বুলি কোৱা হয়। পাশ্চাত্যৰ 'হাল্টাৰনেক'ৰ সৈতে থকা সাদৃশ্যৰ বাবে "আও য়্যেম" যুৱতীসকলৰ মাজত যথেষ্ট জনপ্ৰিয় হৈ পৰিছে। বৰ্তমান "আও য়্যেম" বেছিভাগ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰম্পৰাগত বা ঐতিহাসিক বিষয়বস্তুৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত শৈল্পিক প্ৰদৰ্শনসমূহত দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। <gallery widths=150 heights=200> File:Danseuse dans le Temple de la Littérature (Hanoi).jpg|য়্যেম পৰিহিত এগৰাকী নৃত্যশিল্পী File:Vietnamese Dancers.jpg|য়্যেম পৰিহিত দুগৰাকী নৃত্যশিল্পী </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Yếm}} * [http://www.vietnam-culture.com/articles-102-10/Ao-yem-and-its-history.aspx আও য়্যেম আৰু ইয়াৰ ইতিহাস]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.vietnamjournal.org/article.php?sid=138 ভিয়েটনামীয় পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ আৰু ফেশ্বন] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130731125523/http://www.vietnamheritage.com.vn/pages/en/11111154940375-The-yem-a-Vietnamese-garment-replaced-during-westernization.html পাশ্চাত্যকৰণৰ ফলত বিলুপ্ত হোৱা 'য়্যেম'] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভিয়েটনাম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পোচাক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বস্ত্ৰ]] roxv8qm36hcgo31lvo2n38mwlgb2jd4 0 133380 604411 587208 2026-05-04T13:39:34Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604411 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sudanese_Shoes.jpg|thumb|মাৰ্কুব]] '''মাৰ্কুব''' ([[আৰবী]]: مركوب; বহুবচনত '''মাৰাকীব''') হ’ল [[চুদান]]ৰ পুৰুষৰ বাবে পশুপক্ষীৰ ছালেৰে নিৰ্মিত এক বিশেষ ধৰণৰ জোতা।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=نبيل |first=محمد |date=2023-03-30 |title=البوكس نيوز - بين التعجب والسخرية.. حذاء محمد منير يصنع الحدث بمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي . جريدة البوكس نيوز |url=https://new.elboox.com/misc/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=البوكس نيوز |language=ar |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140416/https://new.elboox.com/misc/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=2023-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140416/https://new.elboox.com/misc/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> বগা-পাগুৰি, জিল্লাবিয়া, ৱেষ্টকোট আৰু পটলুঙৰ সৈতে মাৰ্কুব চুদানৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাজ-পাৰৰ এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ। অতীতত ইয়াৰ মহিলা সংস্কৰণো আছিল যদিও বৰ্তমান ই বিৰল হৈ পৰিছে।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=(المركوب السوداني).. صناعة يدوية تقاوم الاندثار - |url=https://madanianews.com/?p=6826 |access-date=2023-09-30 |language=ar}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিৱৰ্তন "ক্লডো" জোতাৰপৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তাৰ পিছত "আবু আদিনা" আৰু শেষত ই বৰ্তমানৰ স্থায়ী চুদানী জোতাৰ ৰূপ লাভ কৰে।<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=فاشৰ.. نمر.. أصلة – النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/12697858.htm |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Alnilin |language=ar}}</ref> মাৰ্কুবৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম চুদানৰ এক স্বকীয় কলা, য’ত বিভিন্ন শৈলী আৰু আকাৰৰ জোতা পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haidar.ElHusseini |title=صناعة "المركوب" السوداني مهدّدة بالدخلاء والأحذية الصناعية |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Alaraby |language=ar}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উল্লেখনীয় প্ৰকাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত পশ্চিম চুদানৰ চহৰ আল-ফাচিৰত নিৰ্মিত 'আল-ফাচিৰ মাৰ্কুব', 'জেনেইনা মাৰ্কুব' আৰু উজ্জ্বল ৰঙা ৰঙৰ 'জাজিৰা আবা মাৰ্কুব' অন্যতম।<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> মাৰ্কুব তৈয়াৰ কৰিবলৈ [[অজগৰ]] সাপৰ ছাল, [[গৰু]]ৰ ছাল, [[ভেড়া]]ৰ ছাল আনকি [[ঘঁৰিয়াল]]ৰ ছালো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ ছালৰ [[জোতা]] সাধাৰণতে চহকী লোকসকলে পৰিধান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=&quot; المركوب&quot; .. حذاء الرجل السوداني من جلود النمور والثعابين |url=https://al-ain.com/article/sudan-man-shoes |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=العين الإخبارية |language=ar}}</ref> গৰুৰ ছালেৰে নিৰ্মিত জোতাবোৰ ইয়াৰ শক্তি আৰু সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবে জনাজাত। ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰণালীত চামৰাটোক শুকুৱাই ছাগলীৰ ছালৰ আৱৰণ দিয়া হয়, যাতে জোতাটো পাতল হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তলৰ অংশটো সাজি প্ৰাকৃতিক কপাহী সূতাৰে চিলাই কৰা হয়। [[নাইজেৰিয়া]] আৰু দক্ষিণ চুদানৰপৰা অহা প্ৰকৃত চামৰাৰে তৈয়াৰী জোতাবোৰ উচ্চ মানদণ্ডৰ আৰু অতি ব্যয়-বহুল বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=الشعب السودانى ينتعل 40 نوعا من الاحذية – النيلিন |url=https://www.alnilin.com/12715331.htm |access-date=2023-09-30 |language=ar}}</ref> হাতেৰে তৈয়াৰী চুদানী মাৰ্কুবৰ তলৰ অংশটো গৰুৰ ছালৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ অংশটো সাধাৰণতে ছাগলীৰ ছালৰ হয়। ইয়াৰ চিলাই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোক "ব্ৰাছিং" বুলি কোৱা হয়। চুদানী লোকসকলে বিশেষকৈ [[ঈদ]]ৰ [[নামাজ]] আৰু অন্যান্য বিশেষ অনুষ্ঠানত মাৰ্কুব পিন্ধিবলৈ পছন্দ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=الاتحاد |first=صحيفة |date=2010-05-27 |title=«المرকوب» حذاء سوداني يصنع من جلود الحيوانات |url=https://www.alittihad.ae/article/31075/2010/%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%C2%BB-%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=صحيفة الاتحاد |language=ar-AR}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:চুদান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পোছাক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জোতা]] q11jxpzzn9agx5m2a27lqjsbl82ib1m 0 133445 604583 587445 2026-05-05T11:34:30Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox museum | name = সৰমায়া আৰ্টছ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন (Sarmaya Arts Foundation) | logo = | image = | map_type = | former_name = | established = {{Start date|2015}} | location = [[মুম্বাই]] | type = আৰ্কাইভ | collections = মুদ্ৰাতত্ত্ব, মানচিত্ৰবিদ্যা, ফটোগ্ৰাফী, খনিকৰী কাৰুকাৰ্য, দুৰ্লভ কিতাপ, আধুনিক শিল্প, লোককলা | founder = | website = {{url|sarmaya.in}} }} '''সৰমায়া আৰ্টছ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন''' (Sarmaya Arts Foundation) হৈছে [[ভাৰতীয়]] উপমহাদেশৰ কলা, শিল্পকলা আৰু জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ এক অলাভজনক কিউৰেটেড ভঁৰাল। সৰমায়া ট্ৰাষ্টৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত এই অনুষ্ঠানটোৰ নেতৃত্বত আছে পাল আব্ৰাহাম আৰু পবিত্ৰ ৰাজাৰাম।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarmaya: A privately-owned museum that chronicles historic journeys |url=https://www.theweek.in |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> ইণ্ডাছইণ্ড বেংকৰ প্ৰাক্তন মুখ্য পৰিচালন বিষয়া পাল আব্ৰাহামে ২০১৫ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা সৰমায়া আৰম্ভণিতে এখন ডিজিটেল সংগ্ৰহালয় হিচাপে আব্ৰাহামৰ ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰহৰ মুদ্ৰাতত্ত্ব, মানচিত্ৰবিদ্যা, ফটোগ্ৰাফী, খনিকৰী কাৰুকাৰ্য, আধুনিক শিল্প, জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰা আৰু দুৰ্লভ পুথি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-11 |title=Inside Sarmaya, a self-funded museum which attempts to revive India's dying art forms |url=https://www.firstpost.com |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনত আৰ্কাইভটো মুম্বাইৰ ফ’ৰ্ট অঞ্চলৰ ডি এন ৰোডত থকা ১৪৬ বছৰীয়া লৰেন্স এণ্ড মায়ো ভৱনৰ ভিতৰত এটা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodgers |first=Barry |date=2024-12-12 |title=Sarmaya debuts on Mumbai’s Heritage Mile |url=https://www.thehindu.com |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dmello |first=Zara Flavia |date=2025-06-10 |title=9 cool new art and culture venues across India |url=https://www.cntraveller.in |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN}}</ref> ইয়াত সৰমায়া সংগ্ৰহ আৰু ১৫,০০০ গ্ৰন্থৰ এটা পুথিভঁৰাল আছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াত সৰমায়া টকছ নামৰ বক্তৃতা শৃংখলাকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন অনুষ্ঠানৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বৰ বক্তাসকলৰ ভিতৰত দেৱদত্ত পট্টনায়ক, জাভেদ আখতাৰ, নয়নজ্যোত লাহিড়ী, মল্লিকা সাৰাভাই, মনু এছ পিল্লাই আৰু ৰুদ্ৰাংশু মুখাৰ্জী অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talks - Sarmaya |url=https://sarmaya.in |access-date=2025-09-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == সংগ্ৰহসমূহ == সৰমায়া সংগ্ৰহত গান্ধাৰ যুগৰ মুদ্ৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি সম্ৰাট আকবৰৰ সোণৰ মোহৰ, ১০২২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাৰত শাসন কৰা প্ৰাচীন ৰাজবংশসমূহৰ এক বিতং মানচিত্ৰ, ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো প্ৰতিকৃতি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা উনবিংশ শতিকাৰ নিৰ্বাচিত আলোকচিত্ৰ আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সৈন্যৰ সৈতে যুঁজ দি থকা টিপু চুলতানৰ ট্ৰিপটিচ খনিকৰী কাৰুকাৰ্য অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে। এই সংগ্ৰহৰ ধাৰাসমূহ জনজাতীয় আৰু লোককলাৰ এক মিশ্ৰণ, য’ত গণ্ড কলাৰ ব্যাপকভাৱে সমাদৃত প্ৰতিভাশালী শিল্পী জনগড় সিং শ্যামৰ লগতে ফাদ চিত্ৰকৰ শ্ৰীলাল যোশী আৰু ৱাৰ্লী শিল্পী জীৱ্য সোমা মহাশেৰ দৰে নাম অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে। ইয়াত ভাৰতীয় আধুনিক শৈলীৰ ওজা এম এফ হুছেইন, এফ এন চাউজা আৰু কে এইচ আৰাৰ কৰ্মৰাজিৰ লগতে বদ্ৰী নাৰায়ণ, এ এক্স ত্ৰিন্দাদে আৰু যামিনী ৰয়ৰ বৃহৎ সংখ্যক শিল্পকৰ্মও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-08 |title=Did You Know That Induslnd's COO, Paul Abraham Owns A Historic Archive? |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/culture/art/know-induslnds-coo-paul-abraham-owns-historic-archive/ |access-date=2019-09-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/inside-sarmaya-a-self-funded-museum-which-attempts-to-revive-indias-dying-art-forms-4427081.html|title=Inside Sarmaya, a self-funded museum which attempts to revive India's dying art forms|website=Firstpost|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> সৰমায়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আব্ৰাহামে গ্ৰহণ কৰা এক বিশেষ প্ৰকল্প হৈছে ''ঈছা-নামা'': যিশু খ্ৰীষ্টৰ জীৱন চিত্ৰিত কৰা এক ক্ষুদ্ৰ চিত্ৰকলা প্ৰকল্প। মোগল চিত্ৰশৈলী আৰু ''হামজানামা'' শৈলীত ক্ষুদ্ৰ চিত্ৰকলাৰ শিল্পী মনিষ ছোনীৰ সহযোগত এই প্ৰকল্পটো হাতত লোৱা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/paul-abraham-embarking-upon-a-miniature-paintings-project-depicting-the-life-of-jesus-christ/19848184|title=Paul Abraham embarking upon a miniature paintings project depicting the life of Jesus Christ|date=2018-09-30|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-09-22}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == বিশেষ প্ৰদৰ্শনীসমূহ == সৰমায়াৰ প্ৰথমখন প্ৰদৰ্শনী ২০১৮ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ভাৰতীয় উপ-মহাদেশৰ উনবিংশ শতিকাৰ বিৰল আলোকচিত্ৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ ''পৰ্ট্ৰেইট অফ এ নেচন'' নামেৰে মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী মাধৱন পিল্লাইৰ দ্বাৰা কিউৰেট কৰা আৰু সংৰক্ষণবিদ আভা নাৰাইন লাম্বাই ডিজাইন কৰা এই অনুষ্ঠানটোৱে আলোকচিত্ৰৰ বিৱৰ্তন আৰু ভাৰতৰ ৰাজনৈতিক পটভূমিৰ মাজত থকা সম্পৰ্কক আলোকপাত কৰিছিল। ইয়াত ৰাজা দীন দয়াল, চেমুৱেল বৰ্ণ, ফেলিচ বিটো আৰু থমাছ বিগছৰ দৰে আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পীসকলৰ কৰ্মৰাজি প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com|title=Portrait of a Nation: 15 must-see photos of 19th & 20th century India|website=GQ India|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত সৰমায়াই মুম্বাইৰ কোলাবাত ''শ্বিফ্টিং চেল্ভছ - বিটুইন মিনিং, মিথোলজী এণ্ড মিৰাজ'' শীৰ্ষক অনুষ্ঠানটো মঞ্চস্থ কৰিবলৈ টাৰ্ক আৰ্ট গেলেৰীৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰে। ই শিল্পী সাজু কুন্হন, সৌবিয়া চশমৱালা আৰু ঋত্বিকা মাৰ্চেণ্টৰ কৰ্মৰাজিত নিহিত থকা পৰিচয় আৰু অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়বস্তুৰ ওপৰত কেন্দ্ৰিত আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ কলাৰ সৈতে সৰমায়াৰ উনবিংশ শতিকাৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ, মুদ্ৰাতত্ত্ব আৰু থলুৱা তথা সমসাময়িক ভাৰতীয় কলাৰ সংগ্ৰহৰ অন্যান্য সামগ্ৰীও আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2021 |title=Is this the most important Indian art exhibit of the season? |url=https://www.vogue.in |website=Vogue.in}}</ref> এই প্ৰদৰ্শনীত গৌৰৱ ওগালে আৰু ফাৰাহ মোল্লাৰ ডিজিটেল আৰ্ট ইনষ্টলেচনো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2021 |title=Frames of future past |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in |website=Verve}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত সৰমায়াই দিল্লীৰ ওজাছ আৰ্টৰ সৈতে লগ লাগি মেহৰাউলীত ''ইক’জ অফ দ্য লেণ্ড - আৰ্ট বিয়েৰ্ছ উইটনেছ টু এ চেঞ্জিং প্লেনেট'' শীৰ্ষক প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ আয়োজন কৰে। এই প্ৰদৰ্শনীত সমসাময়িক ভাৰতীয় শিল্পীসকলক প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ বেছিভাগেই মিথিলা, গণ্ড, ৱাৰ্লী, ভিল আৰু অন্যান্য থলুৱা সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সৈতে জড়িত পৰম্পৰাগত কলাৰ চৰ্চা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2022 |title=A brush for change |url=https://www.thehindu.com |website=The Hindu}}</ref> সৰমায়া সংগ্ৰহৰ অংশ হিচাপে থকা এই চিত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ৰাম সিং উৰভেটি, কৃষ্ণানন্দ ঝা, ময়ুৰ আৰু তুষাৰ ভায়েদা, জাৰিনা হাশ্মী, গোপা ত্ৰিৱেদী আৰু সঞ্জয় চিতৰাৰ কৰ্মৰাজি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। প্ৰদৰ্শনীখনত ভাৰতীয় কলাৰ জৰিয়তে জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন, প্ৰদূষণ, প্ৰজাতি বিলুপ্তি আৰু এন্থ্ৰ’পাচিনৰ অন্যান্য সমস্যাসমূহৰ দৰে বিষয়বস্তু অন্বেষণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Nov 2022 |title=The climate crisis in contemporary and indigenous art: An exhibition via Sarmaya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ২০২৫ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত সৰমায়াই মুম্বাই আৰ্কাইভত 'হাই চিজ, অপেন ৰোডছ' নামৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীখন মুকলি কৰে। ভ্ৰমণভিত্তিক এই অনুষ্ঠানটোত অন্যান্য সামগ্ৰীৰ লগতে মোগল সম্ৰাট জাহাংগীৰৰ ৰাশিচক্ৰৰ মুদ্ৰা, ৰবাৰ্ট মেলভিল গ্ৰীণ্ডলে আৰু ফেনি পাৰ্কছৰ ভ্ৰমণ কাহিনী, চেমুৱেল বৰ্ণৰ উনবিংশ শতিকাৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ আৰু ঋত্বিকা মাৰ্চেণ্ট, ময়ুৰ আৰু তুষাৰ ভায়েদা, সাজু কুন্হন আৰু সিন্ধে চিথাম্বৰা ৰাওৰ কলা প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Nandini |date=2025-02-10 |title=The Path Home |url=https://openthemagazine.com |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}</ref> ২০২৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত সৰমায়াত প্ৰকৃতি বিষয়ক অনুষ্ঠান 'ইন দ্য ডেপল্ড লাইট' মুকলি কৰা হয়। প্ৰদৰ্শিত সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ''হৰ্টাচ মালাবাৰিকাচ'', জন গুল্ডৰ ''চেঞ্চুৰী অফ বাৰ্ডছ ফ্ৰম দ্য হিমালয়া মাউণ্টেইনছ'', জে ডি হুকাৰৰ 'ইলাষ্ট্ৰেচনছ অফ হিমালয়ান প্লাণ্টছ', নাথানিয়েল ৱালিচৰ ''প্লাণ্টে এচিয়াটিকা ৰাৰিঅৰেছ'' আৰু ৰবাৰ্ট উইটৰ 'ইণ্ডিয়ান বটানি'-ৰ চিত্ৰৰ সংগ্ৰহসমূহ। লগতে জাপানী শ্যাম, মায়াংক শ্যাম, দুলৰী দেৱী, জন্নালাগাড্ডা নিৰঞ্জন, অমিত ডোমভাৰে, টগৰ চিত্ৰকৰ আৰু গোপা ত্ৰিৱেদীকে ধৰি শিল্পীসকলৰ গণ্ড, মিথিলা, কলমকাৰী, ৱাৰ্লী, বেংগল পট্টচিত্ৰ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ক্ষুদ্ৰ চিত্ৰকলাৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ থলুৱা ভাৰতীয় কলাও প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-29 |title=Rare botanical treasures to make history bloom at ‘museum without boundaries’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=In the Dappled Light: Sarmaya's Living Landscape |url=https://www.selvedge.org |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Selvedge Magazine |language=en}}</ref> == চলচিত্ৰ == সৰমায়াই ভাৰতৰ জীৱন্ত কলা পৰম্পৰাৰ ওপৰত দুখন চুটি ছবি নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছে। ''থোলু বোম্মালাতা – ডান্স অফ দ্য শ্বাডো পাপেটছ'' নামৰ ছবিখনে অন্ধ্ৰ প্ৰদেশৰ ধৰ্মৱৰমৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা বিজয়ী শিল্পী সিন্ধে চিথাম্বৰা ৰাও আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ কাম-কাজ নথিভুক্ত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Where the shadows speak |url=https://www.artsillustrated.in/art-heritage/where-the-shadows-speak/ |website=Arts Illustrated}}</ref> এই তথ্যচিত্ৰখনে ২০২২ চনৰ চিত্ৰ ভাৰতী চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত তৃতীয় স্থান দখল কৰিছিল। আনখন ছবি ''মধুবাণী - আৰ্ট ফ্ৰম এ ছেক্ৰেড লেণ্ড''-এ বিহাৰৰ জিতৱাৰপুৰৰ দুই প্ৰজন্মৰ পৰম্পৰাগত মধুবাণী শিল্পী মতি কৰ্ণ আৰু জ্যোতি কৰ্ণৰ পৰিয়ালৰ ওপৰত আলোকপাত কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতভিত্তিক সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন]] lh11ry454n2mlxcilsoij5tsf7svv94 0 134045 604418 599680 2026-05-04T14:23:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Infobox film | name = মি, মাইচেলফ এণ্ড হাৰ | image = | director = মাৰিয়া চোলে টগনাজী | producer = | story = | writer = মাৰিয়া চোলে টগনাজী <br /> ইভান ক'ট্ৰোনিঅ' <br /> ফ্ৰান্সেস্কা মাৰ্চিয়ানো | starring = মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা বাই <br /> সাব্ৰিনা ফেৰিলী | cinematography = আৰ্নাল্ডো কাটিনাৰী | music = গেব্ৰিলে ৰবাৰ্টো | editing = ৱাল্টাৰ ফাচানো | distributor = | country = [[ইটালী]] | language = [[ইটালিয়ান]] | runtime = ১০২ মিনিট | released = {{Film date|2015|10|01|df=yes}} }} '''''মি, মাইচেলফ এণ্ড হাৰ''''' ([[ইটালিয়ান]]: ''Io e lei'') হৈছে মাৰিয়া চোলে টগনাজীৰ দ্বাৰা লিখিত আৰু পৰিচালিত ২০১৫ চনৰ এখন কমেডী-ড্ৰামা চলচ্চিত্ৰ। ছবিখনত মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা বাই আৰু সাব্ৰিনা ফেৰিলীয়ে অভিনয় কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chiara Ugolini|title="Io e lei", Ferilli e Buy coppia "omosentimentale". Sabrina: "Se non ci pensa il governo, ci pensino i cittadini"|url=http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/cinema/rprima/ioelei/2015/09/25/news/_io_e_lei_-123669405/|accessdate=30 March 2016|work=La Repubblica|date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Emanuele Bigi|title=Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: "Il nostro bacio più bello"|url=http://www.vanityfair.it/show/cinema/15/10/01/io-e-lei-margherita-buy-sabrina-ferilli-lesbiche-film-intervista-foto|accessdate=30 March 2016|work=Vanity Fair|date=1 October 2016|archivedate=6 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206222822/http://www.vanityfair.it/show/cinema/15/10/01/io-e-lei-margherita-buy-sabrina-ferilli-lesbiche-film-intervista-foto|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Simona Santoni|title=Io e lei, l'amore lesbico di Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: 5 cose da sapere|url=http://www.panorama.it/cinema/io-e-lei-sabrina-ferilli-margherita-buy-recensione/|accessdate=30 March 2016|work=Panorama|date=1 October 2016}}</ref> == কাহিনী == মেৰিনা আৰু ফেডেৰিকা পাঁচ বছৰ ধৰি এটা সম্পৰ্কত আছে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব অতি বেলেগ হোৱা সত্ত্বেও তেওঁলোকক এহাল সুস্থিৰ আৰু মৰমিয়াল দম্পতী যেন লাগে। প্ৰাক্তন অভিনেত্ৰী মেৰিনা এগৰাকী বহিৰ্মুখী আৰু স্পষ্টবাদী মহিলা, আনহাতে ফেডেৰিকা যথেষ্ট অন্তৰ্মুখী আৰু ব্যক্তিগত কথা গোপন কৰি ৰাখিবলৈ ভাল পায়। তেওঁলোকৰ এই সুখী জীৱনলৈ সমস্যা তেতিয়া আহে যেতিয়া মেৰিনাই এটা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰেম জীৱনৰ বিষয়ে সোধা প্ৰশ্নৰ উত্তৰত ফেডেৰিকাৰ নাম আৰু পেছাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰে। ফেডেৰিকাৰ সহকৰ্মীসকলে তেওঁৰ যৌন অভিমুখিতাৰ বিষয়ে জানিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত ফেডেৰিকা বিৰক্ত হয়। আনহাতে মেৰিনাই অনুভৱ কৰে যে পাঁচ বছৰৰ পিছত ফেডেৰিকাই নিজৰ পৰিচয় ৰাজহুৱা কৰিব পৰা হ’ব লাগিছিল। মেৰিনাক সদায় প্ৰশংসা কৰা পৰিচালক ষ্টেফানোৱে তেওঁক নিজৰ শেহতীয়া কমেডী ছবি এখনত অভিনয় কৰিবলৈ হেঁচা দিয়ে, যিটো চৰিত্ৰ তেওঁ বিশেষকৈ মেৰিনাৰ বাবে লিখিছিল। মেৰিনাই বিগত ১৫ বছৰ ধৰি কোনো অভিনয় কৰা নাছিল, কিন্তু এইবাৰ তেওঁ সন্মত হয়। ইয়াৰ এটা কাৰণ আছিল ফেডেৰিকাই মেৰিনাক সেই চৰিত্ৰটো প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰিবলৈ কৰা কিছুমান অপৈণত চেষ্টা। ইফালে, হঠাতে ফেডেৰিকাই বহু বছৰ ধৰি দেখা নোপোৱা এজন পুৰণি চিনাকি মাৰ্কোক লগ পায়। বহু বছৰ আগতে তেওঁলোক ইজনে সিজনৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল, কিন্তু সেই সময়ত ফেডেৰিকা তেওঁৰ প্ৰাক্তন স্বামী চাৰ্জিওৰ সৈতে আছিল। যেতিয়া মেৰিনাই মিলানত দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ কৰি আছিল, ফেডেৰিকা মাৰ্কোৰ সৈতে এক সম্পৰ্কত লিপ্ত হয়, যিটো মেৰিনাই এটা টেক্সট মেচেজৰ জৰিয়তে ধৰা পেলায়। মেৰিনাই ফেডেৰিকাৰ পৰৱৰ্তী মিলনৰ স্থানলৈ অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত বাধাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মেৰিনাৰ চৰ্তৰ ওচৰত ফেডেৰিকাই প্ৰথমে হাৰ মানে, কিন্তু কিছু সময়ৰ পিছত তেওঁ অনুভৱ কৰে যে সদায় সন্দেহ আৰু তদাৰকীৰ মাজত তেওঁ জীয়াই থাকিব নোৱাৰে। নিজৰ প্ৰকৃত ইচ্ছাৰ বিষয়ে চিন্তা কৰিবলৈ তেওঁক কিছু সময়ৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয় আৰু সেয়েহে তেওঁ ঘৰৰ পৰা ওলাই আহে। প্ৰথমে তেওঁ পুত্ৰ বাৰ্নাৰ্ডোৰ ঘৰত থাকে, তাৰ পিছত নিজৰ কাৰ্যালয়তে এটা সৰু থকাৰ ঠাই কৰি লয় আৰু অৱশেষত মাৰ্কোৰ লগত থাকিবলৈ লয়। মেৰিনা এই বিচ্ছেদত মৰ্মাহত হয় যদিও তেওঁক তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ কৰ্ম-সহায়ক কেমিলাই সহায় কৰে। সেই চৰিত্ৰটো গ্ৰহণ কৰাটো ভুল আছিল বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত লৈ মেৰিনাই পৰিচালকজনক ক’বলৈ যায় যে তেওঁ কামটো অব্যাহত ৰাখিব নোৱাৰিব। কিন্তু আচৰিত ধৰণে তেওঁ এই কঠিন কথাটো ক’বলগীয়া নহ’ল, কাৰণ পৰিচালকজনে নিজেই জনায় যে অৰ্থ যোগানকাৰীসকলে প্ৰকল্পটো বন্ধ কৰি দিছে। ড্ৰাইভিং লাইচেন্স পুনৰ লাভ কৰাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত ফেডেৰিকাই অনুভৱ কৰে যে তেওঁ সকলো লণ্ডভণ্ড কৰি পেলাইছে। চাৰ্জিও আৰু তেওঁৰ নতুন পৰিয়ালৰ ঘৰত মাৰ্কোৰ সৈতে নৈশ আহাৰ খাই থকা অৱস্থাত, যেতিয়া পুৰুষ দুজন মাছ ধৰাৰ বিষয়ে উৎসাহেৰে কথা পাতি আছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ মনে মনে ওলাই মেৰিনাৰ ওচৰলৈ যায়। মেৰিনাই অনুভৱ কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ অৱশেষত ফেডেৰিকাক পাহৰি পেলাইছে, সেয়েহে তেওঁ ফেডেৰিকাক ভিতৰলৈ মাতিব নিবিচাৰিলে। দুয়োৰে মাজত দুৱাৰমুখতে তৰ্কাতৰ্কি হয়। ফেডেৰিকা এতিয়া নিশ্চিত যে তেওঁ মেৰিনাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কটো বিচাৰে, কিন্তু মেৰিনাই ফেডেৰিকাই তেওঁৰ সৈতে কৰা দুৰ্ব্যৱহাৰৰ কথা সোঁৱৰাই দিয়ে আৰু পুনৰ চেষ্টা কৰিব পাৰিব নে নাই সেইটো ভাবিবলৈ ছয় মাহৰ সময় বিচাৰে। ফেডেৰিকাই এই কথা বুজি পায় আৰু মানি লয়। কিন্তু যেতিয়া তেওঁ যাবলৈ ওলায়, মেৰিনাই হঠাতে নিজৰ মন সলায় আৰু খটখটিৰে দৌৰি তললৈ নামি আহি ফেডেৰিকাক কয় যে ছয় মাহৰ সময় বহুত বেছি। তাৰ পিছত দুয়ো এক গভীৰ চুম্বনত আৱদ্ধ হয়। == অভিনয় শিল্পী == * মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা বাই : ফেডেৰিকা চেলভিনি * সাব্ৰিনা ফেৰিলী : মেৰিনা বাল্ডি * ফাউষ্টো মাৰিয়া চিয়াৰাপ্পা : মাৰ্কো * আলেচিয়া বাৰেলা : কেমিলা * ডমেনিকো ডিয়েল : বাৰ্নাৰ্ডো * এনিঅ’ ফেণ্টাষ্টিচিনি : চাৰ্জিও * মাছিমিলিয়ানো গালো : ষ্টেফানো * আন্না বেলাটো : আন্না * এণ্টোনিঅ’ জাভাট্টেৰী : কাৰ্লো * ডেনিচ ওলাজো : বনকৰা ল’ৰা ৰোলেণ্ডো == বঁটা আৰু সন্মান == {| class="wikitable" |+ !বছৰ !বঁটা !বিভাগ !ফলাফল |- | rowspan="9" |২০১৬ |ডেভিড ডি ডোনাটেলো বঁটা |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (সাব্ৰিনা ফেৰিলী) |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |গোল্ডেন চিয়াক বঁটা |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (সাব্ৰিনা ফেৰিলী) |{{won}} |- |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পাৰ্শ্ব অভিনেত্ৰী (আলেচিয়া বাৰেলা) |{{nom}} |- |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত (গেব্ৰিলে ৰবাৰ্টো) |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |ইটালিয়ান নেচনেল চিণ্ডিকেট অফ ফিল্ম জাৰ্ণালিষ্ট |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মূল কাহিনী |{{won}} |- |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কমেডী |{{nom}} |- |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (সাব্ৰিনা ফেৰিলী) |{{nom}} |- |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰযোজক |{{nom}} |- |পেৰিছ লেচবিয়ান এণ্ড ফেমিনিষ্ট ফিল্ম ফেষ্টিভেল |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কাহিনী চিত্ৰ |{{won}} |} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{IMDb title|4703676}} * [https://www.luckyred.it/movie/io-e-lei/ ''Io e lei'' (''Me, Myself and Her'')] at Lucky Red * [https://www.indigofilm.it/produzioni/film/70/io-e-lei/ ''Me, Myself and Her''] at [[Indigo Film]] * [https://www.filmitalia.org/p.aspx?t=film&l=en&did=81673 ''Me, Myself and Her'' (''Io e lei'')]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[Istituto Luce|Luce Cinecittà]] * [https://cineuropa.org/en/film/300183/ ''Me, Myself and Her'' (''Io e lei'')] at Cineuropa * [https://www.cinemaitaliano.info/ioelei ''Io e lei'' (''Me, Myself and Her'')] at CinemaItaliano.info * [http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=65233 ''Io e lei'' (''Me, Myself and Her'')] at [[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰী সম্পৰ্কীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] 0s100es479x7mhfzfd80n0vyf517k0v 0 134080 604513 602699 2026-05-05T02:40:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = লু ইউক্সিয়াও | other_names = আইৰিন লু | native_name = 卢昱晓 | native_name_lang = zh | image = LuYuxiao.png | alt = | caption = ২০২৬ চনত লাভ বিটুইন লাইনছত লু ইউক্সিয়াও | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|9|27}} | birth_place = চাংহাই, [[চীন]] | education = | occupation = {{hlist|অভিনেত্ৰী}} | years_active = ২০১৯–বৰ্তমান | height = ১৬৫ ছেমি (৫ ফুট ৫ ইঞ্চি) | agent = ষ্টাৰ টাইমছ }} '''লু ইউক্সিয়াও''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Lu Yuxiao; জন্ম: ২৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৯) এগৰাকী [[চীনা]] অভিনেত্ৰী। ২০২৩ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত ''মাই জাৰ্নি টু ইউ''ত চাংগুয়ান চিয়ানৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয়তা অৰ্জন কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতে তেওঁক ২০২৩ চনৰ ৱেইবো বঁটাত বছৰৰ প্ৰত্যাশিত অভিনেতাৰ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। তেওঁ ২০২৫ চনৰ ''লাভ ইন দ্য ক্লাউডছ''ত মিং ই আৰু ২০২৬ চনৰ ''লাভ বিটুইন লাইনছ''ত হু ঝিউৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি অধিক স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে। == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == লু ইউক্সিয়াও বা আইৰিন লুৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ২৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত চীনৰ চাংহাইত। তেওঁৰ মাতৃ এগৰাকী দন্ত চিকিৎসক আৰু পিতৃ এজন চিকিৎসক তথা চাংহাই বোআই হাস্পতালৰ উপ-সভাপতি।<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=P.A.C |date=2025-02-03 |title=《入青雲》成話題黑馬！盧昱曉私底下是養生文藝少女，飯後必做一招平小腹 |url=https://www.vogue.com.tw/article/%E7%9B%A7%E6%98%B1%E6%9B%89-%E7%BE%8E%E5%AE%B9 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Vogue Taiwan |language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref> পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ একমাত্ৰ সন্তান লু চাংহাইত ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল।<ref name=":4" /> সৰুৰে পৰা তেওঁ এগৰাকী ফৰেনচিক পিপিথলজিষ্ট হ’ব বিচাৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=卢昱晓 {{!}} 让孩子们通过自己的大脑和双手得到真切的帮助 |url=https://www.halfsmile.cn/news/1828.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.halfsmile.cn}}</ref> তেওঁ লিটল ষ্টাৰ ডান্স স্কুলত নৃত্য শিকিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল, য’ত তেওঁ সাপ্তাহিক শ্ৰেণীত অংশ লৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=女明星9岁唱跳视频曝光，网友喊话：求完整版！ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Pf3GVQpiG1gTuT1mwUuYuQ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Weixin Official Accounts Platform}}</ref> ১৪ বছৰ বয়সত লুৱে যুক্তৰাজ্যলৈ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ যায়, য’ত তেওঁ মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে আৰু ফেশ্বন ডিজাইন সম্পৰ্কীয় ডিগ্ৰীৰ বাবে লিডছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত নাম ভৰ্তি কৰে।<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-10 |title=淡顏古裝簡直仙女！《雲之羽》女二盧昱曉仙氣顏值清新又耐看，私下堅持抗糖保養、上鏡前靠「這個」消水腫！ |url=https://www.elle.com/tw/beauty/skin/g45485497/lu-yu-xiao-skincare-2023/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=ELLE |language=zh-TW}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == নিজকে বেছিভাগ সময় "শান্ত ব্যক্তি" হিচাপে বৰ্ণনা কৰা লুৱে কৈছে যে তেওঁ বহু মানুহৰ মাজত কোলাহলপূৰ্ণ পৰিৱেশত সামাজিকভাৱে মিলামিছা কৰাতকৈ একাংশ ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধুৰ সৈতে সময় অতিবাহিত কৰিবলৈ বেছি ভাল পায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=OK!封面｜卢昱晓 秋日胜春朝 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/735403372_121119313 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.sohu.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> আজৰি সময়ত লুৱে চিত্ৰকলাৰ দৰে শৈল্পিক কাম কৰি ভাল পায়।<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13" /> তেওঁ চিলাইৰ দৰে কাৰুশিল্পও ভাল পায় আৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত ফেশ্বন ডিজাইন অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল।<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=傅圆媛 |title=南都独家专访卢昱晓：让浓的事变淡，让淡的事变浓__南方+_南方plus |url=https://www.nfnews.com/content/xovKOJwdyJ.html |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.nfnews.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> লু জীৱ-জন্তুৰো অনুৰাগী আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে যে মেকুৰী আৰু কুকুৰৰ সৈতে খেলা-ধূলা কৰিলে তেওঁ মানসিক শান্তি লাভ কৰে।<ref name=":13" /> ''লাভ ইন দ্য ক্লাউডছ''ৰ বাবে দিয়া এটা সাক্ষাৎকাৰত প্ৰকাশ পাইছে যে লুৰ নজনী মেক আছে। ২০২৫ চনলৈকে তেওঁৰ তিনিটা কুকুৰো আছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{Instagram|id=luluyuxiao_27}} [[শ্ৰেণী:চীনা অভিনেত্ৰী]] f8ydmq2i1qa204qf73od9ehgslxvbzx 0 134637 604547 596937 2026-05-05T07:54:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = সমীক্ষা ওছৱাল | image = Sameksha Singh, Bollywood actress, photoshoot (cropped).jpg | image_size = | caption = ২০১৭ চনত সমীক্ষা | birthname = সমীক্ষা সিং | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|10|8}} | birth_place = [[চণ্ডীগড়]], [[ভাৰত]] | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী, চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক | years_active = ২০০৪–বৰ্তমান | spouse = {{marriage|শ্বায়েল ওছৱাল|July 2020}} | website = {{URL|https://ssoproductions.com}} }} '''সমীক্ষা সিং''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Samiksha Singh; জন্ম: ৮ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৮৫), যিয়ে কেৱল '''সমীক্ষা''' নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু টেলিভিছন অভিনেত্ৰী। তেওঁ [[তামিল]], [[তেলুগু]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[হিন্দী]] আৰু [[কন্নড়]] আদিকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰত বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও সংগীত ভিডিঅ’ আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালনাও কৰিছে। == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == সমীক্ষা এগৰাকী [[পঞ্জাবী]] মহিলা আৰু তেওঁৰ জন্ম ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ৮ অক্টোবৰত [[চণ্ডীগড়]]ত হৈছিল।<ref name=Khichdi/><ref name=AdDivas/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত অভিনয় জীৱনৰ সন্ধানত তেওঁ মুম্বাইলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয় আৰু অৱশেষত ‘এচএচঅ’ প্ৰডাকচন’ত এগৰাকী পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰযোজক হিচাপে নিজকে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ছিংগাপুৰত সমীক্ষাই গায়ক শ্বায়েল ওছৱালৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Samiksha Singh marries singer Shael Oswal in Singapore, says 'I have said goodbye to the industry' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sameksha-singh-marries-singer-shael-oswal-in-singapore-says-i-have-said-goodbye-to-the-industry/story-KPSxcgwhK8d9JXqSg0PMdP.html |access-date=9 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> == কৰ্মজীৱন == ২০০৪ চনত পৰিচালক পুৰী জগন্নাথে তেলুগু ছবি ''১৪৩''-ত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয়ৰ সুযোগ দিয়াৰ জৰিয়তে সমীক্ষাই চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতত খোজ পেলাইছিল। ইয়াৰ কেইমাহমানৰ পিছত তেওঁ ২০০৫ চনত তামিল ছবি ''অৰিণ্ধুম অৰিয়ামালুম''-ত অভিনয় কৰে,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7366.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205024424/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7366.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2004 |title=Arindhum Ariyamalum Music Review |access-date=22 March 2026 |archivedate=5 December 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205024424/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7366.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> য’ত তেওঁ নৱদ্বীপ আৰু আৰ্যৰ বিপৰীতে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name=AdDivas>{{cite web |url=https://indianaddivas.com/2013/01/17/samiksha-singh |title=Samiksha Singh |3=Indian Ad Divas |access-date=7 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220071410/https://indianaddivas.com/2013/01/17/samiksha-singh/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archivedate=20 December 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220071410/https://indianaddivas.com/2013/01/17/samiksha-singh/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৪ চনৰ ড্ৰামা ছবি ''ফতেহ''-ৰ জৰিয়তে সমীক্ষাই অধিক সফলতা লাভ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছতে তেওঁক পঞ্জাবী চলচ্চিত্ৰলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবে বলৰাজ ছাহনী সন্মান বঁটাৰে সন্মানিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fitnhit.com/news/punjabi-movie-vaapsi-review-rating-and-live-updates-harish-verma-samiksha/74129 |title=Punjabi Movie – Vaapsi Review, Rating and Live Updates |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052500/http://fitnhit.com/news/punjabi-movie-vaapsi-review-rating-and-live-updates-harish-verma-samiksha/74129/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/vaapsi-to-premiere-on-ptc-punjabi-2016 |title='Vaapsi' to premiere on PTC Punjabi |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110221229/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/vaapsi-to-premiere-on-ptc-punjabi-2016 |url-status=dead |archivedate=10 January 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110221229/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/vaapsi-to-premiere-on-ptc-punjabi-2016 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ ছবি ''ৱাপছি''-ত সমীক্ষাৰ অভিনয়ে বিভিন্ন চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত সমালোচকৰ উচ্চ প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰে। চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ কামৰ লগতে সমীক্ষাই ছাহাৰা ৱানৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''জাৰা – প্যাৰ কী চোগাট''-ত নামটোৰ মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি টেলিভিছনত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=TV actor Samiksha Singh supports Shilpa Shinde: Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hai makers harassed me too |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-actor-sameeksha-singh-supports-shilpa-shinde-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-makers-harassed-me-too-4600526/ |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ জি টিভিৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া ধাৰাবাহিক ''য়হাঁ ম্যেয় ঘৰ ঘৰ খ্যেলী''-তো এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ক্ৰাইম থ্ৰিলাৰ ''অৰ্জুন''-ত ৰোশনীৰ চৰিত্ৰত আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক থ্ৰিলাৰ ''পি.অ’.ডব্লিউ. - বন্দী যুদ্ধ কে''-ত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Samiksha in 'POW Bandi Yuddh Ke' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sameksha-in-POW-Bandi-Yuddh-Ke/articleshow/55496209.cms |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৮ চনলৈ তেওঁ ছনী টিভিৰ ঐতিহাসিক ধাৰাবাহিক ''পোৰাছ''-ত অলিম্পিয়াছৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=25 November 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sameksha-if-my-character-requires-me-to-walk-nude-i-will/articleshow/61786165.cms |title=Sameksha: If my character requires me to walk nude, I will |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=OMG! Samiksha Singh suffers burns on her back and face |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/omg-sameksha-singh-suffers-burns-on-her-back-and-face/18819170 |access-date=25 November 2020 |work=Mid Day |date=13 December 2017 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ কমেডী শ্ব’ ''খিচিড়ী ৰিটাৰ্ণছ''-ত পৰমিন্দৰৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref name="Khichdi">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sameksha-joins-the-khichdi-gang/articleshow/63612646.cms |title=Samiksha joins the 'Khichdi' gang |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> ২০১৮ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনলৈ তেওঁ কালাৰ্ছ টিভিৰ ''তন্ত্ৰ''-ত সৌদামিনীৰ চৰিত্ৰ ৰূপায়ণ কৰে। ২০২২ চনত তেওঁ স্বামী শ্বায়েল ওছৱালৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ নিজা প্ৰডাকচন হাউচ ‘এচএচঅ’ প্ৰডাকচন’ৰ অধীনত ''মেক্স, মিন এণ্ড মিউ জাকি'' নামৰ ছবিখন প্ৰযোজনা কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=After tremendous response at Busan, IFFK and Palm Springs, film Max, Min and Meowzaki receives overwhelming response at its first screening in Mumbai |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/after-tremendous-response-at-busan-iffk-and-palm-springs-film-max-min-and-meowzaki-receives-overwhelming-response-at-its-first-screening-in-mumbai20230313180456/ |access-date=3 June 2023 |work=ANI News |date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111052735/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/after-tremendous-response-at-busan-iffk-and-palm-springs-film-max-min-and-meowzaki-receives-overwhelming-response-at-its-first-screening-in-mumbai20230313180456/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Sameksha Singh|Sameksha}} * {{URL|https://samekshasinghofficial.com/|Website}} * {{IMDb name|id=1963306}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় টেলিভিছন অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱনী]] ox0z8mzyyciki6fbaynbc7k8fvxhu2b 4 135147 604444 603941 2026-05-04T16:52:41Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604444 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{WAM |header= ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়, ২০২৬ [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|200px|right]] |subheader = '''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ, ২০২৫]]''' আছিল ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ মাজত সদ্ভাৱ বৃদ্ধিৰ লক্ষ্যৰে ২০২৫ বৰ্ষত আয়োজিত এখনি সম্পাদনা মেলা। <u>ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়, ২০২৬ত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ, ২০২৫]]ত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ পুনৰ পৰীক্ষণ আৰু আৱশ্যক অনুযায়ী প্ৰবন্ধৰ শুধৰণি, বিস্তাৰ তথা তথ্য পেৰা সংযোগ কৰি প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ গুণগত মানদণ্ড বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হ'ব।</u> ২০২৬ চনৰ ১৫ এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা মে' মাহৰ ১৫ তাৰিখলৈকে [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ]] ৱিকিপিডিয়াত এখনি এমহীয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিবলৈ লোৱা হৈছে। এই মেলাত নতুনকৈ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই। '''সময়সীমা''': <mark>''' ১৫ এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা ১৫ মে' ২০২৬ '''</mark> |body = == পটভূমি == '''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ|ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ]] হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ মাজত সদ্ভাৱ বৃদ্ধিৰ লক্ষ্যৰে প্ৰতিবছৰে নৱেম্বৰ/ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত আয়োজিত এখনি সম্পাদনা মেলা। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ বিগত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০১৫|২০১৫]], [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০১৬|২০১৬]], [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২১|২০২১]], [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৩|২০২৩]] আৰু [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪|২০২৪]] চনৰ সংস্কৰণৰ পাছত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|২০২৫]] চনত পুনৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ এডিটাথন অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়, ২০২৬-ৰ সম্পাদনা মেলাত পূৰ্বৰ এছিয়ান মাহৰ সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভুল ৰৈ যোৱা [[:w:as:শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ]] গুণগত মান উন্নত কৰিবলৈ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে।''' == লক্ষ্যসমূহ == *'''পূৰ্বৰ এছিয়ান মাহৰ সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভুল ৰৈ যোৱা [[:w:as:শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|প্ৰবন্ধৰ]] গুণগত মান উন্নত কৰা।''' * আধৰুৱাকৈ অনুবাদ হোৱা আৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ অনুবাদ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা। * ৱিকিডাটা সংযোগ নকৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত ৱিকিডাটা সংযোগ কৰা। * ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ শৈলীত বাহ্যিক সংযোগ যোগ কৰা। (যদিহে কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।) * তথ্যসূত্ৰৰ খেলিমেলি থকা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তথ্য পেৰা সঠিক কৰা। * যান্ত্ৰিকভাৱে অনূদিত প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ সম্পাদনা সঠিক কৰা। * শ্ৰেণীবিহীন প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত উপযুক্ত শ্ৰেণী (কেটেগৰী) যোগ কৰা। * ৰঙা হৈ থকা লিংকসমূহ যিমান পাৰি ঠিক কৰা। ==প্ৰয়োজনীয় সতৰ্কতা== * সম্পাদনাৰ বাবে তলৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ কোনো এটা বাচি লৈ সম্পাদনা কৰিব। * সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্বৰপৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ সম্পাদনাৰ আগতে সম্পাদনা কৰিবলৈ লোৱা প্ৰবন্ধৰ ওপৰত <nowiki>{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}</nowiki> সাঁচ লগাই প্ৰবন্ধটো সাঁচি ল'ব। * এজনে সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব লগাই লোৱাৰ পিছত আন এজনে সেইটো প্ৰবন্ধত হাত নিদিব। * এটা প্ৰবন্ধ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰি আন এটাত হাত দিব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ== # প্ৰতিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীকে একোখনকৈ ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণপ্ৰত্ৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হ'ব। # আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মানদ্বন্দ্ব সঠিক কৰা প্ৰতিযোগী সহিতে আয়োজক আৰু সমন্বয়কক একোটিকৈ টি-চাৰ্ট প্ৰদান কৰা হ'ব। ==সহায়== * দক্ষতা আৰু সম্পাদনা সহযোগী বৃদ্ধিৰ লক্ষ্যৰে এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ সমান্তৰালকৈ এখনি অফলাইন কৰ্মশালা আয়োজন কৰা হ'ব। ==আয়োজক== * [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] * [[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] ===সমন্বয়ক=== * [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] == অংশগ্ৰহণ == === অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰক === <div style="text-align:center; "> [[/অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকল|{{Clickable button|অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰক|color=blue}}]] <!--Blue : Primary call to action --> </div> {{Hidden|অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ তালিকা|{{/অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকল}}}} === প্ৰবন্ধ জমা কৰক === (নিজৰ ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী নাম লিখি তলত বিস্তাৰ কৰা প্ৰবন্ধ যোগ কৰক) <div style="text-align:center; "> [[/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|{{Clickable button|প্ৰবন্ধ জমা কৰক|color=blue}}]] <!--Blue : Primary call to action --> </div> {{Hidden|জমা কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|{{/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}}} ===অনুবাদ/সম্পাদনা কৰিবলগীয়া প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা === #[[চুলাৱেছি]] #[[ছাং থং]] #[[জাপানী কাপোৰ]] #[[ডংজি উৎসৱ]] #[[ডিস্কিট মঠ]] #[[তেহেলকা]] #[[পশ্চিম প্ৰদেশ, শ্ৰীলংকা]] #[[ফতেহপুৰ ছিক্ৰী]] #[[বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়]] #[[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰাণীজগত]] #[[মুনকেক]] #[[ৰজনীশ]] #[[ৰণবীৰ সিং]] #[[ৰত্নাগিৰি, ওড়িশা]] #[[ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী সাগৰীয় সেতু]] #[[ৰাজীৱ মালহোত্ৰা]] #[[লম্বক]] #[[হৰিচৰণ]] ---- * [[:w:as:শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|''ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫-ৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ'']] ---- |footer= প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ বিষয়ে আপোনাৰ কোনো প্ৰশ্ন বা প্ৰস্তাৱ থাকিলে আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত লিখিব পাৰে মেটা-ৱিকিৰ [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2025|গোলকীয় প্ৰকল্প পৃষ্ঠাত]] বাৰ্তা দিব পাৰে।}} {{অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদনা মেলা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ]] 6w457osz757y49vfkv9c8eerkrn5a57 604447 604444 2026-05-04T16:58:37Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 604447 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{WAM |header= ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়, ২০২৬ [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|200px|right]] |subheader = '''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ, ২০২৫]]''' আছিল ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ মাজত সদ্ভাৱ বৃদ্ধিৰ লক্ষ্যৰে ২০২৫ বৰ্ষত আয়োজিত এখনি সম্পাদনা মেলা। <u>ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়, ২০২৬ত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ, ২০২৫]]ত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ পুনৰ পৰীক্ষণ আৰু আৱশ্যক অনুযায়ী প্ৰবন্ধৰ শুধৰণি, বিস্তাৰ তথা তথ্য পেৰা সংযোগ কৰি প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ গুণগত মানদণ্ড বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হ'ব।</u> ২০২৬ চনৰ ১৫ এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা মে' মাহৰ ১৫ তাৰিখলৈকে [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ]] ৱিকিপিডিয়াত এখনি এমহীয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিবলৈ লোৱা হৈছে। এই মেলাত নতুনকৈ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই। '''সময়সীমা''': <mark>''' ১৫ এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা ১৫ মে' ২০২৬ '''</mark> |body = == পটভূমি == '''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ|ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ]] হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ মাজত সদ্ভাৱ বৃদ্ধিৰ লক্ষ্যৰে প্ৰতিবছৰে নৱেম্বৰ/ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত আয়োজিত এখনি সম্পাদনা মেলা। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ বিগত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০১৫|২০১৫]], [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০১৬|২০১৬]], [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২১|২০২১]], [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৩|২০২৩]] আৰু [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪|২০২৪]] চনৰ সংস্কৰণৰ পাছত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|২০২৫]] চনত পুনৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ এডিটাথন অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়, ২০২৬-ৰ সম্পাদনা মেলাত পূৰ্বৰ এছিয়ান মাহৰ সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভুল ৰৈ যোৱা [[:w:as:শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ]] গুণগত মান উন্নত কৰিবলৈ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে।''' == লক্ষ্যসমূহ == *'''পূৰ্বৰ এছিয়ান মাহৰ সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভুল ৰৈ যোৱা [[:w:as:শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|প্ৰবন্ধৰ]] গুণগত মান উন্নত কৰা।''' * আধৰুৱাকৈ অনুবাদ হোৱা আৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ অনুবাদ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা। * ৱিকিডাটা সংযোগ নকৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত ৱিকিডাটা সংযোগ কৰা। * ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ শৈলীত বাহ্যিক সংযোগ যোগ কৰা। (যদিহে কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।) * তথ্যসূত্ৰৰ খেলিমেলি থকা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তথ্য পেৰা সঠিক কৰা। * যান্ত্ৰিকভাৱে অনূদিত প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ সম্পাদনা সঠিক কৰা। * শ্ৰেণীবিহীন প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত উপযুক্ত শ্ৰেণী (কেটেগৰী) যোগ কৰা। * ৰঙা হৈ থকা লিংকসমূহ যিমান পাৰি ঠিক কৰা। ==প্ৰয়োজনীয় সতৰ্কতা== * সম্পাদনাৰ বাবে তলৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ কোনো এটা বাচি লৈ সম্পাদনা কৰিব। * সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্বৰপৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ সম্পাদনাৰ আগতে সম্পাদনা কৰিবলৈ লোৱা প্ৰবন্ধৰ ওপৰত <nowiki>{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}</nowiki> সাঁচ লগাই প্ৰবন্ধটো সাঁচি ল'ব। * এজনে সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব লগাই লোৱাৰ পিছত আন এজনে সেইটো প্ৰবন্ধত হাত নিদিব। * এটা প্ৰবন্ধ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰি আন এটাত হাত দিব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ== # প্ৰতিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীকে একোখনকৈ ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণপ্ৰত্ৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হ'ব। # আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মানদ্বন্দ্ব সঠিক কৰা প্ৰতিযোগী সহিতে আয়োজক আৰু সমন্বয়কক একোটিকৈ টি-চাৰ্ট প্ৰদান কৰা হ'ব। ==সহায়== * দক্ষতা আৰু সম্পাদনা সহযোগী বৃদ্ধিৰ লক্ষ্যৰে এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ সমান্তৰালকৈ এখনি অফলাইন কৰ্মশালা আয়োজন কৰা হ'ব। ==আয়োজক== * [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] * [[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] ===সমন্বয়ক=== * [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] == অংশগ্ৰহণ == === অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰক === <div style="text-align:center; "> [[/অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকল|{{Clickable button|অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰক|color=blue}}]] <!--Blue : Primary call to action --> </div> {{Hidden|অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ তালিকা|{{/অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকল}}}} === প্ৰবন্ধ জমা কৰক === (নিজৰ ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী নাম লিখি তলত বিস্তাৰ কৰা প্ৰবন্ধ যোগ কৰক) <div style="text-align:center; "> [[/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|{{Clickable button|প্ৰবন্ধ জমা কৰক|color=blue}}]] <!--Blue : Primary call to action --> </div> {{Hidden|জমা কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|{{/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}}} ===অনুবাদ/সম্পাদনা কৰিবলগীয়া প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা === #[[চুলাৱেছি]] #[[ছাং থং]] #[[জাপানী কাপোৰ]] #[[ডংজি উৎসৱ]] #[[ডিস্কিট মঠ]] #[[তেহেলকা]] #[[পশ্চিম প্ৰদেশ, শ্ৰীলংকা]] #[[ফতেহপুৰ ছিক্ৰী]] #[[বম্বে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়]] #[[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰাণীজগত]] #[[মুনকেক]] #[[ৰজনীশ]] #[[ৰণবীৰ সিং]] #[[ৰত্নাগিৰি, ওড়িশা]] #[[ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী সাগৰীয় সেতু]] #[[ৰাজীৱ মালহোত্ৰা]] #[[লম্বক]] ---- * [[:w:as:শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|''ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫-ৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ'']] ---- |footer= প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ বিষয়ে আপোনাৰ কোনো প্ৰশ্ন বা প্ৰস্তাৱ থাকিলে আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত লিখিব পাৰে মেটা-ৱিকিৰ [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2025|গোলকীয় প্ৰকল্প পৃষ্ঠাত]] বাৰ্তা দিব পাৰে।}} {{অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদনা মেলা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ]] o222e1akkklagzff02tnnclotgtypjv 0 135714 604514 596155 2026-05-05T02:59:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = লেচলি এ ৱেষ্টন | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = বাফেলো, নিউ ইয়ৰ্ক | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = উদ্ভিদ জীৱবিজ্ঞান | signature = | website = https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/persons/7a27148a-466a-4ede-9602-00645209a4e1 | footnotes = | spouse = | partner = | children = | death_cause = | education = কৰ্নেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মিচিগান ষ্টেট ইউনিভাৰ্চিট | employer = চাৰ্লছ ষ্টাৰ্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় | occupation =অধ্যাপক | title = অধ্যাপক | parents = | relatives = }} '''লেচলি এ ৱেষ্টন''' ''এফ এ এ'', এগৰাকী উদ্ভিদ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী, যিয়ে মাটিৰ আৱৰণ আৰু কীট-পতংগ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ ওপৰত অপতৃণ দমন কৰা কামৰ বাবে ২০২৩ চনত অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান একাডেমী অৱ চাইন্সৰ ফেলো হিচাপে সন্মানিত হৈছিল। চাৰ্লছ ষ্টাৰ্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, ৱাগা ৱাগাৰ অধ্যাপিকা আৰু উদ্ভিদ বিজ্ঞান, কৃষি বিজ্ঞান, অপতৃণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু উদ্যান শস্যৰ ওপৰত গৱেষণা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leslie Weston |url=https://www.science.org.au/profile/leslie-weston |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.science.org.au |language=en |archivedate=2023-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525040716/https://www.science.org.au/profile/leslie-weston |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==কেৰিয়াৰ আৰু শিক্ষা== ৱেষ্টনে কৰ্নেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা উদ্ভিদ বিজ্ঞানত স্নাতক (১৯৮০) আৰু মিছিগান ষ্টেট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা স্নাতকোত্তৰ আৰু পি এইচ ডি (১৯৮৬) লাভ কৰে। কৰ্নেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, আৰু কেণ্টাকি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় দুয়োটাতে উদ্ভিদ বিজ্ঞান আৰু উদ্যান শস্য বিভাগত কাম কৰি আহিছে। কৃষি বিজ্ঞান আৰু উদ্যান শস্য উৎপাদনৰ লগতে অপতৃণ বিজ্ঞান, উদ্ভিদ সুৰক্ষা, আক্ৰমণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান, ঘাঁহনিনাশক আৱিষ্কাৰ, বিপাকীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু উদ্ভিদৰ বিষক্ৰিয়াৰ ওপৰত গৱেষণাৰ ৩০ বছৰতকৈ অধিক অভিজ্ঞতা আছে। পি এইচ ডি লাভ আৰু আমেৰিকাত কাম কৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ালৈ গুচি যায় আৰু চাৰ্লছ ষ্টাৰ্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত কাম কৰে, উদ্ভিদ জীৱবিজ্ঞান, উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান আৰু অপতৃণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গৱেষণা আৰু প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dance |first=Amber |date=2020-02-07 |title=Genome of "mile-a-minute weed" hints at the secrets to its invasive success |url=https://www.pnas.org/post/journal-club/genome-of-mile-a-minute-weed-hints-at-the-secrets-to-its-invasive-success |language=en | website=PNAS Journal Club }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13926-4 | title=Mikania micrantha genome provides insights into the molecular mechanism of rapid growth | year=2020 | last1=Liu | first1=Bo | last2=Yan | first2=Jian | last3=Li | first3=Weihua | last4=Yin | first4=Lijuan | last5=Li | first5=Ping | last6=Yu | first6=Hanxia | last7=Xing | first7=Longsheng | last8=Cai | first8=Minling | last9=Wang | first9=Hengchao | last10=Zhao | first10=Mengxin | last11=Zheng | first11=Jin | last12=Sun | first12=Feng | last13=Wang | first13=Zhenzhen | last14=Jiang | first14=Zhaoyang | last15=Ou | first15=Qiaojing | last16=Li | first16=Shubin | last17=Qu | first17=Lu | last18=Zhang | first18=Qilei | last19=Zheng | first19=Yaping | last20=Qiao | first20=Xi | last21=Xi | first21=Yu | last22=Zhang | first22=Yan | last23=Jiang | first23=Fan | last24=Huang | first24=Cong | last25=Liu | first25=Conghui | last26=Ren | first26=Yuwei | last27=Wang | first27=Sen | last28=Liu | first28=Hangwei | last29=Guo | first29=Jianyang | last30=Wang | first30=Haihong | journal=Nature Communications | volume=11 | issue=1 | page=340 | pmid=31953413 | pmc=6969026 | bibcode=2020NatCo..11..340L | display-authors=1 }}</ref> ৱেষ্টনক গুৱৰুৱা প্ৰকল্পৰ বাবে ২৩ মিলিয়ন ডলাৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল, ২০১৯ চনত।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-12 |title=Project draws in $23 million |url=https://www.therural.com.au/story/5641249/project-draws-in-23-million/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=The Rural |language=en-AU}}</ref> তেওঁ এটা গুবৰুৱা প্ৰকল্পতো কাম কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage {{!}} Dung Beetle Ecosystem Engineers |url=https://www.dungbeetles.com.au/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.dungbeetles.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2018-09-12 |title=Dung beetles estimated to be worth more than a billion dollars to economy each year |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2018-09-12/dung-beetles-produce-economic-turnover-for-agriculture-industry/10231166 |access-date=2023-05-25}}</ref>যিটো চিএছআইআৰঅ' আৰু মাংস আৰু পশুধন অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ যৌথ উদ্যোগ আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Bruce |title=Beetles with benefits for Australian ecosystems and farmers |url=https://news.csu.edu.au/latest-news/beetles-with-benefits-for-australian-ecosystems-and-farmers |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=news.csu.edu.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> ৱেষ্টন আন্তৰ্জাতিক এলিলোপেথী ছ'চাইটিৰ পূৰ্ব সভাপতিও আছিল।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=PeerJ – Profile – Leslie Weston |url=https://peerj.com/Weston/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=peerj.com |language=en}}</ref> টাৰ্ফ আৰু ঘাঁহত অপতৃণ দমন কৰা উদ্ভিদ জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ জৈৱহাৰ্বিচাইডৰ পেটেণ্টো আছে, যিয়ে ‘নিজ অপতৃণ’ হোৱা লনৰ দিশত কাম কৰে। আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰজাতিৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞান আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱ, বিশেষকৈ অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰত ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁৰ বিশেষজ্ঞতা আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delivering sustainable agriculture and biosecurity {{!}} Stories of Australian Science, from Science in Public |url=https://stories.scienceinpublic.com.au/usa/delivering-sustainable-agriculture-and-biosecurity/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=stories.scienceinpublic.com.au}}</ref> চাৰ্লছ ষ্টাৰ্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত তেওঁ ২০ জনতকৈ অধিক কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীৰে উদ্ভিদ পাৰস্পৰিক ক্ৰিয়া গৱেষণা গোট পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loop {{!}} Leslie A. Weston |url=https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/311699/bio |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=loop.frontiersin.org}}</ref> কৃষিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অধিক বহনক্ষম ফলাফল প্ৰদানৰ কামৰ বাবে ৱেষ্টনে অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান একাডেমী অৱ চাইন্সৰ ফেলো নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ৱেষ্টন ‘অন্য উদ্ভিদ, অণুজীৱ আৰু তৃণভোজীৰ সৈতে উদ্ভিদৰ পাৰস্পৰিক ক্ৰিয়াৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু প্ৰয়োগৰ অগ্ৰণী’। একাডেমী অৱ চাইন্সৰ বাবে দিয়া বিবৃতিত ৱেষ্টনে কয় যে তেওঁ "বিশেষকৈ উৎসাহিত যে তেওঁ কৃষিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰা আঞ্চলিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত কাম কৰা প্ৰথম মহিলাসকলৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হৈ ফেলো নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছে।" তেওঁ কয় যে তেওঁ আশা কৰে, তেওঁ "ফেলো হিচাপে মোৰ কাৰ্যকলাপসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আন মহিলা আৰু কৃষিক্ষেত্ৰত কাম কৰাসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ গৱেষণামূলক আগ্ৰহ আৰু কৃষি ব্যৱস্থালৈ অৱদানৰ ওপৰত অধ্যৱসায় অব্যাহত ৰাখিবলৈ অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিব।"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy welcomes 20 new Fellows for their outstanding contributions to science {{!}} Australian Academy of Science |url=https://www.science.org.au/news-and-events/news-and-media-releases/academy-welcomes-20-new-fellows-for-their-outstanding-contributions-to-science |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.science.org.au |language=en}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱবিজ্ঞানী]] 5og3i5we9xl6twkjv7tp32qz2vcfvja 0 136043 604404 603569 2026-05-04T13:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মালাইকা অৰোৰা | image = Malaika Arora at Big Impact Awards.jpg | caption = ২০২৩ চনত অৰোৰা | other_names = মালাইকা অৰোৰা খান | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|10|23}} | birth_place = [[থানে]], [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], [[ভাৰত]] | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী, নৃত্যশিল্পী, মডেল, ভিজে, দূৰদৰ্শন উপস্থাপিকা | years_active = ১৯৯৭–বৰ্তমান | spouse = {{marriage|আৰবাজ খান|1998|2017|reason=div.}} | relatives = অমৃতা অৰোৰা (ভনী) | partner = | children = ১ }} '''মালাইকা অৰোৰা''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Malaika Arora; জন্ম: ২৩ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৭৩)<ref>{{cite news |title=On Malaika Arora's birthday, a look at her most iconic fashion moments |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/happy-birthday-malaika-arora-fashion-moments-photos-6082253/ |work=The Indian Express |date=23 October 2019 |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028163118/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/happy-birthday-malaika-arora-fashion-moments-photos-6082253/ |url-status=live }}</ref> এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] অভিনেত্ৰী, নৃত্যশিল্পী, মডেল, ভিডিঅ' জকী আৰু দূৰদৰ্শন ব্যক্তিত্ব যিয়ে [[হিন্দী]] ভাষাৰ ছবিত অভিনয় কৰে। তেওঁ ২০০৮ চনত তেওঁৰ প্ৰাক্তন স্বামী আৰবাজ খানৰ সৈতে চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে 'আৰবাজ খান প্ৰডাকচন' নামৰ সংস্থাটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল, যিয়ে ''দবাং'' চলচ্চিত্ৰ শৃংখলা নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। এগৰাকী অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে তেওঁ ''কাঁটে'' (২০০২) আৰু ''ইএমআই'' (২০০৮) আদি ছবিত অভিনয় কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ "চাইয়া চাইয়া" (১৯৯৮), "গুড় নাালো ইশ্ক মিঠা" (১৯৯৮), "মাহী ৱে" (২০০২), "কাল ধামাল" (২০০৫) আৰু "মুন্নী বদনাম হুয়ী" (২০১০) আদি গীতৰ মিউজিক ভিডিঅ'ত অভিনয় কৰিছে। == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পটভূমি == মালাইকা অৰোৰাৰ নামটো ছোৱাহিলী শব্দ ''মালাইকা''ৰপৰা ৰখা হৈছে যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "দেৱদূত।" <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/malaikas-an-ink-queen/40171 |title=Malaika's an ink queen |last=Sharma |first=Amul |date=7 April 2009 |work=Mid-Day |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184439/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/malaikas-an-ink-queen/40171 |url-status=live |archivedate=10 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184439/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/malaikas-an-ink-queen/40171 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁৰ জন্ম মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ থানেত হৈছিল।<ref name="Thane">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/happy-birthday-malaika-arora-fashion-moments-photos-6082253/ |title=On Malaika Arora's birthday, a look at her most iconic fashion moments |date=23 October 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028163118/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/happy-birthday-malaika-arora-fashion-moments-photos-6082253/ |url-status=live}}</ref> তেওঁৰ মাতৃ জয়েচ পলিকৰ্প এগৰাকী মালয়ালী খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু পিতৃ অনিল অৰোৰা আছিল ভাৰতীয় সীমান্তৰ চহৰ ফাজিলকাৰ এজন পঞ্জাবী হিন্দু, যিয়ে 'ইণ্ডিয়ান মাৰ্চেণ্ট নেভী'ত কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ ১১ বছৰ বয়সত পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হয় আৰু তেওঁ ভনীয়েক অমৃতা অৰোৰা আৰু মাতৃৰ সৈতে চেম্বুৰলৈ গুচি আহে।<ref name=savvy>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sumita |title=Malaika Arora Khan – "I won't unnecessarily fool around with Salman, and nor are we on backslapping terms!" |url=http://www.magnamags.com/savvy/Malaika-Arora-Khan-I-won%E2%80%99t-unnecessarily-fool-around-with-Salman%20-and-nor-are-we-on-backslapping-terms/4742 |website=Magna Magazines |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726020239/http://www.magnamags.com/savvy/Malaika-Arora-Khan-I-won%E2%80%99t-unnecessarily-fool-around-with-Salman%20-and-nor-are-we-on-backslapping-terms/4742 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> তেওঁলোকক এগৰাকী একক মাতৃ হিচাপে তেওঁৰ মাকে ডাঙৰ-দীঘল কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ পৰিয়ালটোৰ সৈতে এক সন্মানীয় সম্পৰ্ক আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mimansa |date=11 September 2024 |title=When Malaika Arora Called Her Parents' Divorce 'Tumultuous': It Wasn't Easy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/when-malaika-arora-called-her-parents-divorce-tumultuous-anil-arora-joyce-polycarp-article-113252626 |work=Times Now |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> তেওঁ চেম্বুৰৰ স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ স্কুলত মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। মডেলিঙৰ কেৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগতে তেওঁ চেম্বুৰৰ সিন্ধী চছাইটিৰ বৰলাত বাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Chembur will always be our home |url=http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2006/jun/139591.htm |work=Mid-Day |date=16 June 2006 |access-date=21 February 2011 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703135015/http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2006/jun/139591.htm |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703135015/http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2006/jun/139591.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == [[File:Malaika makes Dino and Ritwik shave at 'Gillete 30 Day Challenge' event(4).jpg|thumb|সংগী ডিনো মৰিয়াৰ সৈতে অৰোৰা]] এটা কফিৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণৰ সময়ত হোৱা চিনাকিৰ সূত্ৰে ১৯৯৮ চনত অৰোৰাই বলীউডৰ অভিনেতা-পৰিচালক-প্ৰযোজক আৰবাজ খানৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়। বিবাহৰপৰা বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ নোহোৱালৈকে তেওঁ মালাইকা অৰোৰা খান নামেৰে পৰিচিত আছিল। ২০১৬ চনৰ ২৮ মাৰ্চত তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্পৰিক বুজা-বুজিৰ অভাৱৰ দোহাই দি বিচ্ছেদৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pic-Malaika-and-Arbaaz-attend-first-counselling-session-after-filing-for-divorce/articleshow/55699734.cms |title=Pic: Malaika and Arbaaz attend first counselling session after filing for divorce – Times of India ► |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411045429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pic-Malaika-and-Arbaaz-attend-first-counselling-session-after-filing-for-divorce/articleshow/55699734.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰ ১১ মে'ত তেওঁলোকৰ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হয়। তেওঁলোকৰ আৰ্হান খান (জন্ম: ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০০২) নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান আছে।<ref>{{cite web |title=MALAIKA ARORA KHAN |url=http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/55988/malaika-arora-khan |website=Movie Talkies |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208220325/http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/55988/malaika-arora-khan |url-status=live |archivedate=8 December 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208220325/http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/55988/malaika-arora-khan |deadurl=yes }}</ref> বান্দ্ৰা ফেমিলি ক’ৰ্টৰ নিষ্পত্তি অনুসৰি, বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ পিছত অৰোৰাই পুত্ৰৰ মূল তত্ত্বাৱধানৰ দায়িত্ব লাভ কৰে আৰু খানে সাক্ষাৎ কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ পায়। বলীউডৰ অভিনেতা ছলমান খান আৰু অভিনেতা-পৰিচালক-প্ৰযোজক সোহেল খান তেওঁৰ প্ৰাক্তন দেৱৰ। চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ চেলিম খান আছিল তেওঁৰ প্ৰাক্তন শহুৰেক।<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Malaika-Arora/biography-7904.html |title=Malaika Arora – Biography |publisher=Yahoo! Movies |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106103037/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Malaika-Arora/biography-7904.html |archive-date=6 January 2010 |archivedate=6 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106103037/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Malaika-Arora/biography-7904.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত অৰোৰাই অভিনেতা অৰ্জুন কাপুৰৰ সৈতে প্ৰেমৰ সম্পৰ্কত আবদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaika Arora: "If I want to marry a man younger than me, it's not your problem!" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/malaika-arora-if-i-want-to-marry-a-man-younger-than-me-it-s-not-your-problem/story-9OEgYS39MVPCjVfng9l0fL.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 June 2019 |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206093141/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/malaika-arora-if-i-want-to-marry-a-man-younger-than-me-it-s-not-your-problem/story-9OEgYS39MVPCjVfng9l0fL.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনত অৰোৰা আৰু কাপুৰৰ বিচ্ছেদ হয়।<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=K |first1=Janani |date=29 October 2024 |title=Arjun Kapoor confirms breakup with Malaika Arora: Single hoon main |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/arjun-kapoor-finally-confirms-he-is-single-malaika-arora-breakup-2624747-2024-10-29 |magazine=India Today |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref> ২০২৫ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অৰোৰাই ডিনো মৰিয়াৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Dino Morea confirms he is in a romantic relationship, calls marriage a 'social construct': 'I'd love to get married and live with that person' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-confirms-he-is-in-a-romantic-relationship-calls-marriage-a-social-construct-id-love-to-get-married-and-live-with-that-person/articleshow/118945702.cms |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০২০ চনত এগৰাকী সম্পূৰ্ণ নিৰামিষভোজী (Vegan) হৈ পৰে।<ref>{{cite news |last=Ajmera |first=Dhwani |date=13 January 2022 |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/entertainment/bollywood-celebrities-vegan/ |title=The 'Green Life': Did you know these Bollywood celebrities are vegan? |work=lifestyleasia.com |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত মুম্বাই-পুনে এক্সপ্ৰেছৱেত এটা অনুষ্ঠানৰপৰা ঘৰলৈ উভতি অহাৰ সময়ত তিনিখন গাড়ীৰ মাজত হোৱা সংঘৰ্ষত তেওঁ এক দুৰ্ঘটনাত পতিত হয়। তেওঁক নৱী মুম্বাইৰ এপল’ হাস্পতাললৈ লৈ যোৱা হয় আৰু তাত তেওঁৰ কটা অংশত চিলাই কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malaika Arora discharged from hospital after car accident; friend shares she got few stitches but is doing okay |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/malaika-arora-discharged-hospital-car-accident-friend-shares-got-stitches-okay/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404061815/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/malaika-arora-discharged-hospital-car-accident-friend-shares-got-stitches-okay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁৰ সতীয়া পিতৃ অনিল মেহতাৰ আত্মহননৰ ফলত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaika Arora's stepfather Anil Mehta's funeral: Son Arhaan, ex-husband Arbaaz Khan, Arjun Kapoor pay last respects |url=https://indianexpress.com/art}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{Instagram|malaikaaroraofficial}} * {{Bollywood Hungama person|malaika-arora-khan|Malaika Arora}} * {{IMDb name|0037019|Malaika Arora}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় মডেল]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৃত্যশিল্পী]] 6wteml4oklggepq9q3lrhdipu1q1gz0 0 136082 604566 599823 2026-05-05T10:19:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = সোণালী ৰাউত | image = Sonali Raut at an event in 2016.jpg | caption = ২০১৬ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত ৰাউত | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1990|12|23}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bigg-Boss-8-Contestants-celebrate-Sonalis-birthday/articleshow/45630901.cms |title=Bigg Boss 8: Contestants celebrate Sonali's birthday |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2014 |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> | birth_place = [[মুম্বাই]], [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], [[ভাৰত]] | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল | years_active = ২০১০–বৰ্তমান | partner = | known_for = ''বিগ বছ ৮'' | television = | height = ১.৭৬ মিটাৰ | relatives = উজ্জ্বলা ৰাউত (ভগ্নী) }} '''সোণালী ৰাউত''' ({{lang-en|Sonali Raut}}; জন্ম: ২৩ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৯০) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল যিয়ে [[হিন্দী]] চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Himesh-Reshammiya-The-Xpose-Ujjwala-Raut-Sonali-Raut/articleshow/27297585.cms |title=Ujjwala Raut's sister Sonali to debut as young Zeenat Aman? |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2013 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> ২০১০ চনৰপৰা তেওঁ এগৰাকী ''কিংফিচাৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ'' গাৰ্ল হিচাপে পৰিচিত আৰু বাৰ্ষিক কেলেণ্ডাৰখনত স্থান লাভ কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল ১৯ বছৰ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/fashion/indian-models/sonali-raut/articleshow/5391435.cms |title=Sexy kingfisher calendar girl Sonali Raut |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> ৰাউতে ২০১৪ চনত হিমেশ ৰেশমিয়া আৰু য়ো য়ো হানি সিঙৰ বিপৰীতে ৰোমাণ্টিক-থ্ৰিলাৰ ছবি ''দ্য এক্সপোজ''ৰ জৰিয়তে অভিনয় জগতত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sonali-raut-zeenat-aman-the-xpose-himesh-reshammiya-188030-2014-04-07 |title=Sonali Raut does a Zeenat Aman in The Xpose |work=India Today |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰিয়েলিটি টেলিভিছন শ্ব' ''বিগ বছ ৮'' আৰু ''বিগ বছ মাৰাঠী ৬''ৰ এগৰাকী প্ৰতিযোগী আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-8-sonali-raut-evicted-latest-news--17278.html |title=Bigg Boss 8: Sonali Raut to get evicted this Saturday! |website=India TV News |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014 |archivedate=5 July 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705224236/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-8-sonali-raut-evicted-latest-news--17278.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ আটাইতকৈ সফল বিদেশী চুপাৰমডেল উজ্জ্বলা ৰাউতৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ এজন আৰক্ষী উপ-আয়ুক্ত। তেওঁ মুম্বাইৰ মিঠিবাঈ কলেজৰপৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ==কেৰিয়াৰ== ২০১০ চনত ৰাউতে বাৰ্ষিক ''কিংফিচাৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ''ৰ বাবে এটা মডেলিং এচাইনমেণ্ট লাভ কৰে, য’ত মডেলসকলক চুইমচুটত দেখা পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/kingfisher-calendar-hotties-of-363158-2009-12-29 |title=Kingfisher calendar hotties of 2010! |work=India Today |year=2010 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ভাৰতত ''মেক কচমেটিক্স''ৰ ব্ৰেণ্ড এম্বেচেডৰ আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ujjwala-raut-s-sister-in-bollywood/story-QDlzIeolHF8RZhrpnYcBzI.html |title=Supermodel Ujjwala Raut's sister Sonali raut in Bollywood |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> ২০১১ চনত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় অভিনেতা ৰণবীৰ সিঙৰ সৈতে মেক্সিম আলোচনীৰ বাবে এখন চাঞ্চল্যকৰ ফটোশ্বুট কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singhs-close-encounter/articleshow/10462138.cms |title=Ranveer Singh's close encounter |work=The Times of India |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/sonali-raut-topless-photoshoot-with-ranveer-singh-18814.html |title=Sonali Raut and Ranveer Singh hot photoshoot for Maxim Magazine |work=India Tv |date=28 November 2014 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত ৰাউতে বলিউডৰ ছবি ''দ্য এক্সপোজ''ত হিমেশ ৰেশমিয়া আৰু য়ো য়ো হানি সিঙৰ বিপৰীতে এটা মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sonali-Raut-unhappy-about-preceding-Chitrangada/articleshow/40123023.cms |title=Sonali Raut unhappy about preceding Chitrangada |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> ইয়াত তেওঁ এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ তাৰকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল যাৰ হত্যা কৰা হয়। বলিউড হাংগামাৰ জনপ্ৰিয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ সমালোচক তৰণ আদৰ্শই লিখিছিল যে তেওঁক গ্লেমাৰাছ দেখুৱাইছে আৰু তেওঁ আত্ম-বিশ্বাসেৰে নিজৰ চৰিত্ৰটো ৰূপায়ণ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-xpose/critic-review/the-xpose-movie-review/ |title=The Xpose Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> এটা সাক্ষাৎকাৰত তেওঁ বলিউডক "বৰ বেছি আদৰণি জনোৱা" নহয় বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/bollywood-s-not-warm-sonali-raut/article1-1268263.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926131235/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/bollywood-s-not-warm-sonali-raut/article1-1268263.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2014 |title=Bollywood's not warm: Sonali Raut |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014 |archivedate=26 September 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926131235/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/bollywood-s-not-warm-sonali-raut/article1-1268263.aspx |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় ৰিয়েলিটি টিভি শ্ব’ ''বিগ বছ''ত প্ৰতিযোগী হিচাপে অংশ ল’বলৈ গৈ তেওঁ ''৯৯% ইউজলেচ ফেলোচ'' নামৰ এখন ছবিত কাম কৰাৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি বাদ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত কানাড়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক এছ. কে. বাছিদ ক্ষুব্ধ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sonali-Raut-is-100-per-cent-useless-feels-director-Basheed/articleshow/43310448.cms |title=Sonali Raut is 100 per cent useless, feels director Basheed |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014 |author=Vickey Lalwani}}</ref> তেওঁ ''বিগ বছ ৮''ৰ এজন প্ৰতিযোগী হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু এক আচৰিত ভোটৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ পিছত বহিষ্কৃত হৈছিল, কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ বাবে তেওঁক আকৌ ''বিগ বছ''ৰ ঘৰলৈ ওভতাই অনা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bigg-boss-8-eviction-sonali-raut-is-the-first-one-to-leave-the-house-301229-2014-09-28 |title=Bigg Boss 8 eviction: Sonali Raut is the first one to leave the house |work=India Today |date=28 September 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Bigg-Boss-8-Sonali-Raut-returns-to-the-show/articleshow/44067809.cms |title=Bigg Boss 8: Sonali Raut returns to the show |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014 |author=Vickey Lalwani}}</ref> শেষত ১০৫ দিন থকাৰ পাছত পুনীত ইছৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁক বাহিৰ কৰি দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonali Raut: Happy to be out of Bigg Boss at the right time |work=India Today |date=5 January 2015 |access-date=17 July 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bigg-boss-8-sonali-raut-puneet-issar-bigg-boss-halla-bol-farah-khan-234206-2015-01-05 |quote=Sonali Raut, who was evicted from the house recently, is happy to step out after her stint on the show for 105 days.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/my-image-in-the-real-world-is-important-to-me-sonali-raut/story-2wYk1ZjyMHj6zJTGGVeEfM.html |title=My image in the real world is important to me: Sonali Raut |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 January 2015 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> ৰাউতক ''হেট ষ্টৰী ৩'' ছবিখনত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ সফলতাৰ বাবে এটা মিউজিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱো দিয়া হৈছিল; ছবিখনৰ বাবে তেওঁ আছিল প্ৰথম পছন্দ, কিন্তু তেওঁ ''হেট ষ্টৰী ৩''ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁ এনে চৰিত্ৰ কৰিব বিচাৰে যাক তেওঁ নিজৰ বুলি ক’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sonali-Raut-gives-Hate-Story-3-a-miss/articleshow/41524392.cms |title=Sonali Raut gives Hate Story 3 a miss |work=The Times of India |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত ৰাউতক ''গ্ৰেট গ্ৰেণ্ড মস্তী'' নামৰ ছবিখনত শাইনৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰা দেখা গৈছিল। ছবিখনৰ আইটেম ছং "লিপষ্টিক লগা কে"-তো তেওঁক দেখা গৈছিল। 'লিপষ্টিক লগা কে' গানটো বহুত জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল আৰু ই ২০১৬ চনৰ অন্যতম শীৰ্ষ ২০টা গানৰ ভিতৰত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |author=Shweta Parande |title=Great Grand Masti song Lipstick Laga Ke: Sonali Raut is HOT in this peppy number! |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/great-grand-masti-song-lipstick-laga-ke-sonali-raut-is-hot-in-this-peppy-number-watch-video-1329597/ |website=India.com |access-date=16 July 2016 |date=14 July 2016}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনত তেওঁ এফফেচ ফেশ্বন কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ কভাৰ হিচাপে চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈছিল। ২০২০ চনত ৰাউতে কৰণ সিং গ্ৰোভাৰৰ বিপৰীতে একচন-থ্ৰিলাৰ ৱেব চিৰিজ ''ডেঞ্জাৰাছ''ত অভিনয় কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হয়; যিখন নিৰ্দেশনা কৰিছিল ভূষণ পেটেলে, নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল মিকা সিঙে আৰু লিখিছিল বিক্ৰম ভাটে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bipasha-basu-teams-up-with-husband-karan-singh-grover-for-web-project-dangerous-see-pic/story-aneSLGh01V80z35AFqrR7O.html |title=Bipasha Basu teams up with husband Karan Singh Grover for web project Dangerous, see pic |date=6 August 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> গায়ক চানৰ সৈতে তেওঁ "স্নাইপাৰ" মিউজিক ভিডিঅ’তো কাম কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-malaika-arora-snapped-pet-bandra/ |title=Shaan and Sonali Raut snapped during 'Sniper' song shoot |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> বৰ্তমান তেওঁ ''বিগ বছ মাৰাঠী ৬''ৰ এগৰাকী প্ৰতিযোগী।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confirmed Contestants of Bigg Boss Marathi Season 6: From Sonali Raut to Raqesh Bapat - Names Revealed for Riteish Deshmukh's Show |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/bigg-boss-marathi-season-6-contestants-article-153432258 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== <!-- Per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --> {{Commons category|Sonali Raut}} * {{Facebook|RealSonaliRaut}} * {{IMDb name|6432869}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় মডেল]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] kl56f6f6ggrjutkrrb6cqeqb13wzxqi 0 136360 604451 599734 2026-05-04T17:14:25Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মোনা সিং | image = Mona Singh at the premiere of The Archies (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = ২০২৩ চনত সিং | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|08}} | birth_place = [[চণ্ডীগড়]], [[ভাৰত]] | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী | alma_mater = | years_active = ২০০৩–বৰ্তমান | spouse = {{marriage |শ্যাম ৰাজগোপালান|2019}} | awards = ২টা ইণ্ডিয়ান টেলিভিছন একাডেমী বঁটা <br> ১টা ফিল্মফেয়াৰ অ’টিটি বঁটা }} '''মোনা সিং''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Mona Singh; জন্ম: ৮ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] অভিনেত্ৰী যিয়ে [[হিন্দী]] চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু ধাৰাবাহিকত কাম কৰে। সিঙে বিশেষকৈ ধাৰাবাহিক ''জছী জৈছী কোই নহীঁ'' (২০০৩–২০০৬)-ত কৰা অভিনয়ৰ বাবে পৰিচিতি লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁ দুটাকৈ ইণ্ডিয়ান টেলিভিছন একাডেমী বঁটা (ITA Awards) আৰু এটা ফিল্মফেয়াৰ অ’টিটি বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indiatimes.com|title=Mona Singh celebrates a fabulous 39th birthday; gets a surprise from hubby Shyam Gopalan|work=Times Of India|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> সিং ৰিয়েলিটী শ্ব' ''ঝলক দিখলা যা''-ৰ প্ৰথম ছিজনত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি জয়ী হোৱাৰ বাবেও পৰিচিত। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ ''ক্যা হুয়া তেৰা ৱাদা''-ত মোনা চোপ্ৰা, ''প্যাৰ কো হো জানে দো''-ত প্ৰীত সিং আৰু ''কৱচ... কালী শক্তিযোঁ চে''-ত পৰিধি বুন্দেলাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে। ৰাজকুমাৰ হিৰাণীৰ কমেডী-ড্ৰামা ''৩ ইডিয়টচ'' (২০০৯)-ত এটা সহযোগী চৰিত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে, যিখন সৰ্বকালৰ সৰ্বাধিক উপাৰ্জনকাৰী ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। সিঙে ''কেহনে কো হমচফৰ হ্যায়'' (২০১৮)-ৰ জৰিয়তে ৱেব জগতলৈ বিস্তাৰিত হয় আৰু ''য়ে মেৰী ফেমিলী'' (২০১৮) তথা ''মেড ইন হেভেন'' (২০২৩)-ৰ বাবে প্ৰশংসা বুটলিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। পিছৰখন ধাৰাবাহিকৰ বাবে তেওঁ ড্ৰামা ছিৰিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহযোগী অভিনেত্ৰীৰ ফিল্মফেয়াৰ অ’টিটি বঁটা লাভ কৰে।{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} == জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == ১৯৮১ চনৰ ৮ অক্টোবৰত চণ্ডীগড়ৰ এটা শিখ পৰিয়ালত মোনা সিঙৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/jassi-mona-singh-bags-role-in-3-idiots/article1-343502.aspx |title='Jassi' Mona Singh bags role in 3 Idiots |first=Subhash K. |last=Jha |date=9 October 2008 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 June 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020174456/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/jassi-mona-singh-bags-role-in-3-idiots/article1-343502.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2014 |archivedate=20 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020174456/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/jassi-mona-singh-bags-role-in-3-idiots/article1-343502.aspx |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == কৰ্মজীৱন == [[চিত্ৰ:Mona Singh celebrates Janmashtami at ISKCON in Juhu (cropped).jpg|thumb|জুহুৰ ইস্কনত জন্মাষ্টমী উদ্‌যাপন কৰা অৱস্থাত সিং]] === টেলিভিছন কেৰিয়াৰ === চিঙে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে হিন্দী টেলিভিছনত ছনী এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট টেলিভিছনৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''জছী জৈছী কোই নহীঁ'' (২০০৩–২০০৬)-ৰ জৰিয়তে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/20400/index.html |title=Mona Singh | Videos, Wallpapers, Movies, Photos, Biography |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106034542/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/20400/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই শ্ব’টোৱে তেওঁক ঘৰে ঘৰে পৰিচিত কৰি তুলিছিল আৰু তেওঁ অপ্সৰা বঁটা, ইণ্ডিয়ান ট্ৰেলী এৱাৰ্ডছ আৰু ইণ্ডিয়ান টেলিভিছন একাডেমী বঁটাৰ দৰে সন্মান লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Plain Jane Jassi a charm for Sony">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/20/stories/2003102000580200.htm|title=Plain Jane Jassi a charm for Sony|date=20 October 2003|access-date=20 October 2018|archive-date=28 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128021534/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/20/stories/2003102000580200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archivedate=24 November 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031124114755/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/20/stories/2003102000580200.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনত তেওঁ ৰিয়েলিটী শ্ব’ ''ঝলক দিখলা যা ১''-ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি জয়ী হয়।<ref>{{Cite web | title = Mona 'Jassi' Singh wins Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa | work = Daily News & Analysis | date = 27 October 2006 | access-date = 2016-08-21 | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mona-jassi-singh-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-1060556 | archive-date = 6 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161106151951/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mona-jassi-singh-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-1060556 | url-status = live }}</ref> তেওঁ ২০০৭ চনত ''ফেমিনা মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া'' আৰু ''ঝলক দিখলা যা ২'' পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছত ২০০৮ চনত ''এক খিলাড়ী এক হাছিনা''ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি জয়ী হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web | title = Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin cast: Then and Now | work = The Times of India | date = 20 August 2016 | access-date = 2016-08-21 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/jassi-jaissi-koi-nahin-cast-then-and-now/photostory/53780371.cms | archive-date = 16 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180916213105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/jassi-jaissi-koi-nahin-cast-then-and-now/photostory/53780371.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> তাৰ পিছত সিঙে একতা কাপুৰৰ বেনাৰ বালাজী টেলিফিল্মছৰ সৈতে একেলেঠাৰি চাৰিখন ধাৰাবাহিকৰ প্ৰথমখন এনডিটিভি ইমাজিনৰ ''ৰাধা কি বেটিয়া কুছ কৰ দিখায়েংগী''ত অভিনয় কৰিছিল, য’ত তেওঁ ২০০৮ চনৰপৰা ২০০৯ চনলৈ ৰৌনক মখিজাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ''এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট কে লিয়ে কুছ ভি কৰেগা'' (২০০৯), ''ঝলক দিখলা যা ৪'' (২০১০), ''শাদী ৩ কোটি কি'' (২০১০), ''ষ্টাৰ ইয়া ৰকষ্টাৰ'' (২০১১) আৰু ''চিআইডি বীৰতা এৱাৰ্ডছ'' (২০১২) পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল আৰু ''মিঠী চুৰী নং ১'' (২০১০)-ত অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী আছিল।<ref name="exp">{{Cite web | title = Mona Singh, the 'Jassi' girl | last = Bhirani | first = Radhika | work = The New Indian Express | date = 2 March 2011 | access-date = 2016-08-21 | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article451057.ece | archive-date = 22 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073118/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article451057.ece | url-status = dead | archivedate = 22 August 2016 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073118/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article451057.ece | deadurl = yes }}</ref> ধাৰাবাহিকলৈ পুনৰ উভতি আহি তেওঁ ২০১২ চনত কাপুৰৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰযোজিত ছনী এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট টেলিভিছনৰ ''ক্যা হুয়া তেৰা ৱাদা''-ত মোনা নামৰ এগৰাকী পত্নীৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল, য’ৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত স্বামীয়ে তেওঁক প্ৰাক্তন প্ৰেমিকাৰ সৈতে থকা অবৈধ সম্পৰ্কৰ বাবে ত্যাগ কৰে। ধাৰাবাহিকখন ২০১৩ চনত শেষ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ টেলিভিছনৰপৰা কিছু বিৰতি লৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web | title = Mona Singh keen on season two of Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin | agency = IANS | work = The Indian Express | date = 7 June 2016 | access-date = 2016-08-21 | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mona-singh-keen-on-season-two-of-jassi-jaissi-koi-nahin-2839625/ | archive-date = 18 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160918140928/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mona-singh-keen-on-season-two-of-jassi-jaissi-koi-nahin-2839625/ | url-status = live }}</ref> দু বছৰৰ পাছত সিঙে ২০১৫ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত কাপুৰৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰযোজিত তৃতীয়খন ধাৰাবাহিক ''প্যাৰ কো হো জানে দো''-ৰ জৰিয়তে টেলিভিছনলৈ উভতি আহে, য’ত তেওঁ পিতৃ-মাতৃক হেৰুওৱা এগৰাকী মহিলা প্ৰীত সিঙৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mona Singh back on TV with 'Pyar Ko Ho Jaane Do', says doesn't like backstabbing in family dramas|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mona-singh-pyar-ko-ho-jaane-do-doesnt-like-backstabbing-in-family-dramas/|website = The Indian Express|date = 2015-10-19|access-date = 2015-10-27|archive-date = 29 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151029012128/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mona-singh-pyar-ko-ho-jaane-do-doesnt-like-backstabbing-in-family-dramas/|url-status = live}}</ref> কম টিআৰপিৰ বাবে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত তিনি মাহৰ ভিতৰতে ''প্যাৰ কো হো জানে দো'' বন্ধ হৈ যায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity_interviews/Bollywood+Interview+Mona+Singh++++Jassi+-15264.html |title=Bollywood Interview Mona Singh – 'Jassi' |publisher=Femalefirst.co.uk |date=17 March 2006 |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-date=28 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328190737/http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity_interviews/Bollywood+Interview+Mona+Singh++++Jassi+-15264.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> পিছলৈ ২০১৬ চনত তেওঁ কাপুৰৰ অতিপ্ৰাকৃতিক ধাৰাবাহিক ''কৱচ...কালী শক্তিযোঁ চে''-ত পৰিধিৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে আৰু ''কমেডী নাইটছ বাচাও''-ৰ আঁত ধৰে।<ref name="Untitled Document">{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323071726/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=12&contentid=20070319034155703de158667&pageno=1|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=12&contentid=20070319034155703de158667&pageno=1|title=Mona dancing|work=Mumbai Mirror|archive-date=23 March 2007|access-date=31 March 2026|archivedate=23 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323071726/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=12&contentid=20070319034155703de158667&pageno=1|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁ এণ্ড টিভিৰ শ্ব’ ''মৌকা-এ-বাৰদাত'' পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mona-singh-set-comeback-television-five-years-host-mauka-e-vardaat-2/|title=Mona Singh set to comeback on Television after five years as a host of Mauka-e-Vardaat 2|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 May 2021|language=en|access-date=2021-09-09|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909042754/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mona-singh-set-comeback-television-five-years-host-mauka-e-vardaat-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> === ৱেব ধাৰাবাহিক কেৰিয়াৰ === ২০১৮ চনত সিঙে ''কেহনে কো হমচফৰ হ্যায়''-ত অনন্যাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি ৱেব জগতত খোজ পেলায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mona-singh-introduces-us-to-yeh-meri-family/20180713.htm |title=Mona Singh introduces us to Yeh Meri Family |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=20 July 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720140031/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mona-singh-introduces-us-to-yeh-meri-family/20180713.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> সেই বছৰতে তেওঁ দ্য ভাইৰেল ফিভাৰ আৰু নেটফ্লিক্স ধাৰাবাহিক ''য়ে মেৰী ফেমিলী''-তো অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005002111/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/04/09/stories/2005040901380400.htm|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/04/09/stories/2005040901380400.htm|title=Bausch & Lomb ropes in 'Jassi' Mona Singh|work=The Hindu |archive-date=5 October 2012 }}</ref> ২০১৯ চনত তেওঁক জি-ফাইভ (ZEE5) আৰু অল্ট বালাজীৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''মিছন অভাৰ মাৰ্চ''-ত দেখা গৈছিল।<ref name="Cast-1">{{cite web|title=Sakshi Tanwar, Mona Singh team up for ALTBalaji's Mission Over Mars|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/jun/08/sakshi-mona-team-up-for-altbalajis-mom-1987291.html|access-date=2022-02-19|website=The New Indian Express |date=8 June 2019 }}</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ জি-ফাইভৰ ''ব্লেক উইড'জ''-ত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201515/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=30&contentid=200703160230506097b631f31&pageno=1|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=30&contentid=200703160230506097b631f31&pageno=1|title=Singh on song|work=Mumbai Mirror|archive-date=27 September 2007|access-date=31 March 2026|archivedate=27 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201515/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=30&contentid=200703160230506097b631f31&pageno=1|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনত সিঙে জয়া আখতাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত ''মেড ইন হেভেন''-ত বুলবুল জৌহৰীৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। এই ধাৰাবাহিকত তেওঁ এগৰাকী অডিটৰৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল যিয়ে কোম্পানীটোক ধাৰৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰাৰ লগতে নিজৰ পুত্ৰৰ বিৰুদ্ধে চলা এটা আৰক্ষীৰ গোচৰো চম্ভালে। এই চৰিত্ৰটোৰ বাবে তেওঁ সমালোচক আৰু দৰ্শক উভয়ৰে পৰা উচ্চ প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-29 |title=Truly made in heaven for me: Mona Singh on standout role in the series |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/truly-made-in-heaven-for-me-mona-singh-on-standout-role-in-the-series/articleshow/103172592.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Made In Heaven Season 2: Mona Singh Reacts To Being Praised For Her Performance On The Show, "Such An Overwhelming Response Makes Me Happy" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/made-in-heaven-season-2-mona-singh-reacts-to-being-praised-for-her-performance-on-the-show-such-an-overwhelming-response-makes-me-happy/ |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=Koimoi |date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105225025/https://www.koimoi.com/television/made-in-heaven-season-2-mona-singh-reacts-to-being-praised-for-her-performance-on-the-show-such-an-overwhelming-response-makes-me-happy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত সিঙক নেটফ্লিক্সৰ ''কালা পানী''-ত এগৰাকী চিকিৎসকৰ এক চুটি অথচ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চৰিত্ৰত দেখা যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mona Singh Delivers Impeccable Performance In Kaala Paani |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/mona-singh-delivers-impeccable-performance-in-kaala-paani-2678113.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> সমালোচকসকলে তেওঁৰ অভিনয়ক আদৰণি জনায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kaala Paani': A Tragedy That Sacrifices Its Heroes |url=https://thewire.in/film/kaala-paani-review-tragedy-that-sacrifices-heroes-to-spotlight-errors-of-human-actions |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=The Wire}}</ref> ২০২৫ চনত তেওঁ ''দ্য বাষ্টাৰ্ডছ অৱ বলীউড''-ত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wandermurem |first=Isadora |date=September 19, 2025 |title=Breaking Down the Ending of Netflix’s Glitzy Indian Dramedy Ba***ds of Bollywood |url=https://time.com/7317448/bastards-of-bollywood-netflix-ending/ |access-date=March 18, 2026 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ২০২৬ চনত তেওঁ ''কোহৰা'' ধাৰাবাহিকৰ দ্বিতীয় ছিজনত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। তেওঁৰ অভিনয়ত মুগ্ধ হৈ ''দ্য হিন্দু''-ৰ অনুজ কুমাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰক্ষীৰ পোছাক পিন্ধা এগৰাকী শোকাতুৰ মাতৃ হিচাপে মোনা সিং এক শক্তিশালী বিস্ফোৰণৰ বাবে সাজু হৈ থকা শক্তিৰ উৎসস্বৰূপ।"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2026-02-12 |title=‘Kohrra’ Season 2 series review: Mona Singh pierces through the mist of motives in this intriguing police procedural |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kohrra-season-2-review-mona-singh-sudeep-sharma-kohrra-netflix-intriguing-police-procedural/article70624947.ece |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Arnab |date=February 14, 2026 |title=Mona Singh aces in slow burn of ‘Kohrra Season 2’, a whodunnit with emotions and women at its core |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mona-singh-aces-in-slow-burn-of-kohrra-season-2-a-whodunnit-with-emotions-and-women-at-its-core/cid/2147332 |access-date=March 18, 2026 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref> === চলচ্চিত্ৰ কেৰিয়াৰ === ২০০৯ চনত ৰাজকুমাৰ হিৰাণীৰ হিন্দী ব্যংগাত্মক কমেডী ''৩ ইডিয়টচ''-ত মোনা সহস্ৰবুদ্ধে নামৰ সহযোগী তথা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চৰিত্ৰটোৰ জৰিয়তে সিঙে চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে। এই ছবিখন বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় {{INRConvert|4|b}} উপাৰ্জনেৰে অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক উপাৰ্জনকাৰী ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Utt Pataang Movie (Feb 2011) - Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date {{!}} Paytm.com|url=https://paytm.com/movies/utt-pataang-movie-detail-137313|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Paytm|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810180059/https://paytm.com/movies/utt-pataang-movie-detail-137313|url-status=live}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ ''উট পতাং'', ''জেড প্লাছ'' আৰু ''অমাবাস''-ত অভিনয় কৰে।{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=BookMyShow|title=Utt Pataang Movie (2011) {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com//movies/utt-pataang/ET00006157?fbrefresh=1|access-date=2020-10-08|website=BookMyShow|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012060705/https://in.bookmyshow.com//movies/utt-pataang/ET00006157?fbrefresh=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Zed Plus {{!}} Netflix">{{Cite web|title=Zed Plus {{!}} Netflix|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81213884|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.netflix.com|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918052159/https://www.netflix.com/title/81213884|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BookMyShow|title=Zed Plus Movie (2014) {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bhubaneswar|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bhubaneswar/movies/zed-plus/ET00025681?fbrefresh=1|access-date=2020-10-08|website=BookMyShow|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012060706/https://in.bookmyshow.com/bhubaneswar/movies/zed-plus/ET00025681?fbrefresh=1|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<ref name="Hungama">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/amavas-2/cast/|title=Amavas Cast List | Amavas Movie Star Cast | Release Date | Movie Trailer | Review- Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 February 2019 |access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422114714/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/amavas-2/cast/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/mona-singh/|title=Mona Singh News, Latest News of Mona Singh, Movies, News, Songs, Images, Interviews - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220756/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/mona-singh/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<ref name="m.youtube.com">{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_QoxcbLQWIM|title = EK CHOTI SI EGO | Husband and Wife Story | Ft. Mona Singh & Iqbal Khan | Miraj Miracle|website = [[YouTube]] | date=26 December 2019 }}</ref> ২০২২ চনত তেওঁ আমিৰ খানৰ ''লাল সিং চড্ডা''-ত অভিনয় কৰে, য’ত তেওঁ নায়কৰ মাতৃৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} আমিৰ খানতকৈ ১৬ বছৰ সৰু হোৱা সত্ত্বেও সিঙে নিজৰ চৰিত্ৰটোৰ সমৰ্থনত কয়, "মই আমিৰ খানৰ মাতৃৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰা নাই, মই লালৰ মাতৃৰ চৰিত্ৰতহে অভিনয় কৰিছোঁ।"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=Mona Singh defends Laal Singh Chaddha age difference: 'I'm not playing Aamir Khan's mother, I'm playing Laal's mother' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mona-singh-defends-laal-singh-chaddha-age-difference-aamir-khan-8087541/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Mona Singh}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{Bollywood Hungama person}} <!-- [[WP:NOSOCIAL]] --> [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] eo453mpqukt3anm6mfq1aq9c2zz1g5t 0 136658 604408 604005 2026-05-04T13:13:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Moresources}}{{Infobox football biography | name = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিম | image = | fullname = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিম | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|12|25}} | birth_place = পূজালী, [[পশ্চিমবঙ্গ]], [[ভাৰত]] | height = ১৭৬ ছেমি | position = ডিফেণ্ডাৰ (ৰাইট বেক) / মিডফিল্ডাৰ | currentclub = ফ্ৰী এজেণ্ট<ref name="Sortitoutsi2026">{{cite web | url = https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76607/indian-midfielder-mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-becomes-free-agent-eyes-2026-season-opportunities | title = ভাৰতীয় মিডফিল্ডাৰ মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম এতিয়া এগৰাকী ফ্ৰী এজেন্ট; ২০২৬ ছিজনৰ বাবে সাজু | website = Sortitoutsi | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | date = 2026 | quote = ভাৰতীয় মিডফিল্ডাৰ মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমে ২০২৬ বৰ্ষৰ ফুটবল ছিজনৰ বাবে এগৰাকী ফ্ৰী এজেন্ট হিচাপে নতুন সুযোগৰ সন্ধান কৰিছে। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> <ref name="SortitoutsiChance2026">{{cite web | url = https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76641/give-me-one-chance-in-the-i-league-i-wont-take-a-penny-if-i-dont-perform-mahroos-siddiquee-nadim | title = আই-লীগত মোক এটা সুযোগ দিয়ক, প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে মই এটকাও নলওঁ: মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম | website = Sortitoutsi | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | date = 2026 | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমে আই-লীগত নিজৰ দক্ষতা প্ৰমাণ কৰাৰ বাবে এটা সুযোগ বিচাৰিছে আৰু আত্মবিশ্বাসেৰে ঘোষণা কৰিছে যে ব্যৰ্থ হ’লে তেওঁ কোনো মাননি গ্ৰহণ নকৰে। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> | youthyears1 = ২০১৩–২০১৭ | youthclubs1 = [[মোহন বাগান এচি]]<ref>[https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/mahroos-nadim/2739083?epoca_id=145 মাহৰোছ নাদিম: প্লেমেকাৰ ষ্টেটচ প্ৰফাইল]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | years1 = ২০১৮–২০১৯ | clubs1 = এলবাৰ্ট স্পৰ্টিং ক্লাব | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = ২০১৯–২০২০ | clubs2 = মিনাৰ্ভা একাডেমী এফচি<ref name="PlaymakerstatsMahroos">{{cite web | url = https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/mahroos-nadim/2739083?epoca_id=150 | title = মাহৰুছ নাডিমৰ খেলুৱৈ প্ৰফাইল আৰু পৰিসংখ্যা | website = Playmakerstats | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমৰ পেছাদাৰী ফুটবল কেৰিয়াৰৰ বিস্তৃত পৰিসংখ্যা আৰু তথ্য। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | caps2 = | goals2 = | years3 = ২০২০–২০২১ | clubs3 = এফকে ষ্ট্ৰুগা (উত্তৰ মেচিডোনিয়া)<ref>[https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/mahroos-nadim/2739083?epoca_id=150 মাহৰোছ নাদিম: প্লেমেকাৰ ষ্টেটচ প্ৰফাইল]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | caps3 = | goals3 = | years4 = ২০২২–২০২৩ | clubs4 = ৰাজবাৰী এথলেটিক ক্লাব | caps4 = | goals4 = | years5 = ২০২৪–২০২৫ | clubs5 = আছাম ডায়নামো ক্লাব<ref name="SSEN2025">{{cite AV media | people = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম | date = 2025-11-12 | title = নিজক প্ৰমাণ কৰাৰ হেঁপাহ: BSL ট্ৰায়েলত যুৱ প্ৰতিভাৰ ভিৰ | medium = লাইভ ষ্ট্ৰীম | publisher = SSEN | url = https://www.youtube.com/live/jLPkJvziLfk | access-date = 2026-04-14 | time = 00:04:49 | quote = মোৰ শেষ ক্লাব আছিল আছাম ডাইনামো ক্লাব। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> | caps5 = | goals5 = }} '''মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিম''' ({{lang-en|Mahroos Siddiquee Nadim}}; জন্ম: ২৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০১) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় পেছাদাৰী ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ। তেওঁ মূলত এজন সোঁ-পক্ষৰ ৰক্ষক (Right Back) হিচাপে খেলে। নাদিমে তেওঁৰ ফুটবল কেৰিয়াৰ ভাৰতীয় ফুটবলৰ অন্যতম শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ মোহন বাগান এচিৰ যুৱ একাডেমীৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="MuckRackMahroos">{{cite web | url = https://muckrack.com/mahroos-nadim | title = মাহৰুছ নাডিমৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ প্ৰফাইল | publisher = Muck Rack | website = muckrack.com | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমৰ পেছাদাৰী ফুটবল কেৰিয়াৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় সংবাদ আৰু প্ৰকাশনসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> <ref name="YouthKiAwaaz2026">{{cite web | url = https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2026/04/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87/ | title = আই-লীগত সুযোগৰ যুঁজত মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম | website = Youth Ki Awaaz | date = 2026-04 | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = বঙালী | quote = ভাৰতীয় ফুটবলৰ উচ্চ স্তৰৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতা আই-লীগত স্থান লাভৰ বাবে খেলুৱৈজনৰ সংগ্ৰাম আৰু লক্ষ্যৰ বিষয়ে এক প্ৰতিবেদন। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == নাদিমে ২০১৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৭ চনলৈ মোহন বাগানৰ যুৱ দলৰ হৈ খেলিছিল। পিছত তেওঁ বিভিন্ন ঘৰুৱা আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ক্লাবত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ ২০২০-২১ ছিজনত উত্তৰ মেচিডোনিয়াৰ ফাৰ্ষ্ট লীগৰ ক্লাব এফকে ষ্ট্ৰুগাৰ সৈতে চুক্তিবদ্ধ আছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ অসমৰ গুৱাহাটী ছুপাৰ ডিভিজন লীগত আছাম ডায়নামো ক্লাবৰ হৈ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। ২০২২ চনত তেওঁক গুৱাহাটী লীগৰ অন্যতম সফল ৰাইট বেক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="SortitoutsiBreakout2022">{{cite web | url = https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76610/mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-the-2022-breakout-right-back-of-guwahati-football-league | title = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম: ২০২২ বৰ্ষৰ গুৱাহাটী ফুটবল লীগৰ ব্ৰেকআউট ৰাইট-বেক | website = Sortitoutsi | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | date = 2026 | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমে ২০২২ চনৰ গুৱাহাটী ফুটবল লীগত তেওঁৰ উন্নত প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে এজন উদীয়মান ৰাইট-বেক হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিছে। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত আৰু সামাজিক জীৱন== ​মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিমৰ ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন তেওঁৰ খেলুৱৈ জীৱনৰ দৰেই চৰ্চিত। পেছাদাৰী ফুটবলৰ ব্যস্ততাৰ মাজতো তেওঁৰ সামাজিক সম্পৰ্কক লৈ বিভিন্ন সময়ত অনুৰাগীসকলৰ মাজত উৎসুকতা দেখা যায়। বিশেষকৈ ইত্তিচাম খাতুন<ref name="BinoyRaba2026">{{cite web | url = https://binoyraba10.blogspot.com/2026/03/rumor-has-it-mahroos-nadims-hidden.html | title = উৰাবাতৰি: মাহৰুছ নাদিমৰ লুকাই থকা সম্ভাৱনা আৰু ক্লাবৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ | website = বিনয় ৰাভাৰ ব্লগ | author = বিনয় ৰাভা | date = 2026-03 | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিমৰ ভৱিষ্যত ক্লাব আৰু ফুটবল কেৰিয়াৰৰ সম্ভাৱ্য দিশসমূহৰ ওপৰত এক আলোকপাত। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> আৰু শ্ৰুতি দেৰ সৈতে থকা তেওঁৰ বন্ধুত্ব তথা ঘনিষ্ঠ সম্পৰ্কক লৈ সামাজিক মাধ্যমত বিভিন্ন চৰ্চা চলি থাকে। যদিও নাদিমে নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত সম্পৰ্কসমূহক সদায় ব্যক্তিগত কৰি ৰাখিবলৈ পছন্দ কৰে, তথাপিও এই নামসমূহক লৈ প্ৰায়ে তেওঁৰ অনুৰাগীসকলৰ মাজত বিভিন্ন জল্পনা-কল্পনা বা উৰাবাতৰি প্ৰচাৰিত হোৱা দেখা যায়। ​এগৰাকী আধুনিক ফুটবলৰ প্ৰতিভা হিচাপে নাদিমে কেৱল খেলপথাৰতে নহয়, বৰঞ্চ নিজৰ এক স্বকীয় ব্যক্তিত্বৰ জৰিয়তেও সমাজত পৰিচিত। তেওঁৰ বন্ধু-বৰ্গ আৰু সামাজিক বৃত্তত বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰৰ লোকৰ সৈতে সু-সম্পৰ্ক আছে। তেওঁৰ খেলুৱৈ জীৱনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰাই পৰিয়াল আৰু বন্ধু-বান্ধৱীসকলে তেওঁক মানসিকভাবে সদায় উৎসাহিত কৰি আহিছে। বৰ্তমান ২০২৬ বৰ্ষৰ ফুটবল ছিজনৰ বাবে কঠোৰ অনুশীলনত ব্যস্ত থকাৰ মাজতো নাদিমে নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন আৰু পেছাদাৰী দায়িত্বৰ মাজত এক সুন্দৰ ভাৰসাম্য বজাই ৰাখিছে। == কেৰিয়াৰ পৰিসংখ্যা == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ক্লাব !! ছিজন !! লীগ !! অংশগ্ৰহণ (Apps) !! গ’ল |- | [[মোহন বাগান এচি]] (যুৱ) || ২০১৩–১৭ || একাডেমি লীগ || ১১ || ০ |- | এলবাৰ্ট স্পৰ্টিং ক্লাব || ২০১৮–১৯ || চিএফএল (CFL) || ৫ || ০ |- | মিনাৰ্ভা একাডেমী এফচি || ২০১৯–২০ || ইলিট লীগ || ৩ || ০ |- | এফকে ষ্ট্ৰুগা (উত্তৰ মেচিডোনিয়া) || ২০২০–২১ || ফাৰ্ষ্ট লীগ || ০ || ০ |- | ৰাজবাৰী এথলেটিক ক্লাব || ২০২২–২৩ || জিলা লীগ || ৩ || ০ |- | আছাম ডায়নামো ক্লাব || ২০২৪–২৫ || গুৱাহাটী ছুপাৰ ডিভিজন || ৩ || ০ |- ! colspan="3" | মুঠ কেৰিয়াৰ !! ২৫ !! ০ |} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://goallytics.com/player/147483647-mahrooz-siddiqui-nadim গ’লিটিক্সত মাহৰুছ নাদিমৰ পৰিসংখ্যা] == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76610/mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-the-2022-breakout-right-back-of-guwahati-football-league Guwahati Football League Report - Sortitoutsi] * [https://goallytics.com/player/147483647-mahrooz-siddiqui-nadim Goallytics Player Profile] * [https://binoyraba10.blogspot.com/2026/03/rumor-has-it-mahroos-nadims-hidden.html Media Report on Personal Life - Binoy Raba] * [https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76607/indian-midfielder-mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-becomes-free-agent-eyes-2026-season-opportunities Free Agent Status News] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মোহন বাগান এচিৰ খেলুৱৈ]] ohpp91f88y68qyd1oy6zjr3mgdscjcs 604491 604408 2026-05-04T20:25:00Z Binoy62 49438 /* */ 604491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Moresources}}{{Infobox football biography | name = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিম | image = | fullname = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিম | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|12|25}} | birth_place = পূজালী, [[পশ্চিমবঙ্গ]], [[ভাৰত]] | height = ১৭৬ ছেমি | position = ডিফেণ্ডাৰ (ৰাইট বেক) / মিডফিল্ডাৰ | pcupdate = ১৫ মে' ২০২৬ <br><hr><center>'''ৱেবছাইট:''' [https://sites.google.com/view/mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-4/home ক্লিক কৰক] <br> '''AIFF CRS ID:''' PL00000103468 </center> | currentclub = ফ্ৰী এজেণ্ট<ref name="Sortitoutsi2026">{{cite web | url = https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76607/indian-midfielder-mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-becomes-free-agent-eyes-2026-season-opportunities | title = ভাৰতীয় মিডফিল্ডাৰ মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম এতিয়া এগৰাকী ফ্ৰী এজেন্ট; ২০২৬ ছিজনৰ বাবে সাজু | website = Sortitoutsi | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | date = 2026 | quote = ভাৰতীয় মিডফিল্ডাৰ মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমে ২০২৬ বৰ্ষৰ ফুটবল ছিজনৰ বাবে এগৰাকী ফ্ৰী এজেন্ট হিচাপে নতুন সুযোগৰ সন্ধান কৰিছে। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> <ref name="SortitoutsiChance2026">{{cite web | url = https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76641/give-me-one-chance-in-the-i-league-i-wont-take-a-penny-if-i-dont-perform-mahroos-siddiquee-nadim | title = আই-লীগত মোক এটা সুযোগ দিয়ক, প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে মই এটকাও নলওঁ: মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম | website = Sortitoutsi | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | date = 2026 | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমে আই-লীগত নিজৰ দক্ষতা প্ৰমাণ কৰাৰ বাবে এটা সুযোগ বিচাৰিছে আৰু আত্মবিশ্বাসেৰে ঘোষণা কৰিছে যে ব্যৰ্থ হ’লে তেওঁ কোনো মাননি গ্ৰহণ নকৰে। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> | youthyears1 = ২০১৩–২০১৭ | youthclubs1 = [[মোহন বাগান এচি]]<ref>[https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/mahroos-nadim/2739083?epoca_id=145 মাহৰোছ নাদিম: প্লেমেকাৰ ষ্টেটচ প্ৰফাইল]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | years1 = ২০১৮–২০১৯ | clubs1 = এলবাৰ্ট স্পৰ্টিং ক্লাব | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = ২০১৯–২০২০ | clubs2 = মিনাৰ্ভা একাডেমী এফচি<ref name="PlaymakerstatsMahroos">{{cite web | url = https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/mahroos-nadim/2739083?epoca_id=150 | title = মাহৰুছ নাডিমৰ খেলুৱৈ প্ৰফাইল আৰু পৰিসংখ্যা | website = Playmakerstats | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমৰ পেছাদাৰী ফুটবল কেৰিয়াৰৰ বিস্তৃত পৰিসংখ্যা আৰু তথ্য। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | caps2 = | goals2 = | years3 = ২০২০–২০২১ | clubs3 = এফকে ষ্ট্ৰুগা (উত্তৰ মেচিডোনিয়া)<ref>[https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/mahroos-nadim/2739083?epoca_id=150 মাহৰোছ নাদিম: প্লেমেকাৰ ষ্টেটচ প্ৰফাইল]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | caps3 = | goals3 = | years4 = ২০২২–২০২৩ | clubs4 = ৰাজবাৰী এথলেটিক ক্লাব | caps4 = | goals4 = | years5 = ২০২৪–২০২৫ | clubs5 = আছাম ডায়নামো ক্লাব<ref name="SSEN2025">{{cite AV media | people = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম | date = 2025-11-12 | title = নিজক প্ৰমাণ কৰাৰ হেঁপাহ: BSL ট্ৰায়েলত যুৱ প্ৰতিভাৰ ভিৰ | medium = লাইভ ষ্ট্ৰীম | publisher = SSEN | url = https://www.youtube.com/live/jLPkJvziLfk | access-date = 2026-04-14 | time = 00:04:49 | quote = মোৰ শেষ ক্লাব আছিল আছাম ডাইনামো ক্লাব। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> | caps5 = | goals5 = }} '''মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিম''' ({{lang-en|Mahroos Siddiquee Nadim}}; জন্ম: ২৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০১) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় পেছাদাৰী ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ। তেওঁ মূলত এজন সোঁ-পক্ষৰ ৰক্ষক (Right Back) হিচাপে খেলে। নাদিমে তেওঁৰ ফুটবল কেৰিয়াৰ ভাৰতীয় ফুটবলৰ অন্যতম শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ মোহন বাগান এচিৰ যুৱ একাডেমীৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="MuckRackMahroos">{{cite web | url = https://muckrack.com/mahroos-nadim | title = মাহৰুছ নাডিমৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ প্ৰফাইল | publisher = Muck Rack | website = muckrack.com | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমৰ পেছাদাৰী ফুটবল কেৰিয়াৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় সংবাদ আৰু প্ৰকাশনসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> <ref name="YouthKiAwaaz2026">{{cite web | url = https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2026/04/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87/ | title = আই-লীগত সুযোগৰ যুঁজত মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম | website = Youth Ki Awaaz | date = 2026-04 | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = বঙালী | quote = ভাৰতীয় ফুটবলৰ উচ্চ স্তৰৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতা আই-লীগত স্থান লাভৰ বাবে খেলুৱৈজনৰ সংগ্ৰাম আৰু লক্ষ্যৰ বিষয়ে এক প্ৰতিবেদন। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == নাদিমে ২০১৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৭ চনলৈ মোহন বাগানৰ যুৱ দলৰ হৈ খেলিছিল। পিছত তেওঁ বিভিন্ন ঘৰুৱা আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ক্লাবত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ ২০২০-২১ ছিজনত উত্তৰ মেচিডোনিয়াৰ ফাৰ্ষ্ট লীগৰ ক্লাব এফকে ষ্ট্ৰুগাৰ সৈতে চুক্তিবদ্ধ আছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ অসমৰ গুৱাহাটী ছুপাৰ ডিভিজন লীগত আছাম ডায়নামো ক্লাবৰ হৈ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। ২০২২ চনত তেওঁক গুৱাহাটী লীগৰ অন্যতম সফল ৰাইট বেক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="SortitoutsiBreakout2022">{{cite web | url = https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76610/mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-the-2022-breakout-right-back-of-guwahati-football-league | title = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিম: ২০২২ বৰ্ষৰ গুৱাহাটী ফুটবল লীগৰ ব্ৰেকআউট ৰাইট-বেক | website = Sortitoutsi | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | date = 2026 | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাডিমে ২০২২ চনৰ গুৱাহাটী ফুটবল লীগত তেওঁৰ উন্নত প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে এজন উদীয়মান ৰাইট-বেক হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিছে। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত আৰু সামাজিক জীৱন== ​মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিমৰ ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন তেওঁৰ খেলুৱৈ জীৱনৰ দৰেই চৰ্চিত। পেছাদাৰী ফুটবলৰ ব্যস্ততাৰ মাজতো তেওঁৰ সামাজিক সম্পৰ্কক লৈ বিভিন্ন সময়ত অনুৰাগীসকলৰ মাজত উৎসুকতা দেখা যায়। বিশেষকৈ ইত্তিচাম খাতুন<ref name="BinoyRaba2026">{{cite web | url = https://binoyraba10.blogspot.com/2026/03/rumor-has-it-mahroos-nadims-hidden.html | title = উৰাবাতৰি: মাহৰুছ নাদিমৰ লুকাই থকা সম্ভাৱনা আৰু ক্লাবৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ | website = বিনয় ৰাভাৰ ব্লগ | author = বিনয় ৰাভা | date = 2026-03 | access-date = 2026-04-14 | language = ইংৰাজী | quote = মাহৰুছ ছিদ্দিকী নাদিমৰ ভৱিষ্যত ক্লাব আৰু ফুটবল কেৰিয়াৰৰ সম্ভাৱ্য দিশসমূহৰ ওপৰত এক আলোকপাত। | archive-url = | archive-date = }}</ref> আৰু শ্ৰুতি দেৰ সৈতে থকা তেওঁৰ বন্ধুত্ব তথা ঘনিষ্ঠ সম্পৰ্কক লৈ সামাজিক মাধ্যমত বিভিন্ন চৰ্চা চলি থাকে। যদিও নাদিমে নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত সম্পৰ্কসমূহক সদায় ব্যক্তিগত কৰি ৰাখিবলৈ পছন্দ কৰে, তথাপিও এই নামসমূহক লৈ প্ৰায়ে তেওঁৰ অনুৰাগীসকলৰ মাজত বিভিন্ন জল্পনা-কল্পনা বা উৰাবাতৰি প্ৰচাৰিত হোৱা দেখা যায়। ​এগৰাকী আধুনিক ফুটবলৰ প্ৰতিভা হিচাপে নাদিমে কেৱল খেলপথাৰতে নহয়, বৰঞ্চ নিজৰ এক স্বকীয় ব্যক্তিত্বৰ জৰিয়তেও সমাজত পৰিচিত। তেওঁৰ বন্ধু-বৰ্গ আৰু সামাজিক বৃত্তত বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰৰ লোকৰ সৈতে সু-সম্পৰ্ক আছে। তেওঁৰ খেলুৱৈ জীৱনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰাই পৰিয়াল আৰু বন্ধু-বান্ধৱীসকলে তেওঁক মানসিকভাবে সদায় উৎসাহিত কৰি আহিছে। বৰ্তমান ২০২৬ বৰ্ষৰ ফুটবল ছিজনৰ বাবে কঠোৰ অনুশীলনত ব্যস্ত থকাৰ মাজতো নাদিমে নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন আৰু পেছাদাৰী দায়িত্বৰ মাজত এক সুন্দৰ ভাৰসাম্য বজাই ৰাখিছে। == কেৰিয়াৰ পৰিসংখ্যা == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ক্লাব !! ছিজন !! লীগ !! অংশগ্ৰহণ (Apps) !! গ’ল |- | [[মোহন বাগান এচি]] (যুৱ) || ২০১৩–১৭ || একাডেমি লীগ || ১১ || ০ |- | এলবাৰ্ট স্পৰ্টিং ক্লাব || ২০১৮–১৯ || চিএফএল (CFL) || ৫ || ০ |- | মিনাৰ্ভা একাডেমী এফচি || ২০১৯–২০ || ইলিট লীগ || ৩ || ০ |- | এফকে ষ্ট্ৰুগা (উত্তৰ মেচিডোনিয়া) || ২০২০–২১ || ফাৰ্ষ্ট লীগ || ০ || ০ |- | ৰাজবাৰী এথলেটিক ক্লাব || ২০২২–২৩ || জিলা লীগ || ৩ || ০ |- | আছাম ডায়নামো ক্লাব || ২০২৪–২৫ || গুৱাহাটী ছুপাৰ ডিভিজন || ৩ || ০ |- ! colspan="3" | মুঠ কেৰিয়াৰ !! ২৫ !! ০ |} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://goallytics.com/player/147483647-mahrooz-siddiqui-nadim গ’লিটিক্সত মাহৰুছ নাদিমৰ পৰিসংখ্যা] == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76610/mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-the-2022-breakout-right-back-of-guwahati-football-league Guwahati Football League Report - Sortitoutsi] * [https://goallytics.com/player/147483647-mahrooz-siddiqui-nadim Goallytics Player Profile] * [https://binoyraba10.blogspot.com/2026/03/rumor-has-it-mahroos-nadims-hidden.html Media Report on Personal Life - Binoy Raba] * [https://sortitoutsi.net/content/76607/indian-midfielder-mahroos-siddiquee-nadim-becomes-free-agent-eyes-2026-season-opportunities Free Agent Status News] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মোহন বাগান এচিৰ খেলুৱৈ]] oe5yz6mvmf88gntyx99w36zq6612ymh 0 136668 604508 600381 2026-05-05T02:16:42Z হানিফ আলী 19725 /* জিলা অনুসৰি ফলাফল */ 604508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox election | election_name = অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন, ২০২৬ | country = ভাৰত | type = legislative | ongoing = no | opinion_polls = #Surveys and polls | registered = ২৪,৯৫৮,১৩৯ | turnout = ৮৫.৯৬% ({{increase}}৩.৫৪%) | previous_election = অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন, ২০২১ | previous_year = ২০২১ | next_election = অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন, ২০৩১ | next_year = ২০৩১ | election_date = ৯ এপ্ৰিল ২০২৬ | seats_for_election = অসম বিধানসভাৰ সমগ্ৰ ১২৬টা সমষ্টি | majority_seats = ৬৪ <!-- bottom -->| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] | before_election = [[হিমন্ত বিশ্ব শৰ্মা]] | before_party = BJP | after_election = | after_party = | image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Himanta Biswa Sarma in 2025.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=110|cHeight=140|oLeft=5|oTop=0}} | party2 = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ | image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Gaurav Gogoi 2024 (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=110|cHeight=140|oLeft=2|oTop=25}} | leader1 = [[হিমন্ত বিশ্ব শৰ্মা]] | party1 = ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি | alliance1 = NDA | leader_since1 = ২০২১ | leaders_seat1 = জালুকবাৰী | last_election1 = ৬০ | seats1 = | seat_change1 = | popular_vote1 = | percentage1 = | swing1 = | leader2 = [[গৌৰৱ গগৈ]] | leaders_seat2 = যোৰহাট | party2 = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ | alliance2 = UPA | leader_since2 = ২০২৫ | last_election2 = ২৯ | seats2 = | seat_change2 = | popular_vote2 = ''TBD'' | percentage2 = ''TBD'' | swing2 = ''TBD'' | image3 = | leader3 = | leaders_seat3 = | party3 = | alliance3 = | leader_since3 = | last_election3 = | seats3 = | seat_change3 = | popular_vote3 = | percentage3 = | swing3 = | map_image = Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Assam (2023-).svg | map_caption = অসম বিধানসভাৰ সমষ্টিসমূহ }} ষষ্ঠদশ অসম বিধানসভাৰ নিৰ্বাচন ২০২৬ চনৰ ৯ এপ্ৰিলত ১২৬টা সমষ্টিৰ বাবে এটা পৰ্যায়ত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ২০২৬ চনৰ ৪ মে' তাৰিখে ভোট গণনা আৰু ফলাফল ঘোষণা কৰা হ’ব৷ পঞ্চদশ অসম বিধানসভাৰৰ কাৰ্যকাল ২০২৬ চনৰ ৩১ মে' তাৰিখে অন্ত পৰে। ==পৃষ্ঠভূমি== ২০২৬ চনৰ ২০ মে'ত [[অসম বিধানসভা|অসম বিধানসভাৰ]] কাৰ্যকাল শেষ হ’ব।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Term of the Houses |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807185225/https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.eci.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[২০২১ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন|পূৰ্বৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন]] ২০২১ চনৰ মাৰ্চ–এপ্ৰিল মাহত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। নিৰ্বাচনৰ পিছত বৰ্তমানৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গণতান্ত্ৰিক মিত্ৰজোঁটে বিধানসভাৰ ১২৬খন আসনৰ ভিতৰত ৭৫খন আসন লাভ কৰি পুনৰ ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰে আৰু [[হিমন্ত বিশ্ব শৰ্মা]] [[অসমৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰীসকলৰ তালিকা|মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী]] নিৰ্বাচিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=BJP-led NDA retains power with majority 75 seats in Assam, Congress wins 29 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/bjp-led-nda-retains-power-with-majority-75-seats-in-assam-congress-wins-29-121050300122_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321144827/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/bjp-led-nda-retains-power-with-majority-75-seats-in-assam-congress-wins-29-121050300122_1.html |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2025-11-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-10 |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma takes oath as the Chief Minister of Assam |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/himanta-biswa-sarma-takes-oath-as-the-chief-minister-of-assam-11620629211767.html |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ|ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছে]] [[সৰ্ব ভাৰতীয় সংযুক্ত গণতান্ত্ৰিক মৰ্চা]] আৰু [[বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট]]ৰ সৈতে মিত্ৰতা সমাপ্ত কৰি বিৰোধী মিত্ৰগোট ‘মহাজোত’ৰ কাৰ্যকৰীভাৱে অন্ত পেলায়।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-30 |title=Assam Congress decides to break ties with Ajmal's AIUDF, BPF |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Aug/30/assam-congress-decides-to-break-ties-with-ajmals-aiudf-bpf-2351954.html |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-30 |title=Congress ends alliance with BPF, Ajmal's AIUDF in Assam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-ends-alliance-with-bpf-ajmals-aiudf-in-assam/articleshow/85770733.cms |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> == সময়সূচী == [[ভাৰতৰ নিৰ্বাচন আয়োগ|ভাৰতৰ নিৰ্বাচন আয়োগে]] ২০২৬ চনৰ ১৫ মাৰ্চত নিৰ্বাচনৰ সময়সূচী ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Assam Election Date 2026: Assam to vote on April 9; results on May 4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/assam/assam-election-2026-result-date-when-will-votes-be-counted-in-assembly-polls-set-on-april-9-counting-on-may-4/articleshow/129588073.cms |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[File:Eci 15th March 2026.jpg|300px]] {| class="wikitable" |- !কাৰ্যসূচী !তাৰিখ |- | অধিসুচনা জাৰী | ১৬ মাৰ্চ ২০২৬ |- | মনোনয়ন দাখিল কৰাৰ অন্তিম তাৰিখ | ২৩ মাৰ্চ ২০২৬ |- | মনোনয়ন পৰীক্ষা | ২৪ মাৰ্চ ২০২৬ |- | মনোনয়ন প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰাৰ অন্তিম তাৰিখ | ২৬ মাৰ্চ ২০২৬ |- | ভোটদানৰ তাৰিখ | '''৯ এপ্ৰিল ২০২৬''' |- | ভোটগণনাৰ তাৰিখ | '''৪ মে’ ২০২৬''' |- | ভোটিং প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ অন্তিম তাৰিখ | ৬ মে’ ২০২৬ |} ==ভোটাৰৰ পৰিসংখ্যা== ভাৰতৰ নিৰ্বাচন আয়োগৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি ২০২৬ চনৰ অসমৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত ২,৪৯,৫৮,১৩৯ জন ভোটাৰে ভোটদানৰ যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১,২৪,৮২,২১৩ জন পুৰুষ, ১,২৪,৭৫,৫৮৩ গৰাকী মহিলা আৰু ৩৪৩ জন তৃতীয় লিংগৰ ভোটাৰ।<ref name="final voter list">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-10 |title=Special revision: Assam voter count decreases by 2.43 lakh in final roll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/special-revision-assam-voter-count-down-by-243-lakh-in-final-roll/article70615403.ece |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == ফলাফল == === দল/মিত্ৰদল হিচাপে ফলাফল === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | দল/মিত্ৰদল ! colspan="3" | ভোট ! colspan="3" | আসন |- ! ভোট ! % ! ±[[Percentage point|pp]] ! পাৰ্থীত্ব ! বিজয়ী ! +/- |- |{{full party name with color|National Democratic Alliance (India)|rowspan=4}} |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} | | | |৯০ | | |- |{{full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}} | | | | ২৬ | | |- |{{full party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}} | | | | ১১ | | |- | colspan="2"style="background:#ffead6" | '''মুঠ''' | style="background:#ffead6;" | | style="background:#ffead6;" | | style="background:#ffead6;" | | style="background:#ffead6;" | ১২৬+১ | style="background:#ffead6;" | | style="background:#ffead6;" | |- |{{full party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|rowspan=7}} |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} | | | | ৯৯ | | |- |{{full party name with color|Raijor Dal}} | | | | ১৩ | | |- |{{full party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}} | | | | ১০ | | |- |{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} | | | | ২ | | |- |{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}} | | | | ২ | | |- |{{Full party name with color|Independent}} | | | | ২ | | |- | colspan="2"style="background:#dcfbff" | '''মুঠ''' | style="background:#dcfbff" | | style="background:#dcfbff" | | style="background:#dcfbff" | | style="background:#dcfbff;" | ১২৫+৩ | style="background:#dcfbff" | | style="background:#dcfbff" | |- |{{Party color cell|All India United Democratic Front}} |colspan="3" align=left|[[সৰ্ব ভাৰতীয় সংযুক্ত গণতান্ত্ৰিক মৰ্চা]] |{{formatnum:}} | | | ২৭ | | |- |{{Party color cell|United People's Party Liberal}} |colspan="3" align=left|[[ইউনাইটেড পিপলছ পাৰ্টি লিবাৰেল]] |{{formatnum:}} | | | ১৭ | | |- |{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}} |colspan="3" align=left|[[Trinamool Congress|সৰ্ব ভাৰতীয় তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] | | | | ২৩ | | |- 0 |{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}} |colspan="3" align=left|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election#Others|আম আদমি পাৰ্টি]] |{{formatnum:}} | | |২০ | | |- |{{Party color cell|Others}} |colspan="3" align=left|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election#Others|অন্যান্য দল]] |{{formatnum:}} | | | | | |- |{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}} |colspan="3" align=left|[[Independent (politician)|নিৰ্দলীয়]] |{{formatnum:}} | | | | | |- |{{Party color cell|None of the above (India)}} |colspan="3" align=left|[[None of the above (India)|ন’টা]] |{{formatnum:}} | | ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | ! | |- !colspan="4"|মুঠ ! !১০০% ! — ! !১২৬ ! — |} === জিলা অনুসৰি ফলাফল === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan ="2"|জিলা ! rowspan ="2"|আসন | style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" | | style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha}}" | | style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|অন্যান্য}}" | |- ! ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গণতান্ত্ৰিক মৰ্চা ! অসম সন্মিলিত মৰ্চা ! অন্যান্য |- ! [[কোকৰাঝাৰ জিলা|কোকৰাঝাৰ]] ! ৫ | | | |- ! [[ধুবুৰী জিলা|ধুবুৰী]] ! ৫ | |✓ | |- ! [[দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ জিলা|দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ]] ! ১ | |✓ | |- ! [[গোৱালপাৰা জিলা|গোৱালপাৰা]] ! ৪ | | | |- ! [[বঙাইগাঁও জিলা|বঙাইগাঁও]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[চিৰাং জিলা|চিৰাং]] ! ২ | | | |- ! [[বজালী জিলা|বজালী]] ! ২ | | | |- ! [[বৰপেটা জিলা|বৰপেটা]] ! ৪ | | | |- ! [[কামৰূপ জিলা|কামৰূপ]] ! ৬ | | | |- ! [[কামৰূপ মহানগৰ জিলা|কামৰূপ মহানগৰ]] ! ৫ | | | |- ! [[নলবাৰী জিলা|নলবাৰী]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[বাক্সা জিলা|বাক্সা]] ! ২ | | | |- ! [[তামুলপুৰ জিলা|তামুলপুৰ ]] ! ২ | | | |- ! [[ওদালগুৰি জিলা|ওদালগুৰি]] ! ৪ | | | |- ! [[দৰং জিলা|দৰং]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[মৰিগাঁও জিলা|মৰিগাঁও]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[নগাঁও জিলা|নগাঁও]] ! ৭ | | | |- ! [[হোজাই জিলা|হোজাই]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[শোণিতপুৰ]] ! ৫ | | | |- ! [[বিশ্বনাথ জিলা|বিশ্বনাথ]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]] ! ৫ | | | |- ! [[ধেমাজি জিলা|ধেমাজি]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[তিনিচুকীয়া জিলা|তিনিচুকীয়া]] ! ৬ | | | |- ! [[ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলা|ডিব্ৰুগড়]] ! ৬ | | | |- ! [[চৰাইদেউ জিলা|চৰাইদেউ]] ! ২ | | | |- ! [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা|শিৱসাগৰ]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[মাজুলী জিলা|মাজুলী]] ! ১ | | | |- ! [[যোৰহাট জিলা|যোৰহাট]] ! ৪ | | | |- ! [[গোলাঘাট জিলা|গোলাঘাট]] ! ৫ | | | |- ! [[কাৰ্বি আংলং জিলা|কাৰ্বি আংলং]] ! ৩ | | | |- ! [[পশ্চিম কাৰ্বি আংলং জিলা|পশ্চিম কাৰ্বি আংলং]] ! ২ | | | |- ! [[ডিমা হাছাও]] ! ১ | | | |- ! [[কাছাৰ]] ! ৭ | | | |- ! [[হাইলাকান্দি জিলা|হাইলাকান্দি]] ! ২ | | | |- ! [[শ্ৰীভূমি জিলা|শ্ৰীভূমি]] ! ৪ | | | |- ! মুঠ ! ১২৬ ! ! ! |} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} 63dpx8s100lwl7mpnjnnqqusvkhorbv 4 136690 604443 604280 2026-05-04T16:51:58Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 604443 wikitext text/x-wiki ====[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিনী কলিতা]]==== # [[অজিত কুমাৰ বেনাৰ্জী]] {{accepted}} # [[কিম জি-ৱন]] {{accepted}} # [[ছং কাং]] {{accepted}} # [[চেন ঝেয়ুয়ান]] {{accepted}} # [[অক্ষয় খান্না]] {{accepted}} # [[চি কে জানু]] {{accepted}} # [[কুম্বৰজুৱা]] {{accepted}} # [[সীতা আম্মান মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদী]] {{accepted}} # [[জল মহল]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰণবীৰ শ্ব’ৰে]] {{accepted}} # [[নাং মাই]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰাজাৰাণী মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[গংগাৰ অৱতৰণ]] {{accepted}} # [[মেগান ইয়ং]] {{accepted}} # [[বিজয় বাৰ্মা]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰোহন পেথিয়াগোডা]] {{accepted}} # [[শ্বীবা চাদ্ধা]] {{accepted}} # [[শ্বৰীব হাছমী]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰাজপাল সিং যাদৱ]] {{accepted}} # [[সুৰু উপত্যকা]] {{accepted}} # [[ছিৰিন্ধহৰ্ণ]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰায়গড় দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[শিশুপালগড়]] {{accepted}} # [[ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস]] ====[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]==== #[[ইৰানৰ ক্ৰীড়া]] {{accepted}} #[[আদিত্য তিৱাৰী]] {{accepted}} #[[তিৰুমালা]] {{accepted}} #[[ক’লা নহৰু]] {{accepted}} #[[পাঞ্চাল]] {{accepted}} #[[অটল সেতু]] {{accepted}} #[[হেমেন্দ্ৰ সিং পানৱাৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[প্ৰিয়া ডেভিদৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[ওম প্ৰকাশ আগৰৱাল]] {{accepted}} #[[যমুনা শৰণ সিং]] {{accepted}} #[[আলাউদ্দিন আল আজাদ]] {{accepted}} #[[নিতিন নবীন]] {{accepted}} #[[একলব্য শৰ্মা]] {{accepted}} #[[ৰাজা ৰাজেশ্বৰী ছেঠা ৰমন]] {{accepted}} #[[স্বাধীনতা পুৰস্কাৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[কৃষ্ণা নদী]] {{accepted}} #[[সুষমা স্বৰাজ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ফৰেইন চাৰ্ভিচ]]‌ {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]==== # [[আশা ভাট]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰেৱতী (চুটিগল্প)]]{{accepted}} # [[অনন্তনাৰায়ণন ৰমন]]{{accepted}} # [[শ্ৰীনিধি শেট্টী]]{{accepted}} # [[স্নেহা উল্লাল]]{{accepted}} # [[শ্ৰেয়া ধনন্তৰি]]{{accepted}} # [[সাক্ষী আগৰৱাল]]{{accepted}} # [[যোগিতা বিহানী]]{{accepted}} # [[এণ্ড্ৰু কিশোৰ]]{{accepted}} # [[উণ্ডৱল্লী গুহা]]{{accepted}} # [[এহতেশাম]]{{accepted}} # [[কালি নদী]]{{accepted}} # [[চৈয়দা ৰিজৱানা হাছান]]{{accepted}} # [[মাধৱ চন্দ্ৰ দাশ]]{{accepted}} # [[নাককাটি পাহাৰ]]{{accepted}} # [[সুভাষ দত্ত]]{{accepted}} # [[ছাবিনা ইয়াছমিন]]{{accepted}} # [[জহিৰ ৰায়হান]]{{accepted}} # [[মক্তাব]]{{accepted}} # [[মুল্কৰাজ আনন্দ]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰাধা বল্লভ মন্দিৰ, বৃন্দাবন]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰেডিঅ' নেপাল]]{{accepted}} # [[সামাজিক ন্যায়ৰ মূৰ্তি]]{{accepted}} # [[বাংলাদেশৰ প্ৰাণীজগত]]{{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Jmgogoi99|যদুমণি গগৈ]]==== # [[অমৰাৱতী, অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] {{accepted}} # [[আকাশবাণী ডিব্ৰুগড়]] {{accepted}} # [[অহিংসাৰ মূৰ্তি]] {{accepted}} # [[বিনয় পাঠক]] {{not accepted|''চলচিত্ৰপঞ্জী অসমীয়া লিপিৰে লিখা হোৱা নাছিল। সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব নোলোগোৱা বাবে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বেলেগে সেইখিনি লিপ্যন্তৰ কৰে।''}} # [[কলিংগ (অঞ্চল)]] {{accepted}} # [[কৌন বনেগা ক্ৰৌড়পতি]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:JAKHINI|JAKHINI]]==== # [[ছিগিৰিয়া]] {{accepted}} # [[দক্ষিণ এছিয়া]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]]==== # [[ললিতগিৰি]] {{accepted}} # [[চম্বল নদী]] {{accepted}} # [[বিভৱ কুমাৰ তালুকদাৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[হৰিণী নাগ্ৰেণ্ডা]] {{accepted}} # [[আদিত্য নাৰায়ণ পুৰোহিত]] {{accepted}} # [[বিনয় পাঠক]] {{accepted}} # [[বিশাল জেঠৱা]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]]==== # [[টান্দুৰ নান]] {{accepted}} # [[বিধু বিনোদ চোপ্ৰা]] {{accepted}} # [[ফতেহ সিং ৰাথোৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[চীনা নুডলছ]] {{accepted}} # [[বাল্মিক থাপাৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[হৰিণী অমৰাছুৰীয়া]] {{accepted}} # [[হাথীগুম্ফা শিলালিপি]] {{accepted}} #[[ৰোমুলাছ হুইটেকাৰ]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:ৰুণুমী বৰ্মন কলিতা|ৰুণুমী বৰ্মন কলিতা]]==== # [[ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ আহমদাবাদ]] {{accepted}} # [[চণ্ডীগড় কেপিটেল কমপ্লেক্স]] {{accepted}} # [[দীঘা–সোণপুৰ দলং]] {{accepted}} # [[দ্ৰাস]] {{accepted}} # [[নীতা লুল্লা]] {{accepted}} # [[নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম অৱ নেচাৰেল হিষ্ট্ৰী]] {{accepted}} # [[পঞ্চৰথ]] {{accepted}} # [[পৰশুৰামেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[বক্সা দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[বুৰ্জাহোম প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] {{accepted}} # [[মনসামঙ্গল কাব্য]] {{accepted}} # [[মুক্তেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[যাজ্ঞবল্ক্য আশ্ৰম]] {{accepted}} # [[লীলা চিতনিছ]] {{accepted}} # [[লেছাৰ চুণ্ডা দ্বীপপুঞ্জ]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]==== # [[আমেৰ দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[খাজুৰাহো স্মাৰকসমূহ]] {{accepted}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫]] 5foba3ziultcoveouudxonx0hmn5g86 604445 604443 2026-05-04T16:57:54Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 604445 wikitext text/x-wiki ====[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিনী কলিতা]]==== # [[অজিত কুমাৰ বেনাৰ্জী]] {{accepted}} # [[কিম জি-ৱন]] {{accepted}} # [[ছং কাং]] {{accepted}} # [[চেন ঝেয়ুয়ান]] {{accepted}} # [[অক্ষয় খান্না]] {{accepted}} # [[চি কে জানু]] {{accepted}} # [[কুম্বৰজুৱা]] {{accepted}} # [[সীতা আম্মান মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদী]] {{accepted}} # [[জল মহল]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰণবীৰ শ্ব’ৰে]] {{accepted}} # [[নাং মাই]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰাজাৰাণী মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[গংগাৰ অৱতৰণ]] {{accepted}} # [[মেগান ইয়ং]] {{accepted}} # [[বিজয় বাৰ্মা]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰোহন পেথিয়াগোডা]] {{accepted}} # [[শ্বীবা চাদ্ধা]] {{accepted}} # [[শ্বৰীব হাছমী]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰাজপাল সিং যাদৱ]] {{accepted}} # [[সুৰু উপত্যকা]] {{accepted}} # [[ছিৰিন্ধহৰ্ণ]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰায়গড় দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[শিশুপালগড়]] {{accepted}} # [[ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস]] ====[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]==== #[[ইৰানৰ ক্ৰীড়া]] {{accepted}} #[[আদিত্য তিৱাৰী]] {{accepted}} #[[তিৰুমালা]] {{accepted}} #[[ক’লা নহৰু]] {{accepted}} #[[পাঞ্চাল]] {{accepted}} #[[অটল সেতু]] {{accepted}} #[[হেমেন্দ্ৰ সিং পানৱাৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[প্ৰিয়া ডেভিদৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[ওম প্ৰকাশ আগৰৱাল]] {{accepted}} #[[যমুনা শৰণ সিং]] {{accepted}} #[[আলাউদ্দিন আল আজাদ]] {{accepted}} #[[নিতিন নবীন]] {{accepted}} #[[একলব্য শৰ্মা]] {{accepted}} #[[ৰাজা ৰাজেশ্বৰী ছেঠা ৰমন]] {{accepted}} #[[স্বাধীনতা পুৰস্কাৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[কৃষ্ণা নদী]] {{accepted}} #[[সুষমা স্বৰাজ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ফৰেইন চাৰ্ভিচ]]‌ {{accepted}} #[[হৰিচৰণ]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]==== # [[আশা ভাট]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰেৱতী (চুটিগল্প)]]{{accepted}} # [[অনন্তনাৰায়ণন ৰমন]]{{accepted}} # [[শ্ৰীনিধি শেট্টী]]{{accepted}} # [[স্নেহা উল্লাল]]{{accepted}} # [[শ্ৰেয়া ধনন্তৰি]]{{accepted}} # [[সাক্ষী আগৰৱাল]]{{accepted}} # [[যোগিতা বিহানী]]{{accepted}} # [[এণ্ড্ৰু কিশোৰ]]{{accepted}} # [[উণ্ডৱল্লী গুহা]]{{accepted}} # [[এহতেশাম]]{{accepted}} # [[কালি নদী]]{{accepted}} # [[চৈয়দা ৰিজৱানা হাছান]]{{accepted}} # [[মাধৱ চন্দ্ৰ দাশ]]{{accepted}} # [[নাককাটি পাহাৰ]]{{accepted}} # [[সুভাষ দত্ত]]{{accepted}} # [[ছাবিনা ইয়াছমিন]]{{accepted}} # [[জহিৰ ৰায়হান]]{{accepted}} # [[মক্তাব]]{{accepted}} # [[মুল্কৰাজ আনন্দ]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰাধা বল্লভ মন্দিৰ, বৃন্দাবন]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰেডিঅ' নেপাল]]{{accepted}} # [[সামাজিক ন্যায়ৰ মূৰ্তি]]{{accepted}} # [[বাংলাদেশৰ প্ৰাণীজগত]]{{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Jmgogoi99|যদুমণি গগৈ]]==== # [[অমৰাৱতী, অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] {{accepted}} # [[আকাশবাণী ডিব্ৰুগড়]] {{accepted}} # [[অহিংসাৰ মূৰ্তি]] {{accepted}} # [[বিনয় পাঠক]] {{not accepted|''চলচিত্ৰপঞ্জী অসমীয়া লিপিৰে লিখা হোৱা নাছিল। সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব নোলোগোৱা বাবে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বেলেগে সেইখিনি লিপ্যন্তৰ কৰে।''}} # [[কলিংগ (অঞ্চল)]] {{accepted}} # [[কৌন বনেগা ক্ৰৌড়পতি]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:JAKHINI|JAKHINI]]==== # [[ছিগিৰিয়া]] {{accepted}} # [[দক্ষিণ এছিয়া]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]]==== # [[ললিতগিৰি]] {{accepted}} # [[চম্বল নদী]] {{accepted}} # [[বিভৱ কুমাৰ তালুকদাৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[হৰিণী নাগ্ৰেণ্ডা]] {{accepted}} # [[আদিত্য নাৰায়ণ পুৰোহিত]] {{accepted}} # [[বিনয় পাঠক]] {{accepted}} # [[বিশাল জেঠৱা]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]]==== # [[টান্দুৰ নান]] {{accepted}} # [[বিধু বিনোদ চোপ্ৰা]] {{accepted}} # [[ফতেহ সিং ৰাথোৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[চীনা নুডলছ]] {{accepted}} # [[বাল্মিক থাপাৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[হৰিণী অমৰাছুৰীয়া]] {{accepted}} # [[হাথীগুম্ফা শিলালিপি]] {{accepted}} #[[ৰোমুলাছ হুইটেকাৰ]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:ৰুণুমী বৰ্মন কলিতা|ৰুণুমী বৰ্মন কলিতা]]==== # [[ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ আহমদাবাদ]] {{accepted}} # [[চণ্ডীগড় কেপিটেল কমপ্লেক্স]] {{accepted}} # [[দীঘা–সোণপুৰ দলং]] {{accepted}} # [[দ্ৰাস]] {{accepted}} # [[নীতা লুল্লা]] {{accepted}} # [[নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম অৱ নেচাৰেল হিষ্ট্ৰী]] {{accepted}} # [[পঞ্চৰথ]] {{accepted}} # [[পৰশুৰামেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[বক্সা দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[বুৰ্জাহোম প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] {{accepted}} # [[মনসামঙ্গল কাব্য]] {{accepted}} # [[মুক্তেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[যাজ্ঞবল্ক্য আশ্ৰম]] {{accepted}} # [[লীলা চিতনিছ]] {{accepted}} # [[লেছাৰ চুণ্ডা দ্বীপপুঞ্জ]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]==== # [[আমেৰ দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[খাজুৰাহো স্মাৰকসমূহ]] {{accepted}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫]] e5dx79kdns7dyc2s3azncuzj50zgbl3 604446 604445 2026-05-04T16:58:15Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 604446 wikitext text/x-wiki ====[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিনী কলিতা]]==== # [[অজিত কুমাৰ বেনাৰ্জী]] {{accepted}} # [[কিম জি-ৱন]] {{accepted}} # [[ছং কাং]] {{accepted}} # [[চেন ঝেয়ুয়ান]] {{accepted}} # [[অক্ষয় খান্না]] {{accepted}} # [[চি কে জানু]] {{accepted}} # [[কুম্বৰজুৱা]] {{accepted}} # [[সীতা আম্মান মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[সুবৰ্ণৰেখা নদী]] {{accepted}} # [[জল মহল]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰণবীৰ শ্ব’ৰে]] {{accepted}} # [[নাং মাই]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰাজাৰাণী মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[গংগাৰ অৱতৰণ]] {{accepted}} # [[মেগান ইয়ং]] {{accepted}} # [[বিজয় বাৰ্মা]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰোহন পেথিয়াগোডা]] {{accepted}} # [[শ্বীবা চাদ্ধা]] {{accepted}} # [[শ্বৰীব হাছমী]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰাজপাল সিং যাদৱ]] {{accepted}} # [[সুৰু উপত্যকা]] {{accepted}} # [[ছিৰিন্ধহৰ্ণ]] {{accepted}} # [[ৰায়গড় দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[শিশুপালগড়]] {{accepted}} # [[ওড়িশাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক ইতিহাস]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]==== #[[ইৰানৰ ক্ৰীড়া]] {{accepted}} #[[আদিত্য তিৱাৰী]] {{accepted}} #[[তিৰুমালা]] {{accepted}} #[[ক’লা নহৰু]] {{accepted}} #[[পাঞ্চাল]] {{accepted}} #[[অটল সেতু]] {{accepted}} #[[হেমেন্দ্ৰ সিং পানৱাৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[প্ৰিয়া ডেভিদৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[ওম প্ৰকাশ আগৰৱাল]] {{accepted}} #[[যমুনা শৰণ সিং]] {{accepted}} #[[আলাউদ্দিন আল আজাদ]] {{accepted}} #[[নিতিন নবীন]] {{accepted}} #[[একলব্য শৰ্মা]] {{accepted}} #[[ৰাজা ৰাজেশ্বৰী ছেঠা ৰমন]] {{accepted}} #[[স্বাধীনতা পুৰস্কাৰ]] {{accepted}} #[[কৃষ্ণা নদী]] {{accepted}} #[[সুষমা স্বৰাজ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ফৰেইন চাৰ্ভিচ]]‌ {{accepted}} #[[হৰিচৰণ]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]==== # [[আশা ভাট]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰেৱতী (চুটিগল্প)]]{{accepted}} # [[অনন্তনাৰায়ণন ৰমন]]{{accepted}} # [[শ্ৰীনিধি শেট্টী]]{{accepted}} # [[স্নেহা উল্লাল]]{{accepted}} # [[শ্ৰেয়া ধনন্তৰি]]{{accepted}} # [[সাক্ষী আগৰৱাল]]{{accepted}} # [[যোগিতা বিহানী]]{{accepted}} # [[এণ্ড্ৰু কিশোৰ]]{{accepted}} # [[উণ্ডৱল্লী গুহা]]{{accepted}} # [[এহতেশাম]]{{accepted}} # [[কালি নদী]]{{accepted}} # [[চৈয়দা ৰিজৱানা হাছান]]{{accepted}} # [[মাধৱ চন্দ্ৰ দাশ]]{{accepted}} # [[নাককাটি পাহাৰ]]{{accepted}} # [[সুভাষ দত্ত]]{{accepted}} # [[ছাবিনা ইয়াছমিন]]{{accepted}} # [[জহিৰ ৰায়হান]]{{accepted}} # [[মক্তাব]]{{accepted}} # [[মুল্কৰাজ আনন্দ]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰাধা বল্লভ মন্দিৰ, বৃন্দাবন]]{{accepted}} # [[ৰেডিঅ' নেপাল]]{{accepted}} # [[সামাজিক ন্যায়ৰ মূৰ্তি]]{{accepted}} # [[বাংলাদেশৰ প্ৰাণীজগত]]{{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Jmgogoi99|যদুমণি গগৈ]]==== # [[অমৰাৱতী, অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ]] {{accepted}} # [[আকাশবাণী ডিব্ৰুগড়]] {{accepted}} # [[অহিংসাৰ মূৰ্তি]] {{accepted}} # [[বিনয় পাঠক]] {{not accepted|''চলচিত্ৰপঞ্জী অসমীয়া লিপিৰে লিখা হোৱা নাছিল। সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব নোলোগোৱা বাবে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বেলেগে সেইখিনি লিপ্যন্তৰ কৰে।''}} # [[কলিংগ (অঞ্চল)]] {{accepted}} # [[কৌন বনেগা ক্ৰৌড়পতি]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:JAKHINI|JAKHINI]]==== # [[ছিগিৰিয়া]] {{accepted}} # [[দক্ষিণ এছিয়া]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]]==== # [[ললিতগিৰি]] {{accepted}} # [[চম্বল নদী]] {{accepted}} # [[বিভৱ কুমাৰ তালুকদাৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[হৰিণী নাগ্ৰেণ্ডা]] {{accepted}} # [[আদিত্য নাৰায়ণ পুৰোহিত]] {{accepted}} # [[বিনয় পাঠক]] {{accepted}} # [[বিশাল জেঠৱা]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]]==== # [[টান্দুৰ নান]] {{accepted}} # [[বিধু বিনোদ চোপ্ৰা]] {{accepted}} # [[ফতেহ সিং ৰাথোৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[চীনা নুডলছ]] {{accepted}} # [[বাল্মিক থাপাৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[হৰিণী অমৰাছুৰীয়া]] {{accepted}} # [[হাথীগুম্ফা শিলালিপি]] {{accepted}} #[[ৰোমুলাছ হুইটেকাৰ]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:ৰুণুমী বৰ্মন কলিতা|ৰুণুমী বৰ্মন কলিতা]]==== # [[ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ আহমদাবাদ]] {{accepted}} # [[চণ্ডীগড় কেপিটেল কমপ্লেক্স]] {{accepted}} # [[দীঘা–সোণপুৰ দলং]] {{accepted}} # [[দ্ৰাস]] {{accepted}} # [[নীতা লুল্লা]] {{accepted}} # [[নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম অৱ নেচাৰেল হিষ্ট্ৰী]] {{accepted}} # [[পঞ্চৰথ]] {{accepted}} # [[পৰশুৰামেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[বক্সা দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[বুৰ্জাহোম প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] {{accepted}} # [[মনসামঙ্গল কাব্য]] {{accepted}} # [[মুক্তেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]] {{accepted}} # [[যাজ্ঞবল্ক্য আশ্ৰম]] {{accepted}} # [[লীলা চিতনিছ]] {{accepted}} # [[লেছাৰ চুণ্ডা দ্বীপপুঞ্জ]] {{accepted}} ====[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]==== # [[আমেৰ দুৰ্গ]] {{accepted}} # [[খাজুৰাহো স্মাৰকসমূহ]] {{accepted}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫]] 3xrntf5auhpmansqyl197804bhx8wyr 0 136721 604412 601919 2026-05-04T13:55:34Z হানিফ আলী 19725 /* ২০২৬ */ 604412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian constituency | name= চাবুৱা–লাহোৱাল | state=[[অসম]] | district=[[Dibrugarh district|ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | loksabha_cons = [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | established={{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|২০২৩}} | mla= | latest_election_year = | party= | type = SLA | reservation = নাই | constituency_no = ৮৭ | map_image = Chabua Assembly constituency map.svg }} {{বিধানসভা সমষ্টি |name=চাবুৱা–লাহোৱাল |lacno=৮৭ |district=ডিব্ৰুগড় |total in district=ছখন |mpc=ডিব্ৰুগড় |total in mpc=দহখন |other=নখন |ডিব্ৰুগড়|খোৱাং|দুলিয়াজান|টিংখং|নাহৰকটীয়া||district1=ডিব্ৰুগড় |তিনিচুকীয়া|মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা|মাকুম|||district2=তিনিচুকীয়া ||||||district3= |||||district4= |last=ডিগবৈ }} ২০২৩ চনত [[ডিব্ৰুগড় (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|ডিব্ৰুগড় লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ]] [[লাহোৱাল (বিধানসভা সমষ্টি)|লাহোৱাল]] আৰু [[লখিমপুৰ (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|লখিমপুৰ লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ]] [[চাবুৱা (বিধানসভা সমষ্টি)|চাবুৱা]] বিধানসভা সমষ্টি লগলগাই এই সমষ্টিটো নতুনকৈ গঠন কৰা হয়৷<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচনৰ ফলাফল == === ২০২৬ === {{Election box begin|title= [[২০২৬ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন]]: চাবুৱা–লাহোৱাল}} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= বিনোদ হাজৰিকা |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes= ৮৯২০২ |percentage= ৬০.৭৫ |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= প্ৰাঞ্জল ঘাটোৱাৰ |party=Indian National Congress |votes= ৩৮২৮৮ |percentage= ২৬.০৮ |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= ওপৰৰ কোনো নহয় |party=None of the above |votes= ৩৮২০ |percentage= ২.৬ |change= }} {{Election box margin of victory |votes= ৫০৯১৪ |percentage= ৩৪.৭ |change= }} {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box rejected |votes= |percentage= }} {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }} {{Election box gain with party link |winner= |loser= |swing= }} {{Election box end}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} 7vmaus6y0hrpqeqojx4oeo09to88j6g 0 136732 604493 604022 2026-05-05T00:19:47Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Viktor Frankl2.jpg|thumb|লগোথেৰাপিৰ জন্মদাতা ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাংকল‌‌‌]] '''লগোথেৰাপি''' ({{lang-en|Logotherapy}}) হৈছে  স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞানী আৰু মনোৰোগ বিশেষজ্ঞ [[ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাংকল|ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাঙ্কলে]] বিকাশ কৰা একপ্ৰকাৰৰ অস্তিত্ববাদী মনোচিকিৎসা-পদ্ধতি।<ref>{{Cite news |title=Proper palliative care makes assisted dying unnecessary |language=en |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/08/24/proper-palliative-care-makes-assisted-dying-unnecessary |access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> ইয়াৰ মৌলিক ধাৰণা হৈছে—মানুহৰ জীৱনত প্ৰধান প্ৰেৰণাদায়ী শক্তি হ’ল অৰ্থৰ অনুসন্ধান।<ref name="Marshall2012" /> ফ্ৰাঙ্কলে এই পদ্ধতিক “মনোচিকিৎসাৰ তৃতীয় ভিয়েনা স্কুল ” বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে, যি চিগমাণ্ড ফ্ৰয়েডৰ [[মানসিক বিশ্লেষণ]] আৰু আলফ্ৰেড এডলাৰৰ ব্যক্তিগত মনোবিজ্ঞানৰ সৈতে একে ধাৰাৰ অন্তৰ্গত।<ref name="Frankl2006">{{Cite book |last=Frankl, Viktor |url=https://archive.org/details/manssearchformea00vikt |title=Man's Search for Meaning |date=1 June 2006 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-1427-1 |access-date=8 May 2012 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>[[Gordon Allport]], from the Preface to ''[[Man's Search for Meaning]]'', p. xiv</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Logotherapy: The benefits of finding meaning in life |language=en |work=Medical News Today |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320814.php |access-date=2018-09-17 |archivedate=2018-09-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012316/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320814.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref> লগোথেৰাপি অস্তিত্বমূলক বিশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে,<ref name="InstituteVienna">{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.viktorfrankl.org/e/logotherapy.html |access-date=22 May 2012 |publisher=Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna}}</ref> য’ত কিয়াৰ্কেগাৰ্ডে উত্থাপন কৰা “অৰ্থৰ ইচ্ছা” (will to meaning)ক কেন্দ্ৰস্থলত ৰখা হৈছে। ই এডলাৰৰ “ক্ষমতাৰ ইচ্ছা” (will to power) বা ফ্ৰয়েডৰ “সুখৰ ইচ্ছা” (will to pleasure)ৰ বিপৰীতে অৱস্থিত। অৰ্থাৎ, ক্ষমতা বা সুখ নহয়, জীৱনত অৰ্থ বিচাৰি পোৱাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাই মানুহৰ আটাইতকৈ গভীৰ আৰু শক্তিশালী প্ৰেৰণা শক্তি বুলি লগোথেৰাপিয়ে প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰে।<ref name="Marshall2012">{{Cite book |last1=Maria Marshall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnZxPpqDjUUC |title=Logotherapy Revisited: Review of the Tenets of Viktor E. Frankl's Logotherapy |last2=Edward Marshall |date=2012 |publisher=Ottawa Institute of Logotherapy |isbn=978-1-4781-9377-7 |location=Ottawa |oclc=1100192135 |access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> এই পদ্ধতিৰ এক সংক্ষিপ্ত অথচ গভীৰ পৰিচয় ফ্ৰাঙ্কলৰ বিখ্যাত গ্ৰন্থ মেনচ চাৰ্ছ ফৰ মিনিং (Man’s Search for Meaning) ত পোৱা যায়। এই গ্ৰন্থত তেওঁ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে কেনেকৈ তেওঁৰ তাত্ত্বিক ধাৰণাসমূহে তেওঁক [[ইহুদী গণহত্যা]]ৰ ভয়াবহ অভিজ্ঞতাৰ মাজতো জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ সহায় কৰিছিল, আৰু কেনেকৈ সেই অভিজ্ঞতাই তেওঁৰ চিন্তাধাৰাক অধিক গভীৰ আৰু সুসংহত কৰি তুলিছিল। বৰ্তমান বিশ্বজুৰি গঢ় লৈ উঠা বহুতো লগোথেৰাপি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে এই পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু প্ৰয়োগ আগবঢ়াই নিছে। ==মূলনীতি == “লগোথেৰাপি” শব্দটো গ্ৰীক logos (“অৰ্থ”) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ। ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাঙ্কলৰ মূল প্ৰতিপাদ্য হৈছে—মানুহৰ প্ৰধান চালিকা শক্তি হ’ল জীৱনত অৰ্থৰ সন্ধান কৰা। এই পদ্ধতিৰ কেইটামান কেন্দ্ৰীয় নীতি তলত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হ’ল : * জীৱনৰ সকলো পৰিস্থিতিত অৰ্থ নিহিত থাকে—আনকি সৰ্বাধিক বেদনাদায়ক আৰু অসহনীয় অৱস্থাতো। *জীৱন-ধাৰণৰ মূল প্ৰেৰণা হৈছে “অৰ্থ বিচাৰি পোৱাৰ ইচ্ছা” (will to meaning)। * মানুহে নিজৰ কৰ্ম, অভিজ্ঞতা, আৰু বিশেষকৈ অপৰিৱৰ্তনীয় যন্ত্ৰণাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’লে গ্ৰহণ কৰা মনোভাবৰ মাজতো অৰ্থ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে।<ref name="Marshall2012" /> লগোথেৰাপিৰ তাত্ত্বিক কাঠামোত “মানৱ আত্মা” (human spirit) ধাৰণাটো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ইয়াত “আত্মা” শব্দটো কোনো ধৰ্মীয় বা আধ্যাত্মিক অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাই।<ref name="Marshall2012" /> ফ্ৰাঙ্কলৰ মতে, এই “আত্মা” মূলতঃ মানুহৰ ইচ্ছাশক্তি আৰু অৰ্থ-অনুসন্ধানৰ সামৰ্থ্যৰ প্ৰকাশ। সেয়েহে লগোথেৰাপিত কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈছে অৰ্থৰ সন্ধান—যি অৱশ্যে ঈশ্বৰ বা কোনো অতিপ্ৰাকৃত সত্তাৰ সন্ধানৰ সৈতে অৱশ্যম্ভাৱীভাৱে সংলগ্ন নহ’বও পাৰে।<ref name="Marshall2012" /> একে সময়তে ফ্ৰাঙ্কলে সতৰ্ক কৰিছিল যে আৰাম-বিলাসৰ প্ৰাচুৰ্য (affluence), ভোগবাদ (hedonism), আৰু বস্তুবাদ (materialism) মানৱজীৱনৰ অৰ্থ-অনুসন্ধানত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাধা ৰূপে দেখা দিব পাৰে।<ref name="FranklInstitute">{{Cite web |title=About Logotherapy |url=http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/About_Logotherapy.html |access-date=22 May 2012 |publisher=Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy |archivedate=28 December 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228110855/http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/About_Logotherapy.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> “জীৱনৰ উদ্দেশ্য” আৰু “জীৱনৰ অৰ্থ”- এই ধাৰণা দুটা ফ্ৰাঙ্কলৰ লেখাত “অস্তিত্বগত শূন্যতা” (existential vacuum) আৰু “অৰ্থৰ ইচ্ছা”ৰ সৈতে নিবিড়ভাৱে সম্পৃক্ত। তেওঁ লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে, যদি মানুহৰ অৰ্থ সন্ধানৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা অৱৰুদ্ধ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ ফলত মানসিক সংকট আৰু ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। বিপৰীতে, জীৱনৰ ইতিবাচক উদ্দেশ্য আৰু অৰ্থ সাধাৰণতে দৃঢ় ধৰ্মীয় বিশ্বাস, সামাজিক গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণ, কোনো উদ্দেশ্যৰ প্ৰতি অংগীকাৰ, সুসংহত মূল্যবোধ, আৰু স্পষ্ট লক্ষ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত। প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক বিকাশ আৰু পৰিপক্বতাৰ তত্ত্বসমূহতো “জীৱনৰ উদ্দেশ্য” এক কেন্দ্ৰীয় উপাদান; পৰিপক্বতা মানে জীৱনৰ লক্ষ্য সম্বন্ধে স্পষ্ট বোধ, দিশনিৰ্দেশিত জীৱন-চৰ্যা, আৰু সচেতন উদ্দেশ্যবোধ—যিয়ে জীৱনক অৰ্থপূৰ্ণ বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাত সহায় কৰে।<ref name="Adler1997">{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=Nancy |date=November 1997 |title=Purpose in Life |url=http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/purpose.php |access-date=2011-11-03 |website=Psychosocial workgroup |publisher=MacArthur Foundation |archivedate=2019-03-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322053400/https://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/purpose.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ফ্ৰাঙ্কলৰ (২০০৬) তত্ত্ব অনুসাৰে, লগোথেৰাপিয়ে ব্যক্তিক নিজৰ জীৱনৰ অৰ্থ উদ্ঘাটন কৰিবলৈ সহায় কৰে আৰু তাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে আত্ম-বিশ্বাস আৰু সন্তুষ্টি বৃদ্ধি পায়।<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enhancing Adolescents' Psychological Well-Being through Logotherapy-Based Psychoeducation|url=https://doi.org/10.29103/jpt.v7i1.19684|journal=Jurnal Psikologi Terapan |date=2024-07-18|issn=2962-5661|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.29103/jpt.v7i1.19684|first1=Rahmi Azrina|last1=Nasution|first2=Raihan|last2=Safitri|first3=Sahyu|last3=Wulandini|first4=Rita|last4=Panjaitan|first5=Radiah|last5=Radiah|first6=Wardah|last6=Al Jannah|first7=Masayu|last7=Nabila|first8=Miftah|last8=Aulia|first9=Haficah|last9=Amatulloh|first10=Utari|last10=Triova|first11=Yara Andita|last11=Anastasya}}</ref> তেওঁ বিশেষকৈ জীৱনৰ উদ্দেশ্যৰ ব্যক্তিগত স্বাতন্ত্ৰ্যৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ মতে, “প্ৰতিজন মানুহৰ জীৱনত এটা বিশেষ কৰ্তব্য বা আহ্বান থাকে… যাক তেওঁ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিব লাগিব; আৰু এই কৰ্তব্য যেনে অনন্য, তেনেদৰে ইয়াক বাস্তৱায়ন কৰাৰ সুযোগো অনন্য।” এইদৰে লগোথেৰাপিয়ে ব্যক্তিক নিজৰ নিজা অৰ্থ চিনাক্ত কৰি সেইদিশে সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে আগবাঢ়িবলৈ প্ৰেৰণা দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Book Review: Man's Search for Meaning (Victor Frankl)|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|date=2016-11-16|issn=1664-1078|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01493|first=Khushali|last=Adhiya-Shah |doi-access=free }}</ref> ফ্ৰাঙ্কলৰ তত্ত্বসমূহক ক্ৰামবাফ আৰু মেহ'লিক-(Crumbaugh আৰু Maholick)এ “ পাৰপাছ ইন লাইফ(Purpose in Life (PIL))" পৰীক্ষাৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰয়োগযোগ্য ৰূপ দিছিল। এই পৰীক্ষাত ব্যক্তিৰ জীৱনত অৰ্থ আৰু উদ্দেশ্যৰ উপস্থিতি পৰিমাপ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Adler1997" /> এই গৱেষণাত দেখা গৈছে যে “জীৱনৰ অৰ্থ”ই ধৰ্মীয়তা আৰু মংগলবোধ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dufton |first=Brian |date=Spring 1986 |title=The association between religiosity and the Purpose-in-Life test: Does it reflect purpose or satisfaction? |url=http://journals.biola.edu/jpt/volumes/14/issues/1/articles/42 |journal=Journal of Psychology and Theology |publisher=Biola University |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1177/009164718601400105 |s2cid=149288526|url-access=subscription }}</ref> নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰা মানসিক চাপ আৰু নিচাগ্ৰস্ত আচৰণ, বিষণ্ণতা আৰু আত্ম-অৱমূল্যায়নৰ মাজত এক মধ্যস্থতাকাৰী উপাদান হিচাপে কাম কৰে।<ref name="Adler1997" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harlow |first1=Lisa L. |last2=Newcomb, Michael D. |last3=Bentler, P. M |date=Sep 1987 |title=Purpose in Life Test assessment using latent variable methods. |journal=British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1987.tb01355.x |pmid=3664045 |url=https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/psy_facpubs/271 }}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে ক্ৰামবাফ-এ চিকিং অব নোৱেটিক গ'লচ টেষ্ট ("Seeking of Noetic Goals Test (SONG))” নামৰ এটা সম্পূৰক মাপকাঠিও প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰিছিল। PIL-এ অৰ্থৰ উপস্থিতি সূচায়, আনহাতে SONG-এ অৰ্থৰ প্ৰতি অভিমুখিতা পৰিমাপ কৰে। PIL-ত নিম্ন স্ক’ৰ কিন্তু SONG-ত উচ্চ স্ক’ৰ থকা ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত লগোথেৰাপিৰ প্ৰয়োগ অধিক ফলপ্ৰসূ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা থাকে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crumbaugh |first=James C. |date=July 1977 |title=The seeking of noetic goals test (SONG): A complementary scale to the purpose in life test (PIL) |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |publisher=Wiley |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=900–907 |doi=10.1002/1097-4679(197707)33:3<900::AID-JCLP2270330362>3.0.CO; 2-8 |pmid=893732}}</ref> ===অৰ্থৰ সন্ধান === ফ্ৰেংকলৰ মতে, “আমি জীৱনৰ অৰ্থ তিনিটা ভিন্ন উপায়েৰে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰোঁ: (১) কোনো কাম সৃষ্টি কৰি বা কোনো কৰ্ম সম্পাদন কৰি; (২) কিবা এটা অনুভৱ কৰি বা কাৰোবাৰ সৈতে মুখা-মুখি হৈ; আৰু (৩) অনিবাৰ্য কষ্টৰ প্ৰতি আমি গ্ৰহণ কৰা মনোভাবৰ মাধ্যমত।” তেওঁ লগতে কৈছে যে “এজন মানুহৰপৰা সকলো বস্তু কাঢ়ি ল’ব পাৰি, কিন্তু এটা বস্তু কেতিয়াও নোহোৱা কৰিব নোৱাৰি—সেইটো হৈছে মানুহৰ অন্তিম স্বাধীনতা, অৰ্থাৎ যিকোনো পৰিস্থিতিত নিজৰ মনোভাব বাছি লোৱাৰ স্বাধীনতা।”<ref name="Frankl2006" /> কষ্টৰ অৰ্থ সম্পৰ্কে ফ্ৰেংকলে তলত দিয়া এটা উদাহৰণ আগবঢ়াইছে— “এবাৰ এজন জ্যেষ্ঠ চিকিৎসক তেওঁৰ গভীৰ বিষণ্ণতাৰ বাবে মোৰ ওচৰলৈ আহিছিল। দুবছৰ পূৰ্বে মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰা তেওঁৰ স্ত্ৰীৰ মৃত্যুঁজনিত দুখ তেওঁ অতিক্ৰম কৰিব পৰা নাছিল আৰু তেওঁ নিজৰ স্ত্ৰীক সকলোতকৈ বেছি ভাল পাইছিল। এতিয়া মই তেওঁক কেনেকৈ সহায় কৰিম? মই তেওঁক কি ক’ম? মই তেওঁক একো ক’ব নোৱাৰিলোঁ; তাৰ সলনি মই তেওঁক এটা প্ৰশ্ন সুধিলোঁ—‘ডাক্টৰ, যদি আপুনি আগতে মৰিলেহেঁতেন আৰু আপোনাৰ স্ত্ৰী আপোনাৰ অবিহনে বাচি থাকিব লাগিলেহেঁতেন, তেন্তে কি হ’লহেঁতেন?’ তেওঁ ক’লে, ‘ওহ, তেওঁৰ বাবে অত্যন্ত কষ্টদায়ক হ’লহেঁতেন; কিমান যে দুখ পাই থাকিলহেঁতেন! ’ তেতিয়া মই ক’লোঁ, ‘চাওক ডাক্টৰ, এই দুখৰপৰা তেওঁ বাচি গ’ল, আৰু আপুনিয়েই তেওঁক এই কষ্টৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিলে; কিন্তু এতিয়া আপুনি তেওঁৰ অবিহনে বাচি থাকি আৰু শোক কৰি এই মূল্য দিব লাগিব। ’ তেওঁ একো নক’লে, কিন্তু মোৰ হাত ধৰি শান্তভাৱে ওলাই গ’ল।”<ref name="Frankl2006" />{{rp|178–179}} ফ্ৰেংকলে জোৰ দি কৈছে যে কষ্টৰ মূল্য উপলব্ধি কৰাটো তেতিয়াহে অৰ্থবহ হয়, যেতিয়া আগৰ দুটা সৃষ্টিশীল সম্ভাৱনা (যেনে—কোনো কাম কৰা বা অনুভৱ কৰা) উপলব্ধ নহয় (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, কনচেণ্ট্ৰেছন শিবিৰত) আৰু যেতিয়া এনে কষ্ট অনিবাৰ্য হয়। তেওঁ কেতিয়াও অপ্ৰয়োজনীয়ভাৱে কষ্ট ভোগ কৰাৰ পক্ষপাতী নাছিল।<ref name="Frankl1986">{{Cite book |last=Frankl, Viktor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_qiURM2r2MC |title=The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy |date=12 October 1986 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |isbn=978-0-394-74317-2 |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> === লগোথেৰাপিৰ দাৰ্শনিক ভিত্তি === ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাংকল‌‌‌ (Viktor Frankl)-এ তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থ দি উইল টু মিনিং (The Will to Meaning)-ত লগোথেৰাপিৰ মেটা-ক্লিনিকেল তাৎপৰ্য বিস্তৃতভাৱে ব্যাখ্যা কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frankl |first=Viktor E. |title=The will to meaning : foundations and applications of logotherapy |date=2014-06-24 |isbn=9781101664025 |edition=Expanded |location=New York, New York |oclc=934802526}}</ref> তেওঁৰ মতে, ব্যক্তি-সম্বন্ধীয় তত্ত্বক বাদ দি কোনো মনঃচিকিৎসা সম্ভৱ নহয়; অৰ্থাৎ, প্ৰতিটো মনঃচিকিৎসা পদ্ধতি মানুহৰ স্বৰূপ সম্পৰ্কে থকা কোনো এক মৌলিক দাৰ্শনিক ধাৰণাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল। এজন অস্তিত্ববাদী মনোবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে, ফ্ৰেংক্লে তথাকথিত “যন্ত্ৰ-মডেল” অথবা “নিগনি-মডেল”ক মৌলিকভাৱে অস্বীকাৰ কৰে, কাৰণ এই ধৰণৰ সংকোচনবাদী দৃষ্টিভংগীয়ে মানুহক কেৱল যান্ত্ৰিক বা আচৰণ-নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত সত্তা হিচাপে ব্যাখ্যা কৰি তেওঁৰ অন্তৰ্নিহিত মানৱীয় গুণসমূহ—বিশেষকৈ স্বাধীনতা, দায়িত্ববোধ আৰু অৰ্থ-অন্বেষণৰ ক্ষমতাৰ—অৱমূল্যায়ন কৰে। এজন স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞানী আৰু মনোৰোগ বিশেষজ্ঞ হিচাপে, তেওঁ নিৰ্ধাৰণবাদৰ এক সুসমন্বিত ধাৰণা বিকাশ কৰে, যি লগোথেৰাপিৰ তিনিটা মুখ্য স্তম্ভ—ইচ্ছাৰ স্বাধীনতা, অৰ্থ-অন্বেষণৰ ইচ্ছা, আৰু জীৱনৰ অৰ্থৰ সৈতে সহাৱস্থান কৰিব পাৰে। ফ্ৰেংক্লে স্বীকাৰ কৰে যে মানুহ কেতিয়াও জৈৱিক, সমাজতাত্ত্বিক বা মানসিক নিৰ্ধাৰকসমূহৰপৰা সম্পূৰ্ণভাৱে মুক্ত নহয়; তথাপি, নাজী নিৰ্যাতন শিবিৰত তেওঁৰ ব্যক্তিগত অভিজ্ঞতাৰ আধাৰত তেওঁ এই কথা দৃঢ়ভাৱে প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰে যে মানুহে “অত্যন্ত দুঃসহ পৰিস্থিতিকো প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনাব পাৰে আৰু সাহসেৰে তাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’ব পাৰে”। এইধৰণৰ মানসিক অৱস্থানৰ জৰিয়তে, এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে পৰিস্থিতিৰ পৰা—আৰু আনকি নিজৰ পৰাও—এটা সজাগ দূৰত্ব স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত, তেওঁ নিজৰ প্ৰতি গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলগীয়া মনোভাব সচেতনভাৱে নিৰ্বাচন কৰিব পাৰে আৰু নিজৰ জীৱন-নিয়ন্ত্ৰণকাৰী নিৰ্ধাৰকসমূহক নিজেই নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ মাজেৰে, মানুহে নিজৰ চৰিত্ৰ গঢ়ি তোলে আৰু নিজৰ অস্তিত্বৰ প্ৰতি নৈতিকভাৱে দায়িত্বশীল সত্তা হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰতিষ্ঠা লাভ কৰে।<ref name="Frankl1988">{{Cite book |last=Frankl, Viktor |url=https://archive.org/details/willtomeaningfou00fran_0 |title=The Will to Meaning: Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy |date=1 September 1988 |publisher=Meridian |isbn=978-0-452-01034-5 |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ==লগোথেৰাপি সম্পৰ্কীয় দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু চিকিৎসা== ===উদ্বেগক জয় কৰা=== নিজ নিজ পৰিস্থিতিৰ অন্তৰ্নিহিত উদ্দেশ্য উপলব্ধি কৰাৰ জৰিয়তে মানুহে নিজৰ উদ্বেগক পৰাভূত কৰিব পাৰে। নিউয়ৰ্ক টাইমছৰ লেখক টিম চেণ্ডাৰ্চ (Tim Sanders)এ এই পদ্ধতিৰ এক ব্যাৱহাৰিক দৃষ্টান্ত আগবঢ়াইছে। তেওঁ উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে বিমানযাত্ৰাৰ সময়ত সহযাত্ৰীৰ মানসিক চাপ লাঘৱ কৰিবলৈ তেওঁ কেৱল তেওঁলোকক তেওঁলোকৰ যাত্ৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে সোধে। এই সহজ প্ৰশ্নটোৱে প্ৰায়েই উল্লেখযোগ্য পৰিৱৰ্তন আনে— তেওঁলোক যিমানেই বিষণ্ণ বা অস্বস্তিত নাথাকক কিয়, তেওঁলোকৰ মানসিক অৱস্থা তৎক্ষণাৎ সলনি হয় আৰু সমগ্ৰ উৰণকালত তেওঁলোকে অধিক প্ৰফুল্ল মনোভাবেৰে থাকিব পাৰে।<ref name="Sanders2008">{{Cite news |last=Sanders |first=Tim |date=27 October 2008 |title=A Chatterer's Guide to Easing Anxiety |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/travel/27iht-25flier.18204176.html}}</ref> সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে, ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাংকল‌‌‌ (Viktor Frankl)ৰ মতে, উদ্বিগ্ন ব্যক্তিয়ে সাধাৰণতে উপলব্ধি নকৰে যে তেওঁলোকৰ উদ্বেগ মূলতঃ “অপূৰ্ণ দায়িত্ববোধ”ৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত, যাৰ গভীৰতাত আছে জীৱনৰ অৰ্থৰ অভাৱ।<ref name="Boeree">{{Cite web |last=Boeree |first=C. George |year=2006 |title=Viktor Frankl |url=http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/frankl.html |publisher=Shippensburg University}}</ref> ===নিউৰ’ছিছৰ চিকিৎসা=== ফ্ৰেংকল-এ নিউৰ’ছিছৰ দুটা মুখ্য কাৰণ (pathogenic mechanisms) চিনাক্ত কৰিছে— '''হাইপাৰ-ইনটেনচন অৰ্থাৎ লক্ষ্য সাধনৰ অতিমাত্ৰা চেষ্টা (hyper-intention):''' কোনো লক্ষ্য লাভ কৰাৰ বাবে অত্যধিক জোৰ বা আপ্ৰাণ চেষ্টা, যাৰ ফলত সেই লক্ষ্যটো অধিক দূৰৱৰ্তী হৈ পৰে। '''হাইপাৰ-ৰিফ্লেকচন বা মাত্ৰাধিক চিন্তা (hyper-reflection)''': নিজৰ ওপৰত অতিমাত্ৰা মনোযোগ আৰোপ, যিয়ে নিউৰ’ছিছ পৰিহাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাকো ব্যাহত কৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ “পূৰ্ব-আশংকাজনিত উদ্বেগ” (anticipatory anxiety)ৰ ধাৰণাটোও প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰে—অৰ্থাৎ, কোনো এটা অনাকাঙ্ক্ষিত ফলাফলৰ ভয় যিয়ে ওলোটাকৈ সেই ফলাফল ঘটাৰ সম্ভাৱনাকেই বৃদ্ধি কৰে। এই ধৰণৰ উদ্বেগ হ্ৰাস কৰি নিউৰ’ছিছৰ চিকিৎসাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত লগোথেৰাপিয়ে [[পেৰাডক্সিকেল ইনটেনচন]] (paradoxical intention) বা বিৰোধাভাসমূলক উদ্দেশ্য নামৰ এক বিশেষ কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। এই পদ্ধতিত অতিমাত্ৰাত কামনা কৰা লক্ষ্যৰ বিপৰীত দিশে সচেতনভাৱে আগবাঢ়িবলৈ ৰোগীক উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, যিজন ব্যক্তিয়ে ভালকৈ টোপনি নহ’ব বুলি ভয় কৰে (অৰ্থাৎ পূৰ্ব-আশংকাজনিত উদ্বেগ অনুভৱ কৰে), তেওঁ সচৰাচৰ অত্যধিক চেষ্টা কৰে সোনকালে নিদ্ৰালু হ’বলৈ—এইটোৱেই “হাইপাৰ-ইনটেনচন”ৰ উদাহৰণ, যি শেষত নিদ্ৰালু হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতাক ব্যাহত কৰে। এনেক্ষেত্ৰত, এজন লগোথেৰাপিষ্টে তেওঁক পৰামৰ্শ দিব পাৰে যে তেওঁ শুই থাকি ইচ্ছাকৃতভাৱে টোপনি নাহিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰক। এই বিপৰীতমুখী মনোভাবৰ ফলত পূৰ্ব-আশংকাজনিত উদ্বেগ হ্ৰাস পায় আৰু যি উদ্বেগে তেওঁক আগতে জগাই ৰাখিছিল, সেয়া দূৰ হোৱাত তেওঁ স্বাভাৱিক সময়সীমাৰ ভিতৰতে সহজে টোপনি যাব পাৰে।<ref name="Frankl2006" /> ==অৱসাদ== ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাংকলৰ মতে, অৱসাদ মানসিক, জৈৱিক আৰু আধ্যাত্মিক- এই তিনিটা স্তৰত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="Boeree" /> তেওঁ মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে মানসিক স্তৰত নিজৰ সাধ্যাতীত দায়িত্ব বা লক্ষ্য গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে অপৰ্যাপ্ততা আৰু অযোগ্যতাৰ অনুভূতিৰ জন্ম হয়। জৈৱিক স্তৰত তেওঁ "নিস্তেজ উছাহ"(vital low) বুলি অভিহিত এক অৱস্থাৰ কথা কৈছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে শাৰীৰিক শক্তি আৰু জীৱনীশক্তিৰ স্পষ্ট হ্ৰাস।<ref name="Boeree" /><ref name="Frankl1986" />{{rp|202}}<ref name="Boeree" />আধ্যাত্মিক স্তৰত, অৱসাদগ্ৰস্ত ব্যক্তিয়ে নিজৰ বাস্তৱ সত্তা আৰু তেওঁ হ’ব লাগিব বুলি অনুভৱ কৰা আদৰ্শ সত্তাৰ মাজত থকা তীব্ৰ অন্তৰ্দ্বন্দ্বৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। এই অন্তৰক তেওঁ “শূন্যতাৰ অতল গহ্বৰ" বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।<ref name="Frankl1986" />{{rp|202}}<ref name="Boeree" /> <ref name="Boeree" /> ফ্ৰেংকলৰ মতে, যেতিয়া লক্ষ্যসমূহ অপ্ৰাপ্য বা দুৰ্গম যেন অনুভৱ হয়, তেতিয়া মানুহে ভৱিষ্যতৰ প্ৰতি বিশ্বাস আৰু জীৱনৰ অৰ্থ দুয়োটা হেৰুৱায়—এই অৱস্থাই অৱসাদক গভীৰ কৰে। ()<ref name="Frankl1986" />{{rp|200}} সেইদৰে, লগোথেৰাপিৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে ৰোগীক নিজৰ ৰোগ আৰু জীৱনক এক কৰ্তব্য বা অৰ্থবহ দায়িত্ব হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ দিশে দৃষ্টিভংগী সলনি কৰিবলৈ সহায় কৰা।<ref name="Frankl1986" />{{rp|200}} অৱসাদজনিত অনুভূতি আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা অতিক্ৰম কৰাৰ বাবে ফ্ৰেংকলে ব্যক্তিক নিজৰ দুখ-কষ্টৰ মাজতেই অৰ্থ বিচাৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frankl |first1=Victor |title=Man's Search for Meaning |date=1959 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=080701429X}}</ref> তেওঁ প্ৰায়েই ফ্ৰেডৰিক নীৎসেৰ এই উক্তিটো উল্লেখ কৰে— “যদি আমাৰ জীৱনত নিজা ‘কিয়’ থাকে, তেন্তে আমি প্ৰায় যিকোনো ‘কিদৰে’ সহ্য কৰিব পাৰোঁ।”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nietzsche |first1=Friedrich |title=Twilight of the Idols, or, How to Philosophize with a Hammer |date=1889 |publisher=Penguin Publishing |isbn=978-0140445145}}</ref> ফ্ৰেংকলৰ দৃষ্টিত দুখ-কষ্ট আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত নেতিবাচক অনুভূতিসমূহ মানৱ অভিজ্ঞতাৰ স্বাভাৱিক আৰু অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ আৰু ইয়াক পাবলৈ আশাহে কৰিব লাগে। লগোথেৰাপিৰ অনুগামী মনোবিজ্ঞানী এডিথ ৱেইছকপ জোৱেলচন(Edith Weisskopf-Joelson)ৰ মতে, বৰ্তমানৰ মানসিক-স্বাস্থ্য দৰ্শনে মানুহ সদায় সুখী থকা উচিত আৰু অসুখী অৱস্থা অসামঞ্জস্যৰ লক্ষণ বুলি গণ্য কৰাটো ভুল। এনে মূল্যব্যৱস্থাই অনিবাৰ্য অসুখৰ ওপৰত “অসুখী হোৱাৰ বাবে পুনৰ অসুখী হোৱা” বোজা অধিক বৃদ্ধি কৰে<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weisskopf-Joelson |first1=Edith |title=Some comments on a Viennese school of psychiatry. |journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |date=November 1955 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=701–703 |doi=10.1037/h0045771 |pmid=13286026 |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045771|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==আৱেশিক অনুকৰ্ষী ব্যাধি (Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder)== ফ্ৰেংকলৰ মতে, এই ব্যাধিত ভোগা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজত সাধাৰণ লোকৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত দেখা পোৱা সম্পূৰ্ণতাৰ অনুভূতি দেখা পোৱা নাযায়।<ref name="Boeree" /> চিন্তা বা আচৰণ পুনৰাবৃত্তি কৰাৰ প্ৰৱণতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে পোনপটীয়াকৈ যুঁজ দিয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে, বা ৰোগৰ লক্ষণসমূহ সলনি কৰাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে, থেৰাপিষ্টে “নিউৰ’টিক ব্যক্তিৰ নিজৰ নিউৰ’ছিছৰ প্ৰতি মনোভাৱ সলনি কৰা”ত মনোযোগ দিব লাগে।<ref name="Frankl1986" />{{rp|185}} সেইবাবে, এইটো স্বীকাৰ কৰা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ যে ৰোগী “নিজৰ আসক্তিমূলক চিন্তাৰ বাবে দায়ী নহয়”, কিন্তু “এই চিন্তাসমূহৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁ গ্ৰহণ কৰা মনোভাৱৰ বাবে তেওঁ নিশ্চিতভাৱে দায়ী।”<ref name="Frankl1986" />{{rp|188}} ফ্ৰেংকলে কৈছিল যে ৰোগীয়ে নিজৰ নিখুঁততাৰ প্ৰৱণতাক নিয়তিৰ অংশ হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰিব লাগিব, আৰু সেইবাবে কিছু পৰিমাণৰ অনিশ্চয়তা গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ শিকিব লাগিব।<ref name="Boeree" /> অৱশেষত, লগোথেৰাপিৰ মূল ধাৰণাৰ অনুসৰণ কৰি, ৰোগীয়ে নিজৰ আসক্তিমূলক চিন্তাসমূহ উপেক্ষা কৰি, সেইবোৰৰ উপস্থিতি সত্ত্বেও জীৱনত অৰ্থ বিচাৰি উলিয়াব লাগিব।<ref name="Frankl1986" /> ==স্কিজ'ফ্ৰেনিয়া== যদিও লগোথেৰাপিক গুৰুতৰ মানসিক বিকাৰৰ চিকিৎসাৰ বাবে প্ৰথমে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হোৱা নাছিল, ফ্ৰেংকলে বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে লগোথেৰাপিয়ে স্কিজ'ফ্ৰেনিয়াত আক্ৰান্ত লোকসকলকো উপকৃত কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Boeree" /> তেওঁ স্কিজ'ফ্ৰেনিয়াৰ মূল কাৰণ শাৰীৰিক কাৰ্য্যক্ষমতাৰ বিসংগতিত (physiological dysfunction) নিহিত বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল।<ref name="Boeree" /> এই বিসংগতিত স্কিজ'ফ্ৰেনিয়াত আক্ৰান্ত ব্যক্তিয়ে নিজকে এটা বস্তু (object) হিচাপে অনুভৱ কৰে, বিষয়ী বা স্বয়ং (subject) হিচাপে নহয়।<ref name="Frankl1986" /> ফ্ৰেংকলে পৰামৰ্শ দিছিল যে লগোথেৰাপিৰ জৰিয়তে স্কিজ'ফ্ৰেনিয়াত আক্ৰান্ত ব্যক্তিক সহায় কৰিব পাৰি। প্ৰথমতে তেওঁলোকক শিকোৱা উচিত যে শুনা মাতবোৰ (voices)ক অৱজ্ঞা কৰিব লাগে আৰু নিজৰ ওপৰত অহৰহ পৰ্যবেক্ষণ (persistent self-observation) বন্ধ কৰিব লাগে।<ref name="Boeree" /> তাৰ পিছত, একে সময়তে তেওঁলোকক অৰ্থপূৰ্ণ আৰু উদ্দেশ্যপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ দিশে আগবঢ়াই নিব লাগে। কাৰণ “স্কিজ'ফ্ৰেনিক ৰোগীৰ বাবেও ভাগ্য আৰু ৰোগৰ প্ৰতি সেই স্বাধীনতাৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশ থাকিয়ে যায় যিটো মানুহে সকলো পৰিস্থিতিতে আৰু জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো মুহূৰ্ততে, অন্তিম ক্ষণলৈকে ধৰি ৰাখে। <ref name="Frankl1986" />{{rp|216}} ==অন্তিম অৱস্থাৰ ৰোগীসকল== ১৯৭৭ চনত টেৰী জুহল্কে আৰু জন ৱাটকিন্সে এটা অধ্যয়ন চলাইছিল, য’ত অন্তিম অৱস্থাৰ ৰোগীসকলৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত লগোথেৰাপিৰ কাৰ্যকাৰিতা বিশ্লেষণ কৰা হৈছিল। অধ্যয়নত ২০ জন পুৰুষ স্বেচ্ছাসেৱকক দুটা গোটত যাদৃচ্ছিকভাৱে বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছিল: (১) চিকিৎসা গোট — এইসকলে দুসপ্তাহৰ ভিতৰত ৪৫ মিনিটীয়া ৮টা পৰামৰ্শ বৈঠক লাভ কৰিছিল। (২) নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ গোট — এইসকলক বিলম্বিত চিকিৎসা দিয়া হৈছিল। প্ৰত্যেক গোটক পাঁচটা মানসিক পৰীক্ষাৰ জৰিয়তে মূল্যায়ন কৰা হৈছিল: MMPI K স্কেল MMPI L স্কেল মৃত্যুভীতি স্কেল (Death Anxiety Scale) সংক্ষিপ্ত মানসিক মূল্যায়ন স্কেল (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) জীৱনৰ উদ্দেশ্য পৰীক্ষা (Purpose in Life Test) ফলাফলত চিকিৎসা গোট আৰু নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ গোটৰ মাজত সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য পাৰ্থক্য দেখা পোৱা গৈছিল। একক বিশ্লেষণ (univariate analyses)ত দেখা গৈছিল যে পাঁচটা নিৰ্ভৰশীল জোখৰ ভিতৰৰ তিনিটাত গোট দুটাৰ মাজত উল্লেখযোগ্য পাৰ্থক্য আছে। এই অধ্যয়নৰ ফলাফলে নিশ্চিত কৰে যে মৃত্যুমুখী ৰোগীসকলে মৃত্যুৰ সৈতে মোকাবিলা কৰাত আৰু জীৱনৰ অৰ্থ বিচাৰি পোৱাত লগোথেৰাপিৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট উপকাৰ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zuehlke |first1=T.E. |last2=Watkins, J.T. |year=1977 |title=Psychotherapy with Terminally Ill Patients |journal=Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=403–410 |doi=10.1037/h0087512}}</ref> ==চিকিৎসাৰ পদ্ধতিসমূহ== এচ্চে হোমো (Ecce Homo) হৈছে লগোথেৰাপিত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পদ্ধতি। এই পদ্ধতিত থেৰাপিষ্টে ৰোগীৰ জন্মগত শক্তি চিহ্নিত কৰে আৰু জীৱনত সন্মুখীন হোৱা প্ৰতিকূলতা, দুখ-কষ্ট আৰু বিপদৰ সৈতে কেনেকৈ মোকাবিলা কৰিছে সেয়া বিশেষভাৱে লক্ষ্য কৰে। এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে জীৱনত পোৱা সমস্ত দুখ-কষ্ট আৰু প্ৰতিকূলতাৰ কেনেকৈ সৰ্বোত্তম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছে সেয়া চিন্তা কৰিবলৈ ৰোগীক উৎসাহিত কৰা হয় । এই পদ্ধতিটোৰ নাম “এচ্চে হোমো” (লেটিন ভাষাত “চোৱা, মানুহজন” বা “Behold the Man”)। ইয়াত আন মানুহে কেনেকৈ তেওঁলোকৰ দুখ-কষ্টৰ মাজতো সৰ্বোত্তম দিশ বিচাৰি পাইছে সেয়া থেৰাপিষ্ট আৰু ৰোগীয়ে একেলগে লক্ষ্য কৰে।<ref>Viktor Frankl, ''The Will to Meaning'', Penguin Publishing Group, Kindle edition, p. 94.</ref> ==সমালোচনা== ===স্বৈৰাচাৰিতা=== ১৯৬১ চনত ৰল্লো মে’(Rollo May)ই যুক্তি দিছিল যে লগোথেৰাপি মূলত: স্বৈৰাচাৰী। তেওঁৰ মতে, ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰেংকলৰ এই চিকিৎসা পদ্ধতিয়ে মানৱ জীৱনৰ বিভিন্ন সমস্যাৰ এটা সহজ আৰু স্পষ্ট সমাধান আগবঢ়ায়। এনে কৰিবলৈ যাওঁতে মানৱ জীৱনৰ জটিলতা আৰু বহুমাত্ৰিক স্বৰূপক উপেক্ষা কৰি যোৱা হৈছে। মে’ই দাবী কৰিছিল যে, যদি কোনো ৰোগীয়ে নিজে জীৱনৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা উদ্দেশ্য বিচাৰি নাপায়, তেন্তে ফ্ৰেংকলে তেওঁৰ বাবে এটা লক্ষ্য নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰি দিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত ৰোগীৰ ব্যক্তিগত দায়িত্ববোধ নষ্ট হয় আৰু “ স্বাধীন ব্যক্তি হিচাপে ৰোগীৰ মৰ্যাদা হ্ৰাস পায়”।<ref name="May1969">{{Cite book |last=Rollo May |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWRZHZrR4IYC |title=Existential psychology |publisher=Random House |year=1969 |isbn=9780075535782 |page=42 |access-date=21 May 2012}} (First Edition 1961)</ref> ৰব্বি ৰেউভেন বুলকাৰ প্ৰবন্ধ " ইজ ল'গ'থেৰাপি অথৰিটেৰিয়ান?"(Is Logotherapy Authoritarian?) প্ৰকাশিত হোৱাৰ পিছত ফ্ৰেংকলে ৰল্লো মে’ৰ এই সমালোচনাৰ প্ৰত্যুত্তৰ দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bulka |first=Reuven P. |date=Fall 1978 |title=Is Logotherapy Authoritarian? |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1177/002216787801800406 |s2cid=220400019}}</ref> লিখিত সংলাপৰ জৰিয়তে ফ্ৰেংকলে কৈছিল যে তেওঁ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি লগোথেৰাপিৰ সৈতে ঔষধীয় চিকিৎসাও সংযুক্ত কৰে, যাতে ৰোগীয়ে নিজৰ মানসিক আৰু আৱেগিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া সুস্থৰূপে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব পাৰে। তেওঁ স্বাধীনতা আৰু দায়িত্বৰ ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব দিছিল—য’ত ব্যক্তিজনে সম্পূৰ্ণ স্বাধীনভাৱে নিজৰ জীৱনৰ অৰ্থ অনুসন্ধান আৰু আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frankl |first=Viktor |date=Fall 1979 |title=Reply to Rollo May |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.1177/002216787901900410 |s2cid=145012871}}</ref> ==ধৰ্মীয়তা== লগোথেৰাপিৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাংকলৰ জীৱন, চিন্তা আৰু ৰচনাৰ সমালোচনামূলক মূল্যায়নত কোৱা হয় যে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মীয় পটভূমি<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grollman |first=Earl |year=1965 |title=The logotherapy of Viktor E. Frankl |journal=Judaism |location=New York |publisher=American Jewish Congress |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=22–38 |issn=0022-5762 }}</ref> আৰু গভীৰ দুঃখভোগৰ অভিজ্ঞতাই “অৰ্থ” (meaning)-ৰ ধাৰণাটোক ব্যক্তিৰ অন্তৰ্জগতৰ পৰিসীমাৰ ভিতৰতে গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ সহায় কৰিছিল।<ref name="Pytell 2006 490–503">{{Cite journal |last=Pytell |first=T. |year=2006 |title=Transcending the Angel Beast: Viktor Frankl and Humanistic Psychology |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=490–503 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.23.3.490}}</ref> সেইকাৰণে লগোথেৰাপি মূলতঃ ফ্ৰাংকলৰ ব্যক্তিগত বিশ্বদৃষ্টিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত।<ref name="Pytell 2007 641–657">{{Cite journal |last=Pytell |first=T. |year=2007 |title=Extreme Experience, Psychological Insight, and Holocaust Perception: Reflections on Bettelheim and Frankl |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=641–657 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.24.4.641}}</ref> কিছুমান গৱেষকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে লগোথেৰাপি পৰম্পৰাগত অৰ্থত “বৈজ্ঞানিক” মানসিক চিকিৎসা-পদ্ধতি নহয়; বৰঞ্চ ই এক জীৱন-দৰ্শন, মূল্যবোধৰ এক সংগঠিত প্ৰণালী, অথবা এক ধৰ্ম-নিৰপেক্ষ ধৰ্ম (secular religion)। <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weisskopf-Joelson |first=Edith |date=1975 |title=Logotherapy: Science or faith? |journal=[[Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice]] |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=238–240 |doi=10.1037/h0086435}}</ref> তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এই পদ্ধতিটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সুসংগত নহয় আৰু কিছুমান সন্দেহজনক অতিভৌতিক (মেটাফিজিক্যাল) ধাৰণাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reitinger |first=Claudia |date=July 2015 |title=Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy from a Philosophical Point of View |journal=Existential Analysis: Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=344–357}}</ref> ফ্ৰাংকলে নিজৰ সমগ্ৰ জীৱনজুৰি ধৰ্ম আৰু মনোৰোগ-বিজ্ঞান (psychiatry) বিষয়ত মুকলিকৈ আলোচনা কৰিছিল, বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ অন্তিম গ্ৰন্থ মেনছ চাৰ্ছ ফৰ আল্টিমেট মিনিং(Man's Search for Ultimate Meaning)ত। তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে প্ৰতিজন মানুহৰ মাজত এক “আধ্যাত্মিক অৱচেতন” (spiritual unconscious) থাকে, যি ধৰ্মীয় বিশ্বাস বা মতামতৰ পৰা স্বাধীন। কিন্তু, ফ্ৰাংকলৰ এই ধাৰণাই অৱশ্যেই ধৰ্মীয়তা সূচায় নে নাই, সেই কথা স্পষ্ট নহয়। ফ্ৰাংকলৰ ভাষাত: “সঁচা কথা ক'বলৈ হ'লে লগোথেৰাপি ‘লোগ’ছ’ বা 'অৰ্থ'ৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত। ইয়াৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হ’ল মানুহক নিজৰ জীৱনৰ অৰ্থ অনুধাৱন কৰিবলৈ সহায় কৰা। কিন্তু আমি আন কাৰোবাৰ জীৱনলৈ অৰ্থ ‘প্ৰদান’ কৰিব নোৱাৰো। যদি সাধাৰণ অৰ্থৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো এইটো সত্য হয়, তেন্তে ‘চূড়ান্ত অৰ্থ’ (Ultimate Meaning)-ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাসংগিকতা আৰু অধিক গভীৰ।”<ref name="Frankl2000">{{Cite book |last=Frankl, Viktor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hcQAQAAMAAJ |title=Man's search for ultimate meaning |date=10 August 2000 |publisher=Perseus Pub. |isbn=978-0-7382-0354-6 |access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> আমেৰিকান চাইকিয়াত্ৰিক এছছিয়েছনে (American Psychiatric Association)-এ ১৯৮৫ চনত ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰাংকলক ধৰ্ম আৰু মনোৰোগ-বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদানৰ বাবে অস্কাৰ ফিষ্টাৰ এৱাৰ্ড (Oskar Pfister Award)প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref name="Frankl2000" /> ==শেহতীয়া বিকাশসমূহ== ১৯৯০ৰ দশকৰ পৰা ল’গ’থেৰাপিৰ শিক্ষা আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ সংখ্যা বিশ্বজুৰি ক্ৰমাগতভাৱে বৃদ্ধি পাই আহিছে। ল’গ’থেৰাপিৰ বহুতো ধাৰণাক বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত একত্ৰিত আৰু প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে, যেনে জ্ঞানমূলক আচৰণগত থেৰাপি (cognitive behavioral therapy)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ameli |first1=Matti |last2=Dattilio |first2=Frank M. |date=2013 |title=Enhancing cognitive behavior therapy with logotherapy: Techniques for clinical practice. |journal=Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=387–391 |doi=10.1037/a0033394 |issn=1939-1536 |pmid=24000857}}</ref> গ্ৰহণ আৰু প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি থেৰাপি (ACT)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharp |first1=William G. |last2=Wilson |first2=Kelly G. |last3=Schulenberg |first3=Stefan E. |date=December 2004 |title=Use of Paradoxical Intention in the Context of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=946–948 |doi=10.2466/pr0.95.3.946-948 |issn=0033-2941 |pmid=15666933 |s2cid=27391991}}</ref>, আৰু বাৰ্নআউট প্ৰতিৰোধ (burnout prevention).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Riethof |first1=Norbert |last2=Bob |first2=Petr |date=2019-06-14 |title=Burnout Syndrome and Logotherapy: Logotherapy as Useful Conceptual Framework for Explanation and Prevention of Burnout |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=10 |article-number=382 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00382 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=6587911 |pmid=31258490 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ল’গ’থেৰাপিৰ ন’জেনিক নিউৰ’চিছ (noogenic neurosis) আৰু অস্তিত্বগত সংকটৰ ধাৰণাসমূহ ICD-11 ত ডিম’ৰেলাইজেচন ক্ৰাইচিছ (demoralisation crisis) নামেৰে সংযোজিত কৰা হৈছে।ফ্ৰেংকেলে ১৯৫০ চনত প্ৰথম বৰ্ণনা কৰা এই গঠনত হতাশা, অৰ্থহীনতা আৰু অস্তিত্বগত যন্ত্ৰণাক সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে ।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kissane |first1=David W. |last2=Clarke |first2=David M. |last3=Street |first3=Annette F. |date=March 2001 |title=Demoralization Syndrome — a Relevant Psychiatric Diagnosis for Palliative Care |journal=Journal of Palliative Care |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1177/082585970101700103 |issn=0825-8597 |pmid=11324179 |s2cid=41423140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=David M. |last2=Kissane |first2=David W. |date=December 2002 |title=Demoralization: Its Phenomenology and Importance |journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=733–742 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01086.x |issn=0004-8674 |pmid=12406115 |s2cid=23248298}}</ref> ল’গ’থেৰাপিক মনোদৈহিক (psychosomatic) আৰু শাৰীৰিক স্বাস্থ্যৰ উন্নতিৰ সৈতে জড়িত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Randy |last2=Bavishi |first2=Chirag |last3=Rozanski |first3=Alan |date=2016 |title=Purpose in Life and Its Relationship to All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=122–133 |doi=10.1097/psy.0000000000000274 |issn=0033-3174 |pmid=26630073 |s2cid=24337711}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodriguez |first=L. |date=January 1939 |title=Additions à la flore des Antilles françaises |journal=Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=175–177 |doi=10.1080/00378941.1939.10834168 |bibcode=1939BSBF...86..175R |issn=0037-8941|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=OECD Factbook 2006: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics|title=Life expectancy at birth: women |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/530655752103 |doi=10.1787/530655752103|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koizumi |first=M. |date=2008 |title=Effect of having a sense of purpose in life on the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases. |journal=Journal of Epidemiology |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=191–196 |doi=10.2188/jea.JE2007388 |pmc=4771589 |pmid=18753736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Eric S. |last2=Sun |first2=Jennifer K. |last3=Park |first3=Nansook |author4-link=Laura Kubzansky |last4=Kubzansky |first4=Laura D. |last5=Peterson |first5=Christopher |date=2012-02-23 |title=Purpose in life and reduced risk of myocardial infarction among older U.S. adults with coronary heart disease: a two-year follow-up |journal=Journal of Behavioral Medicine |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=124–133 |doi=10.1007/s10865-012-9406-4 |issn=0160-7715 |pmid=22359156 |s2cid=6273837}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Lei |last2=Boyle |first2=Patricia A. |last3Purpose in Life and Cerebral Infarcts in Community-Dwelling Older People |journal=Stroke |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=1071–1076 |doi=10.1161/strokeaha.114.008010 |issn=0039-2499 |pmc=4461202 |pmid=25791714 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ল’গ’থেৰাপিৰ উপৰিও, অৰ্থ-কেন্দ্ৰিক মনো-চিকিৎসাৰ অন্যান্য পদ্ধতি, যেনে পজিটিভ চাইক’লজী আৰু মিনিং থেৰাপি উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>Wong, P. T. P. (1997). Meaning-centered counselling: A cognitive-behavioral approach to logotherapy. ''The International Forum for Logotherapy, 20''(2), 85–94.</ref><ref>Wong, P. T. P. (2012). From logotherapy to meaning-centered counseling and therapy. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), ''The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications'' (2nd ed., pp. 619–647). New York, NY: Routledge.</ref> পল ৱংৰ মিনিং থেৰাপিয়ে ল’গ’থেৰাপিক মনোবৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, য’ত জ্ঞানমূলক আচৰণগত থেৰাপি, পজিটিভ চাইক’থেৰাপি আৰু অৰ্থৰ ওপৰত পজিটিভ চাইক’লজিৰ গৱেষণাক একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>Wong, P. T. P. (2016). Integrative meaning therapy: From logotherapy to existential positive interventions. In P. Russo-Netzer, S. E. Schulenberg, & A. Batthyany (Eds.). ''To thrive, to cope, to understand: Meaning in positive and existential psychotherapy'' (pp. 0–0). New York, NY: Springer.</ref><ref>Wong, P. T. P. (2014). Viktor Frankl's meaning seeking model and positive psychology. In A. Batthyany & P. Russo-Netzer (Eds.), ''Meaning in existential and positive psychology'' (pp. 149–184)''.'' New York, NY: Springer.</ref> ল’গ’থেৰাপী অংক’লজী (oncology)<ref>Breitbart, W. S. & Poppet, S. R. (2014). ''Meaning-centered group psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer: A treatment manual.'' New York, NY: Oxford.</ref><ref>Breitbart, W. S. & Poppet, S. R. (2014). ''Individual meaning-centered psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer: A treatment manual.'' New York, NY: Oxford.</ref> আৰু পেলিয়েটিভ কেয়াৰ (palliative care) ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে (উইলিয়াম ব্ৰেইটবাৰ্ট)।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Breitbart |first1=William |last2=Heller |first2=Karen S. |date=2003 |title=Reframing Hope: Meaning-Centered Care for Patients Near the End of Life |journal=Journal of Palliative Medicine |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=979–988 |doi=10.1089/109662103322654901 |issn=1096-6218 |pmid=14733692}}</ref> এই সাম্প্ৰতিক বিকাশসমূহে ভিক্টৰ ফ্ৰেংকেলৰ ল’গ’থেৰাপিক নতুন প্ৰজন্মৰ বাবে পৰিচয় কৰাই দিছে আৰু গৱেষণাৰ নতুন ক্ষেত্ৰলৈ ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱ বিস্তাৰিত কৰিছে।<ref>Batthyany, A., & Russo-Netzer, P. (2014). Meaning in positive and existential psychology. New York, NY: Springer.</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:মানসিক স্বাস্থ্য]] hy2tscncihekrg4lqpgh74dq6ph7p3a 0 136759 604481 604226 2026-05-04T18:04:09Z JyotiPN 22102 বাক্য 604481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | era = পাৰ্চিয়া আৰু মেছোপটেমিয়াত মংগোল বিজয় | honorific-prefix = মৌলানা, মৌলবী; আমাৰ শিক্ষক | name = ৰুমি | native_name = {{nobold|رومی}} | native_name_lang = fa | image = مولانا اثر حسین بهزاد (cropped).jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = ইৰাণীয়ান শিল্পী হুছেইন বেহজাদৰ তুলিকাত ৰুমী (১৯৫৭) | title = ''জালালুদ্দিন'', ''জালাল অ-দিন'',<ref name="EI">Ritter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. Excerpt: "known by the sobriquet Mewlānā, persian poet and founder of the Mewlewiyya order of dervishes"</ref> ''মৌলবী'', ''মৌলানা'' | birth_date = ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১২০৭ | birth_place = ৱাখছ, খ্বাৰজিমিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য{{efn|Sources: <ref name=Harmless07>{{cite book |last1=Harmless |first1=William |title=Mystics |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804110-8 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pBmFhnrVfUC&pg=PA167}}</ref><ref name="Balkh">[[Annemarie Schimmel]], "I Am Wind, You Are Fire," p. 11. She refers to a 1989 article by [[Fritz Meier]]:{{Blockquote|Tajiks and Persian admirers still prefer to call Jalaluddin 'Balkhi' because his family lived in Balkh, current day in [[Afghanistan]] before migrating westward. However, their home was not in the actual city of Balkh, since the mid-eighth century a center of Muslim culture in (Greater) Khorasan (Iran and Central Asia). Rather, as Meier has shown, it was in the small town of Wakhsh north of the Oxus that Baha'uddin Walad, Jalaluddin's father, lived and worked as a jurist and preacher with mystical inclinations. Lewis, ''Rumi&nbsp;: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi'', 2000, pp. 47–49.}} Lewis has devoted two pages of his book to the topic of Wakhsh, which he states has been identified with the medieval town of Lêwkand (or Lâvakand) or Sangtude, which is about 65 kilometers southeast of Dushanbe, the capital of present-day Tajikistan. He says it is on the east bank of the Vakhshâb river, a major tributary that joins the Amu Daryâ river (also called Jayhun, and named the Oxus by the Greeks). He further states: "Bahâ al-Din may have been born in Balkh, but at least between June 1204 and 1210 (Shavvâl 600 and 607), during which time Rumi was born, Bahâ al-Din resided in a house in Vakhsh (Bah 2:143 [= Bahâ' uddîn Walad's] book, "Ma`ârif."). Vakhsh, rather than Balkh was the permanent base of Bahâ al-Din and his family until Rumi was around five years old (mei 16–35) [= from a book in German by the scholar Fritz Meier—note inserted here]. At that time, in about the year 1212 (A.H. 608–609), the Walads moved to Samarqand (Fih 333; Mei 29–30, 36) [= reference to Rumi's "Discourses" and to Fritz Meier's book—note inserted here], leaving behind Baâ al-Din's mother, who must have been at least seventy-five years old."</ref><ref name=Lewis00>Lewis: ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West. The Life Teachings and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi''. One World Publications, Oxford, 2000, S. 47.</ref>}}<br />{{small|বৰ্তমান তাজাকিস্তান)}} | death_date = ১৭ ডিচেম্বৰ ১২৭৩ (৬৬ বছৰ) | death_place = কনিয়া, ৰোম সাম্ৰাজ্য<br />{{small|(বৰ্তমান [[তুৰ্কী]])}} | resting_place = মৌলানা ৰুমিৰ সমাধি বা মকবড়া, মৌলানা মিউজিয়াম, কনিয়া, [[তুৰ্কী]] | mother = ম’মেনা খাতুন | father = বাহা অল-দিন ভালাড | spouse = গেভেজ খাতুন, কাৰা খাতুন | children = চুলতান ৱালাড, উলু আৰিফ চালেবি, আমিৰ আলিম চালেবি, মালিকে খাতুন | religion = ইছলাম | denomination = চুন্নি<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1y-hxhLSWsEC&pg=PA48|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Rumi Meditations|year=2008|page=48|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=9781592577361}}</ref> | jurisprudence = হানাফি | creed = মাহটুৰীডী<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Franklin D.|title=Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi|date=2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|pages=15–16, 52, 60, 89}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Zarrinkoob|first=Abdolhossein|title=Serr-e Ney|date=2005|publisher=Instisharat-i Ilmi|volume=1|pages=447}}</ref> | Sufi_order = মৌলবী | notable_ideas = চুফী উপৱৰ্তন তথা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ | order = চুফী | philosophy = চুফীবাদ, ৰহস্যবাদ | known_for = মৌলবী চুফী সম্প্ৰদায়ক অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰা, [[মছনবী]] কবিতা ৰচনা কৰা | main_interests = চুফী সাহিত্য | works = ''মছনবী-এ মা'নবী'', ''দিৱান-এ শ্বামছ-এ তাবৰিজি'', ''ফিহি মা ফিহি'' | predecessor = শ্বামছ তাবৰিজি আৰু বাহা-উদ-দিন জাকাৰিয়া | successor = হুস্ম অল-দিন চালেবি, চুলতান ৱালাড | influences = ফৰিদ অল-দিন অট্টৰ, চানাই, আবুল হাছান খাৰাকানি, শ্বামছ তাবৰিজি | influenced = জামি, শ্বাহ আব্দুল লতিফ ভিট্টাই, [[কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম]], আব্দুল হুছেইন জৰিনখুব, আব্দুল কৰিম ছৰৌছ, হুছেইন ইলাহি ঘুমছেই, মহম্মদ ইকবাল, হুছেইন নস্ৰ <ref>[[Ramin Jahanbegloo]], ''In Search of the Sacred : A Conversation with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on His Life and Thought'', [[ABC-CLIO]] (2010), p. 141</ref> য়ুনুছ ইম্ৰে, Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch, Annemarie Schimmel }} {{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}} '''জালাল-উদ্দিন-মহম্মদ ৰুমি''' ({{lang-en|Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī}}; জন্ম: ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১২০৭-মৃত্যু:১৭ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১২৭৩) এগৰাকী ইৰাণীয়ান ৰহস্যবাদী চুফী কবি, যাক সাধাৰণতে ৰুমি নামেৰে জনা যায়। তেওঁ ''মৌলৱীয়্যা'' (Mawlawiyya) শীৰ্ষক ইছলামিক [[চুফীবাদ|চুফীবাদৰ]] প্ৰতিষ্ঠাতা। তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ পুৰণি ঘৰ আছিল বালখত। [[চুফীবাদ|চুফীবাদৰ]] তেওঁ এক প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তি আছিল আৰু সাধাৰণতে [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী]] বা পাৰ্ছিয়ান সাহিত্য আৰু ৰহস্যবাদী কবিতা, এই দুই বিভাগতে বহল পৰিসৰত তেওঁৰ চিন্তা আৰু সৃষ্টিকৰ্ম প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰা যায়। আজিৰ তাৰিখত, সমগ্ৰ পৃথিৱীয়ে তেওঁৰ অনূদিত সৃষ্টিকৰ্মৰ সোৱাদ লৈছে। জীৱনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাতে, মংগোল সেনাপতি চেংগিছ খাঁৰ নেতৃত্বত দ্ৰুতগতিত বিকশিত মংগোলীয় সৈন্যই তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালক পশ্চিম দিশলৈ পলায়ন কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰিছিল। [[ইৰাণ]], [[বাগদাদ]] আৰু দামাস্কাছৰ বিভিন্ন চহৰত সময় কটোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে কনিয়াত থাকিবলৈ লয়। ''কনিয়া'' হৈছে পূব ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ এখন ৰাজ্য; সেয়ে তেওঁক ৰুমি অৰ্থাৎ ''ৰোমান'' নামেৰে জনা যায়। যদিও সৰুৰে পৰাই তেওঁ চুফী চিন্তাধাৰাৰ সৈতে পৰিচিত আছিল, তথাপিও আশা কৰা হৈছিল যে এগৰাকী ইছলামিক পণ্ডিত ৰূপে তেওঁ পিতৃৰ পদাংক অনুসৰণ কৰিব। কিন্তু ৰহস্যময় বিচৰণকাৰী দৰবেশ আৰু শ্বামছ তাবৰিজিৰ আগমনে ৰুমিৰ জীৱনৰ গতিপথ স্থায়ীভাৱে সলনি কৰি পেলায়। ৰুমি আৰু শ্বামছ ইজন সিজনৰ প্ৰতি এনেদৰে আকৰ্ষিত হৈ পৰিল যে তেওঁক পাই ৰুমিয়ে নিজৰ কৰ্তব্য পাহৰি পেলায়। এদিন ৰহস্যজনকভাৱে শ্বামছ অন্তৰ্ধ্যান হয় আৰু ৰুমি শোকত ভাগি পৰে। শোকাহত ৰুমিয়ে ৰচনা কৰে তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ এটি অন্যতম কাব্য সংকলন ''দিৱান-এ শ্বামছ-এ তাবৰিজি''। সংকলনটিত ৰুমিৰ শোকৰ প্ৰকাশ ঘটিছে। এয়া আছিল ৰুমিৰ আধ্যাত্মিক বিশ্বদৃষ্টিভংগীৰ বিৱৰ্তনৰ সংজ্ঞায়িত মুহূৰ্ত আৰু তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক যাত্ৰাৰ আৰম্ভণিও। ৰুমিৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত [[মছনবী]]ক [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ]] [[কোৰআন]] আখ্যা দিয়াই নহয়<ref>{{cite book|author=Jawid Mojaddedi|chapter=Introduction|title=Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One|publisher=Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition)|year=2004|page=xix}}</ref>, ইয়াক [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ]] অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কবিতা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite book |first=Louis |last=Gardet |chapter=Religion and Culture |title=The Cambridge History of Islam, Part VIII: Islamic Society and Civilization |editor-first=P.M. |editor-last=Holt |editor2-first=Ann K.S. |editor2-last=Lambton |editor3-first=Bernard |editor3-last=Lewis |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |page=586 |quote=It is sufficient to mention [['Aziz Nasafi|'Aziz al-Din Nasafi]], Farid al-Din 'Attar and Sa'adi, and above all Jalal al-Din Rumi, whose Mathnawi remains one of the purest literary glories of Persia}}</ref><ref name="C.E. Bosworth p. 391">C.E. Bosworth, "Turkmen Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkmen must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the 13th century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."</ref> বহু ইছলাম ধৰ্মী লোকে, বিশেষকৈ [[তুৰ্কী]]-[[পাৰ্চী]] সাংস্কৃতিক ক্ষেত্ৰত মছনবীক [[কোৰআন]]ৰ পিছতে ইছলামিক সাহিত্যৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ গ্ৰন্থ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। ৰুমিৰ ৰচনাসমূহ আজিৰ তাৰিখত তেওঁৰ জন্মভূমি বৃহত্তৰ [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ লগতে [[তুৰ্কী]]তো ব্যাপক ৰূপত পঠিত হৈছে, যি চহৰ তেওঁ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা চুফী ভাতৃত্ববোধৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/Interview_Many_Americans_Love_RumiBut_They_Prefer_He_Not_Be_Muslim/2122973.html|title=Interview: 'Many Americans Love Rumi...But They Prefer He Not Be Muslim'|date=9 August 2010|newspaper=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LH14Ak01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816123932/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LH14Ak01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=16 August 2010|title=Interview: A mystical journey with Rumi|website=Asia Times|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> তেওঁৰ কবিতাসমূহ বিশ্বৰ বহু ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ৰুমিক ‘বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় কবি’ আখ্যা দিয়া হৈছে।"<ref name="BBC-Haviland">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7016090.stm|title=The roar of Rumi—800 years on|first=Charles |last=Haviland|work=BBC News|date=30 September 2007|access-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omifacsimiles.com/brochures/divan.html|title=Dîvân-i Kebîr Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī|website=OMI – Old Manuscripts & Incunabula|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>শেহতীয়া বছৰবোৰত [[আমেৰিকা|আমেৰিকাত]] তেওঁ সৰ্বাধিক বিক্ৰী হোৱা কবি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140414-americas-best-selling-poet|title=Why is Rumi the best-selling poet in the US?|last=Ciabattari| work=BBC News | first=Jane|date=21 October 2014|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,356133,00.html|title=Rumi Rules!|last=Tompkins|first=Ptolemy|date=29 October 2002|newspaper=Time|issn=0040-781X|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> == সৃষ্টিৰাজি== ৰুমিৰ কবিতাসমূহক [[ৰুবায়ত]] আৰু [[গজল]]; এই দুটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে। সেইদৰে গদ্যসমূহকো প্ৰবচন (The Discourses), পত্ৰ (The Letters) আৰু সাতোটি উপদেশত (Seven Sermons) ভাগ কৰা হৈছে। ===কবিতাৰাজি=== ৰুমিৰ অন্যতম কাব্য সংকলন হৈছে ''মছনবী''। ছয় খণ্ডৰ এই কবিতাটোৱে ফাৰ্চী চুফী সাহিত্যৰ সমৃদ্ধ পৰম্পৰাত এক বিশিষ্ট স্থান লাভ কৰিছে আৰু ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে ''[[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ]] [[কোৰআন]]'' আখ্যা দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{cite book|first=Jawid |last=Mojaddedi|chapter=Introduction|title=Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One|publisher=Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition)|year=2004|page=xix|quote=Rumi’s Masnavi holds an exalted status in the rich canon of Persian Sufi literature as the greatest mystical poem ever written. It is even referred to commonly as ‘the Koran in Persian’.}}</ref><ref>Abdul Rahman [[Jami]] notes: {{blockquote|{{lang|fa|من چه گویم وصف آن عالی‌جناب&nbsp;— نیست پیغمبر ولی دارد کتاب}} {{lang|fa|مثنویّ معنویّ مولوی&nbsp;— هست قرآن در زبان پهلوی}} }} {{blockquote| What can I say in praise of that great one?<br /> He is not a Prophet but has come with a book;<br /> The Spiritual ''Masnavi'' of Mowlavi<br /> Is the Qur'an in the language of Pahlavi (Persian). }} (Khawaja Abdul Hamid Irfani, "The Sayings of Rumi and Iqbal", Bazm-e-Rumi, 1976.)</ref> বহু সমালোচকে ইয়াক বিশ্ব সাহিত্যৰ সৰ্বোশ্ৰেষ্ঠ অতীন্দ্ৰিয় কবিতা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite book|first=Jawid |last=Mojaddedi|chapter=Introduction|title=Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One|publisher=Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition)|year=2004|pages=xii–xiii|quote=Towards the end of his life he presented the fruit of his experience of Sufism in the form of the Masnavi, which has been judged by many commentators, both within the Sufi tradition and outside it, to be the greatest mystical poem ever written.}}</ref> ইয়াত প্ৰায় ২৭,০০০ শাৰী আছে,<ref>Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West'', Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). p. 306: "The manuscripts versions differ greatly in the size of the text and orthography. Nicholson’s text has 25,577 lines though the average medieval and early modern manuscripts contained around 27,000 lines, meaning the scribes added two thousand lines or about eight percent more to the poem composed by Rumi. Some manuscripts give as many as 32,000!"</ref> প্ৰত্যেকটো শাৰী এটা আভ্যন্তৰীণ ছন্দৰ সৈতে এটা দোহাৰে গঠিত। ৰুমিৰ আন এটি মুখ্য সংকলন হ’ল ''দিৱান-এ-কবীৰ'' (গ্ৰেট ৱৰ্ক) বা ''দিৱান-এ শ্বামছ-এ তাবৰিজি'' (দ্য ৱৰ্কচ অৱ শ্বামছ অৱ টাব্ৰিজ)। কিতাপখন তেওঁৰ শিক্ষক শ্বামছ তাবৰিজিৰ নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰায় ৩৫০০০ [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ]] দোহা আৰু ২০০০ পাৰ্ছিয়ান চতুষ্পদী কবিতাৰ উপৰিও<ref>Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi'' (2008), p. 314: "The Foruzanfar's edition of the Divan-e Shams compromises 3229 ghazals and qasidas making a total of almost 35000 lines, not including several hundred lines of stanzaic poems and nearly two thousand quatrains attributed to him”</ref> গ্ৰন্থখনত [[আৰবী ভাষা]]ত ৯০ টা গজল আৰু ১৯ টা চতুষ্পদী কবিতা,<ref>[http://www.dar-al-masnavi.org/about.html Dar al-Masnavi Website, accessed December 2009]: According to the Dar al-Masnavi website: “In Forûzânfar's edition of Rumi's Divan, there are 90 ghazals (Vol. 1, 29; Vol. 2, 1; Vol. 3, 6; Vol. 4, 8; Vol. 5, 19, Vol. 6, 0; Vol. 7, 27) and 19 quatrains entirely in Arabic. In addition, there are ghazals which are all Arabic except for the final line; many have one or two lines in Arabic within the body of the poem; some have as many as 9–13 consecutive lines in Arabic, with Persian verses preceding and following; some have alternating lines in Persian, then Arabic; some have the first half of the verse in Persian, the second half in Arabic.”</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাত দুই ডজনমান দোহা (মূলতঃ মিশ্ৰিত ফাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী মেকেৰনিক কবিতা)<ref>Mecdut MensurOghlu: “The Divan of Jalal al-Din Rumi contains 35 couplets in Turkish and Turkish-Persian which have recently been published me” (Celal al-Din Rumi’s turkische Verse: UJb. XXIV (1952), pp. 106–115)</ref><ref>Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi'' (2008): "a couple of dozen at most of the 35,000 lines of the Divan-I Shams are in Turkish, and almost all of these lines occur in poems that are predominantly in Persian".</ref> আৰু [[গ্ৰীক ভাষা|গ্ৰীক ভাষাত]] ১৪ টা দোহা আছে (সকলোখিনি গ্ৰীক-পাৰ্ছিয়ান মেকেৰনিক কবিতা)।<ref name=Dedes1993/><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.opoudjis.net/Play/rumiwalad.html |first=Nick|last=Nicholas|website=Opoudjis|title=Greek Verses of Rumi & Sultan Walad|date=22 April 2009}}</ref><ref>Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi'' (2008): "Three poems have bits of demotic Greek; these have been identified and translated into French, along with some Greek verses of Sultan Valad. [[Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı|Golpinarli]] (GM 416–417) indicates according to Vladimir Mir Mirughli, the Greek used in some of Rumi's macaronic poems reflects the demotic Greek of the inhabitants of Anatolia. Golpinarli then argues that Rumi knew classical Persian and Arabic with precision, but typically composes poems in a more popular or colloquial Persian and Arabic."</ref> ===গদ্যৰাজি=== * ''ফিহি মা ফিহি'' (''ইট ইজ হোৱাট ইট ইজ'', পাৰ্চী: فیه ما فیه) হৈছে ৰুমিয়ে বিভিন্ন অনুষ্ঠানত তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলক দিয়া এসত্তৰটা বক্তৃতাৰ এটি সংকলন। ৰুমি এই সংকলনটিৰ পোনপটিয়া লেখক নহয়, তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন শিষ্যৰ টোকাৰ পৰা ইয়াক সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West&nbsp;— The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi'', Oneworld Publications, 2000, Chapter 7.</ref> ''ডিচকোৰ্চছ অৱ ৰুমি'' (নিউয়ৰ্ক: চেমুৱেল ৱেইজাৰ, ১৯৭২) নাম দি এ.জে. আৰ্বেৰীয়ে প্ৰথমবাৰ সংকলনটিৰ [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী ভাষাৰপৰা]] কৰা ইংৰাজী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল আৰু ''চাইন অৱ দ্য আনচিন'' (পুটনী, ভিটি: থ্ৰেছহ'ল্ড বুকছ, ১৯৯৪) নাম দি দ্বিতীয়খন কিতাপ অনুবাদ কৰিছিল হুইলাৰ থেকষ্টনে। * ''মজলিছ-এ-চাব’আ'' (''চেভেন চেছনছ'', পাৰ্চী: مجالس سبعه) হৈছে সাতটা পাৰ্ছিয়ান প্ৰবচন বা সাতটা বিভিন্ন সদনত দিয়া বক্তৃতা। * ''মকাতিব'' (''দ্য লেটাৰছ'', পাৰ্চী: مکاتیب বা ''মকতুবাত'' (مکتوبات) হৈছে ৰুমিয়ে নিজৰ শিষ্য, পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্য, ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী লোকসকললৈ [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী ভাষাত]] লিখা চিঠিৰ সংগ্ৰহ। ৰুমি তেওঁ পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্যক সহায় কৰাত আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ চাৰিওফালে ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হোৱা শিষ্যৰ এটা সম্প্ৰদায় বা গোটক পৰিচালনা কৰাত অতি ব্যস্ত হৈ আছিল; এই চিঠিবোৰ আছিল ইয়াৰ প্ৰমাণ। ==ভাষা== ৰুমিয়ে তেওঁৰ ৰচনাসমূহ [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী ভাষাত]] লিখিছে। [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী]] তেওঁৰ মাতৃভাষা। মাজে মাজে তেওঁ তেওঁৰ কবিতাত [[আৰবী]] ভাষা<ref name="Franklin Lewis">Lewis, Franklin: "On the question of Rumi's multilingualism (pp. 315–317), we may still say that he spoke and wrote in Persian as a native language, wrote and conversed in Arabic as a learned "foreign" language and could at least get by at the market in Turkish and Greek (although some wildly extravagant claims have been made about his command of Attic Greek, or his native tongue being Turkish) (Lewis 2008:xxi). (Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi'', 2008). Lewis also points out that: "Living among Turks, Rumi also picked up some colloquial Turkish." (Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi'', 2008, p. 315). He also mentions Rumi composed thirteen lines in Greek (Franklin Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi'', One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 316). On Rumi's son, Sultan Walad, Lewis mentions: "[[Sultan Walad]] elsewhere admits that he has little knowledge of Turkish" (Sultan Walad): Lewis, ''Rumi, "Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi'', One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 239) and "Sultan Valad did not feel confident about his command of Turkish" (Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West'', 2000, p. 240)</ref> আৰু একক [[তুৰ্কী]]<ref name="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddin Rumi, SUNY Press, 1993, p. 193: "Rumi's mother tongue was Persian, but he had learned during his stay in Konya, enough Turkish and Greek to use it, now and then, in his verse."</ref> আৰু [[গ্ৰীক]] শব্দ<ref name=Dedes1993>{{cite journal |last1=Δέδες |first1=Δ. |year=1993 |title=Ποιήματα του Μαυλανά Ρουμή |trans-title=Poems by Mowlānā Rūmī |journal=Τα Ιστορικά |volume=10 |issue=18–19 |pages=3–22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Gustav |title=Die griechischen Verse im Rabâbnâma. |journal=Byzantinische Zeitschrift |date=1895 |volume=4 |issue=3 |doi=10.1515/byzs.1895.4.3.401 |s2cid=191615267}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/Play/rumiwalad.html|title=Greek Verses of Rumi & Sultan Walad|website=uci.edu|date=22 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805175317/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/Play/rumiwalad.html|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছে। ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সীমা আৰু জাতিগত বিভাজন অতিক্ৰম কৰি ৰুমিৰ ৰচনাৰাজিয়ে বিশ্বমঞ্চ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছে। ইৰাণীয়ান, আফগান, তাজিক, তুৰ্ক, কুৰ্দ, গ্ৰীক, মধ্য এছিয়াৰ ইছলামধৰ্মী লোকসকলৰ লগতে [[ভাৰত]] উপমহাদেশৰ মুছলমানসকলেও বিগত সাত শতিকা ধৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ শলাগ লৈছে।<ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/rumi-work-translated-into-kurdish-77675 | title=Rumi work translated into Kurdish|website=Hürriyet Daily News | date=30 January 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Nasr1">{{cite book |last=Seyyed |first=Hossein Nasr |title=Islamic Art and Spirituality |publisher=Suny Press |year=1987 |page=115 |quote=Jalal al-Din was born in a major center of Persian culture, Balkh, from Persian speaking parents, and is the product of that Islamic Persian culture which in the 7th/13th century dominated the 'whole of the eastern lands of Islam and to which present day Persians as well as Turks, Afghans, Central Asian Muslims and the Muslims of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent are heir. It is precisely in this world that the sun of his spiritual legacy has shone most brillianty during the past seven centuries. The father of Jalal al-Din, Muhammad ibn Husayn Khatibi, known as Baha al-Din Walad and entitled Sultan al-'ulama', was an outstanding Sufi in Balkh connected to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra.}}</ref> তেওঁৰ কবিতাই [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|ফাৰ্চী]] সাহিত্যৰ সমান্তৰালকৈ অত্তমান তুৰ্কীছ, চাগাটাই, পাছট’, কুৰ্দিছ, [[উৰ্দু]] আৰু [[বঙালী]] সাহিত্য পৰম্পৰাকো প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছে।<ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Aziz |date=27 August 2015 |title=Nazrul: The rebel and the romantic |work=Daily Sun |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/70741/Nazrul:-The-rebel-and-the-romantic |url-status=dead |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417122146/http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/70741/Nazrul:-The-rebel-and-the-romantic |archive-date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/339651/A-tribute-to-Jalaluddin-Rumi|newspaper=Daily Sun|last=Khan|first= Mahmudur Rahman|date=30 September 2018|title=A tribute to Jalaluddin Rumi}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰাণৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দাৰ্শনিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকি লাভচ ইৰাণ ২০২৬]] t5y7w99c27h5tem02c65qxo3qvvadiy 0 136774 604410 604003 2026-05-04T13:35:13Z হানিফ আলী 19725 /* বিধানসভাৰ সদস্যসকল */ (edited with [[User:ProveIt_GT|ProveIt]]) 604410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian constituency | name = বিৰসিং জৰুৱা | type = SLA | constituency_no = ৯ | map_image = Birsing Jarua Assembly constituency map.svg | map_caption = | state = [[অসম]] | division = [[নামনি অসম]] | loksabha_cons = [[ধুবুৰী (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|ধুবুৰী]] | district = [[ধুবুৰী জিলা|ধুবুৰী]] অসম [[দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ জিলা|দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা মানকাচৰ]] | established = ২০২৩<ref>{{Cite web|title= Birsing-Jarua Assembly Election Results 2026|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/constituency-show/birsing-jarua|access-date=2026-04-02|website=indiatime.com}}</ref> | reservation = নাই | mla = | party = | alliance = | latest_election_year = | electors = }} '''বিৰসিং জৰুৱা বিধানসভা সমষ্টি''' [[উত্তৰ-পূৱ ভাৰত]]ৰ [[অসম]] ৰাজ্যৰ ১২৬ বিধানসভা আসনৰ এখন সমষ্টি। বিৰসিং জৰুৱা [[ধুবুৰী (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ই ২০২৩ চনৰ আগত ২২ নং দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ অংশ আছিল।<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ==বিস্তাৰ== ===২০২৩ চনৰ পিছত=== ইয়াৰ বিস্তৃত এলেকাসমূহ দক্ষিণ শালামা আৰু নস্কৰা জামাদাৰহাট উন্নয়ন খণ্ড আৰু বিলাসীপাৰা, বিৰসিং জৰুৱা আৰু চাপৰ শালকোচা উন্নয়ন খণ্ডৰ অংশ। ==বিধানসভাৰ সদস্যসকল== {| class="wikitable" ! চন ! নিৰ্বাচন ! সদস্য ! colspan=2| দলসমূহ ! পৰা ! লৈ ! সময় |- |২০২৬ |[[২০২৬ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন|প্ৰথম বিধানসভা]] |[[ৱাজেদ আলী চৌধুৰী]] |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |০৪ মে' ২০২৬ |''বৰ্তমান'' |{{Age in years and days|2026|05|04}} |} ''উৎস''<ref name="General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026">{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS039.htm | title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 | publisher=ECINET | accessdate=4 May 2026}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচন ফলাফল == উৎস:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mankachar Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mankachar-assam-assembly-constituency|access-date=2021-06-14|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> === ২০২৬ === {{Election box begin|title= [[২০২৬ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন]]: বিৰসিং জৰুৱা}} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=মাধৱী দাস|party=National Democratic Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[ৱাজেদ আলী চৌধুৰী]]|party=Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=আলী আকবৰ মিঞা|party=All India United Democratic Front |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=ড° ৰেজা আমিন|party=নিৰ্দলীয় |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}} {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}} {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }} {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }} {{Election box end}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[মানকাচৰ]] * [[হাটশিঙিমাৰি]] * [[দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ জিলা]] * [[ধুবুৰী]] * [[অসম বিধানসভাৰ সমষ্টিসমূহৰ তালিকা]] * [[অসম চৰকাৰ]] * [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] ==তথ্যসমূহ== {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টি]] s38j79zgrfi0ln2hw9bnrjwnu8uq7vf 604419 604410 2026-05-04T14:34:17Z হানিফ আলী 19725 /* ২০২৬ */ 604419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian constituency | name = বিৰসিং জৰুৱা | type = SLA | constituency_no = ৯ | map_image = Birsing Jarua Assembly constituency map.svg | map_caption = | state = [[অসম]] | division = [[নামনি অসম]] | loksabha_cons = [[ধুবুৰী (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|ধুবুৰী]] | district = [[ধুবুৰী জিলা|ধুবুৰী]] অসম [[দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ জিলা|দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা মানকাচৰ]] | established = ২০২৩<ref>{{Cite web|title= Birsing-Jarua Assembly Election Results 2026|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/constituency-show/birsing-jarua|access-date=2026-04-02|website=indiatime.com}}</ref> | reservation = নাই | mla = | party = | alliance = | latest_election_year = | electors = }} '''বিৰসিং জৰুৱা বিধানসভা সমষ্টি''' [[উত্তৰ-পূৱ ভাৰত]]ৰ [[অসম]] ৰাজ্যৰ ১২৬ বিধানসভা আসনৰ এখন সমষ্টি। বিৰসিং জৰুৱা [[ধুবুৰী (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ই ২০২৩ চনৰ আগত ২২ নং দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ অংশ আছিল।<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ==বিস্তাৰ== ===২০২৩ চনৰ পিছত=== ইয়াৰ বিস্তৃত এলেকাসমূহ দক্ষিণ শালামা আৰু নস্কৰা জামাদাৰহাট উন্নয়ন খণ্ড আৰু বিলাসীপাৰা, বিৰসিং জৰুৱা আৰু চাপৰ শালকোচা উন্নয়ন খণ্ডৰ অংশ। ==বিধানসভাৰ সদস্যসকল== {| class="wikitable" ! চন ! নিৰ্বাচন ! সদস্য ! colspan=2| দলসমূহ ! পৰা ! লৈ ! সময় |- |২০২৬ |[[২০২৬ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন|প্ৰথম বিধানসভা]] |[[ৱাজেদ আলী চৌধুৰী]] |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |০৪ মে' ২০২৬ |''বৰ্তমান'' |{{Age in years and days|2026|05|04}} |} ''উৎস''<ref name="General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026">{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS039.htm | title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 | publisher=ECINET | accessdate=4 May 2026}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচন ফলাফল == উৎস:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mankachar Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mankachar-assam-assembly-constituency|access-date=2021-06-14|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> === ২০২৬ === {{Election box begin|title= [[২০২৬ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন]]: বিৰসিং জৰুৱা}} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=মাধৱী দাস |party=BJP |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= '''[[ৱাজেদ আলী চৌধুৰী]]''' |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=আলী আকবৰ মিঞা |party=All India United Democratic Front |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=ড° ৰেজা আমিন |party=নিৰ্দলীয় |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=ওপৰৰ কোনো নহয় |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box rejected |votes= |percentage= }} {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }} {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= All India United Democratic Front |swing= }} {{Election box end}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[মানকাচৰ]] * [[হাটশিঙিমাৰি]] * [[দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ জিলা]] * [[ধুবুৰী]] * [[অসম বিধানসভাৰ সমষ্টিসমূহৰ তালিকা]] * [[অসম চৰকাৰ]] * [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] ==তথ্যসমূহ== {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টি]] s6ocv121z4bqy8lgytxj5eowrbgezsu 604510 604419 2026-05-05T02:34:09Z হানিফ আলী 19725 /* ২০২৬ */ vote 604510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian constituency | name = বিৰসিং জৰুৱা | type = SLA | constituency_no = ৯ | map_image = Birsing Jarua Assembly constituency map.svg | map_caption = | state = [[অসম]] | division = [[নামনি অসম]] | loksabha_cons = [[ধুবুৰী (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|ধুবুৰী]] | district = [[ধুবুৰী জিলা|ধুবুৰী]] অসম [[দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ জিলা|দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা মানকাচৰ]] | established = ২০২৩<ref>{{Cite web|title= Birsing-Jarua Assembly Election Results 2026|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/constituency-show/birsing-jarua|access-date=2026-04-02|website=indiatime.com}}</ref> | reservation = নাই | mla = | party = | alliance = | latest_election_year = | electors = }} '''বিৰসিং জৰুৱা বিধানসভা সমষ্টি''' [[উত্তৰ-পূৱ ভাৰত]]ৰ [[অসম]] ৰাজ্যৰ ১২৬ বিধানসভা আসনৰ এখন সমষ্টি। বিৰসিং জৰুৱা [[ধুবুৰী (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ই ২০২৩ চনৰ আগত ২২ নং দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ অংশ আছিল।<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ==বিস্তাৰ== ===২০২৩ চনৰ পিছত=== ইয়াৰ বিস্তৃত এলেকাসমূহ দক্ষিণ শালামা আৰু নস্কৰা জামাদাৰহাট উন্নয়ন খণ্ড আৰু বিলাসীপাৰা, বিৰসিং জৰুৱা আৰু চাপৰ শালকোচা উন্নয়ন খণ্ডৰ অংশ। ==বিধানসভাৰ সদস্যসকল== {| class="wikitable" ! চন ! নিৰ্বাচন ! সদস্য ! colspan=2| দলসমূহ ! পৰা ! লৈ ! সময় |- |২০২৬ |[[২০২৬ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন|প্ৰথম বিধানসভা]] |[[ৱাজেদ আলী চৌধুৰী]] |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |০৪ মে' ২০২৬ |''বৰ্তমান'' |{{Age in years and days|2026|05|04}} |} ''উৎস''<ref name="General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026">{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS039.htm | title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 | publisher=ECINET | accessdate=4 May 2026}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচন ফলাফল == উৎস:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mankachar Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mankachar-assam-assembly-constituency|access-date=2021-06-14|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> === ২০২৬ === {{Election box begin|title= [[২০২৬ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন]]: বিৰসিং জৰুৱা}} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=মাধৱী দাস |party=BJP |votes= ৮,০৮৩ |percentage= ২.৯৫ |change= ''অপ্ৰযোজ্য'' }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= '''[[ৱাজেদ আলী চৌধুৰী]]''' |party=Indian National Congress |votes= '''১,১৩,৯০১''' |percentage= ৪১.৫৩ |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=আলী আকবৰ মিঞা |party=All India United Democratic Front |votes= ৭৮,০১৬ |percentage= ২৮.৭৫ |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=ড° ৰেজা আমিন |party=নিৰ্দলীয় |votes= ৬৮,৫৫৬ |percentage= ২৫ |change= ''অপ্ৰযোজ্য'' }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= অন্যান্য |party=Others |votes= |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=ওপৰৰ কোনো নহয় |party=None of the above |votes= ২,২২৫ |percentage= ০.৮১ |change= }} {{Election box margin of victory |votes= ৩৫,৮৮৫ |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box turnout |votes= ২,৭৪,২৬৩ |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box rejected |votes= |percentage= }} {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }} {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= All India United Democratic Front |swing= }} {{Election box end}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[মানকাচৰ]] * [[হাটশিঙিমাৰি]] * [[দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ জিলা]] * [[ধুবুৰী]] * [[অসম বিধানসভাৰ সমষ্টিসমূহৰ তালিকা]] * [[অসম চৰকাৰ]] * [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] ==তথ্যসমূহ== {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টি]] 1sdmw4p22movk8f0u5nwx4s488x21sd 0 136780 604529 604091 2026-05-05T05:15:36Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 604529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Iraqdust2005220.jpg|thumb|right|275px|ইৰাকৰ ওপৰেৰে বলা শ্বামাল]] '''শ্বামাল''' ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ ওপৰেৰে (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বৈ যোৱা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ পৰা বলা বতাহ, দিনৰ ভাগত প্ৰায়ে প্ৰবল, কিন্তু ৰাতি তীব্ৰতা হ্ৰাস পায়।<ref name=Farouk>{{Cite book |title= The Gulf War and the Environment |author= El-Baz, Farouk |author2=R.M. Makharita |isbn=978-2-88449-100-6 |pages=31–54, 178 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2cmmgwUJH98C&pg=PA31 |accessdate=2009-06-03 |editor= Gordon and Breach Publishers |year= 1994 |publisher= Taylor & Francis }}</ref> এই বতৰৰ প্ৰভাৱ বছৰত এবাৰ বা কেইবাবাৰো হয়, বেছিভাগেই গ্ৰীষ্মকালত হয়, কিন্তু কেতিয়াবা শীতকালতো হোৱা দেখা যায়।<ref name=Farouk/> এই বতাহৰ ফলত সাধাৰণতে বৃহৎ বালিৰ ধুমুহাৰ সৃষ্টি হয় যিয়ে ইৰাকক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে, এই বতাহৰ বেছিভাগ বালি জৰ্ডান আৰু ছিৰিয়াৰপৰা উৰুৱাই অনা হয়। ==ছিনপ্টিক অৱস্থা== ===গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন শ্বামাল=== যেতিয়া প্ৰবল শীতল অৱস্থাৰ সৈতে এটা ধুমুহা ইৰাণৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰেৰে পাৰ হৈ যায়, তুলনামূলকভাৱে শীতল বতাহৰ অগ্ৰগামী ঢৌৱে ধূলি আৰু বালিক ওপৰলৈ ঠেলি দিয়ে। তথাপি এই সময়ছোৱাত সৰ্বোচ্চ উষ্ণতা গড়ে ১০৫ °F (৪১ °C)তকৈ অধিক।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ggweather.com/archive/weacornerapr08.htm |department=Weather Corner |title=Desert wind pattern in Iraq to shift in next two months |website=ggweather.com |access-date=2006-12-09 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===শীতকালীন শ্বামাল=== ইৰাকত, য’ত শীতকালীন ধুমুহাই ভূ-খণ্ডলৈ প্ৰচণ্ড বৰফ আনিব পাৰে, তাত ধূলিৰ তৰপ এটা বৰফৰ খণ্ডৰ ওপৰত ৰৈ যাব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web |website=NASA Earth Observatory |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=12690 |department=Natural Hazards >> Dust & Smoke |title=Shamal winds drive Middle East dust storm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028130621/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=12690 |archive-date=2008-10-28 |access-date=2006-12-09 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |archivedate=2008-10-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028130621/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=12690 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> শীতকালীন শ্বামাল ঠাণ্ডা ফ্ৰণ্ট পাৰ হোৱাৰ পিছত উপদ্বীপৰ ওপৰৰ উচ্চ চাপযুক্ত অঞ্চলত শক্তিশালী হৈ পৰে আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰৰ পূব অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰত নিম্ন চাপযুক্ত অঞ্চলত গভীৰ ট্ৰাফত নিজকে বজাই ৰাখে।<ref name=Farouk/> ইয়াৰ ফলত পাৰস্য উপসাগৰৰ ওপৰেৰে পাঁচ দিন পৰ্যন্ত উত্তৰ দিশৰপৰা প্ৰবল বতাহ বলি থাকে। শীতলতাৰ লগত ইহঁতৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছে। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যৰ আশে-পাশে থকা ঠাইবোৰত শীতকালীন এই বতাহ, লভান দ্বীপ, হালুল দ্বীপ আৰু ৰাছ ৰাকানৰ ওচৰত দেখা পোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি। শীতকালত ২৪–৩৬ ঘণ্টালৈকে ইহঁত থাকে আৰু ডিচেম্বৰ–ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত প্ৰতিমাহে দুবাৰৰপৰা তিনিবাৰলৈকে দেখা দিয়ে। শীতকালত এবাৰ বা দুবাৰহে তিনিৰপৰা পাঁচ দিনীয়া এটা স্থায়ী পৰিঘটনা ঘটে আৰু ইয়াৰ লগে লগে অতি তীব্ৰ বতাহ আৰু সাগৰ থাকে।<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United States Navy |department=[[Naval Research Laboratory|NRL]]–[[Monterey, California|Monterey]] |url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/WinterShamal/Winter%20Shamal%20in%20the%20Persian%20Gulf%20Appendix%20C.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611202525/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/WinterShamal/Winter%20Shamal%20in%20the%20Persian%20Gulf%20Appendix%20C.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |title=Appendix&nbsp;C: Wind climatology of the Winter Shamal |access-date=2006-12-09 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=2011-06-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611202525/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/WinterShamal/Winter%20Shamal%20in%20the%20Persian%20Gulf%20Appendix%20C.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==প্ৰভাৱ== সাধাৰণতে শ্বামাল তিনিৰপৰা পাঁচ দিনলৈকে থাকে। ধূলি আৰু বালিৰ ধুমুহা কেইবা হাজাৰ ফুট গভীৰ। বতাহৰ গতিবেগ ঘণ্টাত ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ (ঘণ্টাত ৪৩ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হ’ব পাৰে। এনে ঘটনাই স্বাস্থ্য আৰু পৰিবহণত প্ৰভাৱ পেলাব পাৰে, কাৰণ দৃশ্যমানতা সীমিত হৈ পৰে, আৰু কিছুমান বিমান বাতিল হয়। বালিৰ ঢিপবোৰ পথত জমা হয় আৰু আঁতৰাবলৈ যথেষ্ট কষ্টৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। কিছুমান আন্তঃগাঁথনি, যেনে ৰাস্তাৰ চিন, শ্বামালৰ ফলত ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ==উদাহৰণ== ওমানৰ জীৱাশ্ম প্ৰবালৰ ওপৰত হোকাইডো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে কৰা এক অধ্যয়নে প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে যে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২২০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে শীতকালীন শ্বামাল ঋতু দীঘলীয়া হোৱাৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চিত পথাৰসমূহৰ লৱণাক্ত হৈ পৰিছিল; সেয়েহে শস্য উৎপাদনৰ নাটকীয়ভাৱে হ্ৰাস পাই ব্যাপক দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ সূচনা কৰে আৰু শেষত প্ৰাচীন আক্কাদিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পতন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watanabe |first1=Takaaki K. |last2=Watanabe |first2=Tsuyoshi |last3=Yamazaki |first3=Atsuko |last4=Pfeiffer |first4=Miriam |title=Oman corals suggest that a stronger winter shamal season caused the Akkadian Empire (Mesopotamia) collapse |journal=Geology |publisher=GeoScienceWorld |year=2019 |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=1141–1145 |doi=10.1130/G46604.1|bibcode=2019Geo....47.1141W |s2cid=204781389 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp/blog/strong-winter-dust-storms-may-have-caused-the-collapse-of-the-akkadian-empire/ |title=Strong winter dust storms may have caused the collapse of the Akkadian Empire |website=Hokkaido University |date=24 October 2019}}</ref> কিছুমান অনুসন্ধানত এইটোও কোৱা হৈছে যে গ্ৰীষ্মকালত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ ওপৰত সৃষ্টি হোৱা ধূলিৰ ধুমুহাই আঞ্চলিক পৰিসঞ্চালনৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য সলনি কৰিব পাৰে, আনকি ভাৰতৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণকো প্ৰভাবিত কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vinoj |first1=V. |last2=Rasch |first2=Philip J. |last3=Wang |first3=Hailong |last4=Yoon |first4=Jin-Ho |last5=Ma |first5=Po-Lun |last6=Landu |first6=Kiranmayi |last7=Singh |first7=Balwinder |title=Short-term modulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by West Asian dust |publisher=Nature Geoscience |year=2014 |volume=7 |page= |pages=308–313}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনৰ ৮ আগষ্টত এটা শ্বামালৰ ফলত হোৱা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য ধুমুহাই বাগদাদক বালিৰে আৱৰি ধৰে, যাৰ ফলত প্ৰায় সকলো দোকান আৰু ৰাজহুৱা কাৰ্যকলাপ বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। এই ধুমুহাই বাগদাদৰ ইয়াৰমুক হাস্পতালকো আগুৰি ধৰে, য'ত শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধাগ্ৰস্ত হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক লোকৰ চিকিৎসা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |website=NASA Earth Observatory |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16997 |title=New Images: Iraq Dust Storm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010223211/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov///Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16997 |archive-date=2006-10-10 |access-date=2006-12-09 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |archivedate=2006-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010223211/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov///Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16997 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০০৮ চনৰ ১–৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীৰপৰা আৰব সাগৰৰ ওপৰেৰে প্ৰৱাহিত হোৱা এটা শ্বামাল বতাহৰ সৈতে এক বৃহৎ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা জড়িত হৈ পৰিছিল। ধূলিৰ ধুমুহাৰ আগৰ প্ৰান্তটো অনুমাণিক ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ প্ৰতি ঘণ্টাত গতি কৰিছিল আৰু এটা সময়ত ছোমালিয়াৰ মুকদিশ্বোৰপৰা ভাৰতৰ মুম্বাইলৈকে বিস্তৃত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Arabian Sea dust storm AVHRR images |website=Amato Evan website |url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/clavr/amato/Amato_T_Evan/Arabian_0208.html }}</ref> এই ধুমুহাৰ ধূলিয়ে ক্ৰীড়া সংবাদ মাধ্যমত গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰিছিল যেতিয়া ই টাইগাৰ উডছে খেলি থকা ডুবাই ডেজাৰ্ট ক্লাছিক গলফ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত বিয়পি পৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Tiger Woods battles sand storm to lead at Dubai Desert Classic |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601079&sid=adlQcWNi8aZw&refer=home |website=bloomberg.com}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ মে’ মাহত বাগদাদ, আল আনবাৰ আৰু নাজাফ গভৰ্ণৰেটত এজন লোকৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ লগতে ৫ হাজাৰ লোকক উশাহ-নিশাহৰ সমস্যাত ভৰ্তি কৰা হৈছিল,শ্বামাল বলাৰ বাবে সেই অঞ্চলসমূহৰ আকাশ কমলাবুলীয়া হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-61335124 |title=Iraq dust storm leaves 5,000 people needing treatment |website=BBC |date=5 May 2022 }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] dg8t4juqltqlyrjjtvzro65vljwp69x 0 136786 604401 604400 2026-05-04T12:07:14Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 604401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = West Asia | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Druze|Druzism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == "Western Asia" was in use as a geographical term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> before "[[Near East]]" became current as a geopolitical concept. For example, [[William Ouseley]] used the phrase in 1795 in ''Persian Miscellanies'' to refer to a region including Syria, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Persia.<ref name="Ouseley"/> In the context of the history of [[classical antiquity]], "Western Asia" could mean the part of Asia known in classical antiquity, as opposed to the reaches of "interior Asia", i.e. [[Scythia]], and "Eastern Asia" the easternmost reaches of geographical knowledge in classical authors, i.e. [[Transoxania]] and [[Indus valley|India]].<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> In the 20th century, "Western Asia" was used to denote a rough geographical era in the fields of [[archaeology]] and [[ancient history]], especially as a shorthand for "the [[Fertile Crescent]], excluding [[Ancient Egypt]]" for the purposes of comparing the early civilizations of Egypt and the former.<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> Use of the term in the context of contemporary [[geopolitics]] or [[world economy]] appears to date from at least the mid-1960s.<ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। To the northwest and north, the region is delimited from [[Europe]] by the [[Turkish Straits]] and drainage divide of the [[Greater Caucasus]], to the southwest, it is delimited from [[Africa]] by the [[Isthmus of Suez]], while to the northeast and east, the region adjoins [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. The region is located east of [[Southern Europe]] and south of [[Eastern Europe]]. The [[Dasht-e Kavir]] and [[Lut Desert|Dasht-e Lut]] deserts in eastern [[Iran]] naturally delimit the region from [[Balochistan]] and South Asia. ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== Three major [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]] converge on West Asia, including the [[African Plate|African]], [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]], and [[Arabian Plate|Arabian]] plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Ridge]], extending across [[North Africa]], the [[Red Sea]], and into Iran.<ref name="beaumont-pg22">Beaumont (1988), p. 22</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the [[Anatolian Plate|Anatolian plate]] (Turkey) at the [[East Anatolian Fault]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> and the boundary between the [[Aegean Sea Plate|Aegean]] and Anatolian plate in eastern [[Turkey]] is also [[seismic]]ally active.<ref name="beaumont-pg22"/> ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Cedar Forest]] in winter]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of West Asia]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == The [[economy]] of West Asia is diverse and the region experiences high economic growth. Turkey has the largest economy in the region, followed by [[Saudi Arabia]] and Iran. [[Petroleum]] is the major [[Petroleum industry|industry]] in the regional economy, as more than half of the world's [[oil reserves]] and around 40 percent of the world's [[natural gas]] [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|reserves]] are located in the region. == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] bmmwxn27ydt7gzni3gcllzzlhxipu44 604413 604401 2026-05-04T14:02:07Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 604413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Druze|Druzism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == "Western Asia" was in use as a geographical term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> before "[[Near East]]" became current as a geopolitical concept. For example, [[William Ouseley]] used the phrase in 1795 in ''Persian Miscellanies'' to refer to a region including Syria, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Persia.<ref name="Ouseley"/> In the context of the history of [[classical antiquity]], "Western Asia" could mean the part of Asia known in classical antiquity, as opposed to the reaches of "interior Asia", i.e. [[Scythia]], and "Eastern Asia" the easternmost reaches of geographical knowledge in classical authors, i.e. [[Transoxania]] and [[Indus valley|India]].<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> In the 20th century, "Western Asia" was used to denote a rough geographical era in the fields of [[archaeology]] and [[ancient history]], especially as a shorthand for "the [[Fertile Crescent]], excluding [[Ancient Egypt]]" for the purposes of comparing the early civilizations of Egypt and the former.<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> Use of the term in the context of contemporary [[geopolitics]] or [[world economy]] appears to date from at least the mid-1960s.<ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। To the northwest and north, the region is delimited from [[Europe]] by the [[Turkish Straits]] and drainage divide of the [[Greater Caucasus]], to the southwest, it is delimited from [[Africa]] by the [[Isthmus of Suez]], while to the northeast and east, the region adjoins [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. The region is located east of [[Southern Europe]] and south of [[Eastern Europe]]. The [[Dasht-e Kavir]] and [[Lut Desert|Dasht-e Lut]] deserts in eastern [[Iran]] naturally delimit the region from [[Balochistan]] and South Asia. ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== Three major [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]] converge on West Asia, including the [[African Plate|African]], [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]], and [[Arabian Plate|Arabian]] plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Ridge]], extending across [[North Africa]], the [[Red Sea]], and into Iran.<ref name="beaumont-pg22">Beaumont (1988), p. 22</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the [[Anatolian Plate|Anatolian plate]] (Turkey) at the [[East Anatolian Fault]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> and the boundary between the [[Aegean Sea Plate|Aegean]] and Anatolian plate in eastern [[Turkey]] is also [[seismic]]ally active.<ref name="beaumont-pg22"/> ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Cedar Forest]] in winter]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of West Asia]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == The [[economy]] of West Asia is diverse and the region experiences high economic growth. Turkey has the largest economy in the region, followed by [[Saudi Arabia]] and Iran. [[Petroleum]] is the major [[Petroleum industry|industry]] in the regional economy, as more than half of the world's [[oil reserves]] and around 40 percent of the world's [[natural gas]] [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|reserves]] are located in the region. == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] mx687044q2mg7gej1g00bdgjckllgr4 604414 604413 2026-05-04T14:05:39Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* অৰ্থনীতি */ 604414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Druze|Druzism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == "Western Asia" was in use as a geographical term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> before "[[Near East]]" became current as a geopolitical concept. For example, [[William Ouseley]] used the phrase in 1795 in ''Persian Miscellanies'' to refer to a region including Syria, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Persia.<ref name="Ouseley"/> In the context of the history of [[classical antiquity]], "Western Asia" could mean the part of Asia known in classical antiquity, as opposed to the reaches of "interior Asia", i.e. [[Scythia]], and "Eastern Asia" the easternmost reaches of geographical knowledge in classical authors, i.e. [[Transoxania]] and [[Indus valley|India]].<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> In the 20th century, "Western Asia" was used to denote a rough geographical era in the fields of [[archaeology]] and [[ancient history]], especially as a shorthand for "the [[Fertile Crescent]], excluding [[Ancient Egypt]]" for the purposes of comparing the early civilizations of Egypt and the former.<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> Use of the term in the context of contemporary [[geopolitics]] or [[world economy]] appears to date from at least the mid-1960s.<ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। To the northwest and north, the region is delimited from [[Europe]] by the [[Turkish Straits]] and drainage divide of the [[Greater Caucasus]], to the southwest, it is delimited from [[Africa]] by the [[Isthmus of Suez]], while to the northeast and east, the region adjoins [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. The region is located east of [[Southern Europe]] and south of [[Eastern Europe]]. The [[Dasht-e Kavir]] and [[Lut Desert|Dasht-e Lut]] deserts in eastern [[Iran]] naturally delimit the region from [[Balochistan]] and South Asia. ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== Three major [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]] converge on West Asia, including the [[African Plate|African]], [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]], and [[Arabian Plate|Arabian]] plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Ridge]], extending across [[North Africa]], the [[Red Sea]], and into Iran.<ref name="beaumont-pg22">Beaumont (1988), p. 22</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the [[Anatolian Plate|Anatolian plate]] (Turkey) at the [[East Anatolian Fault]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> and the boundary between the [[Aegean Sea Plate|Aegean]] and Anatolian plate in eastern [[Turkey]] is also [[seismic]]ally active.<ref name="beaumont-pg22"/> ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Cedar Forest]] in winter]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of West Asia]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] bsn1qmcwfyzmciuv5cox0xnasby3v6m 604415 604414 2026-05-04T14:08:41Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ */ 604415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Druze|Druzism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == "Western Asia" was in use as a geographical term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> before "[[Near East]]" became current as a geopolitical concept. For example, [[William Ouseley]] used the phrase in 1795 in ''Persian Miscellanies'' to refer to a region including Syria, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Persia.<ref name="Ouseley"/> In the context of the history of [[classical antiquity]], "Western Asia" could mean the part of Asia known in classical antiquity, as opposed to the reaches of "interior Asia", i.e. [[Scythia]], and "Eastern Asia" the easternmost reaches of geographical knowledge in classical authors, i.e. [[Transoxania]] and [[Indus valley|India]].<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> In the 20th century, "Western Asia" was used to denote a rough geographical era in the fields of [[archaeology]] and [[ancient history]], especially as a shorthand for "the [[Fertile Crescent]], excluding [[Ancient Egypt]]" for the purposes of comparing the early civilizations of Egypt and the former.<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> Use of the term in the context of contemporary [[geopolitics]] or [[world economy]] appears to date from at least the mid-1960s.<ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== Three major [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]] converge on West Asia, including the [[African Plate|African]], [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]], and [[Arabian Plate|Arabian]] plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Ridge]], extending across [[North Africa]], the [[Red Sea]], and into Iran.<ref name="beaumont-pg22">Beaumont (1988), p. 22</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the [[Anatolian Plate|Anatolian plate]] (Turkey) at the [[East Anatolian Fault]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> and the boundary between the [[Aegean Sea Plate|Aegean]] and Anatolian plate in eastern [[Turkey]] is also [[seismic]]ally active.<ref name="beaumont-pg22"/> ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Cedar Forest]] in winter]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of West Asia]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 76w7wt2117i4kepgtyh1tdghdan829c 604416 604415 2026-05-04T14:16:36Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ইতিহাস */ 604416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Druze|Druzism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বহল ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== Three major [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]] converge on West Asia, including the [[African Plate|African]], [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]], and [[Arabian Plate|Arabian]] plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Ridge]], extending across [[North Africa]], the [[Red Sea]], and into Iran.<ref name="beaumont-pg22">Beaumont (1988), p. 22</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the [[Anatolian Plate|Anatolian plate]] (Turkey) at the [[East Anatolian Fault]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> and the boundary between the [[Aegean Sea Plate|Aegean]] and Anatolian plate in eastern [[Turkey]] is also [[seismic]]ally active.<ref name="beaumont-pg22"/> ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Cedar Forest]] in winter]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of West Asia]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 6huwbxxrs9z7m1byjsyx1ih1qzqt8ka 604417 604416 2026-05-04T14:17:39Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ইতিহাস */ 604417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Druze|Druzism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== Three major [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]] converge on West Asia, including the [[African Plate|African]], [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]], and [[Arabian Plate|Arabian]] plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Ridge]], extending across [[North Africa]], the [[Red Sea]], and into Iran.<ref name="beaumont-pg22">Beaumont (1988), p. 22</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the [[Anatolian Plate|Anatolian plate]] (Turkey) at the [[East Anatolian Fault]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> and the boundary between the [[Aegean Sea Plate|Aegean]] and Anatolian plate in eastern [[Turkey]] is also [[seismic]]ally active.<ref name="beaumont-pg22"/> ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Cedar Forest]] in winter]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of West Asia]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] jw1km6rgeh9ne3ntuxs7rf80cvlzx0w 604448 604417 2026-05-04T17:01:41Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 604448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Druze|Druzism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== Three major [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]] converge on West Asia, including the [[African Plate|African]], [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]], and [[Arabian Plate|Arabian]] plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Ridge]], extending across [[North Africa]], the [[Red Sea]], and into Iran.<ref name="beaumont-pg22">Beaumont (1988), p. 22</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the [[Anatolian Plate|Anatolian plate]] (Turkey) at the [[East Anatolian Fault]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> and the boundary between the [[Aegean Sea Plate|Aegean]] and Anatolian plate in eastern [[Turkey]] is also [[seismic]]ally active.<ref name="beaumont-pg22"/> ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Cedar Forest]] in winter]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of West Asia]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] qa84f7gujpfvgctbgyvdbaae4njbk6h 604454 604448 2026-05-04T17:21:22Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 604454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Cedar Forest]] in winter]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of West Asia]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] d5vak1jmlht7cwvgupc7zh9087gghil 604460 604454 2026-05-04T17:28:26Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* জলবায়ু */ 604460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == The term ''West Asia'' is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally accepted definition. Its typical definitions overlap substantially, but not entirely, with definitions of the terms [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]], and [[Near East]] (which is historically familiar but widely deprecated today).<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> The ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Style Manual'' as well as [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]'s ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' (2003) by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) include only Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |title=West Asia |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531235607/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/W/west-asia |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |year=2004 |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |series=Development Centre Studies |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |publication-date=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |lccn=2004371607 |oclc=53465560 |title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}</ref> By contrast, the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |author-link=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |year=2005 |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |page=14 |isbn= 9781784715502}}</ref> Unlike the UNIDO, the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) excludes Iran from West Asia (included as South Asia) and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> In the United Nations geopolitical [[United Nations Regional Groups|Eastern European Group]], Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]] (UNESCO). National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Olympic Council of Asia]]'s multi-sport event [[West Asian Games]] are contested by athletes representing these 13 countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the [[West Asia Basketball Association]], [[West Asian Billiards & Snooker Federation|West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation]], [[West Asian Football Federation]], and the [[West Asian Tennis Federation]]. == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] t219w7pne7phvrs1nvsg46p8gy2ihm5 604475 604460 2026-05-04T17:48:19Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* সংজ্ঞা */ 604475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল বাহৰেইন, ইৰাণ, ইৰাক, ইজৰাইল, জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, লেবানন, ওমান, কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), চৌদি আৰব, ছিৰিয়া, তুৰস্ক, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাটহী আৰু য়েমেন হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিবেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু আজাৰবাইজানক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল (‘অন্য’ হিচাপে) আৰু তুৰস্ক (‘ইউৰোপ’ হিচাপে) বাদ দিছিল। [8] ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ পৰা বাদ দিছে (ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে) আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, ইৰাণ, ইৰাক, জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, লেবানন, ছিৰিয়া, ওমান, পেলেষ্টাইন, কাটাৰ, চৌদি আৰব, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেন। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] sm5xg2zztf45wpq77myg65mjynvmox0 604477 604475 2026-05-04T17:53:50Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* সংজ্ঞা */ 604477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল বাহৰেইন, ইৰাণ, ইৰাক, ইজৰাইল, জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, লেবানন, ওমান, কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), চৌদি আৰব, ছিৰিয়া, তুৰস্ক, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাটহী আৰু য়েমেন হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিবেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু আজাৰবাইজানক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ পৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 82xattal0hmram2hdwnwjofmzq3fb7e 604478 604477 2026-05-04T17:57:16Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* সংজ্ঞা */ 604478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিবেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ পৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। ==== জলসম্পদ ==== Several major [[aquifer]]s provide [[water]] to large portions of West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Triassic]] origins are located beneath the [[Jabal Tuwayq]] mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.<ref name="beaumont-86">Beaumont (1988), p. 86</ref> [[Cretaceous]] and [[Eocene]]-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both [[fresh water]] and [[saline water]].<ref name="beaumont-86"/> Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for [[irrigation]], covering nearly {{cvt|90,000|km2}} across West Asia for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/en/|title=Land & Water|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Also, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers contribute very well. === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] lvsw9r4puscn9opf6qzdlspvs8nh06w 604480 604478 2026-05-04T18:03:19Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* জলসম্পদ */ 604480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিবেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ পৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] West Asia is primarily [[arid climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid]], and can be subject to [[drought]], but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of [[grassland]]s, [[rangeland]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[mountains]]. [[Water shortage]]s are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing [[Population (human biology)|population]]s increasing demands for water, while [[salinity|salinization]] and [[pollution]] threaten water supplies.<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major rivers, including the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]], provide sources for [[irrigation]] water to support [[agriculture]]. There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] ca5cp3g1wfvn2c39dlwlhaheknkwv1r 604482 604480 2026-05-04T18:06:54Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* জলবায়ু */ 604482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিবেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ পৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যাই পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ পানীৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] k2k5pu7sifyr0e3vjjtjokerzdhyuur 604483 604482 2026-05-04T18:07:40Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* জলবায়ু */ 604483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিবেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ পৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যাই পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] i1rviz3bvh8bvoh9qoo80e5g6cy3ndv 604484 604483 2026-05-04T18:16:50Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* জলবায়ু */ 604484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিবেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ পৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যাই পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। There are two wind phenomena in West Asia: the ''sharqi'' and the ''[[shamal (wind)|shamal]]''. The ''sharqi'' (or ''sharki'') is a [[wind]] that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The ''shamal'' is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰ পৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে।ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্রীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] iaop7v0opaj8czvsmddhhfvf6uinvps 604485 604484 2026-05-04T18:18:22Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* জলবায়ু */ 604485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম , য়াৰছানিজম , ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম , [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপিও পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটিকালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত ।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিবেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ পৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;" |- style="background:#ececec;" !scope="col"| [[Country]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) !scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) !scope="col"| [[Currency]] !scope="col"| [[Government]] !scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- !scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right;" | 783,562 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right;" | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 780 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 17,820 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right;" | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 212,460 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 11,437 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right;" | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82,880 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right;" | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 527,970 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right;" | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 8,660 | style="text-align:right;" | 242,862 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 29,800 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 86,600 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 69,700 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,900 | style="text-align:right;" | 53,532 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 438,317 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right;" | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 20,770 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right;" | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 92,300 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right;" | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 10,452 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right;" | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 6,220 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right;" | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right;" | 185,180 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right;" | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right;" | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right;" | 254 | style="text-align:right;" | 15,700 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 9,250 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right;" | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right;" | 3,355 | style="text-align:right;" | 313,626 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- !scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right;" | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰ পৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰনালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰ দ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যাই পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰ পৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে।ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্রীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰে পৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰ পৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰ পৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেন্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেন্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পবিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 7d3aw8xw8nk3d0zeac63xuq2scjxmh8 604486 604485 2026-05-04T18:18:42Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 604486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[Country]] ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[Currency]] ! scope="col"| [[Government]] ! scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুইপ্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === West Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The [[Anatolian Plateau]] is sandwiched between the [[Pontus Mountains]] and [[Taurus Mountains]] in [[Turkey]]. [[Mount Ararat]] in Turkey rises to {{convert|5,137|meters|abbr=on}}. The [[Zagros Mountains]] are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two [[drainage basin]]s. The northern basin is [[Dasht-e Kavir]] (Great Salt Desert), and [[Dasht-e-Lut]] is the southern basin. In [[Yemen]], elevations exceed {{convert|3,700|meters|abbr=on}} in many areas, and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] areas extend north along the [[Red Sea]] coast and north into [[Lebanon]]. A [[Geologic fault|fault]] zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental [[rifting]] creating [[Trough (geology)|trough]]-like [[topography]] with areas located well below [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dead Sea]], located on the border between the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]], and [[Jordan]], is situated at {{convert|418|meters|abbr=on}} below sea level, making it the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest point]] on the surface of the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 9u6sjoz5w47racnsqz761pg173g4xon 604487 604486 2026-05-04T18:35:11Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি */ 604487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[Country]] ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[Currency]] ! scope="col"| [[Government]] ! scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুইপ্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Rub' al Khali]], one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Yemen. [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel al Akhdar]] is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]]. == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] jq64sheh633xlrxgt4sqkkho075j6fw 604488 604487 2026-05-04T18:37:44Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি */ 604488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইজিপ্তৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য এছিয়া, আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[Country]] ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[Currency]] ! scope="col"| [[Government]] ! scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুইপ্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 13jwv9c3numxharufc9h8xzhjf72a8j 604519 604488 2026-05-05T04:00:44Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 604519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[Country]] ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|Population]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population density|Density]]<br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[Currency]] ! scope="col"| [[Government]] ! scope="col"| [[Official language]]s |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | [[Ankara]] | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | [[Bahraini dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | [[Omani rial]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুইপ্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 5asd1p0qdilyfzlr1xmj0ty0p4ebdd2 604520 604519 2026-05-05T04:12:20Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুইপ্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] respectively are the predominant religions.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] t2iwglcvxxxvqcxyolss46ppuue0i4u 604521 604520 2026-05-05T04:15:25Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ধৰ্ম */ 604521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুইপ্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> Eastern Orthodoxy is also the majority religion in [[Cyprus]]. There are still large ancient communities of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] (such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]] and [[Arab Christians]]) in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hristiyan.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Syria]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[Christianity in Israel|Israel]] and [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]] numbering more than 3 million in West Asia.<ref name="Global Christianity" /> There are also large populations of expatriate workers which include sizeable Christian communities living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] numbering more than 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC News – Guide: Christians in the Middle East|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529|access-date=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christian communities]] have [[Role of Christianity in civilization|played a vital role]] in West Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] ttua11q57dv9hnu1leuq4oby501dm9w 604524 604521 2026-05-05T04:32:09Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ধৰ্ম */ 604524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুইপ্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত খ্ৰীষ্টান সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ়নত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে লেবানন,<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> জৰ্ডান, ইজৰাইল আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 04t5z2ckg14n6npohf48qemscqyvzc4 604525 604524 2026-05-05T04:32:49Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ধৰ্ম */ 604525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুইপ্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত খ্ৰীষ্টান সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে লেবানন,<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> জৰ্ডান, ইজৰাইল আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] mx8bgcghq6hxqt3c745emcd4ek97ewo 604526 604525 2026-05-05T04:35:11Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* জলবায়ু */ 604526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত খ্ৰীষ্টান সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে লেবানন,<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> জৰ্ডান, ইজৰাইল আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] t6htk5kxtu8wwjxv4vld8on34vcge6a 604527 604526 2026-05-05T04:36:21Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ধৰ্ম */ 604527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। [[Judaism]] is the predominant religion in [[Israel]], and there are small ancient Jewish communities in West Asia such as in [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] (14,300),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (9,100),<ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Persian Jews#Iran|Iran]] (8,756).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |title=Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=28 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014 |quote=A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102713/http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-woman-brutally-murdered-in-iran-over-property-dispute/#ixzz3Ac6duaqw |archive-date=19 August 2014}} See</ref> ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] k6jitygtapqx48zyr4bkv4iurfy1p34 604536 604527 2026-05-05T06:28:54Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ধৰ্ম */ 604536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == The population of West Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus). This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a [[doubling time]] of 50 years), well above the [[world population estimates|world average]] of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years). The population of West Asia is estimated at 4% of [[world population]], up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> The most populous countries in the region are [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], each with around 79 million people, followed by [[Iraq]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] with around 33 million people each, and [[Yemen]] with around 29 million people. Numerically, West Asia is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and the dominating languages are correspondingly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani Language|Azerbaijani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Armenian Language|Armenian]] and [[Neo-Aramaic]]. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab]] and [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Anatolia, although [[Hebrew]] became the dominant language in [[Israel]] in the second half of the 20th century, and [[Neo-Aramaic]] (spoken by modern [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]] and [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]]) and [[Greek language|Greek]] both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages. Significant native minorities include, in alphabetical order: [[Modern Arameans|Arameans]], [[Modern Assyrians|Assyrians]],{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} [[Druze]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> [[Jews]], [[Lurs]], [[Mandeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Shabaks]] and [[Yezidis]]. === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] oo77effz9qbj13olg8u2gnshq2vu5wg 604541 604536 2026-05-05T07:34:39Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* জনগাঁথনি */ 604541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | $192.402 billion | $104,756 | [[Qatari riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] jjptoix5b1ydq2knj1kf1tafwv7xbkf 604542 604541 2026-05-05T07:40:48Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | নিৰপেক্ষ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | ১৯২.৪০২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০৪,৭৫৬ ডলাৰ | কাটাৰৰ ৰিয়াল | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | [[Riyadh]] | $733.956 billion | $25,139 | [[Saudi riyal]] | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] lo7i8ye21gr15da4ox44p79a8o51dy2 604543 604542 2026-05-05T07:44:03Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | ১৯২.৪০২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০৪,৭৫৬ ডলাৰ | কাটাৰৰ ৰিয়াল | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | ৰীয়াধ | ৭৩৩.৯৫৬ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৫,১৩৯ ডলাৰ | চৌদি ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | $9.950 billion | $3,033 | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] ccgjl0b79o2or90h3s77b66ui2ek773 604544 604543 2026-05-05T07:46:01Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | 783,562 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | 94.1 | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | ১৯২.৪০২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০৪,৭৫৬ ডলাৰ | কাটাৰৰ ৰিয়াল | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | ৰীয়াধ | ৭৩৩.৯৫৬ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৫,১৩৯ ডলাৰ | চৌদি ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | ৯.৯৫০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ |৩,০৩৩ ডলাৰ | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] 2kausqk34j7tqutygzbhotna2m3s10h 604545 604544 2026-05-05T07:48:10Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮৩,৫৬২ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯৪.১ | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 780 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,646.1 | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 17,820 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | 167.5 | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 212,460 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9.2 | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | ১৯২.৪০২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০৪,৭৫৬ ডলাৰ | কাটাৰৰ ৰিয়াল | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | ৰীয়াধ | ৭৩৩.৯৫৬ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৫,১৩৯ ডলাৰ | চৌদি ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | ৯.৯৫০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ |৩,০৩৩ ডলাৰ | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] gbakezt30qdovhypag6j726aslnxysl 604579 604545 2026-05-05T11:23:53Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮৩,৫৬২ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯৪.১ | আংকাৰা | $788.042 billion | $10,523 | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১,৬৪৬.১ | [[Manama]] | $30.355 billion | $26,368 | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১৭,৮২০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১৬৭.৫ | [[Kuwait City]] | $184.540 billion | $48,761 | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | ২১২,৪৬০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯.২ | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | ১৯২.৪০২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০৪,৭৫৬ ডলাৰ | কাটাৰৰ ৰিয়াল | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | ৰীয়াধ | ৭৩৩.৯৫৬ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৫,১৩৯ ডলাৰ | চৌদি ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | ৯.৯৫০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ |৩,০৩৩ ডলাৰ | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] lzf8ra2jf73herlizi5929bdepjky03 604580 604579 2026-05-05T11:27:19Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮৩,৫৬২ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯৪.১ | আংকাৰা | ৭৮৮.০৪২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০,৫২৩ ডলাৰ | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১,৬৪৬.১ | মনমা | ৩০.৩৫৫ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৬,৩৬৮ ডলাৰ | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১৭,৮২০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১৬৭.৫ | কুৱেইট চহৰ | ১৮৪.৫৪০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ৪৮,৭৬১ ডলাৰ | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | ২১২,৪৬০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯.২ | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 11,437 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | ১৯২.৪০২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০৪,৭৫৬ ডলাৰ | কাটাৰৰ ৰিয়াল | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | ৰীয়াধ | ৭৩৩.৯৫৬ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৫,১৩৯ ডলাৰ | চৌদি ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | ৯.৯৫০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ |৩,০৩৩ ডলাৰ | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] ivrzqmoyz0kny75yaoyanmjsx78q89g 604582 604580 2026-05-05T11:28:16Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮৩,৫৬২ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯৪.১ | আংকাৰা | ৭৮৮.০৪২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০,৫২৩ ডলাৰ | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১,৬৪৬.১ | মনমা | ৩০.৩৫৫ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৬,৩৬৮ ডলাৰ | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১৭,৮২০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১৬৭.৫ | কুৱেইট চহৰ | ১৮৪.৫৪০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ৪৮,৭৬১ ডলাৰ | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | ২১২,৪৬০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯.২ | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " |১১,৪৩৭ টকা | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | ১৯২.৪০২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০৪,৭৫৬ ডলাৰ | কাটাৰৰ ৰিয়াল | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 2,149,690 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | ৰীয়াধ | ৭৩৩.৯৫৬ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৫,১৩৯ ডলাৰ | চৌদি ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | ৯.৯৫০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ |৩,০৩৩ ডলাৰ | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] cqs257caxxeweigma93sry7hbp54hjt 604584 604582 2026-05-05T11:40:18Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* দেশসমূহ */ 604584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Western region of Asia}} {{Infobox continent | title = পশ্চিম এছিয়া | image =[[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|পশ্চিম এছিয়া(সমান্তৰাল প্ৰক্ষেপণত)]] | area = {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sup|a}} | population = 313,450,000 (2018) ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|9th]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019">{{Cite web|title = World Population prospects – Population division|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-date = 5 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title = Overall total population|url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|format = xlsx|access-date = 16 July 2019|publisher = [[United Nations]]|archive-date = 27 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status = dead}}</ref> | density = {{convert|50.1|/km2|abbr=on}} | GDP_nominal = $3.383{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=IMF|website=imf.org}} Outlook Database, October 2020</ref> | GDP_PPP = $9.063{{nbs}}trillion (2019)<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_per_capita = $10,793 (2019; nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>, $28,918 (2019; PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> | HDI = {{Increase}}0.699 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'') | ethnic_groups = [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Georgians]], [[Greek Cypriots]], [[Jews]], [[Kurds]], [[Laz people]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Maronites]], [[Persians]], [[Pontic Greeks]], [[Talysh people|Talyshis]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Yazidis]], [[Zazas]] | religions = [[ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]], [[বাহাই ]],ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম, য়াৰছানিজম, ইয়াজিদ ধৰ্ম, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], etc. | demonym = West Asian<br />Western Asian | countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|20 recognized]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Bahrain}} | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{flag|Egypt}} (only [[Sinai Peninsula]]) | {{flag|Georgia}} (except for a small portion of territory north of the [[Greater Caucasus]]) | {{flag|Iran}} | {{flag|Iraq}} | {{flag|Israel}} | {{flag|Jordan}} | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{flag|Lebanon}} | {{flag|Oman}} | {{flag|Palestine}} | {{flag|Qatar}} | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | {{flag|Syria}} | {{flag|Turkey}} (except [[East Thrace]]) | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{flag|Yemen}} (except [[Socotra]]) }}{{collapsible list | title = 3 unrecognized | ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' | ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' }} | dependencies = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] | [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Other languages | [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]: {{hlist | [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] | [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian]] | [[Syriac language|Syriac]] }} | [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: {{hlist | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] }} | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: {{hlist | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Domari language|Domari]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Luri language|Luri]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Shabaki language]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Talysh language|Talysh]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | [[Zaza language|Zaza]] }} | [[Northeast Caucasian languages|NE Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Avar language|Avar]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] }} | [[Northwest Caucasian languages|NW Caucasian]]: {{hlist | [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] }} | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: {{hlist | [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] }} }} | time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | bullets = true | [[UTC+02:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Time in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Israel Standard Time|Israel]], [[Time in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Time in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Time in the State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Egypt Standard Time|Sinai]], [[Time in Syria|Syria]] }} | [[UTC+03:00]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight Saving Time|Daylight]]: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria | Standard: [[Time in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Time in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Time in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Time in Qatar|Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|Saudi Arabia]], [[Time in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Time in Yemen|Yemen]] }} | [[UTC+03:30]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Iran Standard Time|Iran]] }} | [[UTC+04:00]]: {{hlist | Standard: [[Armenia Time|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Time|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia Time|Georgia]], [[Time in Oman|Oman]], [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE]] }} | [[UTC+04:30]]: {{hlist | [[Daylight saving time in Iran|Daylight savings Iran]] }} }} | internet = [[.ae]], [[.am]], [[.az]], [[.bh]], [[.cy]], [[.eg]], [[.ge]], [[.il]], [[.iq]], [[.ir]], [[.jo]], [[.kw]], [[.lb]], [[.om]], [[.ps]], [[.qa]], [[.sa]], [[.sy]], [[.tr]], [[.ye]] | calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9 except Armenia, Cyprus (Zone 3) & Sinai (Zone 2)]] | cities =<!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List{{sup|b}} | bullets = true | {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]] | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] | {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] | {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] | {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]] | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] }} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. THANKS! --> | m49 = <code>145</code> – West Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – World | footnotes = {{longitem|{{sup|a}} Area and population figures include the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]}}{{longitem|{{sup|b}} Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]]}} }} '''পশ্চিম এছিয়া''' ( দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম এছিয়া বুলিও জনা যায়) এছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত থকা দেশসমূহক বুজায়। বেছিভাগ শিক্ষাবিদ, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সংস্থা আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে দিয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি এই উপ-অঞ্চলত আনাতোলিয়া, আৰব উপদ্বীপ, ইৰাণ, মেছ’পটেমিয়া, আৰ্মেনিয়ান হাইলেণ্ড, লেভেণ্ট, চাইপ্ৰাছ দ্বীপ, চিনাই উপদ্বীপ আৰু দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Use Dynamics and Institutional Changes in West Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |first1=Lama |last1=Bashour |date=2006 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616092754/https://www.fao.org/3/ag266e/ag266e.pdf |archive-date= 16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name=WGSRPD/> এই অঞ্চলটো [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰপৰা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজ আৰু ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছৰ জলপথেৰে পৃথক কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত মধ্য [[এছিয়া]], আনহাতে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া ইয়াৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটো বাৰখন সাগৰে আগুৰি আছে (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত): এজিয়ান সাগৰ, মৰ্মৰ সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, ওমান উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ, আকাবা উপসাগৰ, ছুৱেজ উপসাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। যদিও বহুতে এই দেশকেইখন বুজাবলৈ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, তথাপি পশ্চিম এছিয়া আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য একে বস্তু নহয়। মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া ভূগোলবিদসকলে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক শব্দ, যিয়ে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলক সামৰি লৈছে; আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়া হৈছে অধিক নিখুঁত আৰু সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক শব্দ। ইয়াত ইজিপ্তৰ বেছিভাগ অংশ আৰু তুৰস্কৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশ (যিবোৰ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত) বাদ দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু ককেছাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াই সামৰি লোৱা মাটি-কালি হৈছে {{convert|5994935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ জনংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩১৩ নিযুত।<ref name="UN WPP 2019"/><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2"/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ২০খন সদস্য দেশৰ ভিতৰত ১৩খন দেশেই পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অংশ। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ'ল [[ইৰাণ]], [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ইৰাক]], [[য়েমেন]], আৰু [[চৌদি আৰব]]। ৰেকৰ্ডিং প্লাণ্ট ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউচনৰ বাবে বিশ্ব ভৌগোলিক আঁচনি (WGSRPD)ত পশ্চিম এছিয়াত আৰব উপদ্বীপ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই, আনহাতে আফগানিস্তান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। <ref name=WGSRPD>{{Cite book |last = Brummitt |first = R. K. |year = 2001 |title = World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions |edition = 2nd |publisher = International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) |url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf |access-date = 27 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf |archive-date = 25 January 2016}}</ref> == সংজ্ঞা == 'পশ্চিম এছিয়া' শব্দটো ব্যাৱহাৰিক ৰূপত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও আৰু ইয়াৰ কোনো "শুদ্ধ" বা সাধাৰণভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংজ্ঞা নাই। ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সংজ্ঞাসমূহ বহুলাংশে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নহয়, 'মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য', 'পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয়' আৰু 'নিকট পূব' শব্দ দুটাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে (এইবোৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে সুপৰিচিত যদিও আজিৰ তাৰিখত কম ব্যৱহৃত)।<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-near-east-and-middle-east.html What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East?] ''worldatlas.com''</ref> মেডিচনৰ নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক ষ্টাইল মেনুৱেল আৰু অৰ্গেনাইজেচন ফৰ ইকনমিক ক’অপাৰেচন এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (OECD) গ্ৰন্থ ‘দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড ইকনমি: হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল ষ্টেটিষ্টিকছ’ (২০০৩)ত কেৱল [[বাহৰেইন]], [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ওমান]], কাটাৰ, পেলেষ্টাইন (পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰন্থখনত ইয়াক ‘ৱেষ্ট বেংক এণ্ড গাজা’ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে), [[চৌদি আৰব]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[তুৰস্ক]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]] হিচাপেহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ ঔদ্যোগিক উন্নয়ন সংস্থাই (ইউনিড’) ২০১৫ চনৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু [[আজাৰবাইজান]]ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইজৰাইল ‘অন্য’ হিচাপে আৰু [[তুৰস্ক]]ক '[[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ' দেশ হিচাপে বাদ দিছিল। ইউনিড’ৰ দৰে নহয়, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগে (UNSD) ইৰাণক পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰপৰা বাদ দিছে আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে আৰু এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্ক, জৰ্জিয়া আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক "পূব ইউৰোপীয় গোট"ত পূব ইউৰোপৰ আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়া অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আনহাতে চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু পূব থ্ৰেচ (তুৰ্কী) দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন দেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)ৰ ইউৰোপীয় বিভাগত তালিকাভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ ক্ৰীড়া শাসক সংস্থাসমূহৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল বাহৰেইন, [[ইৰাণ]], [[ইৰাক]], জৰ্ডান, কুৱেইট, [[লেবানন]], [[ছিৰিয়া]], [[ওমান]], [[পেলেষ্টাইন]], [[কাটাৰ]], [[চৌদি আৰব]], সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু [[য়েমেন]]। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035427/http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232057/http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ১৩খন দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা খেলুৱৈসকলে এছিয়াৰ অলিম্পিক কাউন্সিলৰ বহু ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অঞ্চলৰ ক্ৰীড়া সংস্থাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বাস্কেটবল ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ আৰু স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচন, পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচন। == দেশসমূহ == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:100%; " |- style="background:#ececec; " ! scope="col"| [[দেশ]] ! scope="col"|ক্ষেত্ৰফল <br />(km²) ! scope="col"| [[List of countries by population|জনসংখ্যা]]{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! scope="col"|জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘণত্ব <br />(per km²) ! scope="col"| ৰাজধানী ! scope="col"|নামমাত্ৰ জিডিপি <ref>{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"|জনমুৰি আয়<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><br />(2012) ! scope="col"| [[মুদ্ৰা ]] ! scope="col"| [[চৰকাৰ]] ! scope="col"| চৰকাৰী ভাষা |- ! scope="row"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}{{efn|The figures for Turkey includes [[East Thrace]], which is not a part of Anatolia.}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮৩,৫৬২ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Turkey}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯৪.১ | আংকাৰা | ৭৮৮.০৪২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০,৫২৩ ডলাৰ | তুৰ্কী লিৰা | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয় গণৰাজ্য | [[Turkish language|তুৰ্কী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৭৮০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১,৬৪৬.১ | মনমা | ৩০.৩৫৫ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৬,৩৬৮ ডলাৰ | বাহৰেইনৰ দিনাৰ | [[সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ ]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১৭,৮২০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:right; " | ১৬৭.৫ | কুৱেইট চহৰ | ১৮৪.৫৪০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ৪৮,৭৬১ ডলাৰ | কুৱেইটৰ দিনাৰ | সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | ২১২,৪৬০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Oman}} | style="text-align:right; " | ৯.২ | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] | $78.290 billion | $25,356 | ওমানী ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " |১১,৪৩৭ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Qatar}} | style="text-align:right; " | 123.2 | [[Doha]] | ১৯২.৪০২ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ১০৪,৭৫৬ ডলাৰ | কাটাৰৰ ৰিয়াল | [[Absolute monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | ২,১৪৯,৬৯০ | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 12 | ৰীয়াধ | ৭৩৩.৯৫৬ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ | ২৫,১৩৯ ডলাৰ | চৌদি ৰিয়াল | সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ | [[Arabic language|আৰৱী]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82,880 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:right; " | 97 | [[Abu Dhabi]] | $383.799 billion | $43,774 | [[UAE dirham]] | [[Federation|Federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 527,970 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Yemen}} | style="text-align:right; " | 44.7 | [[Sanaa]] {{efn|A rebel group, the [[Houthis]], have their [[Houthi-controlled Yemen|government]] at [[Aden]] ([[Temporary capital|Seat of government]])}} | $35.05 billion | $1,354 | [[Yemeni rial]] | [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[presidential republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 8,660 | style="text-align:right; " | 242,862 | style="text-align:right; " | 28 | [[Sokhumi]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 29,800 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Armenia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 108.4 | [[Yerevan]] | ৯.৯৫০ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ |৩,০৩৩ ডলাৰ | [[Armenian dram]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 86,600 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 105.8 | [[Baku]] | $68.700 billion | $7,439 | [[Azerbaijani manat]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 69,700 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Georgia}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.1 | [[Tbilisi]] | $15.847 billion | $3,523 | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,900 | style="text-align:right; " | 53,532 | style="text-align:right; " | 13 | [[Tskhinvali]] | $500 million | N/A | [[Georgian lari]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 438,317 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iraq}} | style="text-align:right; " | 73.5 | [[Baghdad]] | $216.044 billion | $6,410 | [[Iraqi dinar]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 20,770 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Israel}} | style="text-align:right; " | 365.3 | [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is the [[Jerusalem Law|proclaimed capital of Israel]] and the actual location of the [[Knesset]], [[Israeli Supreme Court]], etc. Due to its [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]] status, most embassies are in [[Tel Aviv]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem}}}} | $353.65 billion | $39,106 | [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 92,300 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Jordan}} | style="text-align:right; " | 68.4 | [[Amman]] | $30.98 billion | $4,843 | [[Jordanian dinar]] | [[Constitutional monarchy]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 10,452 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:right; " | 404 | [[Beirut]] | $42.519 billion | $10,425 | [[Lebanese pound]] | [[Parliamentary republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}{{efn|[[UN observer state]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 6,220 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|State of Palestine}} | style="text-align:right; " | 667 | [[Ramallah]]{{efn|Ramallah is the actual location of the government, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is [[Jerusalem]], which is [[Positions on Jerusalem|disputed]].{{efn|name=Jerusalem|Jerusalem is Israel's ''[[de jure]]'' capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]], as well as its ''[[de facto]]'' capital by the location of the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]). Jerusalem is the State of Palestine's ''de jure'' capital under its {{cite web |ref=BasicLawPal-T1A3 |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |title=2003 Amended Basic Law |date=17 February 2008 |postscript=none}}, but not its ''de facto'' capital as its government branches are based in [[Ramallah]]. The UN and most [[sovereign states]] do not recognize Jerusalem as either state's ''de jure'' capital under the position that Jerusalem's status is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In practice, therefore, most maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs, or else in suburbs such as [[Mevaseret Zion]] outside Jerusalem proper. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118073834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ CIA Factbook], {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |postscript=none}} and [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}}} | $6.6 billion | $1,600 | [[Egyptian pound]], [[Jordanian dinar]], [[Israeli new shekel]] | [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:right; " | 185,180 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Syrian Arab Republic}} | style="text-align:right; " | 118.3 | [[Damascus]] | N/A | N/A | [[Syrian pound]] | [[Transitional government]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:right; " | 1,648,195 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}} | style="text-align:right; " | 45 | [[Tehran]] | $548.590 billion | $7,207 | [[Iranian rial]] | [[Islamic republic]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}''{{efn| [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]}} | style="text-align:right; " | 254 | style="text-align:right; " | 15,700 | style="text-align:right; " | N/A | [[Episkopi Cantonment|Episkopi]] | N/A | N/A | [[Euro]] | [[stratocracy|Stratocratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | [[English language|English]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 9,250 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:right; " | 117 | [[Nicosia]] | $22.995 billion | $26,377 | [[Euro]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''{{efn|unrecognized}} | style="text-align:right; " | 3,355 | style="text-align:right; " | 313,626 | style="text-align:right; " | 93 | [[North Nicosia]] | $4.032 billion | $15,109 | [[Turkish lira]] | [[Semi-presidential republic]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- ! scope="row"| {{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|The area and population figures for Egypt only include the [[Sinai Peninsula]].}} | style="text-align:right; " | 60,000 | style="text-align:right; " | {{UN_Population|Egypt}} | style="text-align:right; " | 82 | [[Cairo]] | $262.26 billion | $3,179 | [[Egyptian pound]] | [[Presidential republic]] | [[Arabic]] |} == ইতিহাস == ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক ভৌগোলিক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="Ouseley">{{cite book|last=Ouseley|first=William|authorlink=William Ouseley|year=1795|title=Persian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts|location=London|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42305/page/n159/mode/1up 105–106]|quote={{smallcaps|The}} celebrated current of the Euphrates, was divided, according to the Arabian geographer, whom ''Bochart'' follows, into five channels or branches, one of which led to ''Cufa'' in Chaldea; and on the banks of another, was ſeated the “Golden Babylon” once the proud miſtreſs of the eaſtern world, being the capital of the Aſſyrian monarchy, which comprehended Syria, Meſopotamia, Chaldea, Perſia; in short, except India, all the great nations of weſtern Aſia.}}</ref><ref>e.g. James Rennell, ''A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia'', 1831.</ref> "নিকট পূব" ভূ-ৰাজনৈতিক ধাৰণা হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ আগতে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, উইলিয়াম অছলীয়ে ১৭৯৫ চনত লিখা *পাৰ্চিয়ান মিচেলেনিজ* নামৰ কিতাপখনত এই বাক্যাংশটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ছিৰিয়া, মেছ'পটেমিয়া, কলদিয়া আৰু পাৰস্যৰ অঞ্চলটোক বুজাবলৈ।<ref name="Ouseley"/> প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া" বুলিলে প্ৰাচীন কালত জনাজাত এছিয়াৰ অংশটোক বুজোৱা হ'ব পাৰে; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে "অভ্যন্তৰীণ এছিয়া"ই চিথিয়াক বুজাব পাৰে আৰু "পূব এছিয়া"ই প্ৰাচীন লেখকসকলৰ ভৌগোলিক জ্ঞানৰ পূবৰ সীমাক বুজাব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ ট্ৰেন্সঅক্সেনিয়া আৰু ভাৰত।<ref>James Rennell, ''The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained'', 1800, [https://archive.org/details/geographicalsys00renn/page/210 p. 210].</ref><ref>Hugh Murray, ''Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia'' (1820).</ref><ref>Samuel Whelpley, ''A compend of history, from the earliest times'', 1808, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055307/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9 |date=20 November 2022 }}.</ref> ২০ শতিকাত "পশ্চিম এছিয়া"ক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিস্তৃত ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ "উৰ্বৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰ—প্ৰাচীন মিচৰক বাদ দি"ৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ হিচাপে ইজিপ্ত আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সভ্যতাৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়।<ref>e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, ''The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt'', 1955. Karl W. Butzer, ''Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement'', 1965.</ref> সমসাময়িক ভূ-ৰাজনীতি বা বিশ্ব অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত এই শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অন্ততঃ ১৯৬০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰপৰাই হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>''The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia'', U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.</ref> == ভৌগোলিক পৰিৱেশ == এই অঞ্চলটো আঠখন ডাঙৰ সাগৰেৰে আগুৰি আছে; এজিয়ান সাগৰ, কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ, কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ, পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰ, আৰব সাগৰ, এডেন উপসাগৰ, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰ। উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত এই অঞ্চলটো ইউৰোপৰপৰা তুৰ্কী জলপ্ৰণালী আৰু বৃহত্তৰ ককেছাছ জলভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক কৰিছে; দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ইয়াক আফ্ৰিকাৰপৰা ইষ্টমাছ অৱ ছুৱেজৰদ্বাৰা পৃথক হৈছে; আনহাতে উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবে ইয়াৰ সীমা মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়া। এই অঞ্চল দক্ষিণ ইউৰোপৰ পূব আৰু পূব ইউৰোপৰ দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত। পূব ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ আৰু দষ্ট-ই-লুট মৰুভূমিয়ে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক বেলুচিস্তান আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। ===ভূতত্ত্ব === ====প্লেট টেকটনিক্স ==== আফ্ৰিকান, ইউৰেছিয়ান আৰু আৰব প্লেটকে ধৰি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত তিনিটা প্ৰধান টেকটনিক প্লেট একত্ৰিত হয়। এই টেকটনিক প্লেটসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাই উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, লোহিত সাগৰ আৰু ইৰাণৰ মাজেৰে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা আজোৰছ–জিব্ৰাল্টাৰ ৰিজ গঠন কৰে। আৰব প্লেটখন উত্তৰ দিশলৈ গৈ পূব আনাতোলিয়ান ফল্টৰ আনাতোলিয়ান প্লেট (তুৰস্ক)লৈ গৈ আছে,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> আৰু পূব তুৰস্কৰ এজিয়ান আৰু এনাটলিয়ান প্লেটৰ মাজৰ সীমাও ভূমিকম্পজনিতভাৱে সক্ৰিয়। === জলবায়ু === [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|শীতকালত লেবাননৰ দেৱদাৰু অৰণ্য]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন) পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ মানচিত্ৰ ]] পশ্চিম এছিয়া প্ৰধানকৈ শুষ্ক আৰু অৰ্ধশুষ্ক, আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতি হ’ব পাৰে; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বিশাল বনাঞ্চল আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপত্যকাও আছে। এই অঞ্চলত ঘাঁহনি, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ, মৰুভূমি, পৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বহু ঠাইত পানীৰ অভাৱ এটা সমস্যা; দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যায় পানীৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে, আনহাতে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়তা আৰু প্ৰদূষণে পানী যোগানৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name="ipcc-1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছৰ দৰে প্ৰধান নদীসমূহে কৃষিৰ বাবে জলসিঞ্চনৰ উৎস প্ৰদান কৰে। পশ্চিম এছিয়াত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ বতাহ দেখা যায়। শ্বাৰকী আৰু ছামাল। শ্বাৰকী হৈছে দক্ষিণ-দক্ষিণ-পূবৰ বতাহ। এই বতাহ ঋতুভিত্তিক, এপ্ৰিলৰপৰা জুন মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই বতাহ বলে আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰপৰা নৱেম্বৰলৈকে পুনৰ দেখা দিয়ে। এই বতাহ শুকান আৰু ধূলিময়, ধুমুহা কেতিয়াবা ঘণ্টাত ৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫০ মাইল) পৰ্যন্ত হয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে তীব্ৰ বালি আৰু ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে কেইবা হাজাৰ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বালি উৰুৱাই নিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ হ্ৰস্বম্যাদীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। ছামাল হৈছে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ বতাহ এই বতাহ বতৰৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষত গোটেই দিনটো আৰু ঋতুৰ মাজভাগত কেইবাদিনো থাকিব পাৰে। ছামাল গ্ৰীষ্মকালত ইৰাক আৰু পাৰস্য উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহত (চৌদি আৰব আৰু কুৱেইটকে ধৰি) বতাহ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor-first=Taru|editor-last=Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&q=%22Sharqi%22+wind&pg=PA20|access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> === ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি === পশ্চিম এছিয়াত পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছে। তুৰস্কত পণ্টাছ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু বৃষ পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাজত আনাতোলিয়ান মালভূমি অৱস্থিত। তুৰস্কৰ আৰাৰাট পৰ্বত ১০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত উপনীত হৈছে। ইৰাকৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সীমান্তত ইৰাণত অৱস্থিত জাগ্ৰ’ছ পৰ্বতমালা। ইৰাণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মালভূমি দুটা নিষ্কাশন অৱবাহিকাত বিভক্ত। উত্তৰ অৱবাহিকাটো হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-কাভিৰ (মহান নিমখ মৰুভূমি), আৰু দক্ষিণ অৱবাহিকা হৈছে দষ্ট-ই-লুট। য়েমেনত বহু অঞ্চলৰ উচ্চতা ১০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক আৰু উচ্চভূমি লোহিত সাগৰৰ উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে উত্তৰ দিশলৈ আৰু লেবাননলৈকে বিস্তৃত। লোহিত সাগৰৰ কাষত এটা ফল্ট জ'নও আছে, য'ত মহাদেশীয় বিভাজনে বিষণ্ণতাৰ দৰে ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে, কিছুমান অঞ্চল সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ বহু তলত আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|first2=William R.|last2=Walter|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=1 December 1998|page=8|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184404/http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰ, ইজৰাইল আৰু জৰ্ডানৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত মৃত সাগৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১০০ মিটাৰ তলত অৱস্থিত, যাৰ ফলত ই পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্বনিম্ন বিন্দু। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830064747/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2006|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}</ref> বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বালিৰ মৰুভূমি ৰুব’ আল খালি ছৌদি আৰৱৰ আৰব উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ তৃতীয়াংশ, ওমান, সংযুক্ত আৰব আমিৰশ্বাহী আৰু য়েমেনৰ কিছু অংশ বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। জেবেল আল আখদাৰ হৈছে উত্তৰ-পূব ওমানত অৱস্থিত, ওমান উপসাগৰৰ সীমাৰেখাত অৱস্থিত এটা সৰু পৰ্বতমালা। == অৰ্থনীতি == পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় আৰু এই অঞ্চলটোৱে পূৰ্বৰেপৰা উচ্চ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই অঞ্চলত তুৰস্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি সৰ্বাধিক, তাৰ পিছতে আছে চৌদি আৰব আৰু ইৰাণ। পেট্ৰলিয়াম আঞ্চলিক অৰ্থনীতিৰ এটা প্ৰধান উদ্যোগ, কিয়নো বিশ্বৰ আধাতকৈ অধিক তেলৰ মজুত আৰু প্ৰায় ৪০ শতাংশ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ মজুত এই অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০০৮ চনৰ হিচাপত পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৭.২ কোটি বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মেডিচনৰ (২০০৭) মতে ২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৭ কোটি হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে (এই অনুমানত ককেছাছ আৰু চাইপ্ৰাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হোৱা নাই)। ইয়াৰ সমান বাৰ্ষিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰৰ ১.৪% (বা ৫০ বছৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ), যিটো বিশ্বৰ গড় ০.৯% (৭৫ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত দুগুণ হোৱাৰ হাৰ)তকৈ যথেষ্ট বেছি। পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা বিশ্বৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে; ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ৩.৯ কোটি, যিয়ে বিশ্বৰ মুঠৰ প্ৰায় ২% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, ''[[iarchive:worldeconomyhist0000madd|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. ''Statistical Appendix'' (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes." Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions): Turkey (71.9), Iran (70.2), Iraq (28.2), Saudi Arabia (28.1), Yemen (23.0), Syria (19.7), Israel (6.5), Jordan (6.2), Palestine (4.1), Lebanon (4.0), Oman (3.3), United Arab Emirates (2.7), Kuwait (2.6), Qatar (0.9), Bahrain (0.7). </ref> এই অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল দেশসমূহ হ’ল তুৰস্ক আৰু ইৰাণ, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৭.৯ কোটি; তাৰ পিছত ইৰাক আৰু চৌদি আৰব, প্ৰত্যেকৰে জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩.৩ কোটি, আৰু তাৰ পিছত য়েমেন, জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২.৯ কোটি। জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ আৰব, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী লোকে বাস কৰে। সেই অনুসৰি প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ হৈছে আৰবী, পাৰ্চী আৰু তুৰ্কী, প্ৰত্যেকৰে প্ৰায় ৭ কোটি ভাষী। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰ্দি, আজাৰবাইজানী, হিব্ৰু, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰু নব্য-আৰমাইক ভাষা কোৱা সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহো আহে। আৰবী আৰু তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য মধ্যযুগীয় আৰব আৰু তুৰ্কীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফল, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকাত ইছলামিক বিজয়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। এই আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত ছিৰিয়াত পূৰ্বতে প্ৰচলিত আৰামীয়া ভাষা আৰু আনাতোলিয়াত গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱা হয়। কিন্তু ২০ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইজৰাইলত হিব্ৰু ভাষা প্ৰধান হৈ পৰে আৰু নব্য-আৰামীয়া (আধুনিক আৰামীয়া আৰু অচূৰীয়াসকলে কোৱা) আৰু গ্ৰীক ভাষা নিজ নিজ অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা হৈয়েই আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য খিলঞ্জীয়া সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমে: আৰামিয়ান, অচূৰিয়ান,{{sfn|Laing-Marshall|2005|p=149–150}} ড্ৰুজ,<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> ইহুদী, লুৰ, মাণ্ডেয়ান, মেৰ'নাইট, শ্বাবাক আৰু ইয়াজিদি। === ধৰ্ম === {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption =পশ্চিম এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = [[ইছলাম]] | value1 = 92.59 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] | value2 = 3.87 | color2 = DodgerBlue | label3 = [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ]] | value3 = 2.02 | color3 = DarkBlue | label4 = ধৰ্ম নথকা | value4 = 1.16 | color4 = Grey | label5 = [[হিন্দু]] | value5 = 0.32 | color5 = Darkorange | label6 = অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম | value6 = 0.25 | color6 = Chartreuse | label7 = [[বৌদ্ধ]] | value7 = 0.15 | color7 = Gold | label8 = [[Folk religion]]s | value8 = 0.06 | color8 = Red }} বিশ্বৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ধৰ্মীয় গোট অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ দুটা বৃহৎ ধৰ্ম: খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম, ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইহুদী আৰু ড্ৰুজ বিশ্বাসৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Middle East (region, Asia)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=9781446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific| first=Sarolta |last=Takacs|year= 2015| isbn= 9781317455721| page =552|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> ইছলাম পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু তাত উৎপত্তি হোৱা অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম যেনে ইহুদী আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মীয় লোকসমূহো ভালদৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=9781538124185| page =XLVIII|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}}</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া আৰু জৰ্জিয়াত ক্ৰমে প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্সী আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সী প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান। <ref name="Global Christianity" /> পশ্চিম এছিয়াত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] সমাজসমূহে বহু শতাব্দী ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে,প্ৰাচ্য অৰ্থডক্মী,পূবৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আদি ধাৰাৰ অনুসাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলৰ সংস্কৃতি, শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজ গঢ় দিয়াত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। প্ৰথমে, চাইপ্ৰাচত পূব অৰ্থডক্সি মুখ্য ধৰ্ম হিচাপে দেখা যায়। আনহাতে পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন দেশ যেনে [[লেবানন]],<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ইৰাক<ref name="Global Christianity" /> ,<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[ইৰান]],<ref name="Farsinet">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Massoume|date=December 2002|title=History of Christians and Christianity in Iran|url=http://www.farsinet.com/iranbibl/christians_in_iran_history.html|access-date=1 December 2009|work=Christianity in Iran|publisher=FarsiNet Inc.}}</ref> [[তুৰ্কী]], [[ছিৰিয়া]],<ref name="Global Christianity" /> <ref name="Global Christianity" /> [[জৰ্ডান]], [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু পেলেষ্টাইনত প্ৰাচীন খ্ৰীষ্টান জনগোষ্ঠী (যেনে Assyrian বা এছিৰিয়ান লোকসকল আৰু আৰব খ্ৰীষ্টান ) আজিও বসবাস কৰি আছে। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম, আৰু পশ্চিম এছিয়াতো সৰু সৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী বসতি আছে, যেনে তুৰস্ক (১৪,৩০০),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-turkey |title= How many Jews live in Turkey?|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 10 May 2022|website= |publisher= Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date= 14 November 2023|quote=}} </ref> আজাৰবাইজান (৯,১০০), <ref name="mashke2">{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=7 April 1971 |access-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> আৰু ইৰাণ (৮,৭৫৬)। ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্ম বা ড্ৰুজ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি পশ্চিম এছিয়াত হৈছিল। হামজা ইবনে আলী ইবনে আহমদ আৰু আল-হাকিম বি-আমৰ আল্লাহৰ দৰে ব্যক্তিৰ শিক্ষা, প্লেটো আৰু এৰিষ্টটলৰ দৰে গ্ৰীক দাৰ্শনিকৰ শিক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ই এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম। বিশ্বজুৰি ড্ৰুজৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১০ লাখ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰায় ৪৫%ৰপৰা ৫০% লোক ছিৰিয়াত, ৩৫%ৰপৰা ৪০% লেবাননত আৰু ১০%তকৈও কম ইজৰাইলত বাস কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ড্ৰুজৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনো বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref> লগতে বাহাই ধৰ্মী, ইয়াৰছান ধৰ্ম, ইয়াজিদ,<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |first1=Nelida |last1=Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> জৰদস্তি, মাণ্ডে, শ্বাবাক ধৰ্ম আদি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্মীয় লোকো এই অঞ্চলত আছে। <div align="center"><gallery widths="150" caption="Religions in West Asia"> File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|মক্কাৰ কাবাত বাৰ্ষিক হজত হজযাত্ৰীসকল। File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|এচমিয়াজিন কেথেড্ৰেল, বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম কেথেড্ৰেল, সকলো আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ মাতৃ গীৰ্জা File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg|লেবাননৰ ক'জায়াৰ চেণ্ট এন্থনীৰ মঠ। File:Saint Elijah Maronite Cathedral, Aleppo (4).jpg|চেণ্ট এলিয়া, আলেপ্পোৰ কেথেড্ৰেল। File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত ইহুদীসকল। Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Nebi Shueib Festival.jpg|হিটিনৰ নবীৰ সমাধিস্থলত জিয়াৰাত আল-নবি শ্বুয়াব উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা ইজৰাইলৰ ড্ৰুজৰ গণ্য-মান্য ব্যক্তি File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Yezidi New Year in 2017 06 (cropped).jpg|[[ইৰাক]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন পৱিত্ৰ মন্দিৰ ললিছত ইয়াজিদী তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ইয়াজিদী নৱবৰ্ষ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। </gallery> </div> == সংস্কৃতি == === ক্ৰীড়া === *পশ্চিম এছিয়ান টেনিছ ফেডাৰেচনে এই অঞ্চলৰ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ আৰু লীগসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। * পশ্চিম এছিয়ান বিলিয়াৰ্ডছ এণ্ড স্নুকাৰ ফেডাৰেচনে বিলিয়াৰ্ড আৰু স্নুকাৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা। * ১৯৯৭, ২০০২ আৰু ২০০৫ চনত পশ্চিম এছিয়ান গেমছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। * ২০০১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা পশ্চিম এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচন এছিয়ান ফুটবল ফেডাৰেচনৰ অন্যতম আঞ্চলিক ফেডাৰেচন। তেওঁলোকে WAFF চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনৰপৰা পশ্চিম এছিয়া বাস্কেটবল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে ৱাবা চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ আয়োজন কৰে। == তথ্যৰ উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Cite book|last=Laing-Marshall|first=Andrea|chapter=Assyrians|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|year=2005|volume=1|location=New York-London|publisher=Routledge|pages=149–150|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] pfmmmbdrp0tlnouvkutshot8p7i4b60 0 136787 604452 2026-05-04T17:18:24Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 604452 wikitext text/x-wiki উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।[1] ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।[1] যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।[2] ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট, চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।[3] ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।[4] যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই ডাৱৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে,[5] আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।[6] ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।[7] যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।[8] এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নাই।[9][10] কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।[11] ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে[12] জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।[13] শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।[14] লুৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱা তাপক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয় [15] কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[16] [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।[17] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।[18] ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। fq3n50qw2hkc3rievsa7v9l0pc0v9k3 604453 604452 2026-05-04T17:19:47Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 604453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|The path of the Loo (orange arrows) from the deserts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] towards and through the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।[1] ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।[1] যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।[2] ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট, চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।[3] ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।[4] যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই ডাৱৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে,[5] আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।[6] ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।[7] যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।[8] এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নাই।[9][10] কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।[11] ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে[12] জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।[13] শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।[14] লুৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱা তাপক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয় [15] কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[16] [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।[17] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।[18] ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। 8xao2bek914r8bzu82krtrpmzqnuz0q 604455 604453 2026-05-04T17:21:50Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 604455 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট, চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।[3] ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।[4] যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই ডাৱৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে,[5] আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।[6] ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।[7] যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।[8] এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নাই।[9][10] কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।[11] ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে[12] জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।[13] শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।[14] লুৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱা তাপক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয় [15] কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[16] [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।[17] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।[18] ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। nnnwsmuveb7vvgos1uasu8rxsni33e0 604457 604455 2026-05-04T17:24:17Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত */ 604457 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।[7] যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।[8] এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নাই।[9][10] কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।[11] ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে[12] জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।[13] শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।[14] লুৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱা তাপক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয় [15] কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[16] [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।[17] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।[18] ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। 2eandjproaqwbfc66mnwwtmk83yiayn 604458 604457 2026-05-04T17:25:50Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন */ 604458 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নাই।[9][10] কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।[11] ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে[12] জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।[13] শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।[14] লুৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱা তাপক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয় [15] কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[16] [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।[17] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।[18] ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। re1qm2ykqnexxrs00diaay2bhl338z3 604459 604458 2026-05-04T17:27:33Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ */ 604459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে[12] জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।[13] শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।[14] লুৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱা তাপক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয় [15] কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[16] [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।[17] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।[18] ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ttcvkm58fdhh27k7l93u4t1fr8xscnv 604461 604459 2026-05-04T17:30:46Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত */ 604461 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে<ref name="ali1994">{{Citation | title=Twilight in Delhi | author=Ahmed Ali | year=1994 | publisher=New Directions Publishing | isbn=0-8112-1267-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC | quote=''... The temperature rose higher and higher ... the loo began to moan, blowing drearily through the hopeless streets. The leaves of the henna became sered and wan ... even birds were not immune ... many pigeons died ... Men shut themselves up inside the houses or in shops. At noon the city seemed deserted and dead ...''}}</ref>জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="malgonkar1972">{{Citation | title=The Devil's Wind | author=Manohar Malgonkar | year=1972 | publisher=H. Hamilton | isbn=9780241021767 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESFbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... A searing wind came over the white-hot desert, the wind that we call the loo, but a loo which had the special, abrasive rasp of the Devil's Wind ...''}}</ref> শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref name="singh1976">{{Citation | title=A geography of India | author=Gopal Singh | year=1976 | publisher=Atma Ram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The hot dusty wind known as 'Loo' may persist for a few days and make outdoor life difficult. Since the visibility becomes poor, air services are sometimes suspended ...''}}</ref> লুৰ তাপৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱাক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="freed1993">{{Citation | title=Ghosts: life and death in North India | author=Ruth S. Freed, Stanley A. Freed | year=1993 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | isbn=0-295-97303-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dOAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... It is also known as heat stroke and loo lagna (affected by the loo - a hot wind) ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="khare2004">{{Citation | title=Indian herbal remedies | author=C.P. Khare | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-01026-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC | quote=''... Sharbat Khas is a cooling and refreshing drink of Unani medicine ...''}}</ref> [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...''}}</ref> উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="anand1933z">{{Citation | title=The Milk Supply of Lahore in 1930 | author=Roshan Lal Anand | publisher=Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, Punjab | year=1933 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9AvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... There are many among the lower ranks who do without milk or tea during winter, but lassi is almost the last thing a Punjabi would forego during summer ... the "national drink" of the Punjabi ...''}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। r6nkpxdesogeim3rqtgzajbqiqlg2sg 604462 604461 2026-05-04T17:30:59Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 added [[Category:বতাহ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 604462 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে<ref name="ali1994">{{Citation | title=Twilight in Delhi | author=Ahmed Ali | year=1994 | publisher=New Directions Publishing | isbn=0-8112-1267-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC | quote=''... The temperature rose higher and higher ... the loo began to moan, blowing drearily through the hopeless streets. The leaves of the henna became sered and wan ... even birds were not immune ... many pigeons died ... Men shut themselves up inside the houses or in shops. At noon the city seemed deserted and dead ...''}}</ref>জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="malgonkar1972">{{Citation | title=The Devil's Wind | author=Manohar Malgonkar | year=1972 | publisher=H. Hamilton | isbn=9780241021767 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESFbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... A searing wind came over the white-hot desert, the wind that we call the loo, but a loo which had the special, abrasive rasp of the Devil's Wind ...''}}</ref> শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref name="singh1976">{{Citation | title=A geography of India | author=Gopal Singh | year=1976 | publisher=Atma Ram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The hot dusty wind known as 'Loo' may persist for a few days and make outdoor life difficult. Since the visibility becomes poor, air services are sometimes suspended ...''}}</ref> লুৰ তাপৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱাক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="freed1993">{{Citation | title=Ghosts: life and death in North India | author=Ruth S. Freed, Stanley A. Freed | year=1993 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | isbn=0-295-97303-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dOAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... It is also known as heat stroke and loo lagna (affected by the loo - a hot wind) ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="khare2004">{{Citation | title=Indian herbal remedies | author=C.P. Khare | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-01026-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC | quote=''... Sharbat Khas is a cooling and refreshing drink of Unani medicine ...''}}</ref> [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...''}}</ref> উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="anand1933z">{{Citation | title=The Milk Supply of Lahore in 1930 | author=Roshan Lal Anand | publisher=Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, Punjab | year=1933 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9AvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... There are many among the lower ranks who do without milk or tea during winter, but lassi is almost the last thing a Punjabi would forego during summer ... the "national drink" of the Punjabi ...''}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] p7xqauoh3qkg4xjgedvpprbyp7wxt91 604463 604462 2026-05-04T17:31:18Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 604463 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে<ref name="ali1994">{{Citation | title=Twilight in Delhi | author=Ahmed Ali | year=1994 | publisher=New Directions Publishing | isbn=0-8112-1267-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC | quote=''... The temperature rose higher and higher ... the loo began to moan, blowing drearily through the hopeless streets. The leaves of the henna became sered and wan ... even birds were not immune ... many pigeons died ... Men shut themselves up inside the houses or in shops. At noon the city seemed deserted and dead ...''}}</ref>জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="malgonkar1972">{{Citation | title=The Devil's Wind | author=Manohar Malgonkar | year=1972 | publisher=H. Hamilton | isbn=9780241021767 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESFbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... A searing wind came over the white-hot desert, the wind that we call the loo, but a loo which had the special, abrasive rasp of the Devil's Wind ...''}}</ref> শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref name="singh1976">{{Citation | title=A geography of India | author=Gopal Singh | year=1976 | publisher=Atma Ram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The hot dusty wind known as 'Loo' may persist for a few days and make outdoor life difficult. Since the visibility becomes poor, air services are sometimes suspended ...''}}</ref> লুৰ তাপৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱাক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="freed1993">{{Citation | title=Ghosts: life and death in North India | author=Ruth S. Freed, Stanley A. Freed | year=1993 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | isbn=0-295-97303-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dOAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... It is also known as heat stroke and loo lagna (affected by the loo - a hot wind) ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="khare2004">{{Citation | title=Indian herbal remedies | author=C.P. Khare | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-01026-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC | quote=''... Sharbat Khas is a cooling and refreshing drink of Unani medicine ...''}}</ref> [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...''}}</ref> উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="anand1933z">{{Citation | title=The Milk Supply of Lahore in 1930 | author=Roshan Lal Anand | publisher=Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, Punjab | year=1933 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9AvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... There are many among the lower ranks who do without milk or tea during winter, but lassi is almost the last thing a Punjabi would forego during summer ... the "national drink" of the Punjabi ...''}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[কাইৰী কা পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] 7mptjqvonbbys5ygovrghpizvgyw1p4 604468 604463 2026-05-04T17:37:56Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত */ 604468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে<ref name="ali1994">{{Citation | title=Twilight in Delhi | author=Ahmed Ali | year=1994 | publisher=New Directions Publishing | isbn=0-8112-1267-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC | quote=''... The temperature rose higher and higher ... the loo began to moan, blowing drearily through the hopeless streets. The leaves of the henna became sered and wan ... even birds were not immune ... many pigeons died ... Men shut themselves up inside the houses or in shops. At noon the city seemed deserted and dead ...''}}</ref>জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="malgonkar1972">{{Citation | title=The Devil's Wind | author=Manohar Malgonkar | year=1972 | publisher=H. Hamilton | isbn=9780241021767 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESFbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... A searing wind came over the white-hot desert, the wind that we call the loo, but a loo which had the special, abrasive rasp of the Devil's Wind ...''}}</ref> শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref name="singh1976">{{Citation | title=A geography of India | author=Gopal Singh | year=1976 | publisher=Atma Ram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The hot dusty wind known as 'Loo' may persist for a few days and make outdoor life difficult. Since the visibility becomes poor, air services are sometimes suspended ...''}}</ref> লুৰ তাপৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱাক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="freed1993">{{Citation | title=Ghosts: life and death in North India | author=Ruth S. Freed, Stanley A. Freed | year=1993 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | isbn=0-295-97303-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dOAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... It is also known as heat stroke and loo lagna (affected by the loo - a hot wind) ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="khare2004">{{Citation | title=Indian herbal remedies | author=C.P. Khare | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-01026-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC | quote=''... Sharbat Khas is a cooling and refreshing drink of Unani medicine ...''}}</ref> [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...''}}</ref> উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="anand1933z">{{Citation | title=The Milk Supply of Lahore in 1930 | author=Roshan Lal Anand | publisher=Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, Punjab | year=1933 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9AvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... There are many among the lower ranks who do without milk or tea during winter, but lassi is almost the last thing a Punjabi would forego during summer ... the "national drink" of the Punjabi ...''}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[আম পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] ov0g2d1n8csj6gpx37x3txeui3lwria 604470 604468 2026-05-04T17:38:45Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত */ 604470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে<ref name="ali1994">{{Citation | title=Twilight in Delhi | author=Ahmed Ali | year=1994 | publisher=New Directions Publishing | isbn=0-8112-1267-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC | quote=''... The temperature rose higher and higher ... the loo began to moan, blowing drearily through the hopeless streets. The leaves of the henna became sered and wan ... even birds were not immune ... many pigeons died ... Men shut themselves up inside the houses or in shops. At noon the city seemed deserted and dead ...''}}</ref>জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="malgonkar1972">{{Citation | title=The Devil's Wind | author=Manohar Malgonkar | year=1972 | publisher=H. Hamilton | isbn=9780241021767 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESFbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... A searing wind came over the white-hot desert, the wind that we call the loo, but a loo which had the special, abrasive rasp of the Devil's Wind ...''}}</ref> শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref name="singh1976">{{Citation | title=A geography of India | author=Gopal Singh | year=1976 | publisher=Atma Ram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The hot dusty wind known as 'Loo' may persist for a few days and make outdoor life difficult. Since the visibility becomes poor, air services are sometimes suspended ...''}}</ref> লুৰ তাপৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱাক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="freed1993">{{Citation | title=Ghosts: life and death in North India | author=Ruth S. Freed, Stanley A. Freed | year=1993 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | isbn=0-295-97303-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dOAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... It is also known as heat stroke and loo lagna (affected by the loo - a hot wind) ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="khare2004">{{Citation | title=Indian herbal remedies | author=C.P. Khare | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-01026-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC | quote=''... Sharbat Khas is a cooling and refreshing drink of Unani medicine ...''}}</ref> [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুদা|ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...''}}</ref> উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় লচ্ছিও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="anand1933z">{{Citation | title=The Milk Supply of Lahore in 1930 | author=Roshan Lal Anand | publisher=Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, Punjab | year=1933 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9AvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... There are many among the lower ranks who do without milk or tea during winter, but lassi is almost the last thing a Punjabi would forego during summer ... the "national drink" of the Punjabi ...''}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[আম পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] qe5erzt4pswpamdyqek5jerbk3vhdqp 604471 604470 2026-05-04T17:40:11Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত */ 604471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে<ref name="ali1994">{{Citation | title=Twilight in Delhi | author=Ahmed Ali | year=1994 | publisher=New Directions Publishing | isbn=0-8112-1267-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC | quote=''... The temperature rose higher and higher ... the loo began to moan, blowing drearily through the hopeless streets. The leaves of the henna became sered and wan ... even birds were not immune ... many pigeons died ... Men shut themselves up inside the houses or in shops. At noon the city seemed deserted and dead ...''}}</ref>জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="malgonkar1972">{{Citation | title=The Devil's Wind | author=Manohar Malgonkar | year=1972 | publisher=H. Hamilton | isbn=9780241021767 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESFbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... A searing wind came over the white-hot desert, the wind that we call the loo, but a loo which had the special, abrasive rasp of the Devil's Wind ...''}}</ref> শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref name="singh1976">{{Citation | title=A geography of India | author=Gopal Singh | year=1976 | publisher=Atma Ram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The hot dusty wind known as 'Loo' may persist for a few days and make outdoor life difficult. Since the visibility becomes poor, air services are sometimes suspended ...''}}</ref> লুৰ তাপৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱাক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="freed1993">{{Citation | title=Ghosts: life and death in North India | author=Ruth S. Freed, Stanley A. Freed | year=1993 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | isbn=0-295-97303-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dOAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... It is also known as heat stroke and loo lagna (affected by the loo - a hot wind) ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="khare2004">{{Citation | title=Indian herbal remedies | author=C.P. Khare | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-01026-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC | quote=''... Sharbat Khas is a cooling and refreshing drink of Unani medicine ...''}}</ref> [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী]] ৰেচিপিত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুদা|ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...''}}</ref> উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় [[লচ্চি|লচ্ছি]]ও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="anand1933z">{{Citation | title=The Milk Supply of Lahore in 1930 | author=Roshan Lal Anand | publisher=Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, Punjab | year=1933 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9AvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... There are many among the lower ranks who do without milk or tea during winter, but lassi is almost the last thing a Punjabi would forego during summer ... the "national drink" of the Punjabi ...''}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[আম পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] gqj0dtsqgjsgwklzaxshlsvf9cre3gv 604472 604471 2026-05-04T17:41:20Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত */ 604472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে<ref name="ali1994">{{Citation | title=Twilight in Delhi | author=Ahmed Ali | year=1994 | publisher=New Directions Publishing | isbn=0-8112-1267-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC | quote=''... The temperature rose higher and higher ... the loo began to moan, blowing drearily through the hopeless streets. The leaves of the henna became sered and wan ... even birds were not immune ... many pigeons died ... Men shut themselves up inside the houses or in shops. At noon the city seemed deserted and dead ...''}}</ref>জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="malgonkar1972">{{Citation | title=The Devil's Wind | author=Manohar Malgonkar | year=1972 | publisher=H. Hamilton | isbn=9780241021767 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESFbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... A searing wind came over the white-hot desert, the wind that we call the loo, but a loo which had the special, abrasive rasp of the Devil's Wind ...''}}</ref> শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref name="singh1976">{{Citation | title=A geography of India | author=Gopal Singh | year=1976 | publisher=Atma Ram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The hot dusty wind known as 'Loo' may persist for a few days and make outdoor life difficult. Since the visibility becomes poor, air services are sometimes suspended ...''}}</ref> লুৰ তাপৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱাক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="freed1993">{{Citation | title=Ghosts: life and death in North India | author=Ruth S. Freed, Stanley A. Freed | year=1993 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | isbn=0-295-97303-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dOAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... It is also known as heat stroke and loo lagna (affected by the loo - a hot wind) ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত গোলাপ, খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, বেল আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="khare2004">{{Citation | title=Indian herbal remedies | author=C.P. Khare | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-01026-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC | quote=''... Sharbat Khas is a cooling and refreshing drink of Unani medicine ...''}}</ref> [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী ঔষধ|ইউনানী ৰেচিপি]]ত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুদা|ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...''}}</ref> উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় [[লচ্চি|লচ্ছি]]ও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="anand1933z">{{Citation | title=The Milk Supply of Lahore in 1930 | author=Roshan Lal Anand | publisher=Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, Punjab | year=1933 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9AvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... There are many among the lower ranks who do without milk or tea during winter, but lassi is almost the last thing a Punjabi would forego during summer ... the "national drink" of the Punjabi ...''}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[আম পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] axe4xiarta9nkhpk4z2ykfjlndjhx9c 604473 604472 2026-05-04T17:43:41Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত */ 604473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Loo Winds India Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|[[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমিৰ দিশে আৰু তাৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[মৰুভূমি]]ৰ পৰা লু (কমলা ৰঙৰ কাঁড়)ৰ পথ]] উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰেৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা বৈ অহা প্ৰবল, ধূলিময়, ধুমুহাময়, গৰম আৰু শুকান গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বতাহেই '''লু''' নামে জনাজাত।<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation | title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science | author=S.V.S. Rana | year=2007 | publisher=Prentice Hall of India | isbn=978-81-203-3300-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC | quote=''... In the plains of northern India and Pakistan, sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June, usually in the afternoons. It is known as loo. Its temperature invariably ranges between (115°F-120°F) 45&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C (115°F-120°F). People, when exposed to loo ...''}}</ref> ই বিশেষকৈ মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত প্ৰবল হয়। ইয়াৰ অতি উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ বাবে (৪৫ °C–৫০ °C বা ১১৫ °F–১২০ °F) লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহিলে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাণঘাতী গৰমৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="rana2007" /> যিহেতু ই অতি কম আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰু উচ্চ উষ্ণতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, গতিকে লুই গছ-গছনিৰ ওপৰতো তীব্ৰ শুকান প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় যাৰ ফলত মে’ আৰু জুন মাহত ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত অঞ্চলসমূহত ব্যাপকভাৱে শুকাই যায়।<ref name="tufty1987">{{Citation | title=1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters | author=Barbara Tufty | year=1987 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-25455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ib4YZlSRXkC | quote=''... This wind dries out crops and makes people fretful by its eerie singing ...''}}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি আৰু অন্ত== লু প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ [[গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ডেজাৰ্ট]], [[চোলিস্তান ডেজাৰ্ট]] আৰু দক্ষিণ বেলুচিস্তানৰ মৰুভূমি অঞ্চলৰ এলেকাত উৎপত্তি হয়।<ref name="deka2006">{{Citation | title=Geography: Physical and Human | author=Phani Deka | year=2006 | publisher=New Age International | isbn=81-224-1912-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C-1B9gk9s4C | quote=''... In north India, the hot wind of Thar desert that blows during early summer is called Loo ...''}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মৰ শেষৰফালে লু শেষ হয়। উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত বাৰিষা শেষ হোৱাৰ আগতে চমু, কিন্তু হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা [[কালি আন্ধী]] (বা ক'লা ধুমুহা) নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=''... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...''}}</ref> যিকোনো স্থানত বাৰিষাৰ ডাৱৰৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে সঘনাই [[ডাৱৰ বিস্ফোৰণ]] ঘটে,<ref name="hind2006j">{{Citation | title=Cloudburst washes away water mills in Himachal | publisher=Headlines India | access-date=2009-06-21 | date=2006-07-24 | url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | quote=''... A cloudburst in a remote Himachal Pradesh mountainous valley washed away several water-run mills, a bridge, a road and a large tract of farmland, but there were no reports of casualties ...'' | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125010400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/24July2006_6957.html | archive-date=2013-01-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> আৰু চলি থকা জলপ্লাৱন আৰু লুৰ হঠাতে বন্ধ হোৱাৰ ফলত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ হঠাতে বাদামীৰপৰা সেউজীয়ালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হোৱাটো "আচৰিত" যেন লাগিব পাৰে।<ref name="strachey1894">{{Citation | title=India | author=John Strachey | publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co | year=1894 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bI9AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... At last, when the heat has become greater than ever, the clouds begin to collect, and there comes down a deluge, almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning ... nothing can be more wonderful than the change which comes almost instantaneously over the whole face of nature ... within a time that may be measured by hours rather than days, the country that was like a desert begins to look like a garden. The rapidity of the progress of vegetation is astonishing ...''| author-link=John Strachey (civil servant) }}</ref> ==বাসস্থানৰ অভিযোজন== যিহেতু উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ সমভূমি এই বতৰত অতি গৰম আৰু অত্যন্ত শুকান, গতিকে পানী যথেষ্ট সহজে বাষ্পীভৱন হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ ফলত বহু পুখুৰী আৰু হ্ৰদ শুকাই যায়, তথাপি বায়ুৰ চৰম শুকানতা সহজেই শোষণ কৰি বাষ্পীভৱন ভিত্তিক শীতল ব্যৱস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সৰল পানী পাম্পিং ব্যৱস্থাৰে ভিজা কৰি ৰখা সুগন্ধি খাছ (খছ/খস বা ভেটিভাৰ) শুকান ঘাঁহৰ আঁহ-পৰ্দাৰে ৰক্ষা কৰা খিৰিকীবোৰ এয়াৰ কণ্ডিচনাৰৰ সস্তা ৰূপ হিচাপে যথেষ্ট ফলপ্ৰসূ আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সমগ্ৰ সমতল অংশত শতিকাজুৰি সাধাৰণভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="ikram1955">{{Citation | title=The cultural heritage of Pakistan | author=Sheikh Mohamad Ikram| author2 = Thomas George Percival Spear | author-link2 = Percival Spear|year=1955 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lXHAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... He introduced the system of cooling water with the help of saltpetre, and invented the Khas-ki-Tatti, which has for centuries remained the Indian method of air-conditioning ...''| author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> যিহেতু অতি শুকান অৱস্থাত বাষ্পীভৱন অতি দ্ৰুত হাৰত হয়, সেয়েহে শীতল প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট নাটকীয় হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ঠাণ্ডা অনুভৱ কৰা হয়।<ref name="holroyd1873">{{Citation | title=Tashil-ul-Kalam, or Hindustani made easy | author=William Rice M. Holroyd | year=1873 | publisher=Oxford University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbsOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... Khas, vulgarly khas-khas, a kind of grass from which screens or tattis are made, for use in the hot season. The tatti is placed in a doorway and kept perpetually wet; and the hot dry westerly wind, after being allowed to pass through it, becomes quite cold ...''}}</ref> এনে পৰিৱেশত পানী অৱশ্যে অতি দ্ৰুতগতিত বাষ্পীভৱন হয়, গতিকে ইয়াক অহৰহ উঠা টেংকৰপৰা বা পাম্পৰপৰা (যিটো কেতিয়াবা লুৰ কাৰণেই হয়) পুনৰ ভৰাই ল’ব লাগে। ব্যৱহৃত যিকোনো পানীৰ জলাশয়কো লু আৰু ৰ’দৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব লাগিব, নহ’লে ই দ্ৰুতগতিত ক্ষয় হ’ব পাৰে। ==পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ== গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বহুতো চৰাই আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৱে লুৰ বলি হয়, বিশেষকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা অঞ্চলত য’ত লুৱে বাধাহীনভাৱে বতাহ বলি থাকে আৰু আশ্ৰয়ৰ ব্যৱস্থা নোহোৱা কৰে।<ref name="indgaz2009y">{{Citation | title=Indian summer too hot for Cheetahs from Singapore | newspaper=India Gazette | date=2009-05-06 | access-date=2009-06-25 | url=http://story.indiadgazette.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/701ee96610c884a6/id/498269/cs/1/ | quote=''... Authorities in the Shakkarbaug Zoo ... removed a pair of Cheetahs ... from public view as the animals could not bear the intense heat wave ... have been lodged in a ... temperature-controlled environment ... As many as 30 Cheetahs brought by various zoos in India ... died as they could not adjust to the harsh Indian climate during summer months ...''}}</ref><ref name="mcardle1968">{{Citation | title=A Handbook for Poultry Officers in India | author=Allan McArdle, J. N. Panda | year=1968 | publisher=UNICEF | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... bird losses hh they won't go out in the sun to drink, and then die in heat waves ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান পোক-পৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰা সংক্ৰমিত ৰোগ, যেনে মেলেৰিয়া, ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে লু বতৰৰ ফলতেই হয় বুলি পঞ্জীয়ন কৰিছে কাৰণ এই ঋতুত পোক-পৰুৱাৰ সংখ্যাও যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পায়। ১৮৯৭ চনত মহে মেলেৰিয়া সংক্ৰমিত কৰে বুলি আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই এছিয়াৰ বিষয়াসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে অতি উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ সমভূমি অঞ্চলত প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহে স্বাভাৱিকতে এই অঞ্চলটোক তুলনামূলকভাৱে এই ৰোগৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰি তুলিছিল।<ref name="oldhahhjjm1871">{{cite book |last1=Oldham |first1=Charles Frederick |title=What is Malaria?: And why is it Most Intense in Hot Climates? An Enquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the So-called Marsh Poison, with Remarks on the Principles to be Observed for the Preservation of Health in Tropical Climates and Malarious Districts |date=1871 |publisher=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FYXAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Frederick+Oldham+1871 |language=en| quote=''... In the plains of upper India, sleeping out of doors is attended with but little danger, even for Europeans, in the dry, hot months; although, at other seasons, feer would be a probable result.. far outweigh all risk from "malaria." ...''}}</ref> ==জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== গছ-গছনি, মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত লুৰ বিপজ্জনক আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাৰাত্মক প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে<ref name="ali1994">{{Citation | title=Twilight in Delhi | author=Ahmed Ali | year=1994 | publisher=New Directions Publishing | isbn=0-8112-1267-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC | quote=''... The temperature rose higher and higher ... the loo began to moan, blowing drearily through the hopeless streets. The leaves of the henna became sered and wan ... even birds were not immune ... many pigeons died ... Men shut themselves up inside the houses or in shops. At noon the city seemed deserted and dead ...''}}</ref>জনপ্ৰিয় ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানী সংস্কৃতিত ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা দুষ্ট বতাহ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="malgonkar1972">{{Citation | title=The Devil's Wind | author=Manohar Malgonkar | year=1972 | publisher=H. Hamilton | isbn=9780241021767 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESFbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... A searing wind came over the white-hot desert, the wind that we call the loo, but a loo which had the special, abrasive rasp of the Devil's Wind ...''}}</ref> শিশু আৰু বৃদ্ধৰ লগতে পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ বাবেও লুৰ সংস্পৰ্শ এৰাই চলাটো অতিশয় বাঞ্ছনীয়। লু আক্ৰান্ত মাহত বেছিভাগ মানুহেই দুপৰীয়াৰ সময়ত যিমান পাৰি ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত থাকিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref name="singh1976">{{Citation | title=A geography of India | author=Gopal Singh | year=1976 | publisher=Atma Ram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The hot dusty wind known as 'Loo' may persist for a few days and make outdoor life difficult. Since the visibility becomes poor, air services are sometimes suspended ...''}}</ref> লুৰ তাপৰদ্বাৰা আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱাক সাধাৰণতে ''লু লাগনা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="freed1993">{{Citation | title=Ghosts: life and death in North India | author=Ruth S. Freed, Stanley A. Freed | year=1993 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | isbn=0-295-97303-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dOAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... It is also known as heat stroke and loo lagna (affected by the loo - a hot wind) ...''}}</ref> কিছুমান চৰ্বত, যিবোৰে শৰীৰত শীতল প্ৰভাৱ পেলায় আৰু লুৰ ফলত হোৱা গৰমৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, লু-ঋতুত ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত [[গোলাপ]], খুছ-খুছ, শ্বাহটুট, [[বেল]] আৰু ফালছাৰ চৰ্বত আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="khare2004">{{Citation | title=Indian herbal remedies | author=C.P. Khare | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-01026-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC | quote=''... Sharbat Khas is a cooling and refreshing drink of Unani medicine ...''}}</ref> [[ৰুহ আফজা]] নামৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[ইউনানী ঔষধ|ইউনানী ৰেচিপি]]ত এই জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও শীতল পদাৰ্থৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে আৰু ইয়াক ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱে চৰ্বত, ঠাণ্ডা গাখীৰৰ পানীয়, বৰফ আৰু ঠাণ্ডা ডেজাৰ্টৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ চিৰাপ হিচাপে জনপ্ৰিয় [[ফালুদা|ফালুডা]] বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়।<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...''}}</ref> উত্তৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ দৈ ভিত্তিক পানীয় [[লচ্চি|লচ্ছি]]ও অত্যন্ত জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু ই লুৰপৰা কিছু সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="anand1933z">{{Citation | title=The Milk Supply of Lahore in 1930 | author=Roshan Lal Anand | publisher=Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, Punjab | year=1933 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9AvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... There are many among the lower ranks who do without milk or tea during winter, but lassi is almost the last thing a Punjabi would forego during summer ... the "national drink" of the Punjabi ...''}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ৰাজস্থানৰ মৰুভূমি ৰাজ্যত [[আম পান্না]] (কেঁচা/অপকা আমৰ পানীয়) লুৰ সময়ত শীতল আৰু স্থিতিস্থাপক হৈ থকাৰ এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় উপায় হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] 05s60shuxr2kg3092q5zdl1v842fecx 0 136788 604464 2026-05-04T17:34:54Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশত গ্রীষ্মৰ আৰম্ভণিতে হোৱা হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা, স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''কালি আন্ধী''' বা ''কালি নহেৰী'' বুলি কোৱা হয়। সাধাৰণতে ইহঁ... 604464 wikitext text/x-wiki দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশত গ্রীষ্মৰ আৰম্ভণিতে হোৱা হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা, স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''কালি আন্ধী''' বা ''কালি নহেৰী'' বুলি কোৱা হয়। সাধাৰণতে ইহঁত চমু, কিন্তু ইহঁতে ৰ’দ নাইকিয়া কৰি দিব পাৰে, দৃশ্যমানতা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰিব পাৰে আৰু সা-সম্পত্তিৰ ক্ষতি আৰু আঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে।[1] উত্তৰ সমভূমিলৈ বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ সাধাৰণ পূৰ্বসূৰী। [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ [[চোলিস্তান]] আৰু [[থৰ মৰুভূমি]]ত পঞ্জাবত আৰু [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ত ই যথেষ্ট সাধাৰণ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== jn5yl8nr965giczuw85bf0nvjtkiqwi 604465 604464 2026-05-04T17:36:04Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 604465 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aandhi(typhoon).jpg|thumb|right|290px|কালি আন্ধীৰ এটা দৃশ্য]] দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশত গ্ৰীষ্মৰ আৰম্ভণিতে হোৱা হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা, স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''কালি আন্ধী''' বা ''কালি নহেৰী'' বুলি কোৱা হয়। সাধাৰণতে ইহঁত চমু, কিন্তু ইহঁতে ৰ’দ নাইকিয়া কৰি দিব পাৰে, দৃশ্যমানতা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰিব পাৰে আৰু সা-সম্পত্তিৰ ক্ষতি আৰু আঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...}}</ref> উত্তৰ সমভূমিলৈ বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ সাধাৰণ পূৰ্বসূৰী। [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ [[চোলিস্তান]] আৰু [[থৰ মৰুভূমি]]ত পঞ্জাবত আৰু [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ত ই যথেষ্ট সাধাৰণ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== iiwglmcbstynzct6h649gonn7mukgxd 604466 604465 2026-05-04T17:36:15Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 added [[Category:বতাহ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 604466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aandhi(typhoon).jpg|thumb|right|290px|কালি আন্ধীৰ এটা দৃশ্য]] দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ ভাৰত-গংগা সমভূমি অঞ্চলৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অংশত গ্ৰীষ্মৰ আৰম্ভণিতে হোৱা হিংস্ৰ ধূলিৰ ধুমুহা, স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''কালি আন্ধী''' বা ''কালি নহেৰী'' বুলি কোৱা হয়। সাধাৰণতে ইহঁত চমু, কিন্তু ইহঁতে ৰ’দ নাইকিয়া কৰি দিব পাৰে, দৃশ্যমানতা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস কৰিব পাৰে আৰু সা-সম্পত্তিৰ ক্ষতি আৰু আঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="wol2009a">{{Citation | title=Andhi (Kali Andhi) | publisher=WeatherOnline | access-date = 2009-06-21 | url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Andhi.htm | quote=... The Kali Andhi, or black storm is a violent, squally dust storm {{sic|occ|uring}} in late spring in north-western India. The Andhi heralds the imminent arrival of the monsoon ...}}</ref> উত্তৰ সমভূমিলৈ বাৰিষাৰ আগমনৰ সাধাৰণ পূৰ্বসূৰী। [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ [[চোলিস্তান]] আৰু [[থৰ মৰুভূমি]]ত পঞ্জাবত আৰু [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ত ই যথেষ্ট সাধাৰণ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বতাহ]] r9fnumawmo7ahx331c3o1j6eqxk6mv5 0 136789 604557 2026-05-05T09:30:29Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox officeholder | name = Suvendu Adhikari | image = Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Adhikari in 2024 | office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] | governor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]<br/>[[La. Ganesan]]<br/>[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]<br/>[[R. N. Ravi]] | deputy = [[Mihir Goswami]]... 604557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Suvendu Adhikari | image = Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Adhikari in 2024 | office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] | governor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]<br/>[[La. Ganesan]]<br/>[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]<br/>[[R. N. Ravi]] | deputy = [[Mihir Goswami]] | predecessor = [[Abdul Mannan (West Bengal politician)|Abdul Mannan]] | term_start = 13 May 2021 | term_end = | status = | office1 = [[Jute Corporation of India|Chairman of the Jute Corporation of India]] | 1blankname1 = [[Ministry of Textiles|Union Textiles Minister]] | 1namedata1 = [[Smriti Irani]] | predecessor1 = Ajay Kumar Jolly | term_start1 = 31 December 2020<ref>{{Cite news|last=Podder|first=Debasish|date=31 December 2020|title=জুট কর্পোরেশন অফ ইন্ডিয়ার চেয়ারম্যান হচ্ছেন শুভেন্দু অধিকারী, নতুন বছরেই নিয়োগ|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231131434/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2020|access-date=31 December 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=bn}}</ref> | term_end1 = 2 March 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP leader Suvendu Adhikari likely to step down as Chairperson of Jute Corporation of India |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikari-likely-to-step-down-as-chairperson-of-jute-corporation-of-india20210302170152/ |work=ANI News |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> | office2 = [[Second Banerjee ministry|Minister of Environment]] of [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal]] | term_start2 = 2018 | term_end2 = 2020 | 1blankname2 = Chief Minister | 1namedata2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]] | predecessor2 = [[Sovan Chatterjee]] | successor2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<ref name="r"/> | office3 = [[Department of Transport (West Bengal)|Minister of Transport]] of [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal]] | term_start3 = 27 May 2016 | term_end3 = 27 November 2020 | 1blankname3 = Chief Minister | 1namedata3 = [[Mamata Banerjee]] | predecessor3 = [[Aroop Biswas]] | successor3 = [[Firhad Hakim]]<ref name="r">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-to-keep-transport-portfolio-following-suvendu-adhikaris-resignation-2331328|title=CM Banerjee to retain transport portfolio following Suvendu Adhikari's resignation|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=28 November 2020}}</ref> | office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] | term_start4 = 16 May 2009 | term_end4 = 19 May 2016 | constituency4 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk, West Bengal]] | predecessor4 = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]] | successor4 = [[Dibyendu Adhikari]] | office6 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] | term_start6 = 20 May 2016 | constituency6 = [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]] | predecessor6 = [[Firoja Bibi]] | office7 = | term_start7 = 11 May 2006 | term_end7 = 16 May 2009 | constituency7 = [[Kanthi Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Contai South]] | predecessor8 = [[Sisir Adhikari]] | successor8 = Dibyendu Adhikari | birth_place = [[Contai]], [[West Bengal]], India | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|15|df=y}} | spouse = | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(since 2020)}} | alma_mater = [[Rabindra Bharati University]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Suvendu Adhikar's Affidavit 2026 |url=https://suvidha.eci.gov.in/ac/public/uploads2/acaffidavit/E32/2026/AC/S25/210/S25_10940_3519_202604060137411775462861.pdf }}</ref> ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) | profession = [[Politician]] | father = [[Sisir Adhikari]] | relatives = [[Dibyendu Adhikari]] (brother) <br/> [[Soumendu Adhikari]] (brother) | website = | footnotes = | other_party = * [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1995–2000)}} * [[Trinamool Congress]] {{small|(2000–2020)}} }} nhb62hrzs0oxslcu9rsuvun9udo1ac5 604558 604557 2026-05-05T09:31:06Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 604558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{editconflict}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Suvendu Adhikari | image = Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Adhikari in 2024 | office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] | governor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]<br/>[[La. Ganesan]]<br/>[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]<br/>[[R. N. Ravi]] | deputy = [[Mihir Goswami]] | predecessor = [[Abdul Mannan (West Bengal politician)|Abdul Mannan]] | term_start = 13 May 2021 | term_end = | status = | office1 = [[Jute Corporation of India|Chairman of the Jute Corporation of India]] | 1blankname1 = [[Ministry of Textiles|Union Textiles Minister]] | 1namedata1 = [[Smriti Irani]] | predecessor1 = Ajay Kumar Jolly | term_start1 = 31 December 2020<ref>{{Cite news|last=Podder|first=Debasish|date=31 December 2020|title=জুট কৰ্পোৰেশন অফ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ চেয়াৰম্যান হচ্ছেন শুভেন্দু অধিকাৰী, নতুন বছৰেই নিয়োগ|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231131434/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2020|access-date=31 December 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=bn}}</ref> | term_end1 = 2 March 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP leader Suvendu Adhikari likely to step down as Chairperson of Jute Corporation of India |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikari-likely-to-step-down-as-chairperson-of-jute-corporation-of-india20210302170152/ |work=ANI News |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> | office2 = [[Second Banerjee ministry|Minister of Environment]] of [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal]] | term_start2 = 2018 | term_end2 = 2020 | 1blankname2 = Chief Minister | 1namedata2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]] | predecessor2 = [[Sovan Chatterjee]] | successor2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<ref name="r"/> | office3 = [[Department of Transport (West Bengal)|Minister of Transport]] of [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal]] | term_start3 = 27 May 2016 | term_end3 = 27 November 2020 | 1blankname3 = Chief Minister | 1namedata3 = [[Mamata Banerjee]] | predecessor3 = [[Aroop Biswas]] | successor3 = [[Firhad Hakim]]<ref name="r">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-to-keep-transport-portfolio-following-suvendu-adhikaris-resignation-2331328|title=CM Banerjee to retain transport portfolio following Suvendu Adhikari's resignation|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=28 November 2020}}</ref> | office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] | term_start4 = 16 May 2009 | term_end4 = 19 May 2016 | constituency4 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk, West Bengal]] | predecessor4 = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]] | successor4 = [[Dibyendu Adhikari]] | office6 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] | term_start6 = 20 May 2016 | constituency6 = [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]] | predecessor6 = [[Firoja Bibi]] | office7 = | term_start7 = 11 May 2006 | term_end7 = 16 May 2009 | constituency7 = [[Kanthi Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Contai South]] | predecessor8 = [[Sisir Adhikari]] | successor8 = Dibyendu Adhikari | birth_place = [[Contai]], [[West Bengal]], India | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|15|df=y}} | spouse = | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(since 2020)}} | alma_mater = [[Rabindra Bharati University]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Suvendu Adhikar's Affidavit 2026 |url=https://suvidha.eci.gov.in/ac/public/uploads2/acaffidavit/E32/2026/AC/S25/210/S25_10940_3519_202604060137411775462861.pdf }}</ref> ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) | profession = [[Politician]] | father = [[Sisir Adhikari]] | relatives = [[Dibyendu Adhikari]] (brother) <br/> [[Soumendu Adhikari]] (brother) | website = | footnotes = | other_party = * [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1995–2000)}} * [[Trinamool Congress]] {{small|(2000–2020)}} }} 2jb7fw30udhnrpssni7iuj0uyhglwrt 604573 604558 2026-05-05T10:36:18Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 604573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{editconflict}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = শুভেন্দু অধিকাৰী | image = Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = ২০২৪ চনত শুভেন্দু অধিকাৰী | office = বিৰোধী দলপতি | governor = [[জগদীপ ধানখাড়]]<br/>লা গণেশান<br/>চি.ভি. আনন্দ বসু<br/> আৰ এন ৰবি | deputy = মিহিৰ গোস্বামী | predecessor = আব্দুল মান্নান | term_start = ১৩ মে ২০২১ | term_end = | status = | office1 = মৰাপাট নিগমৰ অধ্যক্ষ | 1blankname1 = বস্ত্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী | 1namedata1 = [[স্মৃতি ইৰাণী]] | predecessor1 = অজয় কুমাৰ জল্লী | term_start1 = ৩১ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২০<ref>{{Cite news|last=Podder|first=Debasish|date=31 December 2020|title=জুট কৰ্পোৰেশন অফ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ চেয়াৰম্যান হচ্ছেন শুভেন্দু অধিকাৰী, নতুন বছৰেই নিয়োগ|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231131434/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2020|access-date=31 December 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=bn}}</ref> | term_end1 = ২ মাৰ্চ ২০২১<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP leader Suvendu Adhikari likely to step down as Chairperson of Jute Corporation of India |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikari-likely-to-step-down-as-chairperson-of-jute-corporation-of-india20210302170152/ |work=ANI News |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> | office2 = পৰিৱেশ মন্ত্ৰী | term_start2 = ২০১৮ | term_end2 = ২০২০ | 1blankname2 = মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী | 1namedata2 = [[মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] | predecessor2 = শোভন চেটাৰ্জী | successor2 = [[মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]]<ref name="r"/> | office3 = পৰিবহন বিভাগৰ মন্ত্ৰী | term_start3 = ২৭ মে ২০১৬ | term_end3 = ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২০ | 1blankname3 = মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী | 1namedata3 = মমতা বেনাৰ্জী | predecessor3 = অৰূপ বিশ্বাস | successor3 = ফিৰহাদ হাকিম<ref name="r">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-to-keep-transport-portfolio-following-suvendu-adhikaris-resignation-2331328|title=CM Banerjee to retain transport portfolio following Suvendu Adhikari's resignation|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=28 November 2020}}</ref> | office4 = লোকসভাৰ সাংসদ | term_start4 = ১৬ মে' ২০০৯ | term_end4 = ১৯ মে' ২০১৬ | constituency4 = তামূলক লোক সভা সমষ্টি | predecessor4 = লক্ষ্মণ চন্দ্ৰ শেঠ | successor4 = দিব্যেন্দু অধিকাৰী | office6 = পশ্চিম বংগ বিধান সভাৰ সদস্য | term_start6 = ২০ মে' ২০১৬ | constituency6 = নন্দীগ্ৰাম | predecessor6 = ফিৰোজা বিবি | office7 = | term_start7 = ১১ মে' ২০০৬ | term_end7 = ১৬ মে ২০০৯ | constituency7 = কণ্ঠী দক্ষিণ | predecessor8 = শিশিৰ অধিকাৰী | successor8 = দিব্যেন্দু অধিকাৰী | birth_place = কোণ্টাই, পশ্চিমবংগ, ভাৰত | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|15|df=y}} | spouse = | party = [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি]] {{small|(২০২০ চনৰ পৰা)}} | alma_mater = ৰবীন্দ্ৰ ভাৰতী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<ref>{{cite news |title= Suvendu Adhikar's Affidavit 2026 |url=https://suvidha.eci.gov.in/ac/public/uploads2/acaffidavit/E32/2026/AC/S25/210/S25_10940_3519_202604060137411775462861.pdf }}</ref>কলা শাখাৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ | profession = ৰাজনীতিক | father = শিশিৰ অধিকাৰী | relatives = দিব্যেন্দু অধিকাৰী (ভ্ৰাতৃ) <br/> সৌমেন্দু অধিকাৰী (ভ্ৰাতৃ) | website = | footnotes = | other_party = * [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]] {{small|(১৯৯৫–২০০০)}} * [[তৃণমূল কংগ্ৰেছ]] {{small|(২০০০–২০২০)}} }} 88ocy1aia5wsu172xt4b3cr0uc2pzth 11 136790 604577 2026-05-05T11:13:34Z MediaWiki message delivery 8079 /* Databox online survey - opportunity to share your thoughts about this Wikidata-powered Infobox */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 604577 wikitext text/x-wiki == Databox online survey - opportunity to share your thoughts about this Wikidata-powered Infobox == ''I apologise for posting in English. Feel free to translate!'' Hello everyone, the ''Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects'' team worked on improving the Databox Template and Module earlier this year. We are now asking Wikimedians to answer a short survey about their experiences with Databox (a Wikidata-powered infobox for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Projects), and would appreciate your input. The survey should take ''less than 10 minutes to answer.'' Here is a '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Databox_Survey_2026-Q2 link to the survey]''' Here you can find '''[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|more information about the changes made to Databox.]]'''. For any questions, please feel free to contact me on my [[m:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|meta user talk page]]. Thank you for your attention, [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the [[d:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team. p.s. If this is not the right place to post a message on this wiki, I apologise. Please move it to the appropriate page, and if possible, ping me so I can record it for future reference. Thank you! [[সদস্য:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:MediaWiki message delivery|বাৰ্তা]]) 11:13, 5 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=30504104 --> eqyioo76c3l7a3m52a6gzxd9iwufban